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86615 86626 2002-06-06 12:52:54 100 days 21:01:39 0|168.169.199.81 0 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin was divided wasdivided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest
86626 86668 2002-06-06 13:00:44 0 days 00:07:50 62 0 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin wasdivided was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 1 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] , [[ berlin was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by
2 {st@rt} after [[ ww ii ]] berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far
1596399 1596409 2003-10-20 16:14:53 8 days 09:58:00 0|199.190.225.43 0 wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte berlinascxbnrtshmhughjynt thgvytghhn ghn ytghvbnghbvjn tjh ngfhn gfbvh ngbvhn gfhngfh ngfbv hnbgbv nghbnjhgjgythj yjhh , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin
1596409 1596460 2003-10-20 16:17:07 0 days 00:02:14 7580 0 wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlinascxbnrtshmhughjynt thgvytghhn ghn ytghvbnghbvjn tjh ngfhn gfbvh ngbvhn gfhngfh ngfbv hnbgbv nghbnjhgjgythj yjhh berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin
4779998 4780030 2004-07-22 08:05:56 1 days 20:16:33 0|217.169.121.36 0 [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( as well as the rest of germany ) was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had
5637725 5637810 2004-09-03 21:31:42 0 days 00:15:54 49471 0 the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( , as well as the rest of germany ) was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united
7274640 7274734 2004-11-09 22:10:20 0 days 00:01:27 0|84.57.81.84 0 german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , as well as like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 1 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
2 access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[
3 west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 1 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii ]] , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet
2 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union
3 restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union ,
10084795 10084850 2005-02-09 02:10:57 6 days 17:18:03 0|152.163.100.198 1 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 0 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[
1 access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 1 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii ]] , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet
2 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , [[ berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union
3 restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after world war ii , berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union ,
12869629 12869650 2005-04-27 04:17:18 0 days 12:41:29 0|210.11.188.18 1 opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like got o the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] ,
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 1 was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was . as the capital , the city was specially divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] ,
15268709 15268719 2005-06-16 03:27:29 3 days 07:41:28 0|66.159.212.9 0 the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , i ' m crazy about the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
15268719 15499413 2005-06-16 03:27:41 0 days 00:00:12 33103 0 the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , i ' m crazy about the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 28 berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 27 ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 7 berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the
8 was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital such , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 7 company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions ]] . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a
40 org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u june 17 uprising ]] . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact
41 wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s around 2 . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 0 ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet
1 ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city berlin was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[
40949144 40965017 2006-02-24 03:55:40 0 days 02:12:42 89179 0 berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division history _ of germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled
1 east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of _ germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers
2 ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between
64683405 64693659 2006-07-19 17:17:47 0 days 01:03:33 1621917 0 = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 2 [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially texxxxxxxxxxxxrritorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 1 [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what texxxxxxxxxxxxrritorially territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
77950242 77950355 2006-09-26 18:39:12 0 days 00:00:35 0|198.150.36.49 0 [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially pterritorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
77950355 77950442 2006-09-26 18:39:42 0 days 00:00:30 0|198.150.36.49 0 [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what pterritorially poopterritorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
77950442 77950498 2006-09-26 18:40:02 0 days 00:00:20 0|198.150.36.49 0 [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what poopterritorially territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states |
79274618 79275073 2006-10-03 16:52:17 0 days 00:02:38 0|64.251.50.130 0 = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] < br > , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
79275073 79283264 2006-10-03 17:34:32 0 days 00:42:15 0|198.49.81.33 0 = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] < br > , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 1 = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones pussy and sex there , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france |
97683569 98028769 2007-01-02 22:07:58 1 days 15:08:26 0|69.61.146.31 0 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii iii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one
1 background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe australia ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by
98028769 98028942 2007-01-02 22:08:44 0 days 00:00:46 2691489 0 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war iii ii in australia ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one
1 background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war iii in australia europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by
109200457 109201261 2007-02-19 01:47:51 0 days 00:04:14 0|68.41.174.194 1 besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the
110116611 110116991 2007-02-22 18:24:40 0 days 00:01:35 0|66.160.72.205 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass ! so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
113464478 113475444 2007-03-08 02:24:08 0 days 00:52:34 0|68.18.0.87 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii wwii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
3 = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied
113475754 113475882 2007-03-08 02:26:18 0 days 00:00:35 902207 1 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of wwii world war ii in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
2 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of wwii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
114799754 114832623 2007-03-13 16:56:18 0 days 02:33:52 0|66.18.62.36 0 besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 8 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe nothin rhymes with circus tour ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 8 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of nothin rhymes with circus tour world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 5 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom |
131729416 131817337 2007-05-18 17:31:59 0 days 09:55:25 0|68.188.181.146 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
131817337 131817727 2007-05-18 17:33:44 0 days 00:01:45 0|68.188.181.146 0 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith territorially terpooooooooopritorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
131817727 131817837 2007-05-18 17:34:15 0 days 00:00:31 0|68.188.181.146 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what phillip isaac smith adam terpooooooooopritorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
131817837 131818104 2007-05-18 17:35:20 0 days 00:01:05 302522 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what adam terpooooooooopritorially territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
133269284 133325186 2007-05-25 02:50:26 0 days 05:03:52 0|75.86.171.178 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially territrially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
133345721 133347493 2007-05-25 04:59:29 0 days 00:12:33 715870 0 _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territrially territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
133705235 133939781 2007-05-27 21:57:21 1 days 01:38:52 0|216.208.52.171 1 = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ever in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
2 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] history , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
3 deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied
133939781 133939978 2007-05-27 21:58:27 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.208.52.171 1 = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
2 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied
133979794 133979980 2007-05-28 01:38:20 0 days 00:01:06 1718065 1 = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the second world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 2 - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
157857703 157861460 2007-09-14 15:23:30 0 days 00:21:52 0|216.174.135.206 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i did james mom and i thurly enjoyed every fucking moment of it what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
157861519 157861705 2007-09-14 15:24:53 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.174.135.206 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i did james mom and i thurly enjoyed every fucking moment of it what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 1 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
160589462 160590401 2007-09-27 00:24:01 0 days 00:04:20 0|70.119.146.173 0 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe your mom ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
1 [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
160590401 160590724 2007-09-27 00:25:29 0 days 00:01:28 0|70.119.146.173 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of your mom ]] what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
160590724 160590967 2007-09-27 00:26:41 0 days 00:01:12 0|70.119.146.173 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the your mom [[ end of world war ii ]] what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
160590967 160592013 2007-09-27 00:31:33 0 days 00:04:52 2048686 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
175551251 175552021 2007-12-03 19:57:45 0 days 00:03:16 0|24.207.26.4 2 deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies
175552021 175559970 2007-12-03 20:31:20 0 days 00:33:35 2537811 2 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena [[ ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies
176202560 176232664 2007-12-06 21:33:12 0 days 02:32:49 5175144 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what danny ate alot of donuts and got fat , awhat territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
176232664 176239521 2007-12-06 22:07:39 0 days 00:34:27 0|68.230.156.108 0 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , danny ate alot of donuts and got fat , awhat what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying
189355039 189371036 2008-02-05 23:08:09 0 days 01:07:42 0|24.196.143.194 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii viii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
189371036 189371518 2008-02-05 23:10:34 0 days 00:02:25 1141531 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war viii ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 6 the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr their other warsaw pact allies considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 6 the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and their other warsaw pact allies ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official
201581932 201602143 2008-03-28 16:15:47 0 days 01:40:24 0|166.109.0.203 0 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii i3i in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
201602143 201602326 2008-03-28 16:16:48 0 days 00:01:01 4174864 0 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war i3i ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 62 administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 3 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
266290464 266355258 2009-01-25 18:30:17 0 days 07:44:36 0|64.180.72.150 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii i in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
266355258 266356606 2009-01-25 18:36:50 0 days 00:06:33 118722 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war i ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
285004676 285014736 2009-04-20 13:59:36 0 days 01:10:28 0|206.183.139.124 0 are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi nazani germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
285014736 285016585 2009-04-20 14:12:04 0 days 00:12:28 3505251 0 are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazani nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
315723002 315739442 2009-09-23 16:54:37 0 days 01:36:54 7213489 0 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , cocksuckers started appearing in europe what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
315739442 315739555 2009-09-23 16:55:20 0 days 00:00:43 5792322 0 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , cocksuckers started appearing in europe what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
323948489 323949018 2009-11-04 20:09:02 0 days 00:03:13 0|90.212.100.1 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader the pedo [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and
323949018 323949431 2009-11-04 20:11:21 0 days 00:02:19 10519822 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the pedo soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and
323949431 323949763 2009-11-04 20:13:10 0 days 00:01:49 0|90.212.100.1 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet nazi leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary
1 = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a attacked jews protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
323949763 323950472 2009-11-04 20:16:54 0 days 00:03:44 10519822 0 < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , nazi soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] attacked jews protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and
1 = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , nazi leader [[ joseph stalin ]] attacked jews built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
323974711 324012656 2009-11-05 02:24:44 0 days 03:57:47 0|68.203.216.43 0 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , dick and peanuses were being cut off , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] )
324012656 324012977 2009-11-05 02:26:51 0 days 00:02:07 10141256 0 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , dick and peanuses were being cut off , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] )
324808994 324812165 2009-11-09 09:27:33 0 days 00:32:19 0|220.239.172.251 1 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained remianed of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324812241 324813463 2009-11-09 09:40:48 0 days 00:12:38 0|121.220.121.181 1 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftre the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remianed remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324813463 324815104 2009-11-09 09:59:16 0 days 00:18:28 4638533 1 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324827897 324833446 2009-11-09 13:09:56 0 days 00:52:45 0|71.206.91.10 1 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324833446 324833874 2009-11-09 13:13:44 0 days 00:03:48 0|192.234.149.250 1 = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
324867570 324875649 2009-11-09 17:57:25 0 days 00:47:20 0|204.234.247.165 0 = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin stalen ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
324875649 324876007 2009-11-09 17:59:34 0 days 00:02:09 3683078 0 = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalen stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
324957326 324962097 2009-11-10 01:47:08 0 days 00:27:56 9109115 0 stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent
324993878 324997406 2009-11-10 05:48:25 0 days 00:32:12 0|207.81.48.108 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . jews rule = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324997406 324997478 2009-11-10 05:49:04 0 days 00:00:39 440983 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = jews rule after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325368306 325399652 2009-11-12 07:44:53 0 days 04:54:38 0|60.242.26.79 1 a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] 2 , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
325399652 325399702 2009-11-12 07:45:26 0 days 00:00:33 6193373 0 wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the my penis got bigger it was [[ end of world war 2 , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[
1 by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the my penis got bigger it was world war 2 ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 1 ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement
2 = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 4 of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 1 plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 2 the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary
325566615 325566651 2009-11-13 04:33:30 0 days 00:00:23 0|150.101.251.68 1 ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement
2 = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
328471283 328918832 2009-12-01 00:17:26 2 days 00:55:52 0|70.48.126.154 0 a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii 15 in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[
328918832 328919797 2009-12-01 00:22:23 0 days 00:04:57 10141256 0 a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war 15 ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[
338591701 338603379 2010-01-18 19:32:21 0 days 01:06:28 0|92.3.224.59 0 willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i love brian what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
338603379 338604783 2010-01-18 19:40:09 0 days 00:07:48 5026668 0 willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , i love brian what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
338604783 338609721 2010-01-18 20:10:50 0 days 00:30:41 0|94.9.30.213 0 ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] ben hatrick built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
338609721 338609845 2010-01-18 20:11:36 0 days 00:00:46 1004750 0 ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader ben hatrick [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 2 of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and
13 of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch
346182156 346183678 2010-02-24 23:07:35 0 days 00:08:59 0|202.134.38.186 0 marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
1 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin keeley hazell ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
346183678 346183823 2010-02-24 23:08:22 0 days 00:00:47 262550 0 eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ keeley hazell joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
1 marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , the hot and sexy horny soviet leader [[ keeley hazell ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland
346946452 347116386 2010-03-01 16:47:35 0 days 20:15:21 0|206.80.29.120 0 ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states crack heads ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 0 ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads united states ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied
356044092 356217661 2010-04-15 18:08:26 0 days 20:55:59 0|98.175.3.162 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii i in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
356217661 356218025 2010-04-15 18:10:26 0 days 00:02:00 0|98.175.3.162 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war i iii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
356218025 356218953 2010-04-15 18:15:37 0 days 00:05:11 3308922 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war iii ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
359841081 359978376 2010-05-04 02:23:01 0 days 13:00:10 0|66.170.198.190 0 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin barrack obama ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
359978376 359983575 2010-05-04 02:52:55 0 days 00:29:54 0|98.88.174.26 0 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ barrack obama josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
362122979 362143454 2010-05-14 19:20:05 0 days 02:09:18 0|78.43.105.45 0 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi pre - war germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
383892970 383893072 2010-09-09 19:50:07 0 days 00:00:36 0|91.142.107.68 0 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
383893072 383902393 2010-09-09 20:48:48 0 days 00:58:41 5177550 0 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
383902393 384496265 2010-09-13 00:53:45 3 days 04:04:57 0|74.177.219.218 0 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall ball was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that
384496265 384496686 2010-09-13 00:56:30 0 days 00:02:45 262550 0 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin ball wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that
395570204 395601663 2010-11-08 20:05:29 0 days 03:02:13 0|88.107.151.166 1 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . if you were staying on the east side of germany , and lived in the west then there was no way back . you were stuck there . people tried escaping but it was no use - they where trapped untill the wall was knocked down ( date unknown ) . there ya go , a full history lesson on the berlin wall . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
395601663 395608167 2010-11-08 20:42:26 0 days 00:36:57 3308922 1 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . if you were staying on the east side of germany , and lived in the west then there was no way back . you were stuck there . people tried escaping but it was no use - they where trapped untill the wall was knocked down ( date unknown ) . there ya go , a full history lesson on the berlin wall . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
404839126 404839294 2010-12-29 17:09:46 0 days 00:01:19 0|24.73.214.82 0 = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war masturbation germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 0 = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - masturbation war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 0 was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe on mars ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
1 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war fun land germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
2 = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 0 was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars in europe ]] , what remained of fun land germany west of the [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
1 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars ]] , what remained of fun land pre - war germany west of the [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
410141159 410170917 2011-01-26 14:22:10 0 days 04:20:38 253448 0 * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]]
430308282 433468803 2011-06-09 23:22:29 18 days 16:30:34 205121 0 . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia ,
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 83 zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 0 = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up headed a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain
692779504 693600550 2015-12-03 16:51:13 5 days 09:39:21 23149456 0 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de |
694124545 694466316 2015-12-09 12:48:38 2 days 05:54:29 9505858 1 prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de |
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 4 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was gdr authorities officially referred to as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying
800698581 802359764 2017-09-25 17:45:53 10 days 13:54:34 30928445 0 ( as per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] ,
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 0 massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} )
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 9 sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and
16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and
19 helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 17 aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german
25 for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards helplessly opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall
28 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the [[ reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years
29 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in
1293733 1305258 2003-08-15 09:59:56 0 days 00:14:12 10404 0 [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards helplessly opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein
1744605 1776158 2003-11-15 23:25:56 0 days 00:05:35 0|82.82.131.134 4 ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee
2729186 2953568 2004-03-12 04:22:04 0 days 00:09:26 50926 1 , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 5 out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 24 with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german
25 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall
30 : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no
31 one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer
32 to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = =
4016799 4016817 2004-06-10 12:41:35 0 days 00:00:49 0|151.188.16.51 0 in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = led to azn pryde baby construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
4016827 4016839 2004-06-10 12:44:19 0 days 00:01:21 0|151.188.16.51 1 in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = led to azn pryde baby construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
4242660 4242842 2004-06-23 19:18:02 0 days 22:13:06 0|80.45.179.46 0 soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high
1 stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and
5637404 5637725 2004-09-03 21:15:48 3 days 15:45:35 0|217.231.7.192 0 locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 0 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall
9 west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to
5637884 5787721 2004-09-03 21:39:12 0 days 00:03:39 49471 3 after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas
6145320 6145464 2004-09-25 15:45:21 1 days 21:21:16 39716 0 to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' '
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 1 a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day ,
2 [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they expected it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25
3 announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them allowing people through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
7274341 7274428 2004-11-09 22:03:47 0 days 00:02:17 0|84.57.81.84 0 with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[
7275003 7275347 2004-11-09 22:18:09 0 days 00:03:28 0|84.57.81.84 0 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating a an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the " fourth generation wall " , begun
7944053 7944077 2004-11-29 02:50:45 4 days 03:25:26 0|24.238.131.51 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
7944077 7969787 2004-11-29 02:51:27 0 days 00:00:42 0|24.238.131.51 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 3 to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was would not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found
4 up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found that one
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 4 , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 1 berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 ,
9263540 9268476 2005-01-10 20:46:13 1 days 15:47:43 0|24.2.253.21 0 bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty ,
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 10 on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that
15 . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 14 ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks
32 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were
9797902 9884311 2005-01-30 17:06:50 1 days 01:29:16 6661 1 west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west german side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east german berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 12 divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect
13 west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 28 were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 58 it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction
59 it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva ]] and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 15 dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr
19 restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered
23 low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 6 of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = the idea [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction
12 dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations . = = how
16 restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] . a crossing
19 , one by a family ) . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall
24 jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = aftermath = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section
28 is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 3 defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . although besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech - see www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over
13526362 13526688 2005-05-10 21:14:05 1 days 04:12:08 0|12.18.80.13 0 the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied alliedddd military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement
13526688 13553729 2005-05-10 21:22:48 0 days 00:08:43 26468 0 the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although alliedddd allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement
14016219 14054477 2005-05-21 09:53:43 0 days 00:01:58 0|216.27.183.43 1 locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999
14269487 14269638 2005-05-26 16:38:51 0 days 00:02:48 0|164.68.120.3 2 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . germans then tared and feathered them these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3
14506036 14541749 2005-05-31 22:32:52 0 days 10:16:04 251239 0 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 4 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]]
5 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 1 the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning ,
2 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at
4 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]]
5 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 7 , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors
17 points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out a celebratory , party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left |
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 21 final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended
42 in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 6 wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the
7 over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers
19029247 19029295 2005-07-17 18:26:04 0 days 00:00:34 90467 1 [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
21210662 21210896 2005-08-17 11:40:37 0 days 00:06:51 272200 0 exclusively on the western side . [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliment parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially '
21258944 21322221 2005-08-18 22:36:07 0 days 20:46:23 0|207.233.67.107 0 erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to
23670283 23800298 2005-09-23 02:17:16 1 days 14:31:34 0|129.15.210.172 1 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every wall falls down some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex
23800298 23800360 2005-09-23 02:18:19 0 days 00:01:03 0|129.15.210.172 0 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls down some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin '
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 68 over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between
69 nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers
70 on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel ,
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 60 had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses
61 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn
62 bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
63 and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 & nbsp ; miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and
64 particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles ) long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their
67 soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty no man ' s land was created between the two barriers
68 . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty no man ' s land was created between the two barriers , which
69 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 3 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 3 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 5 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 5 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
25233466 25265043 2005-10-11 09:09:45 0 days 09:58:48 223783 0 a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ der tunnel ]] , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 17 union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission context of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and
27841727 27841755 2005-11-09 18:39:37 0 days 00:00:13 0|209.18.49.15 1 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called a ; lskflkfjas ; lkfjasdklfjsadlkvmxv , mz . x , vmwtipejgdflnkxfcghr ' eoflmegvc xokl4trgfvcopkj ; lmtrdfcxvpjikml ; , etrgdbfjpikml ; y , 5egrdfl ; mk , rgfdbv c [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts
27841755 27841848 2005-11-09 18:40:38 0 days 00:01:01 94147 1 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called a ; lskflkfjas ; lkfjasdklfjsadlkvmxv , mz . x , vmwtipejgdflnkxfcghr ' eoflmegvc xokl4trgfvcopkj ; lmtrdfcxvpjikml ; , etrgdbfjpikml ; y , 5egrdfl ; mk , rgfdbv c [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts
27851902 27852065 2005-11-09 20:45:02 0 days 00:01:48 140548 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost
29803808 30122025 2005-12-04 16:27:45 3 days 02:28:25 0|24.61.150.223 0 after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today penius . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture )
30122025 30122085 2005-12-04 16:28:28 0 days 00:00:43 0|24.61.150.223 0 after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin penius . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture )
32108451 32117880 2005-12-20 16:57:51 0 days 01:28:03 0|216.167.223.130 0 worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down stupid and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip "
1 june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . everyone who liked it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires
32117880 32117997 2005-12-20 16:59:00 0 days 00:01:09 655783 1 border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and everyone who liked it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 0 [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 0 [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25
36424070 36443285 2006-01-24 02:01:24 0 days 02:34:07 0|64.217.50.105 0 [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . the blockade was terrible and was bad and stuff . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four -
36443285 36443385 2006-01-24 02:02:18 0 days 00:00:54 327150 0 [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . the blockade was terrible and was bad and stuff . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four -
36641861 36641976 2006-01-25 14:03:23 0 days 00:00:59 0|194.232.85.82 1 in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally
37796162 37796258 2006-02-02 04:38:08 0 days 00:00:46 21887 3 ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the antifaschistischer schutzwall ( anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the
38772044 38772210 2006-02-08 15:31:51 0 days 00:01:35 92511 1 ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest phase of the wall ´ s deveopment , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was
38772210 38772277 2006-02-08 15:32:35 0 days 00:00:44 92511 0 = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s deveopment development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was
38772277 38779795 2006-02-08 16:33:43 0 days 01:01:08 0|84.64.190.165 0 barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( gst - an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation ) at [[ raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airman such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . a plastic model kit of ddr - woh is available from the german toga model company . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
40249035 40378504 2006-02-20 03:54:59 0 days 21:59:43 386031 0 : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 3 ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5
40785084 40814212 2006-02-23 04:37:43 0 days 04:17:05 386031 3 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 0 seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = although during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a
12 - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . but these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by
13 / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october
33 the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded demanding entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued
45 . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing gardually knocked it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
46 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin
47 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
58 except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts
68 . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners
84 far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became
87 on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] ,
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 2 ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952
40903474 40904100 2006-02-23 20:12:19 0 days 00:05:05 89179 0 most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossing points crossings and escape attempts = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a
40904306 40904452 2006-02-23 20:14:54 0 days 00:01:07 89179 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin .
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 3 [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = = museum = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 1 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[
4 , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany ,
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 3 soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if provided that it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not
10 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel
31 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered for those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] .
33 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall , which was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river
34 near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall
44 commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german /
49 and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via
61 opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually
67 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length ,
71 of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the
41710361 41742631 2006-03-01 12:26:13 0 days 06:51:30 0|212.219.250.36 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie
41742909 41746791 2006-03-01 13:16:11 0 days 00:46:41 524922 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]]
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 13 germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east
14 non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 13 germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and
14 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west
43972110 43981878 2006-03-16 02:04:53 0 days 01:16:27 0|216.198.120.121 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
44080269 44113664 2006-03-16 21:53:42 0 days 04:06:55 1095569 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . in 1990 the u . s . congress failed to pass the defense budget forcing many government defense contracting companies to lay off thousands of workers . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44622748 44682288 2006-03-20 17:08:54 0 days 10:47:27 0|67.110.222.148 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . in 1990 the u . s . congress failed to pass the defense budget forcing many government defense contracting companies to lay off thousands of workers . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44769958 44770116 2006-03-21 04:57:37 0 days 00:01:58 0|68.154.38.227 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
44770337 44770428 2006-03-21 05:00:41 0 days 00:00:58 410083 1 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ * ~ = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
45389421 45793467 2006-03-28 02:09:11 2 days 18:23:42 363976 0 was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantelpieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close
45793467 45793588 2006-03-28 02:10:10 0 days 00:00:59 363976 0 western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantelpieces mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter (
45807050 45851032 2006-03-28 13:04:10 0 days 08:56:46 177152 0 the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum
1 actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = =
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 5 but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey planned stay , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained
47796295 47796504 2006-04-10 13:10:38 0 days 00:01:47 686868 0 thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded for some while afer after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the "
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 4 . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some while time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 1 into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] ) and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole
5 their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees
6 from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 5 their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main
6 and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 1 ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 ,
2 ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155
3 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about [[ 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east
4 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german
52187835 52187983 2006-05-08 19:25:32 0 days 00:00:52 0|156.63.113.54 0 until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward eating bologna [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall .
52187983 52196151 2006-05-08 20:15:27 0 days 00:49:55 0|147.4.184.14 0 until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward eating bologna [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall .
52346669 52350811 2006-05-09 18:32:56 0 days 00:26:34 0|168.212.165.131 0 certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52351586 52351667 2006-05-09 18:38:52 0 days 00:00:36 88149 1 certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52481135 52529239 2006-05-10 18:41:03 0 days 05:41:40 0|209.7.107.26 0 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . it made the ranbow people happy = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52529239 52529711 2006-05-10 18:44:12 0 days 00:03:09 0|209.7.107.26 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ed geins hot as hell = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
52529711 52530486 2006-05-10 18:48:55 0 days 00:04:43 145855 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . ed geins hot as hell = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
1 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . it made the ranbow people happy = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
52597833 52653660 2006-05-11 13:15:57 0 days 10:49:43 0|195.195.128.195 0 masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a jubilant euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] ,
52670596 52734504 2006-05-11 22:10:56 0 days 06:44:33 0|168.212.165.131 0 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ [ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
53314730 53320980 2006-05-15 14:40:50 0 days 00:45:56 204661 0 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [ [[ november 9 ] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
53469237 53500500 2006-05-16 13:10:13 0 days 05:20:12 0|204.10.216.173 3 with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
53511584 53575114 2006-05-16 21:15:54 0 days 06:34:16 0|69.177.183.218 0 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
54927268 54985184 2006-05-25 00:32:38 0 days 05:52:15 0|152.163.100.73 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . poopsicle = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
54985184 54985618 2006-05-25 00:35:45 0 days 00:03:07 416594 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . poopsicle = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
55031131 55072830 2006-05-25 14:37:25 0 days 07:25:09 0|168.170.196.71 0 platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at assat [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance
55072830 55073990 2006-05-25 14:46:18 0 days 00:08:53 1008387 0 platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north assat at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 7 was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for
57664095 57682142 2006-06-09 10:35:15 0 days 03:35:40 0|195.37.69.10 0 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
58821996 58856308 2006-06-16 00:06:49 0 days 03:41:02 1358576 0 ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which running alongside the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full
1 next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 11 germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east
12 non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 1 germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin an effort to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output
7 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 3 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they
6 steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , but he bitched them too = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[
64560450 64680479 2006-07-19 15:55:56 0 days 16:30:43 674991 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with of officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | left | photo of [[ president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speach during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 1 and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important
2 people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee be seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] (
11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of
12 reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece
64682848 64683314 2006-07-19 16:13:35 0 days 00:02:48 157842 2 her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
64831086 64853167 2006-07-20 14:11:37 0 days 03:09:49 0|212.135.1.185 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this was a dramatic story and for all of yous lot that put that wall up die die die = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
64853167 64854802 2006-07-20 14:22:28 0 days 00:10:51 157842 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this was a dramatic story and for all of yous lot that put that wall up die die die = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 10 germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from xxxxxxxxfrom entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 8 germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east xxxxxxxxfrom germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that
70385855 70704241 2006-08-20 03:58:21 1 days 19:33:21 0|68.163.106.28 0 ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] < sup > ' ' [ citation needed ] ' ' < / sup > . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
70704241 70719276 2006-08-20 06:07:41 0 days 02:09:20 157842 0 ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] < sup > ' ' [ citation needed ] ' ' < / sup > {{ fact }} . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
71559993 71739362 2006-08-25 03:40:23 0 days 18:50:59 0|24.39.240.74 0 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] {{ fact }} . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to
78344366 78350243 2006-09-28 18:49:57 0 days 00:29:39 0|209.226.48.226 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ grunge ]] bands [[ nirvana ]] and [[ tad ]] also played shows in berlin that night . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
78394704 78409397 2006-09-29 00:19:00 0 days 01:28:45 1008387 2 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ grunge ]] bands [[ nirvana ]] and [[ tad ]] also played shows in berlin that night . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 7 , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the
8 the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall
82212056 82214449 2006-10-18 14:32:16 0 days 00:13:43 21887 0 many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports
82286839 82294966 2006-10-18 21:56:50 0 days 00:43:30 0|208.49.95.12 0 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had hadd important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however
82294966 82295314 2006-10-18 21:58:40 0 days 00:01:50 0|208.49.95.12 0 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall hadd had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however
82429985 82453547 2006-10-19 17:14:13 0 days 02:20:43 0|81.99.104.254 1 | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a < s > ' ' [[ clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 5 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 1 [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of kid stuff , and take pix however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it
5 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[
84732374 84732512 2006-10-31 00:15:04 0 days 00:00:44 2617879 1 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . la la la la soccer = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
84732536 84732677 2006-10-31 00:15:58 0 days 00:00:46 2617879 1 point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . may his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force |
84732751 84973950 2006-11-01 04:03:49 1 days 03:47:27 2628196 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . over 3millon people comited oral sex = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
84974428 84974601 2006-11-01 04:08:49 0 days 00:01:21 416594 1 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . over 3millon people comited oral sex = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
85064024 85132084 2006-11-01 22:40:02 0 days 05:42:40 309674 1 [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( reinstate old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of
2 platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it
86528914 86589748 2006-11-08 22:49:12 0 days 04:56:44 128695 2 thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 1 college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they
86761110 86761963 2006-11-09 18:30:53 0 days 00:04:37 0|206.158.3.70 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . trying to escape berlin is really hard believe me i tried it and like i got shot so many times it wasn ' t even funny . luckly my flesh is like metal and the bullets bounced off me . this is why you shouldnt try to escape from germany . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 2 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . trying to escape berlin is really hard believe me i tried it and like i got shot so many times it wasn ' t even funny . luckly my flesh is like metal and the bullets bounced off me . this is why you shouldnt try to escape from germany . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
4 = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they
87694767 87777029 2006-11-14 16:01:29 0 days 11:33:26 0|63.253.45.100 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this one time nick g ollied the berlin wall to freedom ' cause he was black , and he was wearing 30 pairs of pants ' cause he likes chewbacca = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
87779777 87780800 2006-11-14 16:24:13 0 days 00:06:09 0|63.253.45.100 0 wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} brennan nicholson is a hot bastard . give him a call . 1 - 208 - 585 - 6054 . sexy body no brains . give me a call . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
87780800 87780827 2006-11-14 16:24:25 0 days 00:00:12 0|63.253.45.100 3 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) .
87780827 87781196 2006-11-14 16:26:39 0 days 00:02:14 572610 0 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the would cross on flying skateboards to get to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb |
1 the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to get to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the
2 photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards to get which nationality was allowed to freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
87781196 87781220 2006-11-14 16:26:49 0 days 00:00:10 1008387 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . this one time nick g ollied the berlin wall to freedom ' cause he was black , and he was wearing 30 pairs of pants ' cause he likes chewbacca = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
1 wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} brennan nicholson is a hot bastard . give him a call . 1 - 208 - 585 - 6054 . sexy body no brains . give me a call . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
89219229 89219895 2006-11-21 12:31:43 0 days 00:06:30 617480 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
90181219 90440705 2006-11-27 15:02:30 1 days 07:41:51 0|213.222.30.35 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war and the building and obvious eventual fall of the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
90440705 90440953 2006-11-27 15:03:58 0 days 00:01:28 0|213.222.30.35 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . . . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of
90440953 90443176 2006-11-27 15:16:41 0 days 00:12:43 145855 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . . . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell ( and brian chenault ) were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war and the building and obvious eventual fall of the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
90997156 91100212 2006-11-30 06:23:44 0 days 08:45:29 162655 1 of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 4 wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed
5 germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard .
11 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : that the system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory '
12 human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that which the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 1 flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 because he wanted to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 4 of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[
98168334 98179249 2007-01-03 14:33:10 0 days 01:19:16 0|168.216.125.69 0 both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
98180477 98180975 2007-01-03 14:42:49 0 days 00:02:48 0|168.216.125.69 0 a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected had an erection over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005
1 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses hours in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http
98199588 98226397 2007-01-03 18:47:23 0 days 02:19:08 873891 0 right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city altered road and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 8 ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously souvenir seekers , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the
12 authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft )
13 a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner western side . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close
15 a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over raised more than 1 , 000 hours in memory of those who had stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 .
20 br > [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the
22 souvenir shops . also at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 9 germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . =
16 [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 23 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . jones soda co . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 23 is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . jones soda co . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
104156137 104347998 2007-01-30 16:01:13 0 days 19:49:57 3399845 0 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over juggernaut from the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
1 germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks x - men , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background
104347998 104367345 2007-01-30 17:39:18 0 days 01:38:05 2077184 0 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from a euphoric public over the x - men , as he rammed through the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb
1 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men next several weeks , as he rammed through the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied
104446290 104454782 2007-01-31 00:09:13 0 days 00:39:00 293907 1 hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable impassible technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives
104454782 104530997 2007-01-31 07:15:15 0 days 07:06:02 0|67.85.38.29 0 ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall and was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter (
104591095 104658046 2007-01-31 20:12:43 0 days 04:51:01 441020 1 ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall and that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections
108111397 108140015 2007-02-14 19:27:29 0 days 02:08:02 293907 1 hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassible impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives
108633355 108863312 2007-02-17 16:52:01 1 days 00:05:47 26468 0 , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr inner german border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and
1 it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by
108863312 108864819 2007-02-17 16:59:47 0 days 00:07:46 26468 2 of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 5 stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 13 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east
14 a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany " however , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east ,
15 famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay due to the fact that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an
24 concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but = = the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in
29 clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant . it was later identified as the section that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' '
30 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
33 layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 39 = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section meant that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about
40 near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] the system which the communists had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their
44 men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males
45 of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males ,
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 13 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east
14 a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany " however , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east ,
15 famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay due to the fact that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an
24 concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but = = the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in
29 clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant . it was later identified as the section that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' '
30 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
33 layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 39 = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section meant that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about
40 near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] the system which the communists had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their
44 men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males
45 of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males ,
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 13 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east
14 a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany " however , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east ,
15 famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay due to the fact that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an
24 concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but = = the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in
29 clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant . it was later identified as the section that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' '
30 became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
33 layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 39 = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section meant that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about
40 near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] the system which the communists had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their
44 men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males
45 of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males ,
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 3 . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by
6 berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by would stand for a " hundred more years " if the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px |
114232094 114799754 2007-03-13 14:22:26 2 days 09:36:12 0|199.185.84.10 0 wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 6 in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 5 in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 0 would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed chipped away at by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3
1 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 0 would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at destroyed by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for
8 germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east
13 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 0 would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed chipped away at by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3
1 of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990
12 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a noob adn has nothin for the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 1 border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was were chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared
2 approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency
10 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 4 generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government swelled significantly , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed .
122017633 122018387 2007-04-11 19:12:17 0 days 00:02:58 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceivpoop bobby whitaker is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader
122019579 122020022 2007-04-11 19:18:50 0 days 00:01:57 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . max hommeyer loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader
123515343 123515484 2007-04-17 12:59:37 0 days 00:00:41 3647339 2 an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced potatoes in the eastern blocky bloc , many of its citizens still pooked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non -
126981215 126981380 2007-04-29 23:43:43 0 days 00:00:39 0|71.251.211.21 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo hur ' ]] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 3 - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 8 the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was
128044482 128044498 2007-05-03 20:33:12 0 days 00:00:04 0|69.125.136.170 2 the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands
128044498 128044636 2007-05-03 20:33:41 0 days 00:00:29 1614547 1 cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br /
129132550 129200391 2007-05-08 09:53:55 0 days 07:19:12 0|74.104.211.66 0 east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall h were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for
129200391 129201765 2007-05-08 10:05:21 0 days 00:11:26 506179 0 east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall h were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for
129408776 129474280 2007-05-09 09:15:37 0 days 07:19:00 558022 0 segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for graffiti writers . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
129554566 129554675 2007-05-09 16:36:47 0 days 00:00:27 0|204.129.158.10 1 : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . here = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 3 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . fgkl [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; d ; m challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 20 west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " (
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 14 the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using
29 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
30 [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 1 this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was
133131431 133266201 2007-05-24 21:31:51 0 days 12:42:18 0|68.55.7.91 0 by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir communist hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
133266201 133267024 2007-05-24 21:35:43 0 days 00:03:52 302522 0 by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by communist souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
135963280 137134698 2007-06-09 22:59:50 4 days 19:09:13 309296 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds many of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
137134698 137147628 2007-06-10 00:24:50 0 days 01:25:00 715870 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at many hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
137147628 137154815 2007-06-10 01:15:31 0 days 00:50:41 309296 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds many of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
137154815 137155210 2007-06-10 01:18:29 0 days 00:02:58 309296 0 right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at many of the would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in
137155210 137155691 2007-06-10 01:22:21 0 days 00:03:52 309296 0 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at many hundreds of the would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near
1 right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at many of the would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in
140281124 140335744 2007-06-24 17:13:16 0 days 06:30:01 4711450 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . the hoff hepled topple the wall , signed the hoffmeister . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
140335744 140346811 2007-06-24 18:14:56 0 days 01:01:40 1297982 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . the hoff hepled topple the wall , signed the hoffmeister . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
146681751 146909614 2007-07-25 03:10:31 0 days 23:47:33 0|204.52.215.107 0 bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall ' ' en situ ' ' , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer
146909614 146909803 2007-07-25 03:11:36 0 days 00:01:05 0|204.52.215.107 0 bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall ' ' en situ ' ' at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer
146972230 147029094 2007-07-25 17:15:44 0 days 05:41:15 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147029094 147035336 2007-07-25 17:47:01 0 days 00:31:17 715870 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147039937 147359013 2007-07-27 01:41:42 1 days 07:31:43 4909351 2 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : climbing _ wall - 08 . jpg ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147359013 147393203 2007-07-27 05:53:19 0 days 04:11:37 302522 2 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : climbing _ wall - 08 . jpg ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147504728 147662514 2007-07-28 13:53:04 0 days 19:00:45 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147691605 147693296 2007-07-28 17:30:25 0 days 00:10:37 715870 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147693296 147728827 2007-07-28 21:27:57 0 days 03:57:32 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147728827 147742181 2007-07-28 22:57:39 0 days 01:29:42 808022 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147742181 147749521 2007-07-28 23:43:59 0 days 00:46:20 4126605 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
147749521 147750401 2007-07-28 23:49:07 0 days 00:05:08 808022 0 which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
148145763 148756413 2007-08-02 17:27:15 2 days 18:48:36 4750633 1 can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = =
152803602 152805818 2007-08-22 00:09:47 0 days 00:12:14 1054259 0 mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 17th 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[
152805818 152815830 2007-08-22 01:05:10 0 days 00:55:23 715870 0 " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 17th [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 11 willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united
17 infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the
53 who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west
68 gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and
153394593 153504805 2007-08-25 06:15:36 0 days 12:00:47 621721 1 conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the fall of the wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus !
157150622 157242126 2007-09-11 21:47:41 0 days 08:05:47 0|38.115.133.62 0 | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the
157861460 157861519 2007-09-14 15:23:47 0 days 00:00:17 0|216.174.135.206 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . [[ link title ]] = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 3 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . [[ link title ]] = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
159701939 160013834 2007-09-24 13:59:12 1 days 13:42:50 0|81.107.164.107 0 thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot shotbot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 0 thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shotbot shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall
160249046 160281991 2007-09-25 16:59:42 0 days 03:03:10 0|150.135.169.11 3 [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the infamous " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of
4 [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " shank death strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 5 berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain
47 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht searching wikipedia ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]]
160945791 160952175 2007-09-28 17:29:12 0 days 00:35:48 0|165.138.201.64 0 major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 500 , 000 5000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 , 090 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com
160952175 160953996 2007-09-28 17:39:44 0 days 00:10:32 850615 0 major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 500 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 6 authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border not even firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = "
17 authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes
162838184 162853255 2007-10-07 12:35:47 0 days 02:20:42 0|81.101.130.198 0 | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ lauren west berlin ]] from [[ tony ]] and the rest of [[ tony ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east
1 , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ lauren ]] from [[ tony east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ tony ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west
163101617 163101981 2007-10-08 14:56:16 0 days 00:01:41 0|216.237.254.146 0 ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union you faggots . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 3 ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union you faggots . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
163840161 163840479 2007-10-11 17:09:40 0 days 00:01:36 0|65.43.199.13 0 left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original origiinal site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a
163840479 163881129 2007-10-11 20:22:05 0 days 03:12:25 400903 0 left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its origiinal original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 9 = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 8 = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became
165455030 165598417 2007-10-19 10:04:32 0 days 15:53:46 0|194.129.188.81 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . hasselhoff has since claimed responsibility for the falling of the wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 10 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . hasselhoff has since claimed responsibility for the falling of the wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 14 , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited and i stayed there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled "
29 " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 14 resulting in widespread chaos . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall in the heads " . but during the november of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still being dismantled at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t
31 in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the " east " , resulting in widespread chaos . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " wall in the heads "
166497056 166497071 2007-10-23 12:34:08 0 days 00:00:06 0|208.108.159.217 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . loserssssss = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
166499429 166499521 2007-10-23 12:51:14 0 days 00:00:38 0|195.110.70.55 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . loserssssss = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
166736883 166834669 2007-10-24 21:12:29 0 days 08:04:35 100426 0 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated
4 government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . the words at the top read " god !
167284000 167330269 2007-10-27 00:46:38 0 days 04:33:26 50001 3 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 0 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated
5 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . | tear down this wall ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german
168257078 168264307 2007-10-31 08:46:00 0 days 01:28:37 0|130.226.27.45 0 | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] kissing . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a
168310153 168657217 2007-11-02 03:20:22 1 days 12:20:34 1262389 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . oddly enough , people on the west side of the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
172487319 172497386 2007-11-19 15:37:56 0 days 01:09:20 0|65.87.105.7 0 and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . oddly enough , people on the west side of the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . {{ fact }} = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
173256912 173333858 2007-11-23 19:40:42 0 days 09:28:53 0|72.90.88.128 3 stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 0 stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[
173862819 173864192 2007-11-26 10:23:00 0 days 00:13:49 137113 0 wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 5 three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the ' ' creation of the wall had important ' ' implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in
174056095 174242652 2007-11-27 23:10:40 0 days 19:59:31 0|68.210.132.92 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . witnessed by thomas packer some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
174243069 174243817 2007-11-27 23:16:33 0 days 00:03:45 137113 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . witnessed by thomas packer . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 14 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
15 climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped smuggled away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall
26 was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 14 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were smuggled away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
15 climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were smuggled chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall
25 vehicles , and a barbi - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north west berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]]
26 was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the death star wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to
179016000 179104376 2007-12-20 02:52:12 0 days 07:21:51 0|69.211.21.32 0 violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin berlinssss . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a
179104376 179105571 2007-12-20 02:59:51 0 days 00:07:39 2537811 0 violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlinssss berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a
179441714 179812877 2007-12-23 18:12:04 1 days 22:51:24 0|190.70.124.194 0 the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage problems caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist
180667940 180750297 2007-12-29 05:30:00 0 days 09:05:10 0|71.219.233.192 0 general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik
186292925 186294689 2008-01-23 06:18:42 0 days 00:15:14 686868 2 near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are
188026093 188026301 2008-01-30 23:11:00 0 days 00:00:51 911178 0 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ epic lol iron curtain ]] and many lulz have been created by its formation . the wall divided east berlin and [[ africa ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[
188026301 188145977 2008-01-31 13:44:04 0 days 14:33:04 0|208.108.155.72 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 pfdadsfhjasndfjndsfasdf , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and
188209668 188209811 2008-01-31 19:27:11 0 days 00:00:38 6227797 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lukas georgeff was a big meany head the wall divided east berlin and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 23 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary
189293337 189348555 2008-02-05 21:34:59 0 days 04:12:10 0|86.15.242.87 0 , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann
189482624 189482685 2008-02-06 12:20:46 0 days 00:00:41 1792859 0 solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after its the fall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr .
191875318 191902592 2008-02-16 19:10:26 0 days 02:30:25 1212157 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . the [[ main street station hotel and casino and brewery | main street station casino ]] in [[ las vegas ]] features [[ urinal ]] s mounted on a large slab of the wall in the men ' s washroom . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
192015086 192015176 2008-02-17 06:53:54 0 days 00:00:48 686868 0 stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . the [[ main street station hotel and casino and brewery | main street station casino ]] in [[ las vegas ]] features [[ urinal ]] s mounted on a large slab of the wall in the men ' s washroom . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
192201303 192253607 2008-02-18 07:10:58 0 days 05:01:35 0|123.2.89.10 0 stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] rewerwewrerwrewrwewe ello my name is edjkdojdskojdsfkok bananas ' ' ' = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
192253607 192259798 2008-02-18 08:00:09 0 days 00:49:11 2537811 0 stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] rewerwewrerwrewrwewe ello my name is edjkdojdskojdsfkok bananas ' ' ' = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
196838468 196839535 2008-03-08 20:03:03 0 days 00:05:10 6483803 0 graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the touristy parts tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the "
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 3 , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] east german soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 4 [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 4 , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , east german [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted
20 . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 6 position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply
202294554 202513698 2008-04-01 10:43:33 0 days 20:42:28 0|220.246.164.11 0 crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a an euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way
202513698 202525275 2008-04-01 12:14:24 0 days 01:30:51 0|131.111.16.20 0 crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by an a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way
203050010 203050208 2008-04-03 14:36:30 0 days 00:01:07 2775239 1 the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated butt cheeks [[ north east west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least
210264488 210264591 2008-05-05 06:04:23 0 days 00:01:03 911178 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east u . s . a berlin and [[ west u . s . a ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 1 in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops .
5 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . pieces of the wall were taken and sold around the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 121 ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the "
122 leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
140 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
230143637 230236742 2008-08-06 17:51:32 0 days 11:36:41 1626379 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
230237099 230237292 2008-08-06 17:54:14 0 days 00:00:59 1626379 1 the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1986 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 1986 . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[
232402597 232464684 2008-08-17 09:31:07 0 days 09:15:29 0|144.138.73.137 1 public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg |
232464684 232470905 2008-08-17 10:38:36 0 days 01:07:29 0|92.226.201.206 1 almost all of the rest of it . but did little did any one know that this stuff is boring 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg |
233436562 233469326 2008-08-22 03:47:10 0 days 03:54:39 372629 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 8 then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone stop east germans from people bouncing up and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
12 the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image :
237421104 237533048 2008-09-10 17:17:39 0 days 14:34:34 6453478 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / 1989 making the history of 1989 : the fall of communism in eastern europe ] created by the [ http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / center for history and new media ] , [ http : / / gmu . edu george mason university ] , fairfax , va . this project contains primary sources and teaching resources for the history of 1989 in eastern europe , as well as extensive documentation on the [ http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / 1989 / items / browse / ? tags = berlin + wall berlin wall ] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
237881567 237957752 2008-09-12 16:14:26 0 days 09:51:34 1099150 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / 1989 making the history of 1989 : the fall of communism in eastern europe ] created by the [ http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / center for history and new media ] , [ http : / / gmu . edu george mason university ] , fairfax , va . this project contains primary sources and teaching resources for the history of 1989 in eastern europe , as well as extensive documentation on the [ http : / / chnm . gmu . edu / 1989 / items / browse / ? tags = berlin + wall berlin wall ] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
238394911 238395802 2008-09-14 17:25:20 0 days 00:05:05 0|75.81.195.4 2 döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , your mom and i snuck out the do the dirty , the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin
238395802 238395861 2008-09-14 17:25:38 0 days 00:00:18 5549726 2 döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , your mom and i snuck out the do the dirty , the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 1 ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
23 sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and
32 surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner - german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage =
63 the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
72 ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : '
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 15 consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image :
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german australian states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to
2 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 99 , 999 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
3 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day 364 days , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian german states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was
2 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 28 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
239832687 239837716 2008-09-20 19:14:07 0 days 00:29:33 2519868 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that seperated the east eastern side from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13
3 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that seperated the east from the west because they liked there private space western side . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 4 no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting
240242156 240250311 2008-09-22 16:47:42 0 days 00:48:53 3505251 0 no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , from west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from
242501570 242501816 2008-10-02 14:30:38 0 days 00:01:15 0|205.202.240.123 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states is david is so much cooler than james for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
242501947 242502201 2008-10-02 14:32:47 0 days 00:01:31 0|205.202.196.185 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states is david is so much cooler than james jeff if ur reading this dont tell mom i ate the last gogurt when u get homefor for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242502201 242502444 2008-10-02 14:34:21 0 days 00:01:34 0|205.202.240.123 0 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242502520 242502726 2008-10-02 14:35:57 0 days 00:01:10 166539 0 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you son of a bitch 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242504717 242549390 2008-10-02 18:18:54 0 days 03:32:39 0|205.174.114.144 0 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 97 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
242549390 242549656 2008-10-02 18:20:07 0 days 00:01:13 0|205.174.114.144 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 97 years and 1 day 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
242549656 242550056 2008-10-02 18:22:01 0 days 00:01:54 0|205.174.114.144 0 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 97 years pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol
242550056 242550385 2008-10-02 18:23:42 0 days 00:01:41 0|205.174.114.144 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states whores for 97 pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
242550385 242550942 2008-10-02 18:26:13 0 days 00:02:31 1200765 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german whores states for 97 pussies and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
1 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german whores for 97 pussies 28 years and 467 dicks , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol
2 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german whores for 97 pussies and 467 dicks 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 57 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german
62 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . links may . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint
63 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . if . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
105 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
106 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 57 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german
62 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . links may . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint
63 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . if . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
105 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and
106 , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
245026392 245097095 2008-10-13 22:39:10 0 days 05:33:33 0|72.148.132.248 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states = = melanie rocks ! ! = = for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
245097095 245098321 2008-10-13 22:45:34 0 days 00:06:24 0|128.193.37.172 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states = = melanie rocks ! ! = = synopsis and introduction for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
245098321 245106530 2008-10-13 23:29:27 0 days 00:43:53 5177550 0 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states synopsis and introduction for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
247524156 247836466 2008-10-26 20:24:39 1 days 16:52:01 8171315 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 1 a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " pussy juice . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 5 away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945
248618478 248619037 2008-10-30 14:29:35 0 days 00:03:40 0|217.42.107.75 2 away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the great wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital east germany from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered
2 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly west germany for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
3 . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 28 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
4 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 1 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the
255351460 255351569 2008-12-02 03:51:07 0 days 00:00:44 0|68.33.196.243 3 background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 11 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their the inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was
12 on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel
27 it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went evolved through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # '
31 between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ;
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 5 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
9 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west east germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 6 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by east west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few decades , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters
15 title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 10 ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989
12 an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
266167021 266275904 2009-01-25 08:06:02 0 days 12:20:27 0|24.127.204.148 0 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = if anyone knows wher i can buy a chunk of the wall please e - mail me where i can . and also the price if possible at luisga1990 @ yahoo . com . please i would greatly appreciate it . fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the
266275904 266275948 2009-01-25 08:06:26 0 days 00:00:24 6163802 0 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = if anyone knows wher i can buy a chunk of the wall please e - mail me where i can . and also the price if possible at luisga1990 @ yahoo . com . please i would greatly appreciate it . fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the
266477211 266478122 2009-01-26 07:06:28 0 days 00:07:17 67403 0 . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some left believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 7 [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg
267258897 267313077 2009-01-30 01:13:13 0 days 04:37:58 0|210.84.25.97 0 of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der
267776359 267776477 2009-02-01 05:52:19 0 days 00:01:01 214542 0 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 3 time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 1 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed
268287827 268295818 2009-02-03 18:33:19 0 days 00:41:34 0|74.178.59.76 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during uring the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a
268295818 268296039 2009-02-03 18:34:29 0 days 00:01:10 0|74.178.59.76 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> uring during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 3 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from gelanovichville for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]]
271265000 271489755 2009-02-18 02:49:35 0 days 23:33:42 0|98.217.163.171 2 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair
271867978 271903645 2009-02-19 20:12:39 0 days 02:48:03 0|198.209.47.114 0 soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone a vagina . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
271903645 271925346 2009-02-19 21:50:12 0 days 01:37:33 0|79.178.227.167 0 soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside a vagina the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
272012445 272118109 2009-02-20 19:20:46 0 days 13:15:42 0|150.131.80.118 0 in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor chancellor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees ,
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 1 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures the beloved childrens show dora the explorer . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
274344223 274348982 2009-03-02 04:57:55 0 days 00:27:39 96897 1 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to the beloved childrens show dora the explorer official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from left to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
274475784 274475826 2009-03-02 17:50:38 0 days 00:00:13 1564706 1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated your cat from his catfor west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . <
275496147 275499407 2009-03-06 23:30:21 0 days 00:19:15 0|129.170.241.133 0 in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their chancellor mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees ,
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 5 away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' (
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 3 " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 3 to be shot while trying to cross [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 1 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 3 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 5million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
281153208 281274792 2009-04-02 11:46:49 0 days 14:45:34 0|195.127.17.245 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 2 . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
283525990 283526349 2009-04-13 08:41:16 0 days 00:04:21 0|194.144.117.217 0 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental
284466900 284527500 2009-04-18 00:12:38 0 days 05:55:35 0|122.110.183.192 0 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> the berlin wall is gay during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 3 ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone warm vagina . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 2 ]] . the dildo , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the warm vagina soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
9 national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> the berlin wall is gay during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
289234676 289238128 2009-05-11 11:58:11 0 days 00:31:11 0|87.38.134.94 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany your mom from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989
289238128 289238321 2009-05-11 12:00:07 0 days 00:01:56 7777104 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated your mom east germany from my mam for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989
1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated your mom from my mam west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 3 , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost )
5 the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly
8 wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by
9 the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of
296786653 296786942 2009-06-16 16:57:50 0 days 00:01:45 9600753 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating separated east pakistan from west stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[
299165691 299253062 2009-06-29 05:09:02 0 days 10:05:01 0|76.3.104.243 0 = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 1 washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary web and in different theaters . this is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la -
299857601 299982785 2009-07-03 02:17:48 0 days 16:40:23 0|124.180.173.210 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . to speak german , they are very simple to english . e . g , saying , ' good night ' is pronounced , ' gud nuckt ' ( ver similar ) 1 . deutschland ( das ) " germany " is how to say germany . 2 . berlin wall is pronounced as , ' fuchn nwn ouut ofn ouse ' it is pretty complicated , but an easy way is , ' fishin now out of house ' try it ! it ' s simple . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie ,
299982785 300057708 2009-07-03 14:48:17 0 days 12:30:29 137113 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . to speak german , they are very simple to english . e . g , saying , ' good night ' is pronounced , ' gud nuckt ' ( ver similar ) 1 . deutschland ( das ) " germany " is how to say germany . 2 . berlin wall is pronounced as , ' fuchn nwn ouut ofn ouse ' it is pretty complicated , but an easy way is , ' fishin now out of house ' try it ! it ' s simple . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie ,
300057708 300312703 2009-07-04 23:02:58 1 days 08:14:41 0|86.163.75.210 3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
300312703 300317419 2009-07-04 23:35:29 0 days 00:32:31 911178 3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
303808186 304663759 2009-07-28 11:59:39 4 days 15:12:50 1301909 0 wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged
1 tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier
304813680 305113230 2009-07-30 17:36:15 1 days 13:06:13 0|155.188.247.7 1 wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] david hasselhoff ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier
305113230 305113464 2009-07-30 17:37:36 0 days 00:01:21 6803532 1 wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was david hasselhoff [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , hasselhoff challenged soviet premier
305130153 305728347 2009-08-03 00:58:10 3 days 05:42:38 0|67.163.100.198 1 | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan harry truman ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet
305728347 305728482 2009-08-03 00:59:25 0 days 00:01:15 0|67.163.100.198 0 tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ harry s . truman ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman challenged
305728482 305747833 2009-08-03 03:24:25 0 days 02:25:00 0|71.60.203.1 0 | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ harry s . truman ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , truman challenged soviet
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 17 boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . ref early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these
306953410 306954476 2009-08-09 10:28:44 0 days 00:09:41 72905 0 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later to be known as the " death strip containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people
1 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to
308787101 308794140 2009-08-19 00:58:18 0 days 00:51:26 6984319 0 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later to be known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection
310535257 310542124 2009-08-28 13:41:55 0 days 00:58:35 0|150.199.203.189 1 west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall froml , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the
310542124 310542185 2009-08-28 13:42:23 0 days 00:00:28 7746361 1 west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany froml from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 2 / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous iron curtain speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of were ground up as the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university
3 of the famous iron curtain speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece
6 memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw presidential and historical museums , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[
312830147 312892342 2009-09-10 01:10:40 0 days 06:05:38 74286 0 = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start begin to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september
1 fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically be torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13
313129853 313154666 2009-09-11 08:28:09 0 days 04:25:20 6971250 0 wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their its windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to
1 solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded and later bricked up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 1 / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 1988 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria ,
3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 1 / ref > }} = = the fall , 1988 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1988 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1988 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria ,
3 caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' '
314764222 315251624 2009-09-21 07:26:58 2 days 12:51:49 204692 0 capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " / > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 127 left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall
128 thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 147 left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the "
148 | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
317571115 317605383 2009-10-03 07:21:25 0 days 05:19:56 1715251 0 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 20 wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | ]] ( nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally ,
21 , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] ) and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences
25 were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees
50 , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and
51 passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens
323533642 323548201 2009-11-02 21:31:09 0 days 01:09:45 6340927 0 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would
323772254 323786711 2009-11-03 23:02:23 0 days 01:22:16 0|24.196.134.2 0 ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 98 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 5 the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , separating it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . during a [[ revolutions of
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 5 into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany the gdr from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
324471890 324478288 2009-11-07 16:19:25 0 days 00:44:58 0|173.78.68.123 1 --> ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 ,
324478288 324504472 2009-11-07 19:20:58 0 days 03:01:33 0|99.155.112.66 0 long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
324812165 324812241 2009-11-09 09:28:10 0 days 00:00:37 0|76.179.160.225 2 | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " >
324825240 324825497 2009-11-09 11:53:35 0 days 00:02:53 0|87.36.53.53 0 of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of s flynn is a dirty whore the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer
324825497 324827069 2009-11-09 12:08:34 0 days 00:14:59 0|86.134.221.35 0 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by minge west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir
324827069 324827399 2009-11-09 12:12:01 0 days 00:03:27 98320 0 of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of s flynn is a dirty whore the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer
324827399 324827563 2009-11-09 12:13:30 0 days 00:01:29 0|81.110.92.189 0 several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by minge west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir
324843477 324844080 2009-11-09 14:36:35 0 days 00:05:26 6971250 0 which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 4 ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 200 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 4 ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 200 100 and 300 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 4 that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 4 ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 3 german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events
5 , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in
325010242 325010353 2009-11-10 08:05:03 0 days 00:01:17 6971250 0 = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and
325010353 325011446 2009-11-10 08:17:19 0 days 00:12:16 67221 2 = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and
325011446 325013038 2009-11-10 08:35:27 0 days 00:18:08 6971250 0 = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and
325016705 325016969 2009-11-10 09:22:03 0 days 00:03:04 0|87.42.135.2 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection ( ha ha ha penis ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325016969 325017008 2009-11-10 09:22:21 0 days 00:00:18 6513930 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection ( ha ha ha penis ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325045421 325048424 2009-11-10 14:21:14 0 days 00:21:08 10984567 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the
2 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325048424 325048650 2009-11-10 14:22:47 0 days 00:01:33 3308922 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s big erection over the female wall ha ha , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
325110541 325134416 2009-11-10 22:41:29 0 days 02:13:40 0|68.187.237.50 0 metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[
326099578 326127754 2009-11-16 08:11:30 0 days 04:37:23 6971250 0 . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments |
2 the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see
327026868 327055239 2009-11-21 04:15:17 0 days 03:39:11 0|67.66.201.139 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
329016614 329269841 2009-12-02 17:04:32 1 days 04:54:39 0|60.48.217.81 0 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the
1 anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in
330332083 330703212 2009-12-09 18:31:44 1 days 19:40:38 21047 0 german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any
330704150 330959486 2009-12-10 22:37:11 1 days 03:59:53 0|142.29.101.33 0 plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall after i raped it with my footcock at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of
330959486 330959637 2009-12-10 22:37:49 0 days 00:00:38 7821268 0 plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall after i raped it with my footcock at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of
335311417 335321111 2010-01-01 18:58:52 0 days 01:10:12 6971250 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
336116760 336170101 2010-01-06 09:12:40 0 days 07:46:16 11300920 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
336170101 336172835 2010-01-06 09:46:07 0 days 00:33:27 6971250 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . part of the wall is now located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california ]] , [[ usa ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to
338404595 338517464 2010-01-18 07:45:03 0 days 12:54:09 6971250 0 nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became entangled in the barbed wire
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 3 authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war
342982613 342987182 2010-02-09 19:16:14 0 days 00:21:50 0|207.35.35.11 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection ejaculation , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over
342987182 342987356 2010-02-09 19:17:12 0 days 00:00:58 3150196 1 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s ejaculation erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 5 and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters parts of the wall ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 39 ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the
53 was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 3 around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence , has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder ,
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 2 isbn 3861534630 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts used a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 1 to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and . students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 0 sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall
1 metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the
2 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] ,
3 longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain
6 of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service
7 rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005
10 = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated , however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences
11 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however , that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are
343787074 343787620 2010-02-13 19:00:57 0 days 00:02:26 5326371 3 walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]]
343787620 343988676 2010-02-14 09:28:37 0 days 14:27:40 1285828 0 side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 ,
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 0 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these
1 identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people
2 checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . starting that evening , and . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s recreation erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi , many by
348460083 348494021 2010-03-08 08:03:06 0 days 04:30:35 6971250 0 < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left
353501999 353624591 2010-04-02 22:18:41 0 days 15:54:29 0|99.140.180.150 0 the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , steps , and floors . which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]]
353624591 353630554 2010-04-02 23:02:46 0 days 00:44:05 262550 0 the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , steps , and floors . which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]]
356954794 356955360 2010-04-19 10:07:14 0 days 00:05:19 0|86.52.84.163 0 topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who suck cock died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a
356955360 356955672 2010-04-19 10:10:04 0 days 00:02:50 6971250 0 topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who suck cock died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a
362026715 362031754 2010-05-14 04:36:58 0 days 00:41:39 0|65.100.196.54 0 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ussr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 8 . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday ,
366083032 366099790 2010-06-04 23:09:49 0 days 01:59:54 0|93.220.100.2 1 elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed circumscized a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and
3 west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments who later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on
4 other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990
366099790 366102397 2010-06-04 23:28:49 0 days 00:19:00 262550 1 [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from two area codes . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscized circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and
3 wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the who governments later used industrial guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on
4 west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the who later used industrial guitars equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 20 ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland
21 freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]]
375939454 376102866 2010-07-29 15:22:43 0 days 22:13:10 12757693 0 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds
379192505 379212179 2010-08-16 12:59:13 0 days 02:54:24 0|80.254.147.156 1 built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] (
389131965 389132726 2010-10-06 17:04:20 0 days 00:04:42 0|204.81.225.153 1 a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise
2 a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 1 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of
2 checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost
8 of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north
12 the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , available in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts
13 wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north shape of a web - based geographical information system at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city
14 the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 www . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 6 and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web
8 of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , third section that is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall
9 [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available partly reconstructed , in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken
14 near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > although most of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263
17 [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin
389817938 389878566 2010-10-10 13:22:47 0 days 09:54:04 0|86.166.161.83 0 convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 47 almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for
48 and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall
104 all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after
105 the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers "
398353025 398385508 2010-11-23 04:49:31 0 days 03:36:19 0|188.220.233.153 0 their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
399053190 399263461 2010-11-28 03:49:19 1 days 02:48:10 0|65.10.168.8 0 by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http :
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 1 death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish you know about my ugly nasty sister and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area
406120287 406120386 2011-01-05 18:08:02 0 days 00:00:35 7609840 0 [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line curve of the long close [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map
409993256 410029342 2011-01-25 20:10:37 0 days 03:24:48 0|98.65.198.4 2 ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} )
423927349 424543101 2011-04-17 16:23:25 3 days 18:48:46 12030910 2 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen 15 years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 76 of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice ,
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 14 immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 9 time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters - - — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 17 of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[
456253435 456255233 2011-10-18 21:44:29 0 days 00:12:40 5177550 1 " file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque file : khaled said graffiti on berlin wall . jpg | [[ khaled mohamed saeed ]] graffiti on berlin wall ' ' ( 2011 ) ' ' < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
465859664 466218868 2011-12-16 21:24:32 2 days 02:49:22 8436524 0 }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; days before they began to tear it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[
466218868 466656797 2011-12-19 08:25:36 2 days 11:01:04 6971250 0 foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , in the days before they began to tear it down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]]
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 0 . file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , in the u . s . state of [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
500329827 503454620 2012-07-21 16:32:02 19 days 02:49:57 1464875 0 " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 14 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 3 file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon
531845407 534109278 2013-01-21 04:04:38 13 days 06:42:10 16284871 0 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting an estimated death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] ,
1 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 of over 600 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 26 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and
549885004 551472710 2013-04-21 15:51:53 9 days 21:23:52 1108424 0 . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image
568314024 568939424 2013-08-17 15:00:02 4 days 09:38:27 5979365 0 [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 0 unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was marked the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file
1 [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first critical step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin
2 bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward towards german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 0 ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july 19th , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 0 | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july 19th 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was
576167532 576702592 2013-10-11 10:21:27 3 days 16:47:06 243750 0 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 600 200 < ref name = " chronik " / > , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 9 germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was closing the barrier became a more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and
49 berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , british prime minister [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with soviet president [[ mikhail gorbachev ]]
58 | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = july 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended
581987398 582077499 2013-11-17 17:57:59 0 days 17:13:24 20103706 0 walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 8 berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air
610979419 613835077 2014-06-21 17:55:33 20 days 21:06:01 15420856 2 weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . =
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 7 " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de /
633066096 633074293 2014-11-09 10:25:29 0 days 01:56:33 115938 0 . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev that the initiative for the construction
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 2 which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the following days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial
10 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in the historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at
17 brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old ancient roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new
19 cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall officially remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the
22 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the
23 ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the
24 controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines
25 the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and
32 , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new
35 evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually
633132744 633141598 2014-11-09 21:12:28 0 days 01:01:40 13734125 0 . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the [[ trunk ( automobile ) | boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam .
1 when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ]] ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they
633141598 633168677 2014-11-10 01:12:55 0 days 04:00:27 10340692 0 wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[
642368255 642549215 2015-01-15 02:51:23 1 days 04:40:18 1783871 0 near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = 15 fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in
650219949 653993858 2015-03-29 05:17:13 22 days 05:33:18 214542 0 the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 11 berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air
35 file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 5 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall
6 of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall , that were
9 the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none
10 ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents
688492814 688759360 2015-11-02 21:57:16 1 days 13:24:56 17417424 0 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > schabowski read the note , he had been given , out loud at the end of the press conference , schabowski read out loud the note he had been given . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 0 ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers
3 memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center < ref > http : / / www . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of
4 in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html < / ref > . other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
693934759 693934983 2015-12-05 23:33:06 0 days 00:02:18 23149456 0 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = 5 july 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
693973160 693973403 2015-12-06 06:17:52 0 days 00:02:45 30225 1 ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip the saudi oil fields bomb will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith
694466316 695438983 2015-12-16 02:07:04 6 days 13:18:26 14376642 1 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television
708557629 710470018 2016-03-17 03:45:27 10 days 20:34:11 25794403 1 or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 300px 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east
710470018 712353861 2016-03-28 16:31:53 11 days 12:46:26 11324670 1 = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall ]] . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 4 accessdate = 6 august 2011 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various
737235458 738198431 2016-09-07 14:22:44 5 days 23:43:36 14347385 0 construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the barrier border became a more practical position . = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain
770060658 771798170 2017-03-23 15:52:18 10 days 09:54:57 18837626 0 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = [[ file : trozo del muro de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] . ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 5 in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ fact }} at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin
36 first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ fact }} = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 0 stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere in its entirety . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | 80 | m | ft | adj = mid | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 0 . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . in late november 1989 . file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 4 wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west
776886357 779016763 2017-05-06 14:40:43 12 days 16:04:21 558022 3 only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 250px | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]]
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 31 as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to
37 deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{
781720399 781994310 2017-05-24 10:32:44 1 days 13:37:04 4082870 0 , and [[ bernauer straße ]] . crowds gathered on both sides of the historic crossings waiting for hours to cheer the bulldozers that tore down portions of the wall to reinstate ancient reconnect the divided roads . while the wall officially remained guarded at a decreasing intensity , new border crossings continued for some time , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . initially
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 5 former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] deutschen waldjugend . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved
787409166 790928672 2017-07-17 00:56:09 21 days 17:58:55 14967932 0 however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of ​​the the potsdamer platz in planning . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 5 , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . * the former leadership in the schlesischen busch in the vicinity of the puschkinallee - — the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] <
7 his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office at nieder neuendorf , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - — here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station at bergfelde , today the district of [[
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 3 ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] claimed that the wall was erected to protect as protecting its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice ,
802361116 803403568 2017-10-02 09:46:33 6 days 15:50:38 31875717 0 publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the berlin wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | dismantling the electrified fence along its border with austria ]]
809974101 809997471 2017-11-12 20:33:02 0 days 02:43:53 6554947 3 border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https :
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 0 ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but . unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders
1 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and
3 meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it .
4 wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . <
6 territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip
810127095 810174887 2017-11-13 19:23:40 0 days 05:21:42 6554947 1 was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran
2 to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > these doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
3 was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets
4 to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 0 > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast
810222160 810225119 2017-11-14 01:14:33 0 days 00:20:34 6554947 1 german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / /
810234613 810249635 2017-11-14 04:18:13 0 days 01:54:04 6554947 0 with the inner german border , an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never usually no more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the
810311833 810314862 2017-11-14 14:34:29 0 days 00:28:01 6554947 0 generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com
810314862 810320431 2017-11-14 15:18:54 0 days 00:44:25 6554947 2 publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books .
4 workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was
810320431 810341648 2017-11-14 17:57:15 0 days 02:38:21 6554947 1 s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi
2 generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com
810351013 810351128 2017-11-14 19:07:19 0 days 00:00:52 6554947 0 = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > unlike the inner german border , however , this the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked
810394251 810574658 2017-11-16 03:18:18 1 days 03:09:57 6554947 0 publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists vandals were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 0 even arrested . in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip ,
810709126 810968020 2017-11-18 17:28:57 1 days 18:04:03 6554947 0 border , however , the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 9 about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 & nbsp ; km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or
813824036 814525068 2017-12-09 09:23:38 3 days 21:00:13 9236845 0 - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] portrayed the wall as protecting its population from [[ fascism | fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served
1 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] portrayed the wall as protecting its population from fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 3 giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 2 entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall , there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and
3 the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations that they want to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns
6 there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using redevelop it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms .
9 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents
10 bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand , local residents and community representatives , in turn , were interested in a quick demolition of the route , and in some cases the obligation to maintain public safety on the site was also taken care of however , there was no systematic assurance of the way through the local authorities . in the following years , larger parts of the berlin wall were built mainly in the inner city of berlin . also on other parts of the postenweg was eliminated or interrupted . in 1996 , there were again demonstrations of the adfc for a continuous wall path around the city , on which the previous destruction of the postenweg were criticized . in 2000 , interest in securing the area increased . michael cramer and other politicians of alliance 90 / the greens berlin organize since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city ' ' ' . it had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in
12 along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border passes over roads , the boundary line is marked by a double row of paving stones embedded in the road surface as a reminder of the earlier border . at various points , information boards indicate the route and remind of events at the respective stations . the path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained since 2005 . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths .
25 other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 9 in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin
825799159 825799691 2018-02-15 14:07:46 0 days 00:04:51 5946478 0 kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , < ref > https : / / www . thelocal . de / 20141105 / the - great - escape - across - the - berlin - wall < / ref > in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger
825832314 825832766 2018-02-15 18:05:15 0 days 00:02:56 5946478 0 german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring
825833265 825837217 2018-02-15 18:34:55 0 days 00:25:53 5946478 0 | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ' ' ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation
826083240 826247392 2018-02-18 02:11:01 0 days 23:16:36 32940610 1 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße ]] and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units
827738473 827808358 2018-02-26 21:22:05 0 days 08:16:33 26248 0 year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the
838879438 838895196 2018-04-29 23:54:28 0 days 02:14:24 19082616 2 - 6 }} < / ref > = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 7 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti -
848432637 848888136 2018-07-05 01:44:51 3 days 04:12:56 32396418 0 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = {{ confusing }} in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti -
848888136 848901284 2018-07-05 03:45:12 0 days 02:00:21 7611264 0 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = {{ confusing | date = july 2018 }} in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti
854078225 854963466 2018-08-15 00:04:24 6 days 03:35:04 5839510 0 < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left
854964841 854965000 2018-08-15 00:20:32 0 days 00:01:47 5839510 0 {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term {{ lang | de | mauer }} ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite
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336906 362260 2002-10-05 09:27:50 25 days 16:27:35 3808 0 destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = external link = = see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
362260 650173 2002-10-16 11:55:03 11 days 02:27:13 0|203.198.23.27 1 the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = external link = = see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 19 on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstrasse friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the
2389084 2440574 2004-02-14 11:15:31 0 days 00:01:45 14486 0 by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www
4242842 4247378 2004-06-23 19:29:07 0 days 00:11:05 0|80.45.179.46 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
6170903 6272294 2004-09-26 19:54:05 1 days 03:37:52 0|68.127.11.132 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
6698144 6698178 2004-10-19 10:33:42 0 days 11:17:38 0|217.231.158.148 1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
6969433 6969446 2004-10-29 22:52:47 6 days 02:22:45 0|141.156.41.50 0 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
1 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[
7264266 7264285 2004-11-09 17:42:17 0 days 16:08:40 129758 0 msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of
1 com / id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]]
13370301 13372525 2005-05-07 04:46:25 1 days 11:17:55 85887 0 of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech - see [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to
13372568 13376839 2005-05-07 06:18:21 0 days 00:01:23 28107 0 of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm speech ] on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and
18535564 18607525 2005-07-11 16:24:41 1 days 00:15:53 0|81.63.110.106 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : /
22687707 22698966 2005-09-06 14:26:01 0 days 04:33:04 0|213.86.60.3 0 german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin wall photos from 1989 and after ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
22698966 22741071 2005-09-07 01:48:34 0 days 11:22:33 28107 0 german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / berlin wall photos from 1989 and after ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
23258905 23281713 2005-09-15 12:45:24 0 days 09:53:00 0|80.43.15.110 0 by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk photos of the berlin wall and after by ian sanders ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
23281713 23327917 2005-09-16 06:15:04 0 days 17:29:40 28107 0 by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk photos of the berlin wall and after by ian sanders ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
27964176 28136750 2005-11-12 19:33:42 1 days 21:11:14 0|80.184.142.8 0 : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary
1 att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[
28225109 28230173 2005-11-13 19:37:41 0 days 01:15:15 0|80.43.50.189 0 by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
1 att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[
31977221 32072733 2005-12-20 06:48:52 0 days 14:47:13 28107 2 during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] [[ category :
32304897 32884467 2005-12-27 16:05:11 5 days 15:07:17 0|84.190.222.185 0 german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin
1 for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s [[ category
32884467 32939747 2005-12-28 01:27:43 0 days 09:22:32 28107 0 and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation
36216676 36359497 2006-01-23 14:19:21 1 days 00:38:59 0|84.190.219.68 1 for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s [[ category
40238138 40238670 2006-02-19 04:13:33 0 days 00:05:26 69412 0 net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s
1 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 6 permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was
40907901 40908066 2006-02-23 20:44:09 0 days 00:01:31 89179 0 . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ < ref > encyclopedia britannica website , {{ web reference | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , the creation of the
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 0 ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www .
4 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] [ . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth
6 . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] s [ , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] , and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of
10 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner -
13 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news .
16 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . [ < ref > http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = =
40946332 40946642 2006-02-24 01:21:12 0 days 00:02:18 304316 0 that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming "
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 32 . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] | kennedy , john f . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside
33 | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of
44682288 44689214 2006-03-20 18:09:05 0 days 01:00:11 1114786 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 2 tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : > < references / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur
63086213 63215080 2006-07-11 12:36:14 0 days 18:02:53 0|84.136.20.147 0 of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and
1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 21 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war
65187980 65188008 2006-07-22 10:10:30 0 days 00:00:20 0|86.141.127.26 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
65188008 65188164 2006-07-22 10:12:48 0 days 00:02:18 135 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
68486767 68703823 2006-08-09 22:23:19 1 days 00:21:42 0|217.88.158.5 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
68703898 68764117 2006-08-10 05:33:15 0 days 07:09:34 157842 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
70719583 70805687 2006-08-20 18:48:42 0 days 12:38:01 0|88.134.153.65 1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
70805687 70805788 2006-08-20 18:49:13 0 days 00:00:31 1514294 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . ferienwohnung - forum . de berlin holiday appartments ] * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset .
1 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold
82205348 82210317 2006-10-18 14:07:16 0 days 00:31:24 0|216.164.60.172 1 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }}
82210317 82212056 2006-10-18 14:18:33 0 days 00:11:17 21887 1 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories1 . html / berlin wall portal of the german embassy to the usa ] * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset .
2 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }}
89531736 89532890 2006-11-22 22:11:26 0 days 00:06:31 0|85.178.123.221 0 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 0 between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was
1 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . february ]] [[ 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster
2 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for
105154508 105175281 2007-02-02 20:43:43 0 days 01:30:19 911178 0 stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of collected http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold
3 / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold
108457024 108586738 2007-02-16 12:01:39 0 days 13:04:03 0|217.132.143.214 0 and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 photo gallery of commented photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 1 _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories kstories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 1 _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and kstories stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side
130124523 130124687 2007-05-11 16:53:25 0 days 00:00:42 0|209.184.226.15 0 wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall poo ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs
130124687 130125487 2007-05-11 16:57:06 0 days 00:03:41 2073927 1 wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the poo berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs
147393203 147504639 2007-07-27 18:51:54 0 days 12:58:35 0|85.178.21.141 0 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
1 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / berlin / checkpointcharlie / index . html virtual e - tour checkpoint charlie ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama -
151601404 152046698 2007-08-18 14:45:41 2 days 01:05:52 2267145 0 ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " [ < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]]
2 construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] when the east german
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 23 ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ whitfield , john ( 2004 ) . " everything you always wanted to know about sexes " . public library of science : biology 2 ( 6 ) . ^ tuatara ^ observations on inheritance in coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea ^ the pycnidia of the rust fungi ^ the five sexes revisited , sciences , jul / aug2000 , vol . 40 issue 4 , p18 , 6p , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[
59 year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 80 , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " [ 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences : an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones .
162446548 162484247 2007-10-05 16:36:59 0 days 03:45:03 0|216.124.56.20 1 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [
2 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
3 * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
4 shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama -
5 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www .
6 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http :
162484247 162484765 2007-10-05 16:39:58 0 days 00:02:59 82432 0 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http
1 http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www .
2 = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [
3 = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http :
7 germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
8 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ htt * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / /
164032213 164038519 2007-10-12 13:16:17 0 days 00:48:45 0|193.179.31.229 0 ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / /
169297346 169314403 2007-11-05 04:53:11 0 days 01:52:36 0|216.9.20.240 0 / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 6 < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 3 ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans
196444310 196608741 2008-03-07 20:45:55 0 days 18:09:28 0|79.0.146.173 0 www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [
196608741 196612887 2008-03-07 21:04:14 0 days 00:18:19 0|79.0.146.173 0 [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 photo
201724471 201855065 2008-03-29 18:05:49 0 days 15:57:55 0|68.47.21.231 1 georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ suck my dick ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! us berliners love sucking dicks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! all you pepole should try it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip .
204483235 204483897 2008-04-09 16:42:52 0 days 00:03:07 137113 1 most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales
2 2006 < ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 2 most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 3 , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales
214793313 214855602 2008-05-25 16:23:01 0 days 07:44:48 7002667 1 : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 3 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > during this
233480684 233599076 2008-08-22 19:56:57 0 days 14:22:42 0|198.7.247.188 0 www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 1 = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
2 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
3 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http :
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 70 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
71 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
72 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ muppetnewsflash * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
73 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
75 memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] muppetcast * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
76 * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] com muppetcast ] - podcast * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary
113 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
114 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
115 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
116 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 43 and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef
47 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) bot generated title --> ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] )
48 : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) name = " autogenerated1 " / * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]]
62 crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www
66 for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 70 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
71 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
72 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ muppetnewsflash * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
73 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
75 memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] muppetcast * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
76 * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] com muppetcast ] - podcast * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary
113 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
114 * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
115 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
116 in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 43 and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef
47 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) bot generated title --> ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] )
48 : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) name = " autogenerated1 " / * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]]
62 crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www
66 for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash
266290348 266290464 2009-01-25 10:45:41 0 days 00:00:54 119438 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ berlin defence of the ruy lopez ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows - higher - in - sochi ]
271925346 272012260 2009-02-20 06:03:12 0 days 08:13:00 0|84.177.182.215 0 shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . forum - ddr - grenze . de / questions and answers about the east german border and berlin wall ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities
272012260 272012445 2009-02-20 06:05:04 0 days 00:01:52 911178 0 shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . forum - ddr - grenze . de / questions and answers about the east german border and berlin wall ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] *
273493616 273667275 2009-02-27 15:19:49 0 days 18:48:18 0|168.170.202.151 0 however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut instsfsdfitut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german
273667275 273667722 2009-02-27 15:22:22 0 days 00:02:33 3190204 0 however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - instsfsdfitut institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german
274698765 274919699 2009-03-04 13:11:24 0 days 21:51:05 0|143.252.80.100 0 of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle -
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 1 berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer :
274981620 274982026 2009-03-04 18:59:42 0 days 00:02:01 3505251 0 according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 1 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . i < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom !
281090935 281109932 2009-04-01 17:12:18 0 days 01:48:07 9358984 2 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 3 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] * a large number of collected images in the [
288559693 289216105 2009-05-11 08:19:01 3 days 10:15:02 9611157 0 timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www
310125952 310318597 2009-08-27 07:01:23 0 days 22:10:20 0|79.220.97.128 2 mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german an englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http :
310318597 310327705 2009-08-27 08:31:53 0 days 01:30:30 6971250 0 chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german an and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 3 . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index /
4 cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery
315258062 315258217 2009-09-21 08:43:44 0 days 00:02:01 204692 0 characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery >
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 11 http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it icon }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ]
16 - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large collection http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
27 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip
28 : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw
33 . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe
34 marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
319488273 319547768 2009-10-13 02:25:43 0 days 06:01:16 3058538 0 / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www .
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 7 in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story < / ref >
9 characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery
15 on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http :
16 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [
23 < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 2 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery
4 net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [
5 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities
7 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
321122011 321159821 2009-10-21 08:47:46 0 days 06:11:06 0|80.254.146.68 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
321246464 321349222 2009-10-22 08:51:11 0 days 13:33:22 332841 0 memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
321400884 321435832 2009-10-22 19:30:08 0 days 03:25:18 2740078 0 / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 4 gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , '
11 _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow .
31 einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird
32 durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ]
324012977 324105756 2009-11-05 16:38:29 0 days 14:11:38 0|77.1.32.123 0 _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324297643 324361293 2009-11-06 22:46:16 0 days 06:16:54 0|38.107.109.130 1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324361293 324361439 2009-11-06 22:47:14 0 days 00:00:58 0|38.107.109.130 0 = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . ] 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ]
324361439 324362083 2009-11-06 22:51:28 0 days 00:04:14 6163802 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy how the wall worked . ] 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 2 erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( www . meatspin . com )
3 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . meatspin . com )
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 3 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324827563 324827614 2009-11-09 12:14:04 0 days 00:00:34 0|92.27.168.55 0 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
324827738 324827897 2009-11-09 12:17:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|92.27.168.55 2 heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow [[ resonance fm ]] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 3 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / speakerscornershows2009 / 6nov2009speakerscorner . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow [[ resonance fm ]] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
324838374 324838628 2009-11-09 13:53:17 0 days 00:01:50 0|213.64.19.23 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
324838628 324838831 2009-11-09 13:54:45 0 days 00:01:28 0|213.64.19.23 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
324838927 324838954 2009-11-09 13:55:51 0 days 00:00:14 0|213.64.19.23 1 mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 3 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 1 = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / /
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 1 — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693
8 ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] *
9 / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century ,
326127754 326393226 2009-11-17 19:21:27 1 days 11:09:57 8179044 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
327805035 327838324 2009-11-25 10:01:14 0 days 05:27:30 0|195.37.189.30 0 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de
1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
327857129 328159601 2009-11-27 05:22:19 1 days 16:07:01 11108349 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
328159601 328159849 2009-11-27 05:24:28 0 days 00:02:09 1623918 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
328159849 328160753 2009-11-27 05:32:21 0 days 00:07:53 11108349 0 : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html an essay on berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp
1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
328160753 328161039 2009-11-27 05:34:53 0 days 00:02:32 1623918 0 : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html an essay on berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com /
1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
332313949 332477899 2009-12-18 12:02:04 0 days 20:13:52 0|84.111.55.153 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
332477899 332489251 2009-12-18 13:46:39 0 days 01:44:35 6971250 1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war
341696550 341779103 2010-02-03 23:22:21 0 days 07:40:25 0|77.1.40.125 0 _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 21 of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de |
346776955 346946452 2010-02-28 20:32:14 0 days 20:44:54 11808820 0 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . petervannugteren . com / berlin . html photoimpression berlin wall 1976 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery *
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
348149601 348215111 2010-03-07 01:32:51 0 days 06:31:24 145394 0 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . petervannugteren . com / berlin . html photoimpression berlin wall 1976 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / /
1 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
350071952 350105223 2010-03-15 23:50:50 0 days 03:09:30 0|98.17.93.7 0 . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = fuck you big time * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
350105436 350105530 2010-03-15 23:52:50 0 days 00:00:41 1738583 1 . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = fuck you big time * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 39 [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation
46 1978 }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10
50 : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot
55 = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _
56 from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http :
57 website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : /
72 _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
73 website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http
74 der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
75 - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary
76 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : /
78 past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin
80 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret
369426506 369704750 2010-06-23 08:49:43 1 days 12:15:03 5812172 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and
1 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube
374862385 375059882 2010-07-23 16:43:29 1 days 01:43:12 0|156.56.137.240 2 splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . < ref > [ {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 ] < / ref
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 4 / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [
5 . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and
385938027 386053284 2010-09-21 05:51:05 0 days 13:01:45 5812172 1 : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 6 & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0582315697 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 26 : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / /
27 galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] *
28 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube
29 : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 0 < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ( series ) ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] ,
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 36 _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 75 [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[
80 . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! -
142 " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive .
152 http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website .
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 4 east germany ' s western border with west germany proper . a huge no man ' s land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . [ page http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in
11 of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east . | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }}
36 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page
41 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link |
49 ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html klein orkest biography ] < / ref > = = notes = = {{
445112728 445115677 2011-08-16 07:52:17 0 days 00:31:24 6971250 2 : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society /
4 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 36 west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , 20 november 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! –
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 11 ' in north america ) , 2008 – left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall [ < ref > [ http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2
560704004 561644568 2013-06-26 09:25:41 6 days 05:07:04 15628412 0 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www . shapell . org / manuscript . aspx ? president - ronald - reagan - pictured - at - the - berlin - wall - during - tear - down - this - wall - speech ronald reagan at the berlin wall : tear down this wall ] shapell manuscript foundation * [ http : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and
589252116 590300424 2014-01-12 01:24:43 6 days 18:43:57 1469567 1 ' in north america ) , 2008 – left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall < ref > [ http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2
2 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * '
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 15 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying
47 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _
49 [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner -
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 0 bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * {{ * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on
4 as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive
8 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * {{ * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall
15 www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] *
16 on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [
18 / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www .
19 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [
629624465 631868858 2014-10-31 09:57:07 16 days 13:07:37 448012 1 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying
631868858 631869000 2014-10-31 09:59:30 0 days 00:02:23 9505858 1 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 7 ' in north america ) , 2008 – left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated
8 america ) , 2008 – left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall < ref > [ < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2
11 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate
12 . * * the music video for [[ liza fox ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox - free [ music video ] }}
13 ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west
16 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > *
17 by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin (
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 3 remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url name = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east -
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 0 uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
1 . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de
3 the east german border system ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in
4 [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url
6 berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http
7 . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www
8 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , 13 august 2003 . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] – slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british
9 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de
11 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www .
12 berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http
13 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the
14 / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts *
15 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall .
16 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : /
18 past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 –
19 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{
20 collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 4 guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] for further details | --> * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
5 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
6 / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official - ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _
20 large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history society / history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos
24 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html explore the former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
25 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html explore the former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _
26 guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
28 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147
29 / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
33 . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from
35 * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title = jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection }} * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www .
36 : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title = jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection }} * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , 13 august 2003 . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]]
45 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{
49 / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos
50 collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station
668610901 668894661 2015-06-27 12:11:06 1 days 23:12:38 88026 4 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http https : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff
700030765 700067540 2016-01-16 05:21:17 0 days 06:00:32 14508071 0 earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox
1 | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref name = " fisher " / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date
7 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate
8 . * * the music video for [[ liza fox ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox - free [ music video ] }}
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 8 only slightly inside east berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at [[ berlin potsdamer bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > {{ cite web | title = exchanges of territory | url = http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the lenné triangle
28 ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author = stephanie | last = kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper
55 > none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{ cite web | title = berlin wall memorial | url = http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html < / ref > other remnants are badly
61 only slightly inside east berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at [[ berlin potsdamer bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 16 on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] - – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the berlin wall
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 1 = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of | http : / / www . berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www .
2 [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin . de / mauer / en / }} * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik
3 http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der
5 ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] | publisher = berlin wall foundation }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
6 official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the
17 [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg * {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britishpathe . com / search / query / ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic
18 / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] + wall | title = berlin wall ( newsreel archives ) | publisher = [[ british pathe * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic |
27 | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962
749015840 749083438 2016-11-12 08:11:55 0 days 11:36:02 25459627 1 * * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , historical chronicle * * {{ cite web | url = http : / /
774996064 774996115 2017-04-11 23:54:33 0 days 00:00:29 204692 6 by dutch pop band {{ interlanguage link multi | klein orkest | nl }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate
7 . * * the music video for [[ liza fox ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox – free [ music video ] }}
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 3 ( academic ) | childs , david ]] ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20120222073111 / http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . {{ isbn
796211484 797058351 2017-08-24 18:15:51 5 days 09:54:15 31691822 0 bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http https : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982 / 10 / 30 / world / mrs - thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 3 — the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former "
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 9 < ref > {{ citation | last = gélin | first = daniel | title = the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall | date = 1965 - 07 - 15 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block |
810174887 810185910 2017-11-13 20:34:03 0 days 01:10:23 6554947 1 via = google books }} < / ref > these doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities =
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 3 / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art
825801993 825804625 2018-02-15 14:47:39 0 days 00:20:47 5946478 0 and east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . http : / / www . historytoday . com / frederick - taylor / berlin - wall - secret - history < https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 26 germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : < ref > name = " https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > * wire fence and
86 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . < ref > http : / / www . historytoday . com / frederick - taylor / berlin - wall - secret - history < / ref > the date of 13 august became
833238425 833879173 2018-04-02 21:01:57 3 days 08:50:51 31691822 1 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title = how mr . hasselhoff tore down this wall | url = http https : / / www . npr . org / 2014 / 11 / 09 / 362595983 / how - mr - hasselhoff - tore - down - this - wall |
839259862 839289662 2018-05-02 13:52:03 0 days 04:57:32 27431995 0 * * in april 2018 game publisher ' ' ' ' ' playway s . a . ' ' ' ' ' announced that polish game studio k202 is working on the [ http : / / www . playway . com / 10004 - games / 691 - the1berlinl ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ] game that will be published
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 7 . * * the music video for [[ liza fox ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox – free [ music video ] }}
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278138099 278326099 2009-03-19 13:41:18 0 days 20:48:43 3505251 2 independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people in soviet - occupied eastern european countries moved westward in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the emigrants moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 ,
280626722 280764216 2009-03-31 00:47:01 0 days 13:14:54 0|98.192.71.143 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > i like to eat my boogers and screw my dog = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
280764216 280764248 2009-03-31 00:47:11 0 days 00:00:10 4495930 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > i like to eat my boogers and screw my dog = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
284274572 284339342 2009-04-17 02:20:49 0 days 06:03:31 9438880 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = suprising = = they might be rebuilding the berlin wall . tensions might be rising and people say there is going to be a ww3 with nuclear missles . just like korea . = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
284339342 284340646 2009-04-17 02:28:48 0 days 00:07:59 1099776 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = suprising = = they might be rebuilding the berlin wall . tensions might be rising and people say there is going to be a ww3 with nuclear missles . just like korea . = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
284465708 284465870 2009-04-17 18:10:36 0 days 00:00:52 0|67.241.233.150 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
284465870 284466900 2009-04-17 18:17:03 0 days 00:06:27 6984319 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
285229373 285283450 2009-04-21 18:30:50 0 days 04:55:22 0|59.177.66.192 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to
1 six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling
285283450 285286386 2009-04-21 18:46:36 0 days 00:15:46 1304569 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
1 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = [[ erection ]] of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling
296376394 296376531 2009-06-14 16:37:37 0 days 00:00:53 0|66.189.45.189 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > a bit of the berlin wall can be found in washington dc ' s newseum = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
296376531 296390210 2009-06-14 18:09:48 0 days 01:32:11 0|79.193.207.196 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > a bit of the berlin wall can be found in washington dc ' s newseum = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
306601037 306696761 2009-08-07 23:34:15 0 days 09:46:45 0|121.214.101.104 0 | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the theeeee [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the
306696761 306696808 2009-08-07 23:34:32 0 days 00:00:17 4227592 0 | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > theeeee the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the
311278175 311620302 2009-09-03 08:22:53 1 days 18:19:16 0|121.215.146.93 0 and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking in that australia is the best country and should take advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in
311620302 311620727 2009-09-03 08:27:28 0 days 00:04:35 7746361 0 and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking in that australia is the best country and should take advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in
312612312 312828979 2009-09-09 18:58:19 1 days 02:28:33 0|72.159.167.195 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi people = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
312828979 312830147 2009-09-09 19:05:02 0 days 00:06:43 142444 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi people = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
318864606 318865056 2009-10-09 13:32:39 0 days 00:03:27 0|66.203.21.94 0 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift matt gallimore likes big cock ! ! = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled
318865056 318868236 2009-10-09 13:56:11 0 days 00:23:32 0|203.91.207.30 0 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = matt gallimore likes big cock ! ! = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled
318870568 318872025 2009-10-09 14:22:15 0 days 00:09:56 1839213 0 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled
319596946 319653259 2009-10-13 17:15:13 0 days 07:11:38 0|170.185.21.19 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > fact : the first attempt at the berlin wall was induced by a drag queen . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
319653259 319653447 2009-10-13 17:16:18 0 days 00:01:05 6698490 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > fact : the first attempt at the berlin wall was induced by a drag queen . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 2 a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . <
323946188 323947532 2009-11-04 20:00:49 0 days 00:07:46 0|90.212.100.1 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > and dogs go wof = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 2 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > and dogs go wof = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
324643610 324658042 2009-11-08 15:40:52 0 days 01:57:02 0|159.134.67.45 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
324658042 324658185 2009-11-08 15:41:48 0 days 00:00:56 0|159.134.67.45 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
324658185 324658273 2009-11-08 15:42:27 0 days 00:00:39 10809127 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
324658273 324660090 2009-11-08 15:56:01 0 days 00:13:34 3225475 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > chilli dawg = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 2 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 7 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 12 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
329300134 329300378 2009-12-02 20:04:51 0 days 00:01:38 0|164.113.70.253 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border ryan jacobs = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329300378 329300628 2009-12-02 20:06:32 0 days 00:01:41 0|164.113.70.249 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of ryan jacobs something = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329300628 329301847 2009-12-02 20:13:43 0 days 00:07:11 10546115 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of something ryan jacobs = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329301847 329302104 2009-12-02 20:15:11 0 days 00:01:28 10546115 0 months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of ryan jacobs the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
329390930 329391114 2009-12-03 04:39:04 0 days 00:01:09 0|76.125.86.250 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi my name is bob dont get rid of this wiki ppl = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
329391114 329391143 2009-12-03 04:39:14 0 days 00:00:10 10141256 1 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > hi my name is bob dont get rid of this wiki ppl = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
330960458 331484038 2009-12-13 20:13:58 2 days 21:32:51 0|65.95.29.40 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there was an exponentially increased rate of car damage in the 1950 ' s , caused mainly by east germans ' attempts to drive through barricades . this problem was solved when people in east germany began building these super cars to get through the blockades . these cars had reinforced bottoms , so you could just lay flat in the car , drive like mad through a barricade , and come out the other side . . . . . into the west ! the top of the car would likely be shaved clean off , leaving valuable metal resources behind to further strengthen the blockades . that is an example of irony . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
331484038 331491884 2009-12-13 21:01:50 0 days 00:47:52 6971250 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there was an exponentially increased rate of car damage in the 1950 ' s , caused mainly by east germans ' attempts to drive through barricades . this problem was solved when people in east germany began building these super cars to get through the blockades . these cars had reinforced bottoms , so you could just lay flat in the car , drive like mad through a barricade , and come out the other side . . . . . into the west ! the top of the car would likely be shaved clean off , leaving valuable metal resources behind to further strengthen the blockades . that is an example of irony . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
333525969 334207931 2009-12-27 05:05:31 3 days 18:08:55 0|69.157.66.177 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > bill and tom kaulitz are sexy : d tokio hotel < 3333 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
334207931 334210024 2009-12-27 05:24:38 0 days 00:19:07 10141256 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > bill and tom kaulitz are sexy : d tokio hotel < 3333 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336172835 336211787 2010-01-06 15:42:10 0 days 05:56:03 0|168.184.246.85 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > ←this is so gay why the fuck are you reading this άss whipe . → = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336211787 336212381 2010-01-06 15:46:30 0 days 00:04:20 8918196 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > ←this is so gay why the fuck are you reading this άss whipe . → = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336212381 336228755 2010-01-06 17:25:58 0 days 01:39:28 0|63.252.20.14 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > my penis blew up = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
336228755 336229695 2010-01-06 17:31:28 0 days 00:05:30 5177550 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > my penis blew up = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
336229695 336230322 2010-01-06 17:35:16 0 days 00:03:48 0|63.252.20.14 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > my super big penis is mastrubating = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336230322 336231595 2010-01-06 17:42:38 0 days 00:07:22 5177550 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > my super big penis is mastrubating = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
336647165 336824742 2010-01-09 17:09:43 0 days 21:55:21 0|74.36.128.7 0 allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other oher border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east
336824742 336829512 2010-01-09 17:37:52 0 days 00:28:09 8918196 0 allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several oher other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east
341040429 341149142 2010-01-31 21:07:26 0 days 15:16:32 0|76.235.202.194 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > ronald reagan was a murder ! = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
341149444 341153466 2010-01-31 21:32:14 0 days 00:22:53 8918196 1 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > ronald reagan was a murder ! = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
341779103 341918461 2010-02-04 17:03:26 0 days 17:41:05 0|80.195.85.18 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > tess sanders = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
341918690 341918847 2010-02-04 17:05:40 0 days 00:00:56 3150196 1 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > tess sanders = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
342320227 342377041 2010-02-06 23:10:57 0 days 05:34:34 0|24.98.176.69 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > im horny as fuk i jus got done watchn animal porn . . i wanted my dog to be traind to fuk me n the ass jus lyk the one on the video did . . did yall kno horses diks are biger den humans diks . ya i fukd a horse before it felt gud . here how i did it wit a dog . me nd my friendwaz horny one day nd we were at her house we wernt gay or nun we jus felt lyk fuking sumone . butt inted of calln a man we did it together . we didnt have a strap or a dildo . so we used he dog who was alredy traind to fuk and lik pussy . so we used his dik and hadd a 3som . . one wway is the dog fukn u n da ass and likng the girls pussy . . it was i tym i will never forget . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
342377041 342377279 2010-02-06 23:12:08 0 days 00:01:11 10141256 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > im horny as fuk i jus got done watchn animal porn . . i wanted my dog to be traind to fuk me n the ass jus lyk the one on the video did . . did yall kno horses diks are biger den humans diks . ya i fukd a horse before it felt gud . here how i did it wit a dog . me nd my friendwaz horny one day nd we were at her house we wernt gay or nun we jus felt lyk fuking sumone . butt inted of calln a man we did it together . we didnt have a strap or a dildo . so we used he dog who was alredy traind to fuk and lik pussy . so we used his dik and hadd a 3som . . one wway is the dog fukn u n da ass and likng the girls pussy . . it was i tym i will never forget . = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
344485310 344669652 2010-02-17 19:39:25 0 days 21:50:14 0|201.70.15.130 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection election of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
344669652 344670713 2010-02-17 19:45:25 0 days 00:06:00 8918196 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = election erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
344670713 345283539 2010-02-20 21:03:43 3 days 01:18:18 0|189.161.229.230 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > y vayanse la verga = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
345283539 345286812 2010-02-20 21:23:00 0 days 00:19:17 10141256 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > y vayanse la verga = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
352801208 353206054 2010-03-31 19:26:39 1 days 23:37:12 0|38.102.61.241 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > micheal dedina = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
353206422 353242365 2010-03-31 22:55:08 0 days 03:26:18 0|131.204.231.107 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > micheal dedina = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
356297258 356338854 2010-04-16 07:49:17 0 days 05:51:07 0|97.103.168.242 0 six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection ( tehe ) of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
356339026 356340188 2010-04-16 08:04:04 0 days 00:13:00 3308922 0 six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection ( tehe ) of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national
359268235 359268680 2010-04-30 15:25:56 0 days 00:02:37 0|169.204.164.80 1 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling
359268680 359268782 2010-04-30 15:26:35 0 days 00:00:39 11386456 0 first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german erection for naivn ' s border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
2 of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = the inner german erection for naivn ' s border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[
362896146 362898856 2010-05-18 22:30:39 0 days 00:17:52 0|74.108.19.69 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > also had a great effect = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
362898856 362899410 2010-05-18 22:34:02 0 days 00:03:23 262550 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > also had a great effect = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
365286784 365308631 2010-05-31 22:30:39 0 days 01:49:20 0|98.149.237.23 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > < 3 = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
365308631 365309225 2010-05-31 22:33:47 0 days 00:03:08 7167267 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > < 3 = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
399955415 400135537 2010-12-02 15:25:43 0 days 21:52:28 0|94.30.12.205 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > poo = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
400135537 400135595 2010-12-02 15:26:05 0 days 00:00:22 6636894 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > poo = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 12 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded
449778448 450027091 2011-09-12 08:58:42 0 days 23:42:46 1981037 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb
458013591 460776057 2011-11-15 13:51:47 16 days 18:25:21 15505994 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there is about 280000 bricks = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
460776057 460776111 2011-11-15 13:52:08 0 days 00:00:21 13286072 0 just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > there is about 280000 bricks = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
713738020 714997386 2016-04-13 02:40:45 7 days 09:38:49 13347245 0 of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > the exodus of emigrants from east germany presented two minor potential benefits : an easy opportunity to smuggle east german secret agents to west germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . neither of these perks , however , proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 1 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 1 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving entering the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] ,
3 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place
4 the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october
5 citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 seperate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd
9 to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 12 concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there the border was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 4 ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] ( east germany did not control traffic between west - berlin and the rest of west - germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km
774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 6 prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west - berlin and the rest of west - germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 12 ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not should be prevented it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] ,
1293677 1293699 2003-08-15 09:35:14 2 days 04:34:55 3295 0 had to be prevented from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . < div style = " float : left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced
1596460 1596496 2003-10-20 16:27:26 0 days 00:10:19 26248 0 : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . \ \ \ it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3
1604480 1608009 2003-10-22 02:33:41 1 days 09:56:27 16924 0 : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . \ \ \ it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 4 attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 2 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western
3 construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 12 developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of
13 movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 ]] . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[
14 became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . = = construction of the wall = = construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed
36 and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between
38 into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west
4179574 4217580 2004-06-20 08:18:14 1 days 13:18:24 47506 1 whom were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation
4728651 4728678 2004-07-19 16:15:07 1 days 07:41:50 0|66.176.198.81 0 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom capitalist oppresion over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ,
4728678 4744244 2004-07-19 16:17:10 0 days 00:02:03 0|66.176.198.81 0 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to capitalist oppresion the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ,
5185152 5185184 2004-08-13 16:23:55 0 days 00:02:31 56563 1 ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it ' s intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( as well as the
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 8 majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 1 wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the
2 of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and walls ( [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px |
7274837 7275003 2004-11-09 22:14:41 0 days 00:02:37 0|84.57.81.84 0 berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall
7369764 7466688 2004-11-12 05:56:03 2 days 07:30:17 6661 1 = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west berlin ]] over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in
2 the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first
7685743 7790644 2004-11-20 12:41:07 1 days 02:07:12 6661 0 ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german democratic republic east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 4 wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west german side of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively
5 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east german soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the
6 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed - wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western
7 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] fence was erected , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into
23 . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 17 , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border top of the wall was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]]
18 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and
28 ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west east berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]]
29 s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) (
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 40 move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961
41 between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ;
42 in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example ,
43 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 42 allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 ; after
43 to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 ; after 1952
44 was closed in 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on
45 closed in 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one
10364793 10365915 2005-02-17 19:36:26 2 days 06:46:47 0|199.43.172.254 0 ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors
10685284 10686820 2005-03-02 00:08:36 2 days 23:47:52 0|82.34.217.219 0 allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was properly closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949
1 berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between
10686820 10715762 2005-03-02 01:09:19 0 days 01:00:43 26468 0 berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was properly closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west
1 were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was properly closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949
11639377 11639454 2005-03-29 06:09:12 13 days 03:55:26 0|24.42.224.161 2 , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 21 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ;
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 18 helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . = = the years of the wall = = during the
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 4 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 4 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
13838373 13838493 2005-05-17 15:54:43 0 days 00:08:21 0|161.97.212.117 0 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . ~ ( _ 8 ( l ) the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
13838493 13838651 2005-05-17 15:58:16 0 days 00:03:33 67107 1 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . ~ ( _ 8 ( l ) the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
13839534 13855830 2005-05-17 16:27:53 0 days 00:24:47 26468 0 [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to the former imperial capital . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between
13855862 13887739 2005-05-17 23:05:53 0 days 00:00:27 6661 0 berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt - an - der - main ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 1 the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after
14269487 14269638 2005-05-26 16:38:51 0 days 00:02:48 0|164.68.120.3 0 [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire barbeques on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 5 [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german penises guarded [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbeques barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed
14830564 14834006 2005-06-07 04:56:11 0 days 06:28:40 0|81.180.132.3 2 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into
14834006 14943216 2005-06-07 06:53:53 0 days 01:57:42 8780 2 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 12 western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 14 units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german
31 conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying
32 . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 ]] , 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross
33 jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , [[ 1961 ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and
17902797 18119157 2005-07-04 08:34:54 3 days 15:43:24 0|62.171.194.11 1 ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east eastside is best germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was
18119489 18119581 2005-07-04 08:49:33 0 days 00:03:19 7580 1 ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ eastside is best east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 9 concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 1 krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , in [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been
23255938 23258570 2005-09-15 02:46:22 0 days 00:49:46 0|64.12.116.198 5 ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east south germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
24143292 24150723 2005-09-27 11:35:46 0 days 02:38:27 0|212.219.59.226 0 ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 1066 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background
24150980 24151055 2005-09-27 11:41:54 0 days 00:01:14 7580 0 ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1066 1961 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 12 ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) '
15 ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = =
16 ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background =
56 berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted
57 s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the
58 was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 11 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built
12 germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years ,
14 the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin
15 east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin ,
55 . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted .
56 west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the
57 was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 32 under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor journey . in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin
35 position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert coover ' s 1977 novel the public burning is a parodic reconstruction of their execution . tony kushner ' s 1992 play angels in america features a fictionalized version of ethel rosenberg , played by meryl streep in the hbo version . [ edit ] see also soviet atomic bomb project . the case is thought to have spurred lee harvey oswald ' s interest in marxism . [ 5 ] [ edit ] external links timeline of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 0 by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all
27870386 27920020 2005-11-10 13:07:07 0 days 12:46:33 0|156.63.113.54 0 ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 2100 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background
27920020 27920075 2005-11-10 13:08:11 0 days 00:01:04 0|156.63.113.54 0 ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 2100 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background
27932424 27932542 2005-11-10 16:12:28 0 days 00:01:20 471054 0 germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into
2 proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 5 schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background
6 ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main
28895370 28895372 2005-11-21 09:44:05 0 days 00:00:03 0|212.132.0.10 0 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . i want 2 go there . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
28895372 28895434 2005-11-21 09:45:36 0 days 00:01:31 44020 2 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . i want 2 go there . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie
30713435 30713769 2005-12-09 14:31:31 0 days 00:05:16 0|162.127.13.4 0 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
30713769 30713813 2005-12-09 14:32:26 0 days 00:00:55 253590 0 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and
35365390 35373255 2006-01-16 07:22:31 0 days 01:31:20 0|207.102.64.194 0 caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr
36443992 36484473 2006-01-24 10:26:12 0 days 08:18:20 6661 0 caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr
36500191 36641861 2006-01-25 14:02:24 0 days 23:58:25 0|194.232.85.82 0 the ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished .
1 " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and , was fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = =
36641861 36641976 2006-01-25 14:03:23 0 days 00:00:59 0|194.232.85.82 0 reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted discontinued the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) ,
39818227 40007654 2006-02-17 13:20:02 1 days 11:35:08 154979 1 german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east [[ germany ]] ' s " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[
2 german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east [[ germany ]] ' s " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 0 part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june
5 was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june | june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west
21 the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 0 . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall
1 crossed into the west , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan
6 high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[
11 friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; varying reports claim either 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along
12 ) . = = the wall years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the
13 years = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57
40686196 40687505 2006-02-22 08:24:42 0 days 00:20:24 0|144.137.251.28 0 % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . suck my fucking dick asshole please , i love you u monster , suck my dicky doo da ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
40687505 40688772 2006-02-22 08:46:34 0 days 00:21:52 0|203.214.133.62 0 % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . suck my fucking dick asshole please , i love you u monster , suck my dicky doo da ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 1 are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were
66 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
40814314 40816080 2006-02-23 04:56:58 0 days 00:18:12 386031 0 the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstadt helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 12 % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a jubilant public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 2 ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus key symbol of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]]
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 40 = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face
46 and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by [[ autobahn ]] , to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 0 stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection defector | defections ]] s , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949
18 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection ]] s , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and
24 * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 %
42309097 42336641 2006-03-05 13:06:23 0 days 06:06:51 686868 1 are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . without passport check ; likewhise soviet patrols could pass this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners
8 in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving .
42377886 42382313 2006-03-05 20:29:26 0 days 00:35:54 686868 0 , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personal into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , providen provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries
46056161 46158765 2006-03-30 12:47:25 0 days 16:36:33 4388 0 ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 8 be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 12 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 10 was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark ]] s . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh ,
53500522 53511545 2006-05-16 14:41:22 0 days 01:31:00 0|64.251.52.93 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
53795797 53896571 2006-05-18 18:24:30 0 days 15:41:40 0|208.241.177.73 0 separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 128 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to
53896571 53898145 2006-05-18 18:35:49 0 days 00:11:19 1008387 0 separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 128 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 1 prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected )
2 = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 3 ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 marielle 18 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to
4 ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin marielle , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration (
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 2 ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of marielle 18 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to
3 ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west marielle berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration (
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 2 day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin away with commusism . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 12 = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 0 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin ; another one was at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , with its famous sign reading in english , russian , french and german : " end of the free world . you are leaving american zone " . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 1 , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin kid stuff , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration (
2 an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > take pix however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
83832893 83835783 2006-10-26 13:10:22 0 days 00:22:46 686868 0 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin ; another one was at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , with its famous sign reading in english , russian , french and german : " end of the free world . you are leaving american zone " . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
86290926 86296469 2006-11-07 16:43:44 0 days 00:28:36 0|63.108.128.98 0 curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] someone farted and there is the berlin wall administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between
86296469 86297216 2006-11-07 16:47:39 0 days 00:03:55 572610 0 curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] someone farted and there is the berlin wall administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between
87781220 87781329 2006-11-14 16:27:23 0 days 00:00:34 0|63.253.45.100 3 east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern
87939085 87971875 2006-11-15 12:36:22 0 days 05:29:42 55284 0 berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) ,
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 1 east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of
88015793 88038123 2006-11-15 19:20:36 0 days 02:03:39 42901 0 ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which
1 wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed
89218590 89218869 2006-11-21 12:21:30 0 days 00:02:25 617480 1 to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10
89218869 89219141 2006-11-21 12:24:14 0 days 00:02:44 617480 0 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their
89219950 89358889 2006-11-22 02:08:27 0 days 13:36:15 0|72.146.48.170 2 an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift |
89651816 89652535 2006-11-23 14:25:10 0 days 00:06:26 0|71.3.64.103 2 ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1978 downwards , west germany udeveloped onto a wild wild west western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government .
93317647 93333338 2006-12-10 08:52:55 0 days 02:28:29 1102920 0 list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 5 ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 10 ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort
102660385 102792447 2007-01-24 00:22:45 0 days 10:41:48 0|24.155.249.78 0 ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 2 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[
102792447 102792502 2007-01-24 00:23:04 0 days 00:00:19 0|24.155.249.78 0 ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 2 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[
108863312 108864819 2007-02-17 16:59:47 0 days 00:07:46 26468 0 the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr inner german border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949
1 for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 5 , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector ! " ) | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' "
6 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 .
34 , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter
35 krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 3 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 5 , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector ! " ) | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' "
6 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 .
34 , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter
35 krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 3 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 5 , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector ! " ) | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' "
6 drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 .
34 , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter
35 krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 3 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am
113094185 113107852 2007-03-06 18:08:47 0 days 00:59:45 0|168.11.47.3 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers niggers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase
113107852 113114464 2007-03-06 18:38:36 0 days 00:29:49 911178 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction niggers workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase
113384513 113385689 2007-03-07 19:46:17 0 days 00:05:21 3511275 1 known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 2 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began late in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
115357154 115431063 2007-03-15 23:16:02 0 days 05:40:37 3849022 0 barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin roflcopter for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
115431063 115431184 2007-03-15 23:16:43 0 days 00:00:41 911178 0 barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin roflcopter for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 11 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 12 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 11 gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 5 thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 8 it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 2 ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist communist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 2 ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1917 onwards , west germany mutated into a western communist capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 5 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german
124875869 124876106 2007-04-22 15:18:00 0 days 00:01:07 0|68.41.84.92 0 = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell hell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ?
124876106 124876232 2007-04-22 15:18:37 0 days 00:00:37 4113076 0 = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin hell fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ?
127488398 127490114 2007-05-01 19:12:54 0 days 00:07:10 0|166.127.1.201 2 the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german germop8 [ i8io8i9 [ oian minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a
127490114 127493217 2007-05-01 19:26:23 0 days 00:13:29 911178 2 the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east germop8 [ i8io8i9 [ oian german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a
128649094 128649435 2007-05-06 14:20:44 0 days 00:01:57 0|70.144.11.235 1 [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin scrable for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
128760514 128924265 2007-05-07 13:07:06 0 days 14:42:06 0|86.138.177.126 1 was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin ]] and west berlin west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
132298025 132298254 2007-05-20 21:18:24 0 days 00:01:13 0|70.143.50.176 1 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin b . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
2 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers jhlbhnmbnhmj , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one
5 ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not d ; m challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' '
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 2 east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9
3 barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
4 [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . , from the day construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
133074678 133074927 2007-05-24 01:32:04 0 days 00:01:22 715870 3 in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split .
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 2 had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a
3 considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth accepted . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of
134407965 134465490 2007-05-30 01:46:34 0 days 04:33:01 0|65.103.18.58 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . i suck dicks . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
134465490 134465611 2007-05-30 01:47:12 0 days 00:00:38 4322081 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . i suck dicks . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
138876830 138877059 2007-06-18 00:47:31 0 days 00:01:36 0|67.189.129.217 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts stupid whores fagsssss an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
139505351 139545055 2007-06-21 00:07:48 0 days 03:31:35 4612426 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . zach built it he is awsome . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
139545055 139545419 2007-06-21 00:10:04 0 days 00:02:16 2457735 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . zach built it he is awsome . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
139545419 139545573 2007-06-21 00:11:08 0 days 00:01:04 4612426 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . zach also built noahs ark an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
139545573 139545848 2007-06-21 00:12:58 0 days 00:01:50 2457735 0 german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . zach also built noahs ark an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 63 now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government
74 west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their
153229321 153248597 2007-08-23 23:46:44 0 days 01:52:32 1054259 1 hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany german , the wall writen about in a an ancient mythical book . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 0 west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 4 , 000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 0 west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 4 , 000 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
157117672 157129007 2007-09-11 10:50:46 0 days 01:41:35 4857317 0 to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions , which involved application
1 berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions , which that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay
2 germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day
158482428 158482538 2007-09-17 12:36:35 0 days 00:00:42 0|193.164.114.4 0 org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
158482538 158483005 2007-09-17 12:39:37 0 days 00:03:02 0|86.148.90.145 0 www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] ) and east germany . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and
1 . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and [[ east germany . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
2 . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] ) . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin
3 org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . i was not here : p . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
159701939 160013834 2007-09-24 13:59:12 1 days 13:42:50 0|81.107.164.107 1 a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc ,
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 1 a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc ,
161587761 161588251 2007-10-01 16:30:04 0 days 00:02:23 0|142.25.180.27 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building jacking off to the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
161589959 161590174 2007-10-01 16:39:56 0 days 00:01:10 0|142.25.180.54 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off intensly to the berlin wall , beacuse it is amazing [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right |
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
162484765 162838184 2007-10-07 10:15:05 1 days 17:35:07 0|58.179.236.38 2 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany tony ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from
164032119 164032213 2007-10-12 12:27:32 0 days 00:00:39 0|87.80.246.98 0 the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 18 were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of
167041749 167041949 2007-10-25 19:08:52 0 days 00:00:56 0|205.202.92.219 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an adam iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction
167041949 167042099 2007-10-25 19:09:32 0 days 00:00:40 0|205.202.92.219 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . adam an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction
167042099 167282919 2007-10-26 20:07:38 1 days 00:58:06 0|205.202.92.219 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic adannnnnmiconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began
167283597 167284000 2007-10-26 20:13:12 0 days 00:02:11 0|140.254.80.182 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . adannnnnmiconic an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 9 to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left
167697778 167701105 2007-10-28 20:56:00 0 days 00:17:37 0|207.81.88.168 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building jacking off to the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
167701105 167705039 2007-10-28 21:17:52 0 days 00:21:52 1561650 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to building the new wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
167862530 167863048 2007-10-29 16:10:36 0 days 00:02:50 0|164.113.70.85 0 of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could couldand they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left
167863508 167863816 2007-10-29 16:14:54 0 days 00:01:34 218593 1 of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left
3 of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany couldand they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both
168159990 168257036 2007-10-31 07:16:51 0 days 10:22:33 0|58.164.29.82 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . if you are in yr 9 german and this has to be in tommorow dont copy this i already have lol ! an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
168257036 168257078 2007-10-31 07:17:23 0 days 00:00:32 763890 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . if you are in yr 9 german and this has to be in tommorow dont copy this i already have lol ! an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
168264307 168297207 2007-10-31 13:40:18 0 days 04:54:18 0|202.120.61.3 0 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
170290210 170292124 2007-11-09 09:20:51 0 days 00:19:27 0|213.221.119.178 0 göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
1 ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 3 [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 97549375683254 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 2 outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 28 years , from the day destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
172497386 172703659 2007-11-20 14:32:01 0 days 22:54:05 0|204.82.110.128 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as terry lynch likes fat sweaty men an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
172703659 172704160 2007-11-20 14:34:54 0 days 00:02:53 0|204.82.110.63 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as terry lynch likes fat sweaty men lucas smith wants to engage in mischevous doings with grantmen an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
172704160 172704334 2007-11-20 14:35:54 0 days 00:01:00 0|204.82.110.63 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as lucas smith wants to engage in mischevous doings with grantmen an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
172704821 172706114 2007-11-20 14:45:48 0 days 00:07:10 0|204.82.110.75 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as nick flieger terry - lynch likes men [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
2 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as nick flieger likes men [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
174708204 174741786 2007-11-30 02:18:00 0 days 03:04:44 5918353 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 29 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
174741786 174746112 2007-11-30 02:42:18 0 days 00:24:18 28422 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 29 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1990 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
177209487 177212488 2007-12-11 14:31:03 0 days 00:19:08 0|208.108.156.65 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west this page is greatest trademark ; berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . this page is greatest trademark ; the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 8 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
9 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 280 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
178872694 178873340 2007-12-19 03:38:40 0 days 00:04:02 0|72.240.200.36 0 ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 280 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 8 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people
9 ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
182793062 183023326 2008-01-08 20:42:04 1 days 00:45:43 0|206.123.212.68 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 44 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
183023326 183023808 2008-01-08 20:44:31 0 days 00:02:27 0|206.123.212.68 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 44 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1945 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
185101957 185237071 2008-01-18 17:27:34 0 days 17:02:57 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
185237071 185237633 2008-01-18 17:30:37 0 days 00:03:03 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 30000000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
185237633 185237754 2008-01-18 17:31:15 0 days 00:00:38 911178 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30000000 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
186840155 186840524 2008-01-25 16:59:29 0 days 00:02:02 0|71.41.129.70 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
187678853 188026093 2008-01-30 23:10:09 1 days 10:43:02 0|125.254.66.122 3 remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin africa ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were
188026093 188026301 2008-01-30 23:11:00 0 days 00:00:51 911178 1 the two states . both borders were part of the [[ epic lol ]] and many lulz have been created by its formation . the wall divided east berlin and [[ africa west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were
189948667 189998964 2008-02-08 17:59:24 0 days 04:47:20 0|207.63.14.7 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 100 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
189998964 189999141 2008-02-08 18:00:10 0 days 00:00:46 0|207.63.14.7 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 100 1000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
189999141 189999318 2008-02-08 18:00:55 0 days 00:00:45 2048686 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 1000 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
192259798 192705444 2008-02-20 01:47:10 1 days 17:47:01 6483353 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 5 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
192705444 192707199 2008-02-20 01:55:45 0 days 00:08:35 2537811 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 5 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
193137199 193162865 2008-02-22 00:38:28 0 days 02:00:50 6483353 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 almost 5 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
193162865 193162921 2008-02-22 00:38:46 0 days 00:00:18 461300 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for almost 5 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 2 the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www .
3 wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which east germans constructed the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 1 defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 3 zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
23 für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . the west germans deported him to east germany . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 0 ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august
8 by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 0 - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed
199037463 199057868 2008-03-18 11:00:56 0 days 03:50:41 686868 1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in cammel laojfdhf south west of germany in = = headline text = = 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall
201208461 201221996 2008-03-27 02:21:12 0 days 01:03:22 6754651 2 of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133
201224300 201227326 2008-03-27 02:47:40 0 days 00:14:49 3622922 2 of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the ally separated east berlin and [[ west berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133
203048806 203049740 2008-04-03 14:33:54 0 days 00:04:52 0|208.108.155.10 0 remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 0 west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a lota cock . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 =
1 east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 2 most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism
209942770 210253508 2008-05-05 04:27:02 1 days 10:21:10 7038199 1 of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin u . s . a ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133
210264488 210264591 2008-05-05 06:04:23 0 days 00:01:03 911178 1 west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east u . s . a and [[ west u . s . a berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 6 on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , soviets were not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running
17 = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led
227057942 227630794 2008-07-24 14:11:59 2 days 18:22:51 6285568 3 a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the
233302497 233432725 2008-08-21 23:28:21 0 days 12:03:26 0|24.166.76.210 0 longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders big fat butt were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
233432725 233436562 2008-08-21 23:52:31 0 days 00:24:10 931155 0 longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders big fat butt were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
236585633 236602045 2008-09-06 06:03:42 0 days 02:21:34 0|121.220.215.60 0 between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain .
236602045 236916475 2008-09-07 19:36:04 1 days 13:32:22 0|72.76.164.6 1 east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin germany ]] for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 0 [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28 years and 1 day ,
15 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the
17 order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier
41 motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at between the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was
43 west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway (
55 east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 23 berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 1 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and
2 ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall baboon separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 ,
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon wall separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
239565807 239832687 2008-09-20 18:44:34 1 days 04:42:04 0|72.153.226.216 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are 2 , 000 walls that seperated the east from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
239832687 239837716 2008-09-20 19:14:07 0 days 00:29:33 2519868 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there are were 2 , 000 walls that seperated the east from the west because they liked there private space the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day ,
240121512 240239300 2008-09-22 15:38:51 0 days 15:13:17 736477 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . there were 2 , 000 walls that separated the eastern side from the western side . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 6 of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering these municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small
15 citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : '
242550942 242551203 2008-10-02 18:27:32 0 days 00:01:19 0|205.174.116.40 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall balls separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 ,
242551203 242551265 2008-10-02 18:27:51 0 days 00:00:19 4479342 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the balls wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 ,
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 11 longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long license plate said fresh and it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 6 , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well
94 official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 6 , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well
94 official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only
242757496 242759417 2008-10-03 15:04:48 0 days 00:10:06 7991952 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . i accidentally a coca - cola bottle . is this bad ? the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
242759417 242759534 2008-10-03 15:05:26 0 days 00:00:38 5924818 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . i accidentally a coca - cola bottle . is this bad ? the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
245106530 245336502 2008-10-15 00:17:29 1 days 00:48:02 0|69.121.156.182 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and it was a terrible time . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in
245336502 245336831 2008-10-15 00:19:04 0 days 00:01:35 5177550 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and it was a terrible time . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in
245586319 246116558 2008-10-18 16:05:55 2 days 13:25:32 0|24.151.130.39 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall still stands today . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
246116558 246117073 2008-10-18 16:08:54 0 days 00:02:59 0|24.151.130.39 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall still stands today . = p hey = ) the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
246117073 246118237 2008-10-18 16:15:44 0 days 00:06:50 352579 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . = p hey = ) the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late
247836466 247923649 2008-10-27 04:55:06 0 days 08:30:27 1340390 0 - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
248095268 248099439 2008-10-28 00:43:56 0 days 00:22:55 0|76.16.149.66 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . berlin = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
248099439 248099489 2008-10-28 00:44:08 0 days 00:00:12 258000 0 additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . berlin = capital = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of your mom ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date =
1 chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . berlin = capital of your mom ! the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
2 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . berlin = capital of your mom ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section |
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day 6 days , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 2 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 6 days 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 3 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany westitaly for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
4 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 40 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime
5 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 2 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water wall separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and
255210981 255259280 2008-12-01 19:38:59 0 days 04:33:01 0|137.118.202.208 1 both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be
255870439 256069695 2008-12-05 17:07:07 0 days 23:43:28 0|68.72.100.17 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain .
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 8 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with was built . the houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known
9 mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in contained between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the
258210621 258211097 2008-12-15 21:58:28 0 days 00:02:06 0|76.217.13.119 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west
258211097 258211118 2008-12-15 21:58:33 0 days 00:00:05 7696608 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west
265327769 265328211 2009-01-20 18:41:58 0 days 00:02:24 0|86.42.160.9 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' crap west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989
1 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' crap germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref >
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 2 east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east west germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 2 west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany , crowds of west east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
265792339 265792794 2009-01-22 22:13:11 0 days 00:02:03 0|38.116.202.94 1 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . connor mason will die tommorrow ! = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
265792794 265793157 2009-01-22 22:14:51 0 days 00:01:40 0|38.116.202.94 0 encroach on westadditionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . connor mason will die tommorrow ! = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
267773207 267773340 2009-02-01 05:25:28 0 days 00:00:53 214542 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / /
267773340 267773611 2009-02-01 05:27:32 0 days 00:02:04 214542 3 - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]]
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 3 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany gelanovichville for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 4 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated germany from gelanovichville west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
273461189 273493375 2009-02-26 20:30:19 0 days 02:32:41 0|67.34.191.77 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more suck my zinger than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref
273493375 273493422 2009-02-26 20:30:34 0 days 00:00:15 1469567 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for suck my zinger more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref
273493422 273493595 2009-02-26 20:31:21 0 days 00:00:47 0|67.34.191.77 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany suck my zinger for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
273493595 273493616 2009-02-26 20:31:31 0 days 00:00:10 1469567 0 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany suck my zinger for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
274460739 274475784 2009-03-02 17:50:25 0 days 01:02:42 0|170.177.47.11 1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for his catfor more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . <
276192508 276263944 2009-03-10 13:19:55 0 days 09:26:58 0|76.74.69.103 0 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany italy for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
276263944 276264216 2009-03-10 13:21:29 0 days 00:01:34 1298255 0 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west italy germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 6 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]]
276546378 276584305 2009-03-11 20:14:59 0 days 03:01:58 0|68.81.17.165 0 ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . in 2003 , the head of the construction team , mitch freeman , died . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and
276584305 276584955 2009-03-11 20:17:54 0 days 00:02:55 3061573 0 ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . in 2003 , the head of the construction team , mitch freeman , died . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and
277226599 277226883 2009-03-14 18:22:08 0 days 00:01:37 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end
277229162 277301544 2009-03-15 01:02:48 0 days 06:27:46 0|82.40.237.118 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . great . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277301544 277302153 2009-03-15 01:06:20 0 days 00:03:32 3061573 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . great . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277302153 277678292 2009-03-16 17:17:05 1 days 16:10:45 0|150.155.15.230 1 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany southern koria for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
277678292 277678607 2009-03-16 17:18:47 0 days 00:01:42 0|150.155.15.230 0 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated northern germany from southern koria korea for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 .
277873616 277902757 2009-03-17 17:18:17 0 days 02:15:20 0|209.173.1.126 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277902757 277903755 2009-03-17 17:22:39 0 days 00:04:22 3505251 2 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277903755 277906414 2009-03-17 17:34:06 0 days 00:11:27 6984319 2 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277906414 277907821 2009-03-17 17:40:14 0 days 00:06:08 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . unfortunately , this is not what really happened . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
277908940 277909503 2009-03-17 17:47:21 0 days 00:02:21 6984319 0 border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany
1 demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western [[ allies of wwii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than
277909503 277910067 2009-03-17 17:50:00 0 days 00:02:39 6984319 1 longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall
278131212 278138099 2009-03-18 16:52:35 0 days 00:35:23 6984319 2 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref name = " loescher60 "
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 244 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 283 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 1 p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 197 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 000 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 244 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 283 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 1 p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 197 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / /
2 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 000 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www .
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 0 the last chapter of the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . {{ opinion fact | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union
1 the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . {{ opinion | date = " is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} =
283798580 283867455 2009-04-14 21:36:44 0 days 05:55:33 0|68.58.12.232 0 on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto ont and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away
283924987 283961086 2009-04-15 08:48:01 0 days 05:26:23 6984319 0 on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed ont onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away
284454026 284465708 2009-04-17 18:09:44 0 days 01:02:28 0|67.241.233.150 0 / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day arabia state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' '
284465870 284466900 2009-04-17 18:17:03 0 days 00:06:27 6984319 1 / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day arabia state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' '
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 8 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany where the pussy is better . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 7 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west where the pussy is better germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
284731244 284914337 2009-04-20 00:38:11 0 days 22:21:45 0|66.19.180.47 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration imigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
284914337 284918855 2009-04-20 01:06:30 0 days 00:28:19 6984319 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = imigration emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
285016585 285227007 2009-04-21 13:18:44 0 days 23:06:40 0|168.170.196.30 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany italy . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
285227007 285229373 2009-04-21 13:35:28 0 days 00:16:44 1099776 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west italy germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe
288319667 288394418 2009-05-07 02:06:51 0 days 07:11:41 0|68.146.140.114 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . dick head = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
288394418 288394735 2009-05-07 02:09:07 0 days 00:02:16 5177550 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . dick head = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
289216105 289227657 2009-05-11 10:18:48 0 days 01:59:47 1301909 1 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border
289234676 289238128 2009-05-11 11:58:11 0 days 00:31:11 0|87.38.134.94 1 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany my mam for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
289308987 289355477 2009-05-11 23:50:10 0 days 04:24:15 0|207.190.72.77 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany france for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
289355477 289355710 2009-05-11 23:51:25 0 days 00:01:15 1148898 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west france germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref
293533219 294710470 2009-06-06 02:50:18 5 days 10:47:34 593712 0 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / /
295845404 296376339 2009-06-14 16:36:20 2 days 20:20:34 0|66.189.45.189 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . get into the rush now , you dont have to know how . do it all before you try . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
296376339 296376394 2009-06-14 16:36:44 0 days 00:00:24 0|66.189.45.189 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . get into the rush now , you dont have to know how . do it all before you try . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
296636215 296636337 2009-06-15 22:24:26 0 days 00:00:44 0|74.75.170.166 0 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german germany troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the
296778899 296786653 2009-06-16 16:56:05 0 days 00:46:56 0|71.187.249.58 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany pakistan from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
296786653 296786942 2009-06-16 16:57:50 0 days 00:01:45 9600753 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating east pakistan germany from west stefanvile for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separating east pakistan from west stefanvile germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
296786942 296787253 2009-06-16 16:59:42 0 days 00:01:52 0|71.187.249.58 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany stefanville from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
1 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany vicciville for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
296836155 296857603 2009-06-16 23:48:30 0 days 02:12:01 6984319 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east stefanville germany from west vicciville for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november
2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east stefanville from west vicciville germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 .
5 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east germany german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 1 ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' '
299792508 299857270 2009-07-02 09:34:08 0 days 09:29:10 0|222.154.103.86 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ' ' ' this is all bullshit wikipedia is a fake ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299857270 299857283 2009-07-02 09:34:16 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ' ' ' this is all bullshit wikipedia is a fake ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299857283 299857416 2009-07-02 09:35:23 0 days 00:01:07 0|222.154.103.86 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . fhduioawtnvsorituvnsdorivunso ; driu = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
299857416 299857477 2009-07-02 09:35:56 0 days 00:00:33 1879566 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . fhduioawtnvsorituvnsdorivunso ; driu = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 18 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 0 germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall
4 had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany
307884163 308149981 2009-08-15 17:08:42 1 days 11:27:52 0|90.200.32.121 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
308149981 308150074 2009-08-15 17:09:16 0 days 00:00:34 10141256 1 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million united kindom had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
310327705 310493352 2009-08-28 04:57:31 0 days 20:25:38 0|24.4.124.83 0 resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed
310493613 310513985 2009-08-28 09:10:54 0 days 04:10:29 0|207.38.193.188 1 ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany berlin were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt |
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 0 ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were should be separated again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher =
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 5 july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ?
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 4 resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and
94 itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
316592493 316592574 2009-09-28 00:27:44 0 days 00:00:33 0|64.18.36.165 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
319687238 319857998 2009-10-14 18:32:45 0 days 22:04:56 0|86.17.123.155 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . it was a dosgrace what they did like locking up an animal in a cage : ( prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
319857998 319858118 2009-10-14 18:33:24 0 days 00:00:39 0|86.17.123.155 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . it was a dosgrace what they did like locking up an animal in a cage : ( prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into
319914673 320139365 2009-10-16 02:25:06 1 days 02:44:15 10688538 2 on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by
320139365 320144857 2009-10-16 03:10:47 0 days 00:45:41 506179 0 on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 proxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 14 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and
15 the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by
56 night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 9 mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron
10 german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 3 democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]]
6 many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 ,
324839194 324841966 2009-11-09 14:19:53 0 days 00:21:57 0|129.2.175.106 0 {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about $ 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall /
324841966 324842902 2009-11-09 14:26:49 0 days 00:06:56 6971250 0 {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about $ 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall /
324886184 324889784 2009-11-09 19:17:28 0 days 00:20:09 0|24.91.78.167 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 3 german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 3 the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 3 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii
324941378 324942089 2009-11-09 23:53:57 0 days 00:03:42 8214624 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the berlin during the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border
1 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc
2 ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during the 1961 period it end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had so many homosexuals having sex on it = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }}
325101666 325109373 2009-11-10 20:21:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|173.78.68.123 3 germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century .
325134523 325134867 2009-11-10 22:44:03 0 days 00:02:00 0|68.187.237.50 0 and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin
1 boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
2 at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to
3 , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 15 gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 15 ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 15 in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang |
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 15 in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang |
325413552 325422616 2009-11-12 11:45:39 0 days 01:36:55 0|91.34.105.72 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325422616 325423791 2009-11-12 11:58:43 0 days 00:13:04 6971250 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325423791 325424993 2009-11-12 12:13:45 0 days 00:15:02 0|91.34.105.72 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 2 post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 5 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 11 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 11 , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 :
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 3 practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable
330959637 330960317 2009-12-10 22:40:34 0 days 00:02:45 0|142.29.101.33 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 975 , 206 , 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de
330960317 330960458 2009-12-10 22:41:07 0 days 00:00:33 7821268 1 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 975 , 206 , 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 0 " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = "
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 3 the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government ' s [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed
341149142 341149444 2010-01-31 21:09:21 0 days 00:01:55 0|76.235.202.194 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ronald reagan murdered his friend ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
341149444 341153466 2010-01-31 21:32:14 0 days 00:22:53 8918196 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ronald reagan murdered his friend ! = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 2 leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border
19 die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east
30 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 1 government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir
4 s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts
347167732 347168405 2010-03-01 21:33:00 0 days 00:03:10 0|71.28.105.141 0 ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders bothborders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 0 ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . bothborders both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 1 to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 ]] east germans successfully escaped defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[
347223391 347522257 2010-03-03 15:37:28 1 days 12:44:19 6229647 0 republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] if you lick it you will get aids fact ! " . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
347522257 347523561 2010-03-03 15:45:50 0 days 00:08:22 262550 0 republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] if you lick it you will get aids fact ! " . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
356901361 356954702 2010-04-19 10:01:13 0 days 08:02:49 0|218.186.9.230 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . lol before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the
356954702 356954794 2010-04-19 10:01:55 0 days 00:00:42 0|218.186.9.230 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . lol before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the
357189889 357297916 2010-04-20 22:55:47 0 days 10:34:21 0|75.164.161.4 1 , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
359062465 359062935 2010-04-29 14:23:46 0 days 00:03:19 0|66.109.249.254 1 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
359062935 359062981 2010-04-29 14:24:07 0 days 00:00:21 11743424 1 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
361177167 361195850 2010-05-10 02:05:01 0 days 01:43:30 0|98.148.178.135 1 the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that
361195850 361201195 2010-05-10 02:41:44 0 days 00:36:43 262550 2 the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from west germany ( including [[ west east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that
362054246 362093204 2010-05-14 13:54:49 0 days 05:35:16 0|208.108.154.247 2 ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
363041154 363069140 2010-05-19 20:21:44 0 days 02:43:23 0|24.129.90.137 0 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 3 republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 3 ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches ,
4 the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from
364160963 364239018 2010-05-26 03:49:01 0 days 08:49:20 591174 1 east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet dominated [[ eastern block ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle
364239018 364254931 2010-05-26 06:42:44 0 days 02:53:43 6971250 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 , an english - language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
365688428 365688576 2010-06-02 19:04:03 0 days 00:00:55 0|198.237.49.215 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany amoz hickmen is a gay fagit . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 2 germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements
10 beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . that both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3
24 ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of
26 the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from
29 crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref >
369704750 370024316 2010-06-25 02:44:52 1 days 17:55:09 0|72.73.190.57 0 thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany penis , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha
370024316 370027692 2010-06-25 03:16:19 0 days 00:31:27 5177550 0 thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west penis germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 4 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin homos ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com /
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 10 platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and . a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and
11 a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 1 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre its original site , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch at the [[ topography
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 9 signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and , by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to
32 itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
69 ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border
397458363 397462731 2010-11-18 08:32:01 0 days 01:03:18 0|110.140.199.24 0 ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration imigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
397462731 397463096 2010-11-18 08:36:53 0 days 00:04:52 3308922 0 ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = imigration emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world
397878708 398109369 2010-11-21 20:00:14 1 days 04:13:56 653042 2 attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany proper . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
399637116 399955415 2010-12-01 17:33:15 1 days 15:04:42 271168 0 the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]]
401992519 402027187 2010-12-12 22:05:02 0 days 03:29:16 0|50.11.70.253 1 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east west berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage .
402027187 402032954 2010-12-12 22:39:08 0 days 00:34:06 3308922 1 democratic republic ( gdr , [ west germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ west east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage .
417646773 417971197 2011-03-09 15:37:54 1 days 20:22:29 0|65.51.198.66 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . this makes a horrible map on black ops and was a waste of 1600 microsoft points . send me some micro points if you would like . do not buy dlc map pact . this is all true stuff . use it in your reports . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
417971197 417971223 2011-03-09 15:38:07 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 0 " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . this makes a horrible map on black ops and was a waste of 1600 microsoft points . send me some micro points if you would like . do not buy dlc map pact . this is all true stuff . use it in your reports . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 4 < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or
424543101 424745141 2011-04-18 20:43:03 1 days 04:19:38 14063214 0 to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of east germany ' s western border with west germany proper . a huge no man ' s land was cleared to provide a clear line of fire at fleeing refugees . [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 4 " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – — and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = "
435294058 435472529 2011-06-21 15:14:46 0 days 23:06:42 9771938 1 semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 25 to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on 24 august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite
69 qt = hot _ author worldcat . org ] * {{ cite book | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - – 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0714654086 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{
438013582 438013830 2011-07-06 07:59:41 0 days 00:02:40 13102 0 helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres (
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 1 - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ file : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve
443420038 444182652 2011-08-11 02:29:24 4 days 03:33:03 292168 1 the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and
444619121 444827910 2011-08-14 17:10:20 1 days 04:20:43 10289486 1 {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about us $ 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 2 = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning 13 erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit
452185719 453915570 2011-10-04 15:32:13 10 days 02:59:14 9135213 0 from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall also served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii
456816319 457176613 2011-10-24 17:17:08 2 days 05:16:21 11498870 0 , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang
477491005 478048873 2012-02-21 10:24:10 3 days 04:14:32 1261928 0 east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles
499054497 499130826 2012-06-24 13:05:40 0 days 14:00:21 1708682 0 for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[
1 via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u -
503455175 503485036 2012-07-21 20:28:08 0 days 03:51:14 173996 1 ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact because of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations
522515322 525466527 2012-11-29 01:24:45 17 days 06:25:07 5282662 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders with today overlaying a current road map as background {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }}
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 1 of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders it came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall '
15 which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and
30 for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . - all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits
54 was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin
55 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 40 and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of [[ east germany ]] beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer
590964946 593520854 2014-02-02 02:00:13 16 days 12:22:38 14347385 3 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " <
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 3 {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall '
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 30 . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 9 military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 20 to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including between east and west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[
21 complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on later the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
33 > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west berlin , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 3 film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy .
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 5 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 4 on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961
710470018 712353861 2016-03-28 16:31:53 11 days 12:46:26 11324670 0 david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref name = " fisher " > {{ cite web |
724394247 724631450 2016-06-10 13:47:38 1 days 13:39:00 21076793 0 with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to symbolize a physical marker of the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection ,
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 2 for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all - – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits
735306235 735630692 2016-08-22 01:46:01 2 days 04:34:00 13830 0 warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however , he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsened the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 1 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . {{ fact }} = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern
7 to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ fact }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]]
25 travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ fact }} allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : '
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 6 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ korean demilitarized zone [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[
12 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 7 an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was ' ' [[ civis romanus sum ]] ' ' [ " i am a roman
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 3 orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm p . m . , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 11 with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , it came to symbolize a physical marker of physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . before the wall ' s erection ,
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 24 by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : *
825801993 825804625 2018-02-15 14:47:39 0 days 00:20:47 5946478 3 | 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com /
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 3 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn , at three month intervals to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 5 travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : '
825820751 825831503 2018-02-15 17:56:49 0 days 01:16:27 5946478 0 }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > http : / / www . independent . co . uk / life - style / history / berlin - wall - what - you - need - to - know - about - the - barrier - that - divided - east - and - west - 9847347 . html < / ref > = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern
827808358 829158703 2018-03-07 00:20:49 8 days 02:58:44 1871064 0 eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which there they could then travel to west germany and to other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 3 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) , was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 & nbsp ; km border fence , 144 &
855995255 856004544 2018-08-22 07:35:04 0 days 01:30:19 817684 1 s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] since the late 1950s and had become accepted by the east german authorities , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 40 ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . og ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ]
6686417 6698144 2004-10-18 23:16:04 17 days 09:54:52 0|216.104.211.5 1 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle id / 5942091 / ] fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to checkpoint charlie . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external
2 east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www
6969446 7034922 2004-10-29 22:53:25 0 days 00:00:38 0|141.156.41.50 0 * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of
7274559 7274640 2004-11-09 22:08:53 0 days 00:02:10 0|84.57.81.84 0 germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : /
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 38 alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200
10524422 10599750 2005-02-23 21:57:05 0 days 00:02:29 0|80.184.143.219 1 , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos ] photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 5 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 5 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
13370301 13372525 2005-05-07 04:46:25 1 days 11:17:55 85887 1 balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech - see www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm - speech ] on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an
13372568 13376839 2005-05-07 06:18:21 0 days 00:01:23 28107 1 it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm speech ] on july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in
13723962 13754737 2005-05-15 02:53:54 0 days 07:21:07 87876 0 www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 6 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 6 rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 2 sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing
3 . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown .
4 but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly
44 / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories
45 clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us u . s . army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former
25206069 25233466 2005-10-10 23:10:57 0 days 08:15:01 0|68.190.3.99 0 scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] there was a lot of celebrations . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
25310925 25339829 2005-10-12 07:16:05 0 days 08:33:41 0|193.17.96.40 0 scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] there was a lot of celebrations . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
27296993 27602033 2005-11-07 07:19:43 3 days 07:33:15 558022 0 scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 1 , 000 crosses ]] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
27920075 27932424 2005-11-10 16:11:08 0 days 03:02:57 471054 1 city . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only
3 . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in
29161539 29803715 2005-12-01 13:57:51 6 days 16:23:48 0|203.145.155.11 1 new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome blogspot . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] *
2 simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html com berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
29803715 29803808 2005-12-01 13:59:20 0 days 00:01:29 49943 1 new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . historicphotos . blogspot de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . com berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] *
2 city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . historicphotos . blogspot . com html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
31977221 32072733 2005-12-20 06:48:52 0 days 14:47:13 28107 0 tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 16 for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm = = = images and personal accounts = = = ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall
20 time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall
21 current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes
22 for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold
23 the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 11 berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 3 / history / facts . htm ] and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] , < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft
5 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ] . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence
7 [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] s [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] , < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around
9 u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] . < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called
12 / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved
15 / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels
17 east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * '
40946332 40946642 2006-02-24 01:21:12 0 days 00:02:18 304316 1 and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 34 ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon
35 [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] }} * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 0 watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 23 ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] )
27 _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 27 htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 4 a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ^ furlong , ray ( july 5 , 2005 ) . berlin wall memorial is torn down . bbc news . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ reuters ( september 8 , 2004 ) . one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt . msnbc . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 [ edit ] further reading div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 22 personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
69973916 70133083 2006-08-17 00:49:53 0 days 16:42:24 617080 1 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 7 : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 16 = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the
17 : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , ]] [[ 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 49 britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 49 britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 49 britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 9 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded
122566024 123036914 2007-04-15 18:34:05 1 days 22:58:35 0|69.81.140.251 3 . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 2 < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color : # 000000 ; border - width : 1px solid # ff0000 ; font - family : arial black ; padding : 3px " > < / span > < / a > < / div > ]] conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives jlives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome .
2 / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin berloin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present
3 ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account akccount of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions ,
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the jlives lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome .
2 / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berloin berlin . html personal akccount of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present
3 ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berloin . html personal akccount account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions ,
130124262 130124523 2007-05-11 16:52:43 0 days 00:01:03 0|209.184.226.15 0 berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall wallpooalloveryou . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin
130124687 130125487 2007-05-11 16:57:06 0 days 00:03:41 2073927 0 berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wallpooalloveryou wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the poo
132910594 132997348 2007-05-23 19:22:33 0 days 07:30:33 869278 3 web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com / rainbowsphere . html htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 3 web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc ]] title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows
151601404 152046698 2007-08-18 14:45:41 2 days 01:05:52 2267145 1 germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 24 | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of
153248597 153250129 2007-08-23 23:56:14 0 days 00:09:30 0|130.126.39.142 1 fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a mythical [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east german , the wall writen about in a an ancient mythical book . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
153250129 153257087 2007-08-24 00:36:34 0 days 00:40:20 715870 1 fascist protective rampart . " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 34 to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < androgens / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name =
38 flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe sex / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[
39 germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 articles / testosterone . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism |
63 author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm sex " categories : semi - protected | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin
64 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact wikipedia donate to wikipedia help search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london
78 denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 47 bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information ref > when the east german government announced on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from
64 new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki historical + resources / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article
65 article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 13 ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http
15 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 11 east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by
14 ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 13 / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html v ) in german < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot :
14 htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm ,
169684483 169684876 2007-11-06 21:21:59 0 days 00:01:54 0|137.90.130.186 5 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 4 ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
172911699 172911751 2007-11-21 14:35:15 0 days 00:00:24 137113 0 " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
173666794 173701470 2007-11-25 16:46:55 0 days 04:54:11 3341545 0 " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 0 figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
4 west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay
13 htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft
201855065 201855908 2008-03-29 18:09:49 0 days 00:04:00 0|68.47.21.231 1 = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 1 fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 17 / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of
157 = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose :
158 . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe |
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 22 on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 4 - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors
274982026 274982274 2009-03-04 19:00:58 0 days 00:01:16 3505251 3 . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 3 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 0 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is for nerds
278326464 278326603 2009-03-19 13:45:28 0 days 00:01:08 3505251 0 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref
1 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = "
279717291 279717613 2009-03-26 01:53:07 0 days 00:01:49 0|71.192.229.229 0 last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
282782058 282826152 2009-04-09 19:19:39 0 days 04:02:27 9418822 0 mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der
288394735 288559090 2009-05-07 22:00:38 0 days 19:51:31 9632273 0 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung sozialorkjytghkjgfhtdtftyugygu ] dnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = "
288559090 288559693 2009-05-07 22:03:59 0 days 00:03:21 911178 0 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialorkjytghkjgfhtdtftyugygu ] dnung sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = "
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 4 call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < /
310125952 310318597 2009-08-27 07:01:23 0 days 22:10:20 0|79.220.97.128 0 www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger innerdeutsche - grenze . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de /
1 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 0 public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 1 [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . workspace . php ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de /
2 / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / id = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann
3 . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang
4 / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = | video ]] ) ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss
8 of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ?
10 . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos
14 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr .
17 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n |
20 / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de /
21 . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann
22 / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang
23 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] *
29 . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~
35 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 6 ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the
14 ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs
17 - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / /
18 wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _
20 / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november
22 > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 0 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama
1 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin - wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of
321121389 321122011 2009-10-21 02:36:40 0 days 00:05:16 835543 1 towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin
324105756 324105954 2009-11-05 16:39:42 0 days 00:01:13 0|77.1.32.123 1 missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall
324361293 324361439 2009-11-06 22:47:14 0 days 00:00:58 0|38.107.109.130 1 german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 7 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / /
324827614 324827738 2009-11-09 12:15:29 0 days 00:01:25 0|92.27.168.55 1 ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http :
324827738 324827897 2009-11-09 12:17:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|92.27.168.55 0 wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall speakerscornershows2009 / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans
1 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall 6nov2009speakerscorner . mp3 a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow *
324914209 324915778 2009-11-09 21:36:21 0 days 00:08:26 9265862 0 and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 1 century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with
4 most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv "
10 states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe
13 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version
20 young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > to
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 6 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * childs , david , ( 2000 ) ' ' the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp /
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 21 " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] < br / > ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of
340925610 340953371 2010-01-30 19:58:23 0 days 02:54:51 0|71.94.226.60 0 . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > i like spray cheese = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
340953371 340953570 2010-01-30 19:59:48 0 days 00:01:25 5026668 0 . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > i like spray cheese = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
348982964 348983118 2010-03-10 12:57:46 0 days 00:00:57 0|84.14.123.189 0 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
348983118 348983351 2010-03-10 12:59:15 0 days 00:01:29 7852030 0 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 27 article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / montrealgazette . com ] < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary
29 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
40 : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel
41 " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21
47 ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second
64 cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 -
68 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 3 . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up
371187573 371284385 2010-07-01 23:11:03 0 days 11:31:26 6053249 0 > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 2 jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm com " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 12 remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] ,
13 including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments
398787758 398858085 2010-11-25 20:48:26 0 days 10:28:08 12323565 1 http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archiveurl = | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 1 annexation are not shown . [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang
3 nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > ] the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{
4 ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = the berlin wall : november history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 9 . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - – topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > '
10 / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - – german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{
32 , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] - – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' '
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 17 / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 12 october 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date =
32 / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 22 june 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < /
100 web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 -
115 web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = =
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 3 / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] [[ image file : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 9 web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < ref > {{ cite web | url = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe .
38 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was
39 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor .
43 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 1 web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 -
9 then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough | title = who built berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the
10 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 ] < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor .
11 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 ] < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted
450027091 452185719 2011-09-24 12:32:59 12 days 03:34:17 10996774 0 www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt „die " die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 -
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 9 ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 42 org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 -
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 10 ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as '
18 / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway ' ' , < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album
539045002 543081696 2013-03-09 21:01:49 18 days 06:26:28 4905985 2 ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] '
575102993 575123746 2013-09-30 11:07:53 0 days 04:46:36 6971250 0 buchwald , frank church , et al . | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = thwe the national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr
589252116 590300424 2014-01-12 01:24:43 6 days 18:43:57 1469567 0 , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / < / ref > something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 2 passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy | o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western
10 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 | 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of
13 }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western
14 passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin .
21 . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 2 originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[
14 ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = =
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 6 / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background =
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 5 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < " / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 2 information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * [ http : / / www .
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 7 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] website for the state capital of berlin ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall – official homepage * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
15 andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html
16 {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november
30 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin
31 ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [
34 - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ youtube | o2grqp7k0iy | escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www
41 ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html
43 one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november
46 {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / /
633066096 633074293 2014-11-09 10:25:29 0 days 01:56:33 115938 2 = http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record transcript of the conversation | language = de | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > however
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 11 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large
12 cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = | work = [[ bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the [[ communist regime ]]
13 news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news ]] | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the [[ communist regime ]] gave
31 - i - gave - my - people - the - order - raise - the - barrier - a - 660128 . html | accessdate = 14 october 2014 | publisher work = [[ spiegel online ]] | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' '
54 other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center .
56 berlin wall documentation center . < ref > http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / memorial - grounds - 548 . html | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > other remnants are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and
62 the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 3 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 | title = chronik der mauer - – bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} <
13 = = = = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] - – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] *
14 / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] - – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the
17 ( 1961 - 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 8 - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / | title = chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall .
9 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the berlin wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia
12 of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com / | title = the berlin wall : a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com
19 ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] | format = [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * ohter resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe .
20 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle * of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace
25 dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of the berlin wall history * {{ nyt topic | subjects / b / berlin _ wall }} * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin
28 berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 – 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold
29 ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall ( 1962 – 1990 ) ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * {{ worldcat | name = works about berlin wall | id = nc - berlin % 20wall % 20berlin % 20germany % 201961 % 201989 }} {{ berlin wall }}
751172499 752045266 2016-11-29 05:27:46 5 days 08:30:00 6792845 5 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm ece | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 september 2009
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 41 front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall after masses of chinese users
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 3 of the city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com berlinwallexpo . de / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a
4 city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / _ / start . html | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very
5 . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher wayback = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 5 of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 39 / 36 . 2 / n | ew = 13 / 17 / 59 . 4 / e | type = landmark | de - be }} ) . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved by
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 8 ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of ​​the potsdamer platz in planning < ref > {{ webarchiv | url = http : / / www . berlinwallexpo . de / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . < / ref > . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{
793523187 793675442 2017-08-03 07:52:05 0 days 23:07:15 28903366 1 had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ https : / / www . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski
803403568 806256977 2017-10-20 19:49:09 18 days 10:02:36 26248 0 flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * [ https : / / www . openstreetmap . org / relation / 6651797 berlin wall on openstreetmap ] ( zoomable and scrollable ) * other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany /
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 4 strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am | title = flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin -
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 6 apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east foreign - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall
7 standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german news - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was
810341648 810344262 2017-11-14 18:16:34 0 days 00:19:19 6554947 1 > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 2 name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 todeopfer - an - der - berliner - mauer | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de |
3 = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in todesopfer an der berliner mauer | language = german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed .
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 6 chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / > in and around berlin . in 1989 a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in
16 / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref name = " cnn . com " / > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 .
28 also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com < ref name = " thoughtco . com " / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com /
35 to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref " > west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 .
71 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref
72 chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in and around berlin . in 1989 a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[
73 of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime
77 country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = = eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor .
78 the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name =
80 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end
85 lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west
89 the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was
90 [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[
91 east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin
95 / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected
101 passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east
102 the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall
103 , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any )
104 western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required
105 the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures
106 liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road :
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 1 wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | last = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' '
2 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | first = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la
10 wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la
11 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' '
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 9 night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] . ) ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a
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9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 6 to careful checks both entering and leaving . a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ francis gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 19 the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
9884311 10084795 2005-02-02 08:52:54 2 days 15:46:04 6661 0 political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ francis gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 15 they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general
16 too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the
17 sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers
18 were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several
19 a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the
23 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this
24 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall "
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 85 they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam u - 2 pilot gary powers was traded for russian spy rudolf abel . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various
86 were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot gary powers was traded for russian spy rudolf abel . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political
87 work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in potsdam u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers was traded for russian spy rudolf abel . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several
88 sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in potsdam u - 2 pilot gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy rudolf abel . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs
89 released - - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in potsdam u - 2 pilot gary powers was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the cuban
90 - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in potsdam u - 2 pilot gary powers was traded for russian spy rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the cuban missile crisis
93 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany ,
94 tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 ]] , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay
11763678 11767213 2005-04-01 16:17:51 0 days 06:38:20 0|168.9.35.14 0 - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for the sexy russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs ,
11767213 11865420 2005-04-01 18:19:35 0 days 02:01:44 44020 0 - for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for the sexy russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs ,
13630178 13656315 2005-05-12 22:49:50 0 days 01:37:39 146726 0 berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & #
13765506 13838096 2005-05-16 02:03:09 0 days 03:53:37 13102 0 / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new
15078586 15079512 2005-06-12 19:20:20 0 days 00:20:48 0|70.26.8.99 1 but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . they wanted some hoes to come and suck their dicks . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 1961
15079512 15268709 2005-06-12 19:46:01 0 days 00:25:41 106612 1 but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . they wanted some hoes to come and suck their dicks . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on july 25 1961
15499413 15843218 2005-06-20 15:31:38 4 days 12:03:57 21397 0 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 13 on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five
18389045 18535564 2005-07-10 16:08:48 2 days 05:35:33 0|69.232.233.228 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . besides , america had been caught off - balance , it being a sunday morning . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25
18833308 18897215 2005-07-15 16:17:24 0 days 21:05:14 0|69.207.16.241 0 see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 2 to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] ' background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939
29 and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann and abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg france ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg
30 famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 [[ west berlin ]] ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for
33 a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing
34 sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . precarious position was a key factor in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court
38 . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , includes numerous photos ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | however , as the [[ cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main
28612782 28612923 2005-11-17 19:39:40 0 days 00:02:01 0|84.92.121.217 1 , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , the people ' s favourite recommendation of [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 21 barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > -
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 20 barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > -
34277669 34278893 2006-01-07 20:51:48 0 days 00:11:30 0|213.5.30.173 0 [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was
34278893 34282387 2006-01-07 21:23:43 0 days 00:31:55 460581 0 [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was
35886672 35891937 2006-01-20 01:30:02 0 days 00:43:16 190603 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | former us president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july
38438231 38448507 2006-02-06 10:54:23 0 days 02:30:35 0|81.76.83.151 0 film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 2 westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in
39112555 39233799 2006-02-11 19:04:30 0 days 22:43:38 0|71.116.44.203 0 of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new
39233799 39233819 2006-02-11 19:04:42 0 days 00:00:12 241337 0 of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new
40008642 40013371 2006-02-17 14:21:46 0 days 00:52:30 0|207.203.165.11 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = time to get drunk ! ! ! w00t ! * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john
40013371 40013407 2006-02-17 14:22:10 0 days 00:00:24 225576 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] time to get drunk ! ! ! w00t ! = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 3 berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 9 work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße
40905559 40907901 2006-02-23 20:42:38 0 days 00:18:59 89179 0 tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 5 was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / /
6 around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th 26 ]] , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www .
41 [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[
42 ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in
43 and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as kennedy ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 16 floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 11 / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history
12 reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis
13 . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , | year = [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of
14 . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . | id = isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin
29 * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , | year = [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech
40 speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 15 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down
16 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 15 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this
16 tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall
44369012 44386223 2006-03-18 18:34:30 0 days 02:26:05 0|84.141.20.24 3 ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " ,
4 [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 4 floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions _ ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " ,
47569698 47686586 2006-04-09 11:25:46 0 days 18:40:55 86816 2 the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary .
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 34 who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 13 communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down
14 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 9 time period . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at
14 after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to
15 nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled
16 , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty -
17 " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years
19 foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron
64682237 64682848 2006-07-19 16:10:47 0 days 00:03:41 157842 1 the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain
65188164 65633170 2006-07-24 21:37:45 2 days 11:24:57 0|65.112.106.194 0 in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony others . the piece of the wall
70228934 70265945 2006-08-17 17:53:40 0 days 03:36:36 0|24.15.198.175 0 leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http
72875166 73238103 2006-09-01 15:37:07 1 days 20:08:22 0|82.19.187.109 1 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
73238256 73241636 2006-09-01 15:59:29 0 days 00:21:19 350890 1 to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen ]] , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 7 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city london ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www .
86528914 86589748 2006-11-08 22:49:12 0 days 04:56:44 128695 0 throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg {{ main | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin
87075455 87372959 2006-11-12 18:35:07 1 days 15:14:49 0|195.93.21.72 0 clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the
88809786 88973047 2006-11-20 08:00:26 0 days 17:27:14 1737646 0 ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at
95349461 95481558 2006-12-20 08:21:44 0 days 13:51:07 0|84.64.31.22 0 clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 15 . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 3 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor adviser . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 5 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special adviser advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] .
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 7 hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]]
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey divergence of german states = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two
111406932 111406953 2007-02-27 20:38:17 0 days 00:00:06 0|205.126.63.15 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader
111406953 111407061 2007-02-27 20:38:46 0 days 00:00:29 3538467 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the
111407249 111407321 2007-02-27 20:39:58 0 days 00:00:18 3538467 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = dont change this hi mrs ramsay divergence of german states = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from
1 [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = dont change this hi mrs ramsay = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader
113088445 113088743 2007-03-06 16:40:46 0 days 00:02:26 0|206.123.204.226 0 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] hi keaton ! ! ! | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 1 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] hi keaton ! ! ! | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 i hate you keaton | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a
116612926 116663804 2007-03-21 00:30:28 0 days 03:51:24 0|71.108.135.83 0 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of - - [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] ,
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 2 [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , east germany | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker ]] and approved by [[ mormon ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' .
3 was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada east german ]] administration of [[ jon walker ]] and approved by [[ mormon ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman
9 remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]]
10 of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie united states | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old
11 was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie americans ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[
12 zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker united kingdom | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
13 the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker british ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the
14 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross france | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]]
15 one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross french ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself
16 the four occupying allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith soviet union | spencer smith ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones
121051788 121058451 2007-04-07 21:56:21 0 days 00:37:41 0|217.132.96.102 0 in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
126704053 126710167 2007-04-28 21:19:43 0 days 00:29:41 0|75.71.77.107 0 ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . omg i knew it u can put anything on wikipedia . so everything they are telling you is wrong . don ' t listen to them ! he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they
126710167 126710288 2007-04-28 21:20:12 0 days 00:00:29 4113076 0 ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . omg i knew it u can put anything on wikipedia . so everything they are telling you is wrong . don ' t listen to them ! he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they
127976135 127976672 2007-05-03 15:39:35 0 days 00:02:18 0|68.192.33.121 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heyy this is anngiie babiie whoot whoot ! ! this is the fo realliest best site eevvaaa ! ! ya maaann ! ! i love this siite ! ! kk biiie looove yoooh < 333 tiffany was here < 3333333333333333333333333yeah yo fo shizzle heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 7 the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope
146120914 146124404 2007-07-21 13:58:28 0 days 00:27:25 1257062 0 : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} = = external links
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 57 ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ c . sizonenko new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title
67 = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider . registered 501 ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} *
68 across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer c ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite
69 = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer 3 ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year
81 face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 51 and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i
166354092 166355206 2007-10-22 20:06:01 0 days 00:05:05 716438 0 west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ [[ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people <
1 the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] ]] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http
2 died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ [[ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www .
5 / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ [[ center for contemporary historical research ] ( [ zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der -
8 ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ( [ zzf ] ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 4 of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the this wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 5 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher astern bloc ]] = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ epublisher eastern bloc ]] = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of
174243817 174244572 2007-11-27 23:20:12 0 days 00:03:39 0|68.210.132.92 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby packer ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which
174244572 174334338 2007-11-28 09:37:20 0 days 10:17:08 137113 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas packer dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which
188248620 188267466 2008-01-31 23:53:31 0 days 01:29:28 0|96.236.160.187 0 - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president boob [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city
188267848 188267882 2008-01-31 23:55:40 0 days 00:00:13 191149 0 - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice boob president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city
189423593 189482624 2008-02-06 12:20:05 0 days 08:41:54 0|201.240.182.230 1 solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
189482624 189482685 2008-02-06 12:20:46 0 days 00:00:41 1792859 1 solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after its fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
198257388 198257739 2008-03-14 19:40:18 0 days 00:01:37 0|128.63.16.15 0 construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] , stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall
204488418 204489282 2008-04-09 17:09:53 0 days 00:04:28 137113 0 and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin
218142316 219002173 2008-06-13 03:31:38 3 days 17:20:50 205121 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his
223245034 225294558 2008-07-12 22:58:09 9 days 16:48:10 521374 0 wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell address . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 156 cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f
159 * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title
161 year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos
238670057 238784960 2008-09-16 11:09:56 0 days 13:38:43 0|61.68.61.223 0 ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
241768925 241808635 2008-09-29 17:14:44 0 days 03:21:55 7966459 1 seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? a wall that protected berlin . . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace ,
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 38 ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial
39 it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like that on . i ' ve always had muppet pictures and figurines all through my house . now that i ' m getting to write it , i feel like all of my dreams are coming true . " < ref name = " coming " / > = = pop culture = = muppet - like and muppet - inspired puppets star in the 2004 [[ tony award ]] - winning [[ broadway theatre | broadway ]] musical ' ' [[ avenue q ]] ' ' ( which disavows any relationship with sesame workshop or the jim henson company ) . [[ peter jackson ]] ' s film , ' ' [[ meet the feebles ]] ' ' is another parody of the muppets . ' ' [[ the simpsons ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
45 with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 ,
46 . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col youtube accounts that appear . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 15 is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] west german morale needed lifting and that there was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / /
26 to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack soviets for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' (
63 links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site < ref > on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www .
67 : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www {{ commons }} . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite
102 available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 )
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 38 ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial
39 it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like that on . i ' ve always had muppet pictures and figurines all through my house . now that i ' m getting to write it , i feel like all of my dreams are coming true . " < ref name = " coming " / > = = pop culture = = muppet - like and muppet - inspired puppets star in the 2004 [[ tony award ]] - winning [[ broadway theatre | broadway ]] musical ' ' [[ avenue q ]] ' ' ( which disavows any relationship with sesame workshop or the jim henson company ) . [[ peter jackson ]] ' s film , ' ' [[ meet the feebles ]] ' ' is another parody of the muppets . ' ' [[ the simpsons ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ family guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
45 with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 ,
46 . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col youtube accounts that appear . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 15 is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] west german morale needed lifting and that there was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / /
26 to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack soviets for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' (
63 links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site < ref > on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www .
67 : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www {{ commons }} . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite
102 available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 )
249738980 250214306 2008-11-07 11:31:59 2 days 13:05:23 1092787 0 ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had
264375430 264816330 2009-01-18 05:46:05 2 days 04:19:11 430807 0 at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 11 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy octo ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 12 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octo octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 8 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy octo ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 9 shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octo octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 2 album , " [[ the wall ]] " . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , ' ' [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a
3 the wall ]] " . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] ' ' . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip .
274232751 274242379 2009-03-01 21:22:25 0 days 00:39:38 0|78.16.204.122 0 concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall black saxafone player l , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]]
278130870 278131212 2009-03-18 16:17:12 0 days 00:01:40 6984319 0 / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = gthe the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 9 some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization ,
306540519 306559902 2009-08-07 07:54:37 0 days 03:03:33 6984319 1 the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 19 / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / {{ it icon }} borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} 2007 [[ black - and - white | b & w ]] photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 64 enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) ,
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 11 in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com /
19 à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref >
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 3 detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman ,
325472365 325479502 2009-11-12 18:58:29 0 days 00:55:42 11003532 0 < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected had sex with parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 ,
325481087 325481176 2009-11-12 19:08:17 0 days 00:00:32 8214624 0 < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely had sex with elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 ,
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 2 in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com
328227127 328272267 2009-11-27 21:55:57 0 days 05:30:49 0|91.34.110.26 1 and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 61 general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 .
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 14 the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out
15 wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 0 on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill
1 the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 <
343988676 344092620 2010-02-14 22:03:46 0 days 12:35:09 3171782 0 ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn :
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 11 of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored
15 that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to
52 | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john
365177188 365278437 2010-05-31 19:57:13 0 days 11:45:06 0|204.40.1.129 0 the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]]
365278437 365278672 2010-05-31 19:58:36 0 days 00:01:23 0|204.40.1.129 0 . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] *
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 6 a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for underneath the wall as a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary
7 to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 5 build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 5 cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989
17 citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 | ref = harv | postscript = | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 |
22 maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 | ref = harv | postscript = }} | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m
26 ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 | ref = harv | postscript = | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071
30 = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation | last = thackeray | first = frank w
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 1 tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " the boy and the wall " ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] <
388122216 388783895 2010-10-04 23:12:30 3 days 06:45:22 0|68.146.25.56 0 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory /
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 3 . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he clay was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived
391495052 391570615 2010-10-19 02:52:26 0 days 07:37:51 0|98.233.138.27 0 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 12 [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics -
74 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 26 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us
109 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that
402113966 402621776 2010-12-16 01:42:22 2 days 16:46:22 0|71.51.2.228 0 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us -
422046294 422046414 2011-04-02 22:15:20 0 days 00:00:56 1426328 0 . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 22 by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 - – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 -
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 33 . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg |
61 / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 23 july 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > =
70 }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m
72 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite book | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - – 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{
126 de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < /
134 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called
139 en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = <
435751856 435754285 2011-06-23 04:17:02 0 days 00:23:42 736651 0 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the
437174317 438013582 2011-07-06 07:57:01 5 days 03:43:13 13102 0 on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u .
438013582 438013830 2011-07-06 07:59:41 0 days 00:02:40 13102 1 à berlin ]] ) . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on
440540857 440729712 2011-07-21 22:02:32 1 days 01:28:03 42558 1 - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin .
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 18 the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]]
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 1 party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 15 world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying
456811030 456816319 2011-10-22 12:00:47 0 days 00:59:35 173687 0 id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied musem museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp ]]
463995141 464157560 2011-12-05 04:03:16 0 days 18:19:02 10158359 0 [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ be - x - old : бэрлінскі мур ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[
466656797 468334887 2011-12-29 20:53:47 10 days 12:28:11 4863668 0 = = {{ see | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 ]] during the years of the wall , around 5
489512208 489512475 2012-04-27 18:55:43 0 days 00:01:56 6730078 0 fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , in the u . s . state of [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost
492197810 492573792 2012-05-14 19:57:21 2 days 06:38:51 14893258 0 hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn :
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 6 ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 7 it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( 26 june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech
41 accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description =
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 12 . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' '
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 3 isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be
560697108 560698146 2013-06-20 03:01:20 0 days 00:12:27 5681311 0 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 1 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 8 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
574662020 574664891 2013-09-26 22:22:01 0 days 00:26:03 16715243 0 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action against west berlin ' s access to the west . however he denounced the berlin wall , whose erection worsend the relations between the united states and the soviet union . < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = " disreputable if not outright illegal " : the national security agency versus martin luther king , muhammad ali , art buchwald , frank church , et al . | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = thwe national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " > {{ cite web | title = berlin crisis after dividing berlin , august 1961 | url = http : / / www2 . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / docs / berlin % 20crisis % 20after . pdf | publisher = the national security archive at george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
574665859 574666082 2013-09-26 22:32:27 0 days 00:01:50 16715243 0 this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 10 a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border position . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to
17 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin
61 gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an
580857229 580930170 2013-11-09 18:30:33 0 days 12:13:30 4783993 0 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of
1 passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 3 created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” " . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . <
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 5 " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes (
11 performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes (
615294848 615295062 2014-07-02 13:45:45 0 days 00:01:52 7669583 0 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ cyndi lauper ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . over the
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 5 ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google . com /
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for
688485144 688492814 2015-11-01 08:32:20 0 days 01:49:12 9048060 1 = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times ]] | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we
2 gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a
4 united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times ]] | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations =
5 allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 21
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 3 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and
694466316 695438983 2015-12-16 02:07:04 6 days 13:18:26 14376642 0 = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed
699308560 699308679 2016-01-11 15:46:20 0 days 00:01:01 23149456 0 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6th 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these
699450456 699459845 2016-01-12 13:17:44 0 days 01:42:53 19338611 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref >
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 36 der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056
37 + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , | first2 = alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http
38 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http :
68 | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = [[ the times ]] | location = london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations =
702891453 702891834 2016-02-02 06:51:07 0 days 00:04:31 13816079 0 = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of
2 parading through the streets of berlin in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion
702891834 702891954 2016-02-02 06:52:25 0 days 00:01:18 13816079 0 before parading through the streets of berlin in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of gen general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion
703014660 703096540 2016-02-03 13:37:43 0 days 13:40:29 23149456 1 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the
703096540 703365386 2016-02-05 02:06:59 1 days 12:29:16 13816079 1 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the
703365386 703417729 2016-02-05 11:43:48 0 days 09:36:49 23149456 2 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the
712353861 713111597 2016-04-02 00:39:36 4 days 08:07:43 593397 0 = on 21 november 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album ' ' [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
727810801 729057394 2016-07-09 15:35:36 8 days 04:06:43 11795905 0 | isbn = 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and | others = harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 |
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 5 marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 | title = view the author ’ ' s website | author = administrator | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 8 = http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - – middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 9 november 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]]
735306235 735630692 2016-08-22 01:46:01 2 days 04:34:00 13830 1 | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] , was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in
735630692 735645810 2016-08-22 04:13:51 0 days 02:27:50 21305328 1 under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] ' ' , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the berlin wall is being built . he
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 1 " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[
9 ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | removal of the hungary – austria border fence ]] ( may 1989 ) * [[ revolutions of 1989 rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line (
791152467 791624973 2017-07-21 12:53:48 2 days 23:28:39 38496 0 = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982 / 10 / 30 / world / mrs - thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 28 < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 & nbsp ; p . m . on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) |
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 2 the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last url = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages
3 germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728
4 < ref > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first journal = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < /
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 55 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref < ref name = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978
110 < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 3 http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | date = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' '
9 of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' '
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238415 390224186 2001-10-17 13:27:34 30 days 22:18:06 120 0 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin
1 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin |
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 7 wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : /
86668 97004 2002-06-06 13:36:28 0 days 00:35:44 0|210.49.193.178 1 than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 ]] , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall
2 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , [[ 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where
3 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on october 18 , 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 7 increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the wall was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west
20 there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin , 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
22 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which
655639 722501 2003-02-09 18:37:49 1 days 16:39:13 5894 0 destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 24 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave
32 of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the oberbaumbrücke , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer entirely represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] s are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] =
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 3 there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 ]] , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in
4 were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , [[ 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east
5 around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
1098066 1184497 2003-07-01 00:21:33 0 days 01:50:12 8272 0 hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 17 escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began
18 ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in
37 east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it
5188293 5189242 2004-08-13 19:14:28 0 days 00:49:12 36250 0 over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it completely
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 0 | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later
7586970 7587337 2004-11-17 19:19:38 0 days 01:42:49 0|64.90.246.103 0 schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger ! construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
7587337 7642354 2004-11-17 19:33:35 0 days 00:13:57 76027 0 schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger nigger ! construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 1 schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the wall = = construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]]
2 jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which
3 | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 9 to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 2 successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports
3 attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 1 | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary .
2 | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations
3 | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the
4 postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in
5 commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 71 successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car
72 escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath
104 jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 ]] , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in
105 | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , [[ 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east
106 right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
107 | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began
108 thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in
10365915 10406521 2005-02-17 20:18:45 0 days 00:42:19 44727 3 [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 0 first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact
1 to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , ]] which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 2 [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november
18119157 18119315 2005-07-04 08:39:48 0 days 00:04:54 0|24.17.97.123 0 east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished coz ryan smells like really bad poo ! ! ! ! ! . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18119489 18119581 2005-07-04 08:49:33 0 days 00:03:19 7580 2 east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 0 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] ,
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 0 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 west east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]]
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 41 berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 6 , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the an [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ;
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 49 [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9
51 anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date part of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]]
42688981 42743997 2006-03-08 02:29:01 0 days 06:23:18 0|150.101.251.66 2 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november
42743997 42744056 2006-03-08 02:29:26 0 days 00:00:25 247414 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november
43550620 43620580 2006-03-13 20:57:16 0 days 14:54:39 1077726 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers ba goo to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]]
47569698 47686586 2006-04-09 11:25:46 0 days 18:40:55 86816 0 mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed
1 demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , there was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold
52214065 52229625 2006-05-08 23:41:59 0 days 01:41:12 1402196 0 ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany freytag was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany
52229759 52230634 2006-05-08 23:48:15 0 days 00:05:30 1402196 0 ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east
57880127 58088350 2006-06-11 20:42:36 1 days 05:43:44 0|66.30.211.110 0 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government
1 on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans german tourists in hungary escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 2 ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] they had boobs , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 1 of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and
4 , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 ]] and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an
5 and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and [[ december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever
6 exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity
85254171 85254386 2006-11-02 14:18:06 0 days 00:01:51 0|204.13.204.162 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east i fuckin hate germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in
85255260 85256076 2006-11-02 14:29:43 0 days 00:05:31 1008387 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the
86797563 86853979 2006-11-10 02:13:31 0 days 04:53:47 0|66.41.180.143 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
86853979 86859769 2006-11-10 02:49:26 0 days 00:35:55 1008387 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
87781220 87781329 2006-11-14 16:27:23 0 days 00:00:34 0|63.253.45.100 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was then a leprachaun shot itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]]
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 0 weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country down with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic
87991523 87994645 2006-11-15 15:18:19 0 days 00:19:07 847895 0 weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with the berlin wall = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[
88623493 88679833 2006-11-18 21:09:32 0 days 06:23:41 0|24.44.88.156 0 war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] j ' s suck . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
88679833 88680345 2006-11-18 21:12:33 0 days 00:03:01 847895 0 war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . j ' s suck part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
89218090 89218590 2006-11-21 12:19:05 0 days 00:05:01 617480 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass
89218590 89218869 2006-11-21 12:21:30 0 days 00:02:25 617480 0 in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels .
90566048 90625325 2006-11-28 08:53:31 0 days 07:15:38 0|213.222.30.35 0 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . this of course , was all going on , when ben de meyer and teagan fardell were getting wonderfully smashed . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
90625325 90656152 2006-11-28 13:45:51 0 days 04:52:20 35947 0 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . this of course , was all going on , when ben de meyer and teagan fardell were getting wonderfully smashed . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
91432171 91640010 2006-12-02 19:51:23 1 days 00:35:15 6523 0 war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[
99124607 99128386 2007-01-07 17:45:03 0 days 00:18:28 82835 0 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
1 krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 4 ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 37 border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . a thousand chips delicious . yea ! west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 37 border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . a thousand chips delicious . yea ! west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under
105035085 105154435 2007-02-02 19:13:09 0 days 12:40:40 3436457 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] dave and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided
105154435 105154508 2007-02-02 19:13:24 0 days 00:00:15 128326 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and phil rule the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]]
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 58 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 58 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 58 new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified
111392335 111392675 2007-02-27 19:36:10 0 days 00:01:26 0|205.126.63.15 3 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] )
111501017 111501811 2007-02-28 04:01:21 0 days 00:04:18 0|24.15.5.210 0 crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west fuck germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the
111501811 111502458 2007-02-28 04:04:47 0 days 00:03:26 911178 0 crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west fuck germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 0 reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , zan preston and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 2 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
118026860 118145320 2007-03-27 00:42:55 0 days 08:25:30 0|24.16.228.161 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany please dont let anyone edit the section without user in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[
120012530 120170294 2007-04-04 06:24:36 0 days 13:17:24 0|125.238.5.132 0 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
120170294 120170339 2007-04-04 06:24:56 0 days 00:00:20 3374721 0 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
123238927 123239534 2007-04-16 13:20:17 0 days 00:03:01 0|24.73.99.18 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was
123239534 123239676 2007-04-16 13:21:00 0 days 00:00:43 238308 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference
123518376 123518853 2007-04-17 13:17:55 0 days 00:02:36 0|24.73.99.18 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
123518853 123518934 2007-04-17 13:18:19 0 days 00:00:24 3358912 1 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 hello . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was
128224981 128227069 2007-05-04 15:35:03 0 days 00:10:22 433328 0 the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact | date = may 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 5 in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers ,
142504621 142514453 2007-07-04 19:20:38 0 days 00:50:04 715870 2 . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 , 1961 ]] , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] .
149897566 149947858 2007-08-08 10:01:38 0 days 06:59:57 54196 0 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see also : [[ schicksalstag ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
152805818 152815830 2007-08-22 01:05:10 0 days 00:55:23 715870 1 wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 17th 1990 ]] . ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 29 and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
50 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around
72 . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
158506910 158579473 2007-09-17 21:11:38 0 days 05:58:21 0|70.231.151.212 0 hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . you suck . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
158579473 158580268 2007-09-17 21:15:25 0 days 00:03:47 2073927 0 hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . you suck . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 1 , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its the border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany |
5 . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more exceptions than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in
6 ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists rules in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time
23 gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 1 gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 ]] , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , one
2 ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways , one could almost
175957057 175993501 2007-12-05 20:16:36 0 days 02:49:49 0|147.133.205.61 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , retarded east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east
175993501 176001287 2007-12-05 20:51:38 0 days 00:35:02 2537811 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , retarded east german leaders met the idiotic soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 16 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east south german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 16 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , south east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans
179014417 179014613 2007-12-19 19:23:52 0 days 00:00:47 0|71.107.178.35 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german cameron san nicolas leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should
179014613 179015175 2007-12-19 19:26:21 0 days 00:02:29 0|71.107.178.35 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , cameron san nicolas leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should
179015175 179016000 2007-12-19 19:30:21 0 days 00:04:00 4417781 0 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 11 of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet east german checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km (
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 12 of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the east german soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km (
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and
221468000 221692421 2008-06-25 17:30:21 1 days 00:24:36 214926 0 , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that
1 east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 4 ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin
10 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
13 by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration
30 , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed
31 german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
39 it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and
41 . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles
65 first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited
66 visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were
67 berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in
72 longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels ,
85 germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
96 krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
105 was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east
106 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and
110 gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
112 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right |
113 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former
114 | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states
126 attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the
128 [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that .
233916986 234024060 2008-08-24 23:20:03 0 days 11:33:33 0|71.223.119.62 2 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown .
234024060 234024129 2008-08-24 23:20:26 0 days 00:00:23 416594 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
234024129 234024267 2008-08-24 23:21:19 0 days 00:00:53 0|71.223.119.62 2 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown .
234024267 234024308 2008-08-24 23:21:34 0 days 00:00:15 764407 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
234024308 234024639 2008-08-24 23:23:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|71.223.119.62 2 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown .
234024639 234024667 2008-08-24 23:23:41 0 days 00:00:12 416594 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . = = many people belive the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 19 a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 , the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles
20 . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to with west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to
54 first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965
75 | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 27 west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 2 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
3 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west
250828512 252650442 2008-11-18 21:41:19 8 days 13:56:15 6892131 0 top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations
252652689 252747077 2008-11-19 08:55:37 0 days 11:02:54 3131841 2 top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the
252776451 253365461 2008-11-22 10:00:59 2 days 20:12:06 6892131 0 top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 4 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for
5 permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and
263247726 263617505 2009-01-12 17:24:52 1 days 19:42:43 0|86.91.116.102 1 erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the poop border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and
263617505 263617744 2009-01-12 17:26:10 0 days 00:01:18 911178 1 erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the poop border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 3 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . and my tiny went to france . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 3 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . and my tiny went to france . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 14 by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish
2 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . but this became more and more freequent and the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
3 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown german government quickly stopped this . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
270345564 271135545 2009-02-16 16:05:26 3 days 14:46:18 1104957 0 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable
1 longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and
275204795 275236289 2009-03-05 20:16:54 0 days 02:43:06 0|76.252.73.45 1 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 1981 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
275236289 275241198 2009-03-05 20:40:02 0 days 00:23:08 0|76.98.250.200 1 | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1981 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 2 more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of 3 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland
280764248 280886430 2009-03-31 16:22:09 0 days 15:34:58 9349949 2 the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 2 ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends thousands of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible
298826489 298845873 2009-06-26 23:43:35 0 days 02:18:11 24204 0 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall .
300057708 300312703 2009-07-04 23:02:58 1 days 08:14:41 0|86.163.75.210 1 right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 1987 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
300312703 300317419 2009-07-04 23:35:29 0 days 00:32:31 911178 1 right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1987 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 2 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 1988 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
5 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 1988 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 2 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1988 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1988 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set
5 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1988 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 14 p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and
22 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by
25 the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , [[ 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " >
26 [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{
76 west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december ]] [[ 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) .
77 berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar
80 german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , [[ 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56
81 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 ,
91 | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 ]] , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
92 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , [[ 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . <
93 | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
101 czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
109 bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin .
110 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the
115 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , [[ 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[
116 part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
118 it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 ]] , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive
119 was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , [[ 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions
120 merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
124 at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 ]] and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of
125 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and [[ december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the
126 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections
134 border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that .
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 34 = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation
35 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and
42 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90
43 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by
64 a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles
97 visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar
101 permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 ,
111 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
112 right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria .
113 germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
121 , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the
129 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin
130 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the
134 removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic
135 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations (
136 brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
139 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin
140 of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive
144 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost
145 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of
146 | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections
152 attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german
154 . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that .
321098233 321105192 2009-10-21 00:32:13 0 days 00:45:23 0|121.216.117.21 0 wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 95 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web
321105192 321105598 2009-10-21 00:35:09 0 days 00:02:56 5519174 0 wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 95 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web
323394672 323394727 2009-11-02 02:03:18 0 days 00:00:21 7167267 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . germans are hot = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive boobs dude = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s ,
323401756 323401811 2009-11-02 02:50:22 0 days 00:00:28 0|68.144.85.0 0 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 2008 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
323401811 323401873 2009-11-02 02:50:53 0 days 00:00:31 4916882 1 thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on august 23 , 2008 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 0 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 0 day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 0 , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of spokesperson for the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref
323945811 323946188 2009-11-04 19:53:03 0 days 00:02:05 10940094 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > attracted very many prostitutes = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = attracted very many prostitutes = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 4 moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary [[ general secretary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we welcome change and
324203689 324244003 2009-11-06 08:52:13 0 days 06:20:34 6971250 0 ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % percent of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web |
324836187 324836927 2009-11-09 13:38:36 0 days 00:06:07 0|208.108.91.156 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324838020 324838035 2009-11-09 13:48:27 0 days 00:00:09 489436 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325100875 325101619 2009-11-10 19:40:49 0 days 00:03:43 0|198.59.155.211 0 [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 your moms birthday bitch , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
325101619 325101666 2009-11-10 19:41:02 0 days 00:00:13 6358019 0 [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] your moms birthday bitch on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 2 pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . *
325493685 325525469 2009-11-12 23:17:32 0 days 02:59:55 0|193.198.179.247 0 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved
331491884 331504394 2009-12-13 22:18:07 0 days 01:16:17 148026 0 platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions opposition = = = in most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 22 p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of
34 = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 13 john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months
38 wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 15 response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of
347167732 347168405 2010-03-01 21:33:00 0 days 00:03:10 0|71.28.105.141 2 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = after the eruption after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 1 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
355152540 355152786 2010-04-10 15:25:33 0 days 00:01:33 0|89.129.52.24 0 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola = = = = = pre - war germany = = = jauma ola after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola = = jauma ola = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
356252869 356256735 2010-04-15 21:42:18 0 days 00:20:53 12156822 1 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
356256735 356256996 2010-04-15 21:43:32 0 days 00:01:14 12156822 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
356338854 356339026 2010-04-16 07:51:04 0 days 00:01:47 0|97.103.168.242 0 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , the berlin wall was constructed to prevent the theft of high fives . first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an
356339026 356340188 2010-04-16 08:04:04 0 days 00:13:00 3308922 1 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , the berlin wall was constructed to prevent the theft of high fives . first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an
356880243 356899382 2010-04-19 01:44:32 0 days 02:01:41 0|173.19.112.70 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . then i would like to toss a small boy in between two roman catholic priests , and watch them fight to the death . i do that right after i stand infront of the irs buildng and just ' ' flick ' ' them off ! ! ! ! : ) = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified
356899382 356901361 2010-04-19 01:58:24 0 days 00:13:52 134937 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . then i would like to toss a small boy in between two roman catholic priests , and watch them fight to the death . i do that right after i stand infront of the irs buildng and just ' ' flick ' ' them off ! ! ! ! : ) = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified
360334542 360379379 2010-05-05 21:31:07 0 days 03:29:12 0|174.51.215.236 0 : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary russia ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer
360379379 360380251 2010-05-05 21:35:33 0 days 00:04:26 262550 0 : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ russia hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with germany , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer
364561020 364580158 2010-05-28 00:51:37 0 days 02:17:38 0|71.163.153.221 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] that mercy is like so cute and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
364580158 364580648 2010-05-28 00:55:15 0 days 00:03:38 4201347 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . that mercy is like so cute = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and sweet = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref
1 - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web |
378518722 378595784 2010-08-12 20:23:14 0 days 09:28:52 0|74.131.187.6 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
378595784 378596217 2010-08-12 20:25:46 0 days 00:02:32 7007500 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
380623738 380775149 2010-08-24 19:46:58 0 days 17:20:04 6815 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on september 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 30 november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and , in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles .
31 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes .
44 curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least
46 least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and 23 december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining
67 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated
88 wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles
92 prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal
102 of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the
103 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of
394543666 394786086 2010-11-04 13:56:42 1 days 05:26:03 0|173.11.40.209 0 to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power chocolate cows are taking over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 |
399311566 399311872 2010-11-28 12:36:17 0 days 00:03:24 7007500 0 rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = i love my mum = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[
405915858 405917459 2011-01-04 17:13:40 0 days 00:08:19 0|72.10.120.200 0 both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin
405917459 405917577 2011-01-04 17:14:21 0 days 00:00:41 260144 1 both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin
407086637 407087862 2011-01-10 16:04:26 0 days 00:08:20 0|74.93.241.241 0 for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 ( over 9000 ! ) east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep
407087862 407087919 2011-01-10 16:04:54 0 days 00:00:28 6239596 0 for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 ( over 9000 ! ) east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep
409131317 409579051 2011-01-23 16:39:27 2 days 07:44:43 0|82.194.120.22 0 throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13
409579051 409750750 2011-01-24 12:58:24 0 days 20:18:57 7164899 0 throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep /
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 10 hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[
11 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german
508690466 508731872 2012-08-23 05:13:08 0 days 06:56:37 16138351 1 . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' '
513559303 513767223 2012-09-20 20:14:51 1 days 03:24:16 609725 0 . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency - the " su
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 8 at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september 1989 , british
545455691 545505302 2013-03-19 20:14:52 0 days 04:03:53 15130 0 it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 16 east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 10 spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 33 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ fact }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 28 virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german
810990194 811107061 2017-11-19 15:29:48 0 days 18:45:36 6554947 1 subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 .
820361257 820363656 2018-01-14 08:40:17 0 days 00:14:39 11104969 0 bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : west and east germans at the brandenburg gate in 1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down .
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 16 remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 8 was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
838879438 838895196 2018-04-29 23:54:28 0 days 02:14:24 19082616 0 [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : president ronald reagan ' s speech at the berlin wall , june 12 , 1987 . webm | thumb | 250px upright = 1 . 15 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]]
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 3 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 ]] , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
4 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] .
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 0 {st@rt} after [[ ww world war ii ]] berlin was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 6 , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints , at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse )
7 and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s
8 bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall ' s existence there were
13 towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . during the wall '
774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 4 / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its
1293699 1293733 2003-08-15 09:45:44 0 days 00:10:30 3295 0 friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin
1711609 1711620 2003-11-11 08:13:22 19 days 10:50:36 0|203.26.24.216 0 [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . why can i edit this page ? = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www
1711620 1744562 2003-11-11 08:15:47 0 days 00:02:25 0|203.26.24.216 0 [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . why can i edit this page ? = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www
2729186 2953568 2004-03-12 04:22:04 0 days 00:09:26 50926 0 german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 10 berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed
3668416 3702165 2004-05-21 03:54:52 0 days 00:13:11 8780 0 - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989
1 gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' [[ escape ]] s ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its
5180399 5185051 2004-08-13 10:05:14 0 days 02:26:17 0|24.222.23.117 1 avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers who were the majority of whom who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during
7466728 7503798 2004-11-14 23:26:34 0 days 00:00:41 0|69.47.128.99 0 connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for a new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 2 was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 0 . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 26 [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 7 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside
8 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german
14 , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 0 , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s escapes into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 0 . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii , berlin , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany
52 wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 , 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside
53 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 ]] , 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german
54 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 , [[ 1961 in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory
70 , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out
10599750 10685284 2005-02-27 00:20:44 3 days 02:23:39 90467 0 crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west
1 the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east
11181817 11639377 2005-03-16 02:13:46 0 days 01:47:10 124371 1 impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s
12869629 12869650 2005-04-27 04:17:18 0 days 12:41:29 0|210.11.188.18 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] for additional information , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
13221226 13226026 2005-05-04 14:53:42 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.89.209.102 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
13226026 13261937 2005-05-04 17:09:57 0 days 02:16:15 26468 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 6 , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]]
17 almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because
17902797 18119157 2005-07-04 08:34:54 3 days 15:43:24 0|62.171.194.11 2 built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . coz ryan smells like really bad poo ! ! ! ! ! = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18210660 18248123 2005-07-06 09:08:31 0 days 13:27:13 0|203.221.154.11 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . jess is wicked . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18248123 18248155 2005-07-06 09:09:39 0 days 00:01:08 0|203.221.154.11 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . jess is wicked . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 3 the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles mi ) long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn
4 [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along
5 helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the
19041793 19066933 2005-07-18 07:51:29 0 days 09:40:01 0|82.110.149.173 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . npa 4 life = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
19067249 19067310 2005-07-18 08:03:06 0 days 00:01:57 7580 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . npa 4 life = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet
19067310 19067556 2005-07-18 08:10:52 0 days 00:07:46 0|82.110.149.173 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = of course amman is a khoosrah germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
19067556 19067568 2005-07-18 08:11:26 0 days 00:00:34 7580 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . of course amman is a khoosrah = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
20042747 20104674 2005-08-02 09:05:08 0 days 21:35:51 0|83.135.157.10 0 the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 4 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east west berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision
5 replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west east berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 5 - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west east berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been
22024698 22103054 2005-08-29 14:58:12 1 days 02:59:08 92511 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , see [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war
22103054 22154405 2005-08-30 05:20:39 0 days 14:22:27 28107 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see [[ history of berlin ]] = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px |
1 over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = see main article : [[ [[ history of berlin ]] = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position
23255938 23258570 2005-09-15 02:46:22 0 days 00:49:46 0|64.12.116.198 4 ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west north berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[
23258570 23258905 2005-09-15 02:52:24 0 days 00:06:02 89675 4 ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between north west berlin and south germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 22 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
39 monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the
40 . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade
60 economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]]
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 13 separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit
20 east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world
21 germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war
22 in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , [[ berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital
24828244 24828255 2005-10-05 18:05:16 0 days 00:00:14 0|24.51.178.10 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
24828255 24828279 2005-10-05 18:05:31 0 days 00:00:15 94806 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 1 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 1 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
25160186 25206069 2005-10-10 14:55:56 0 days 15:02:24 386475 0 van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 1 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = children 7 in fiction 8 ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied
2 over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' also 9 external links [ edit ] see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners
26 to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the rosenbergs ' two sons , robert and michael , were orphaned by the execution , and no relatives dared adopt them for fear of ostracism or worse . they were finally adopted by the songwriters ann and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany
27 by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france abel meeropol . abel meeropol wrote the classic anti - lynching anthem " strange fruit , " made famous by singer billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] ,
27920075 27932424 2005-11-10 16:11:08 0 days 03:02:57 471054 2 and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 17 ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 16 ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg |
30712967 30713122 2005-12-09 14:21:45 0 days 00:01:53 0|162.127.13.4 1 the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the electric sausages , a . k . a ' united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]]
2 berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states ' , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[
30713813 30713899 2005-12-09 14:33:52 0 days 00:01:26 253590 1 soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the electric sausages , a . k . a ' united states ' , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[
31040435 31040511 2005-12-12 12:06:00 0 days 00:01:14 0|194.81.36.9 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = \ \ bynar \ harding . c . m \ my documents \ my pictures \ sp - muppet . png ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]]
31040511 31042058 2005-12-12 12:28:56 0 days 00:22:56 246113 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = \ \ bynar \ harding . c . m \ my documents \ my pictures \ sp - muppet . png ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]]
36652600 36652943 2006-01-25 15:49:32 0 days 00:03:26 0|194.232.85.82 0 soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
1 front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] ,
38581150 38618929 2006-02-07 14:55:48 0 days 08:38:18 69265 5 of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 4 berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east berlin | east ]] and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around
11 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened was almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the
18 exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores ,
19 via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 63 in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage = = although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements
64 , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 10 article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently
15 com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 12 this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very
23 of the note , so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and went to flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors but it became clear that there
50 berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected
51 of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden (
52 the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn
53 - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 13 lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
41617772 41618920 2006-02-28 15:38:27 0 days 00:08:17 0|65.241.105.4 0 part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated ejaculated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 1 part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ejaculated migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the
41675215 41710361 2006-03-01 05:34:43 0 days 05:27:08 0|68.77.149.177 1 see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic from chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[
2 gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the
42309097 42336641 2006-03-05 13:06:23 0 days 06:06:51 686868 2 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route west into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint
3 and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into . berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha
4 out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and
5 west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was west germany , the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin
6 limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at
7 dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east to west berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving
42743997 42744056 2006-03-08 02:29:26 0 days 00:00:25 247414 1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . harley built conceived of by the berlin wall of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
44190650 44191484 2006-03-17 09:59:44 0 days 00:10:17 1097544 0 brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewhise likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ;
46158765 46159568 2006-03-30 12:57:46 0 days 00:10:21 4388 0 ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( [[ illegal emigration ]] s ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
46159568 46159959 2006-03-30 13:02:23 0 days 00:04:37 4388 0 mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] s ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www
1 permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( [[ illegal emigration ]] s ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com /
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 1 ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the no berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 24 with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft
25 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com /
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 22 were reserved for germans . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < illegal emigration ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft .
23 for germans . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com /
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ = = references = = < div class = " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts .
54913899 54927268 2006-05-24 18:40:23 0 days 01:25:15 0|216.51.191.213 0 system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized
58219539 58219714 2006-06-12 15:35:26 0 days 00:01:48 0|24.60.99.51 0 of fulcherubher and kivetlana , where the berlin prostitutes stood . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitues prostitutes brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 4 because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of knock down the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 5 , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but he bitched them too = = construction begins
65633170 65633547 2006-07-24 21:39:57 0 days 00:02:12 0|65.112.106.194 1 idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with of officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly ,
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 8 directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood stxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier
11 johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxoon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 7 directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxood stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier
9 johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would sxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxoon soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th
69360399 69360441 2006-08-13 09:17:22 0 days 00:00:29 303874 1 {st@rt} e a majorof clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , circa 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he would be wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings
69463997 69483685 2006-08-14 00:26:30 0 days 02:09:12 0|139.80.123.40 1 divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased
69483685 69484267 2006-08-14 00:30:06 0 days 00:03:36 0|139.80.123.40 0 part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between from east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall
1 in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]]
73238103 73238256 2006-09-01 15:38:10 0 days 00:01:03 0|82.19.187.109 0 american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof
1 during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man jeremiah kroenen ]] , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport
73241636 73604370 2006-09-03 17:47:46 2 days 01:48:17 0|69.15.111.135 0 was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated had intercourse daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the
73605029 73605688 2006-09-03 17:57:34 0 days 00:04:49 302522 0 was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers had intercourse migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 0 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 3 speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall stalin ' s nose : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external
5 / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story face of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{
85062241 85062608 2006-11-01 16:50:04 0 days 00:01:56 0|204.13.204.162 0 iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was formed made on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[
87991523 87994645 2006-11-15 15:18:19 0 days 00:19:07 847895 1 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter
89219950 89358889 2006-11-22 02:08:27 0 days 13:36:15 0|72.146.48.170 3 berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september
89358889 89358931 2006-11-22 02:08:42 0 days 00:00:15 889851 2 , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > some random guy took a crap , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was the berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
3 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > some random guy took a crap , and there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' ,
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 5 berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www had worse economical situations and hated jews . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian
6 | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers
7 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans
97468702 97680129 2007-01-01 06:24:27 1 days 02:36:00 313006 0 ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 6 led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing
103509663 103857685 2007-01-28 16:17:29 1 days 15:06:20 0|82.47.202.147 0 west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 10 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
103857685 103859154 2007-01-28 16:25:19 0 days 00:07:50 302522 0 west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 10 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
105154508 105175281 2007-02-02 20:43:43 0 days 01:30:19 911178 1 wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the [ images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
4 stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 46 divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing
53 with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 46 divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing
53 with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 46 divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing
53 with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
111406766 111406786 2007-02-27 20:37:33 0 days 00:00:04 0|205.126.63.15 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat i dont know what to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could
111415383 111428832 2007-02-27 22:10:55 0 days 00:57:04 0|62.3.246.124 0 by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets china ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the
111428832 111431459 2007-02-27 22:21:46 0 days 00:10:51 302522 0 by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ china soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the
114832623 114833011 2007-03-13 16:57:58 0 days 00:01:40 0|66.18.62.36 1 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops
114987991 115016505 2007-03-14 09:34:46 0 days 04:16:30 0|220.101.111.166 2 . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion poo slinger patrol was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of
115016505 115016570 2007-03-14 09:35:16 0 days 00:00:30 2608485 2 gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 fatty boobaladahs . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american poo slinger patrol battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 10 captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]]
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 7 was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at was friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn |
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 10 captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]]
117051528 117073720 2007-03-22 17:30:04 0 days 01:39:41 0|147.31.4.47 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was kenny your a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]]
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 6 a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want
7 with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz in east berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 9 looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic communist countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . =
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 15 by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union spencer smith | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones .
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 17 allied powers : [[ brendon urie | brendon urie ]] , [[ jon walker | jon walker ]] , [[ ryan ross | ryan ross ]] and [[ spencer smith | spencer smith soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the
121253825 121573640 2007-04-10 01:23:04 1 days 05:10:35 0|137.149.162.10 0 and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 january 19 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
121573640 121573836 2007-04-10 01:23:59 0 days 00:00:55 3269692 0 and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ january 19 november 9 ]] , [[ 1647 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 8 the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com
123914874 123933094 2007-04-18 22:36:19 0 days 01:11:40 0|63.149.134.67 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal
127537240 127605519 2007-05-02 04:22:14 0 days 05:52:39 0|69.111.245.16 0 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled gay through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[
127605519 127626659 2007-05-02 06:58:22 0 days 02:36:08 302522 0 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled gay through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 1 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day feel on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated
128043972 128044131 2007-05-03 20:31:52 0 days 00:00:35 0|69.125.136.170 0 wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat one of the leaders said he had to go to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could
128044281 128044362 2007-05-03 20:32:41 0 days 00:00:17 0|69.125.136.170 0 room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the germans blew up all there men and the wall feel on them = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 11 the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three
12 room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter
128649094 128649435 2007-05-06 14:20:44 0 days 00:01:57 0|70.144.11.235 0 protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east pictionary ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following
128760514 128924265 2007-05-07 13:07:06 0 days 14:42:06 0|86.138.177.126 0 protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 1 was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat girl named suzie . suzie really liked to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could
2 being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 26 berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war
27 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] .
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 3 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 & mdash ; after several weeks of civil unrest & mdash ; , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 4 wall ) had been used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and
133075428 133085305 2007-05-24 02:33:08 0 days 00:58:04 0|71.236.38.133 0 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest war , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
133085305 133093747 2007-05-24 03:28:24 0 days 00:55:16 715870 0 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil war unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
134354264 134363864 2007-05-29 17:58:08 0 days 00:45:42 2148063 0 socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day on alexander platz [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new
152245225 152314634 2007-08-19 20:45:47 0 days 06:50:35 0|82.83.182.53 8 " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day on in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 60 just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men .
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 4 torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 6 the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 58 * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and scientist article on sex chromosomes in the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f
160904974 160945791 2007-09-28 16:53:24 0 days 03:57:37 0|165.138.201.64 0 major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 500 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com
160953996 161008465 2007-09-28 22:38:12 0 days 04:58:28 92076 0 major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 500 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 , 090 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft
161589253 161589849 2007-10-01 16:38:17 0 days 00:03:10 0|142.25.180.48 0 of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting jerking off to the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
161589849 161589959 2007-10-01 16:38:46 0 days 00:00:29 0|142.25.180.54 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off intensly to the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 3 of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] jerking off to visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
164088618 164111122 2007-10-12 19:23:00 0 days 01:48:47 1094964 1 see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 6 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 5 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured
165409653 165409865 2007-10-18 14:21:33 0 days 00:01:15 0|89.240.178.51 1 show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american u . s . effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
2 gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american u . s . battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 6 show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the u . s . american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
7 gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new u . s . american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 6 mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules 13 , 000 east german tourists in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a
7 time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for
8 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days later . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the
9 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . honecker had predicted in january of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end
173353310 173356654 2007-11-23 21:58:03 0 days 00:20:17 137113 0 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape cross across the wall to west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article
173356654 173359524 2007-11-23 22:14:51 0 days 00:16:48 137113 0 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall to into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144
173857115 173862066 2007-11-26 10:01:15 0 days 00:52:47 137113 3 to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was need to curtail western [[ espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would
4 stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was need to curtail western espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely
174708204 174741786 2007-11-30 02:18:00 0 days 03:04:44 5918353 2 powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of demcratic germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of
174741786 174746112 2007-11-30 02:42:18 0 days 00:24:18 28422 2 powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the demcratic federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of
174869045 175077307 2007-12-01 16:37:46 0 days 22:55:19 0|203.134.149.168 0 , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article /
176484115 176514246 2007-12-08 04:57:07 0 days 03:34:06 3966201 0 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee the from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 11 ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest unrestification , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
12 ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west south berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the
23 the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach encockroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was
29 with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs shoes and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 11 ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification unrest , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory
12 ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south west berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the
23 the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encockroach encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbi - wire fence was
28 with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their shoes jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
186732530 186825343 2008-01-25 15:36:48 0 days 13:01:10 6283973 0 of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2
188209668 188209811 2008-01-31 19:27:11 0 days 00:00:38 6227797 1 of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lukas georgeff was a big meany head and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period
191709855 191873337 2008-02-16 16:30:04 0 days 20:21:25 0|209.162.56.146 0 kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that he got arrested and fought and also made it so entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere .
191873337 191875318 2008-02-16 16:40:01 0 days 00:09:57 0|209.162.56.146 0 kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that he got arrested and fought and also made it so entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
194684439 194702146 2008-02-28 18:16:47 0 days 01:23:58 0|76.76.239.2 0 ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed raped and slaughtered trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw
194702146 194702172 2008-02-28 18:16:55 0 days 00:00:08 2092344 0 ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were raped and slaughtered killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw
194702172 194773742 2008-02-28 23:32:17 0 days 05:15:22 3976515 1 ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de /
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 2 boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west right outside west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected ,
7 berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet eastern threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu
10 could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets east germans , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport
18 chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 0 ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 no successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial .
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 0 ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction troops and workers . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed -
1 divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire
2 east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later
5 chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised
9 berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious eastern soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu
11 states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the east germans soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport
16 reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged the east germans to " [[ tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of
18 ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were no around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s
197732281 197732484 2008-03-12 15:23:12 0 days 00:01:09 3505251 1 skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 5 < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 135 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 5 < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 135 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group
201855908 201855946 2008-03-29 18:10:01 0 days 00:00:12 6475994 1 the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about wall and east - berlin
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 2 = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy
3 travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 3 , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was
202827564 203047637 2008-04-03 14:22:40 0 days 22:05:23 0|208.108.155.10 0 found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west graciakspoopsy germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere
203047637 203047862 2008-04-03 14:23:55 0 days 00:01:15 203358 0 found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in graciakspoopsy west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere
210686797 210716210 2008-05-07 02:13:29 0 days 02:42:09 0|76.246.244.54 1 it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move
2 informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 4 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats ' ' ' diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 0 ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of restricted to east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany
4 in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa visas for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' '
6 very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' '
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 9 were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided proper , the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 5 erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to
9 forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration
233217061 233302480 2008-08-21 11:24:48 0 days 11:22:39 0|60.230.220.212 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were die mother fuckers ! ! ! ! ! ! hahaha ! ! confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been
233302480 233302497 2008-08-21 11:24:55 0 days 00:00:07 4928500 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were die mother fuckers ! ! ! ! ! ! hahaha ! ! confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been
234342442 234416798 2008-08-26 19:40:30 0 days 06:41:11 0|89.180.206.195 0 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west east berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
234416798 234445357 2008-08-26 22:08:36 0 days 02:28:06 5177550 0 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into east west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
235999012 236298450 2008-09-04 19:33:44 1 days 09:25:11 0|89.180.225.158 0 the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 2 british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east decided to build a wall so that the berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany )
6 market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed children and thats how they built the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and
12 svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland '
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 3 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the democratic republic ( including east berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there
7 lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 2 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de /
5 ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory
18 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday , august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them
48 helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station
49 - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn |
50 berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s -
56 defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal
70 for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 5 made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east
25 , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 8 ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin
14 govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany america ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = =
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 11 govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of america germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = =
14 - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee
258173962 258174012 2008-12-15 19:06:23 0 days 00:00:13 0|98.193.69.28 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]]
258174012 258174101 2008-12-15 19:06:47 0 days 00:00:24 197953 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]]
260986227 260986325 2008-12-31 00:07:29 0 days 00:00:25 7662999 0 | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 4 {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961
5 the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 14 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 13 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 11 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 10 ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http
266949918 267068772 2009-01-28 22:44:29 0 days 10:45:43 0|99.228.71.49 1 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev
267068772 267068810 2009-01-28 22:44:37 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall is bullshit . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 6 logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] ' ' . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 1 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall fence into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 7 the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted shoot anyone trying to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet
8 government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents get over to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable "
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 5 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin .
269853148 269853251 2009-02-10 21:26:08 0 days 00:00:28 0|76.118.246.211 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ the republic of dave ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 0 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave [[ west berlin ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
5 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin .
270229031 270254972 2009-02-12 17:21:09 0 days 02:25:07 0|166.82.103.142 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
270254972 270266414 2009-02-12 18:21:46 0 days 01:00:37 1271900 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
273165768 273452020 2009-02-26 17:09:55 1 days 06:20:50 0|166.82.103.142 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
273460674 273460772 2009-02-26 17:55:28 0 days 00:00:31 3190204 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed by a guava penis trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276379329 276395905 2009-03-10 23:41:05 0 days 01:19:49 0|68.81.17.165 1 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276395905 276396271 2009-03-10 23:42:42 0 days 00:01:37 2372780 2 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate
276396271 276396847 2009-03-10 23:45:15 0 days 00:02:33 641168 1 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276396847 276397185 2009-03-10 23:46:44 0 days 00:01:29 641168 2 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny midget , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate
276397185 276397358 2009-03-10 23:47:29 0 days 00:00:45 0|67.165.0.242 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying by a person named alton - daytrying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276397358 276397542 2009-03-10 23:48:23 0 days 00:00:54 2372780 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed by a person named alton - daytrying trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276397542 276397596 2009-03-10 23:48:36 0 days 00:00:13 0|67.165.0.242 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying by a person named alton - daytrying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276397596 276397704 2009-03-10 23:49:03 0 days 00:00:27 4046939 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed by a person named alton - daytrying trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee
276584955 276585049 2009-03-11 20:18:26 0 days 00:00:32 0|68.81.17.165 0 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny [[ midget ]] , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276585049 276585113 2009-03-11 20:18:44 0 days 00:00:18 1298255 1 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed , by a horny [[ midget ]] , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276585113 276587380 2009-03-11 20:28:41 0 days 00:09:57 0|68.81.17.165 0 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed homosexual trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
276587380 276587411 2009-03-11 20:28:50 0 days 00:00:09 1398 0 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed homosexual killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to
282782058 282826152 2009-04-09 19:19:39 0 days 04:02:27 9418822 1 : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index
290358741 290358801 2009-05-16 18:33:39 0 days 00:00:26 6984319 0 tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main |
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 13 intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( west . < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence
18 zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] | german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland '
36 the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin
37 be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or
306538732 306539582 2009-08-07 04:41:52 0 days 00:07:03 6984319 1 berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non -
309336034 309828599 2009-08-24 18:52:05 2 days 19:36:05 8574593 0 : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 8 kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about
9 speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . =
311938724 312093201 2009-09-05 23:32:58 0 days 21:54:44 0|69.126.11.224 0 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312093344 312093418 2009-09-05 23:34:31 0 days 00:00:34 97951 1 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312093418 312093508 2009-09-05 23:35:09 0 days 00:00:38 10103464 0 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312093508 312095287 2009-09-05 23:49:08 0 days 00:13:59 142444 0 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . i love julian the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 5 [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
315336961 315504920 2009-09-22 13:41:29 0 days 19:25:53 764861 0 war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 41 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable
42 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august ]] [[ 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
43 border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 63 border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 0 b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " three [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 15 applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military
320144857 320837584 2009-10-19 18:04:45 3 days 14:53:58 0|208.127.78.52 0 ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 19 install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin
30 - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch
55 a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ' ' ' ; entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied
65 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19
66 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 1 a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access movement in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref
323393561 323394672 2009-11-02 02:02:57 0 days 00:06:40 6509701 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a germans are hot massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }}
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the
324510511 324609028 2009-11-08 07:55:36 0 days 11:57:27 0|139.168.50.53 0 through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom
324812165 324812241 2009-11-09 09:28:10 0 days 00:00:37 0|76.179.160.225 1 ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to
324892029 324899185 2009-11-09 20:08:59 0 days 00:38:36 10909561 1 {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in at the [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through
2 de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia ,
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 7 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
9 install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin
23 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to
324918158 324919679 2009-11-09 21:58:15 0 days 00:08:41 0|86.42.78.215 2 soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324919679 324919964 2009-11-09 21:59:36 0 days 00:01:21 1477111 2 soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the sheep industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324997562 324997704 2009-11-10 05:51:23 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.81.48.108 2 refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[
324997704 324997757 2009-11-10 05:51:49 0 days 00:00:26 440983 2 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules . . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 14 | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began begaroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walln a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 0 the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
3 | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries begaroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walln began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 4 the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p =
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 10 the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p =
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 4 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 1 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 2 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 , 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 7 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 4 - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three two western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 1 - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . two three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[
342122084 342149789 2010-02-05 19:35:28 0 days 02:47:15 0|74.36.136.114 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right
342523707 342665226 2010-02-08 09:06:01 0 days 14:41:29 6971250 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 3 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even [[ subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }}
4 < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway ]] train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} <
5 name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 49 of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]]
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 0 s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were years of the wall , around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence
1 [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes people successfully escaped to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 13 institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand
346309531 346312588 2010-02-25 16:08:16 0 days 00:18:19 6971250 2 dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 3 occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 0 defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully escaped defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , or as a result of the wall ' s existence , has been disputed .
347527877 347577719 2010-03-03 21:01:14 0 days 04:48:01 985645 0 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ subway berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p =
347577719 347678343 2010-03-04 09:16:17 0 days 12:15:03 6971250 0 = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p =
349037490 349037712 2010-03-10 17:57:53 0 days 00:01:10 0|204.39.61.253 0 berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all balllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllsssss such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov .
349037712 349038136 2010-03-10 18:00:02 0 days 00:02:09 3308922 0 berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all balllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllsssss such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov .
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 34 year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . [[ palestinians
355970305 355978383 2010-04-14 15:09:36 0 days 00:49:55 0|69.74.54.2 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost dirty jew dogs all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
355978383 355978433 2010-04-14 15:09:57 0 days 00:00:21 3150196 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the dirty jew dogs wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
355978433 355978473 2010-04-14 15:10:08 0 days 00:00:11 0|69.74.54.2 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost dirty jew dogs all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
355978473 355978566 2010-04-14 15:10:42 0 days 00:00:34 3150196 0 berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the dirty jew dogs wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov
356874702 356880198 2010-04-18 23:42:36 0 days 00:38:01 0|67.174.226.40 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] i like applesauce the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
356880198 356880243 2010-04-18 23:42:51 0 days 00:00:15 134937 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] i like applesauce the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
357513678 357565538 2010-04-22 05:45:43 0 days 05:41:58 0|60.50.122.175 0 time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording
1 inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the
360380251 360445274 2010-05-06 03:35:59 0 days 06:00:26 0|71.142.92.215 0 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg branpoopdenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com
360445274 360445710 2010-05-06 03:39:18 0 days 00:03:19 329633 0 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ branpoopdenburg brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com
362031754 362031860 2010-05-14 04:38:14 0 days 00:01:16 0|65.100.196.54 1 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr , to prevent citizens from east germany escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along
362040150 362054246 2010-05-14 08:19:33 0 days 02:26:14 6971250 0 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers
364580158 364580648 2010-05-28 00:55:15 0 days 00:03:38 4201347 1 fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . that mercy is like so cute and sweet the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 0 border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www
11 - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom
367781258 367791089 2010-06-13 16:22:48 0 days 01:16:15 0|75.110.208.179 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " penis wall " because of all of the man made glory holes in the wall ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{
367791089 367791832 2010-06-13 16:28:21 0 days 00:05:33 764027 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 1 | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east [[ west berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism |
31 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }}
375060179 375362871 2010-07-25 12:39:13 1 days 19:53:47 13978 0 a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the [[ allied museum in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin
1 crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall .
383668607 383689635 2010-09-08 18:44:09 0 days 02:09:52 0|75.60.173.231 1 the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . richter * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1963 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ len deighton ]] , ' ' [[ berlin game ]] ' ' , 1983 - classic cold war [[ spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html nyt review ] - an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as ' ' trudy ' s promise ' ' in north america ) , 2008 - left behind in east berlin , the heroine waits for news of her husband after he makes his escape over the berlin wall [ http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) - the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom
384523324 384586437 2010-09-13 14:15:23 0 days 09:47:24 0|158.169.131.14 0 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < /
1 = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref >
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 10 close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , 13 august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to
392860812 392939112 2010-10-26 05:40:52 0 days 08:35:25 10089744 1 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
397185057 397241247 2010-11-17 04:09:25 0 days 05:59:29 13453905 0 * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk ' s " ich bin ein berliner " ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 22 border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[
399311566 399311872 2010-11-28 12:36:17 0 days 00:03:24 7007500 1 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = i love my mum . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 4 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite
400293690 400499840 2010-12-04 15:56:28 1 days 05:01:04 0|69.156.45.160 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] : ) the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
400499840 400551710 2010-12-04 21:19:51 0 days 05:23:23 0|24.118.61.80 0 = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] : ) the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 3 gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via
5 = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 0 jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | header = ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech
1 thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 19 [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }}
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 0 american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s . 1980s ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 3 anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff the ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 3 to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 9 american sector ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 8 tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 16 ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
545505302 545505652 2013-03-19 20:16:32 0 days 00:01:40 15130 0 through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480 480px | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they
576975983 576976108 2013-10-13 11:25:36 0 days 00:01:35 7496434 0 began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 5 = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift | airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < /
25 elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except that the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 9 dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half - hour and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse
590964946 593520854 2014-02-02 02:00:13 16 days 12:22:38 14347385 0 germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders border between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 3 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing atop standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album
4 performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the partly - demolished the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent
10 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 5 ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 was not completed title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 19 / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | dmoz | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com
32 de * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / bernauer straße memorial website ] *
47 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 3 began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in until that december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall
4 mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no -
7 berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected was severed by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 .
8 ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by the berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on
12 around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border
14 december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 15 transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( , or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the
30 effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards through the wall into west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj .
40 the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 3 great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside east germany and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday .
4 for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside east germany and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 5 berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) < / ref > * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' '
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 2 period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin . clay and
693650727 693652739 2015-12-03 23:37:52 0 days 00:16:24 23149456 0 gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july
696790319 699008752 2016-01-09 17:51:08 14 days 18:40:46 6591525 0 traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 3 usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in
4 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , followed by violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of november 1989
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 2 – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german
699437997 699450456 2016-01-12 11:34:51 0 days 02:17:59 111277 0 earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played a concert close to the wall . this was attended by thousands of eastern concertgoers across the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 11 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > followed by violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of
701388996 701431900 2016-01-24 15:14:55 0 days 07:46:54 23598744 0 wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a
707177225 707245740 2016-02-27 18:44:15 0 days 11:04:30 22186892 0 clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the [[ berlin airlift . he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 2 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes moves also known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi -
3 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 3 ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest | nl }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
771798170 772547948 2017-03-27 22:54:22 4 days 07:02:04 25744646 1 ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 26 a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ fact }} ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 21 - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special
33 about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 8 german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]]
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 40 [[ military demarcation line ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | removal of the hungary – austria border fence ]] ( may 1989 ) * [[ revolutions of 1989 ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert ,
783599634 783600048 2017-06-03 11:47:57 0 days 00:05:12 31190988 0 murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | + the wall overview < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593791 / page / 0 berliner mauer ( stand 31 . juli 1989 ) polizeipräsident von berlin ] . < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + „grenzsicherung in berlin“ ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156 , 4 {{ 0 }} | bordering around west berlin within 3 . 4m and 4 . 2m in height | - | style = " text - align : right " | 111 , 9 {{ 0 }} | concrete walls | - | style = " text - align : right " | 44 , 5 {{ 0 }} | metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 112 , 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment in potsdam | - | style = " text - align : right " | 43 , 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment along the border of east and west berlin | - | style = " text - align : right " | 0 , 5 {{ 0 }} | remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 , 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & quot ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip | - | style = " text - align : right " | 113 , 85 | limit signal and barrier fence ( gssz ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 127 , 5 {{ 0 }} | contact and signal fence | - | style = " text - align : right " | 124 , 3 {{ 0 }} | border patrol | - ! actual number ! descriptions | - | style = " text - align : right " | 186 | observation towers ( 302 in west - berlin ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 31 | implementing agencies | - | style = " text - align : right " | 259 | dog runs | - | style = " text - align : right " | 20 | bunker | } [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall ,
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 11 ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} =
793675442 795297023 2017-08-13 09:19:52 10 days 01:27:47 26598670 0 border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor favour of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of
808145196 808291388 2017-11-02 00:05:05 0 days 19:57:53 11497143 0 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying : " i ' m
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 2 accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books .
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 1 actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 3 have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 1 four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into the west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 3 to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 4 , the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the name = " berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 16 death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal dispute between the city of potsdam and the owners . in 2013 , a section of the there on the former postenweg running mauerweg in the community schönefeld was closed by the private owner , so there had to be set up other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans
824080054 824097430 2018-02-05 08:46:14 0 days 03:32:27 139004 0 springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played rocking the wall , a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying
824097430 824097451 2018-02-05 08:46:30 0 days 00:00:16 139004 0 = bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german ,
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 0 = bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german ,
1 bruce springsteen , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band played rocking the wall , a live concert in east berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying
5 the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking walkways and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german
19 dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 1 general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated battalions would rotate into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for
10 the hands of general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 6 a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 3 / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > . ) ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures
830738474 831699815 2018-03-21 20:50:43 5 days 03:41:22 28766260 0 history of rail transport in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the [[ human capital flight | " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 1 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( , every road that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154
4 preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions put up for auction in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref name = " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " / > on 1 july , the day
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 2 be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the [[ spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping .
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 0 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 3 , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted , the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of
17 signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) ,
18 and anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , ; the western powers opened two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden
23 by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - it . this was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ;
102790 206317 2002-06-22 18:16:41 0 days 00:00:38 59 0 berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned
206317 206507 2002-09-09 14:31:02 78 days 20:14:21 188 0 government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . this on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did a concert in berlin celebrating the the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ;
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 5 trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers opened had two further checkpoints at helmstedt on the country border and dreilinden in berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie
794829 794836 2003-04-01 13:39:02 7 days 01:30:38 0|204.218.227.5 1 ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . alexandrea elenora clinea was here . elenora , elenora , elenora ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you ' ll be in the history books alex . . . . . . . yeah i know someone famous ! hey ron , jon , pete , chris i ' m talking to the newspaper guy and told him to write this isn ' t this cool ! ! ! the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and
794836 794852 2003-04-01 13:43:16 0 days 00:04:14 7361 1 ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . alexandrea elenora clinea was here . elenora , elenora , elenora ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you ' ll be in the history books alex . . . . . . . yeah i know someone famous ! hey ron , jon , pete , chris i ' m talking to the newspaper guy and told him to write this isn ' t this cool ! ! ! the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 13 berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . completely east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the
18 fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 2 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the
1197737 1197814 2003-07-26 18:15:42 3 days 05:46:34 3399 0 east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served to delude from as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany should be prevented from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin
1744605 1776158 2003-11-15 23:25:56 0 days 00:05:35 0|82.82.131.134 1 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans the usa , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - -
2 ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british the united kingdom and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain ,
1864936 1865423 2003-12-03 17:58:50 0 days 01:18:15 26248 0 existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . in [[ 1855 1955 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 10 killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 1 into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that created to prevent the citizens of east germany had to be prevented from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest
5637725 5637810 2004-09-03 21:31:42 0 days 00:15:54 49471 3 in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors . however , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5
5 although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] .
6 effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 2 island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 2 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]]
7503798 7583874 2004-11-15 22:48:26 0 days 23:21:52 0|213.191.80.129 1 a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 0 the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army
1 wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army |
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 14 into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . barrier " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west
9614078 9649252 2005-01-24 13:17:26 0 days 03:28:40 55217 0 fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned turning the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse
1 later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island [[ enclave ]] in the eastern territories . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 16 " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a wide , and cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[
34 " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]]
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 38 [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 16 . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 21 rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the
31 tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image
32 this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 40 part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being
62 . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west '
91 spy rudolf abel . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus
101 tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image :
102 down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp
103 wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 , 1989 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the
10144491 10147296 2005-02-10 23:53:18 1 days 16:43:47 0|64.45.226.93 0 being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as
10147296 10244127 2005-02-11 01:34:32 0 days 01:41:14 28107 0 being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 6 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was
14 s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 3 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
11 implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed
11751790 11755198 2005-04-01 06:49:00 0 days 02:23:56 137616 0 ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www
12310883 12498340 2005-04-14 19:41:28 0 days 11:53:58 137616 0 . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s
2 the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was
13195297 13205916 2005-05-03 22:57:43 0 days 00:05:44 0|129.67.43.240 0 [[ rudolf abel ]] . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 0 . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been
6 went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 - 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday 19 august . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin - by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with
13476703 13477736 2005-05-09 16:08:35 1 days 05:34:03 0|205.204.242.21 0 . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 3 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal
13477736 13526362 2005-05-09 17:01:57 0 days 00:53:22 26468 0 . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 3 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 4 remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering via west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig
14016194 14016219 2005-05-21 09:51:45 0 days 00:00:37 0|216.27.183.43 0 berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 4 demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it berlin was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and
5 = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[
13 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]]
18 west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig ]] defected ) . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany '
19 the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . further , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was
20 professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected ) . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the
15054752 15055113 2005-06-12 05:54:52 0 days 00:06:07 5016 0 developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 0 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced
3 for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to
4 germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live shown on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they
9 and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little no way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could
10 with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these the huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to
12 while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down &
15066593 15077566 2005-06-12 13:50:16 0 days 04:48:31 156968 0 , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing carrying 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 11 . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in
12 battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 0 . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 - mile barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the
1 if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 28 - mile mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had
19262021 19641332 2005-07-26 13:36:24 5 days 14:51:51 0|212.112.232.175 0 of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however ,
20449992 20450326 2005-08-07 03:18:31 0 days 00:07:02 334842 0 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement reapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall
20486751 20517225 2005-08-08 03:10:30 0 days 09:09:13 28107 0 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or reapprochement rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 1 hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 1 hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood
6 of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east west berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular
20890583 20913067 2005-08-13 09:16:40 0 days 08:49:25 1104 1 around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . further ,
21611496 21691530 2005-08-24 01:13:34 1 days 00:15:40 0|69.120.13.29 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . germans on both sides were deeply distressed : many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile
22154405 22164068 2005-08-30 09:13:25 0 days 03:52:46 92511 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
23258570 23258905 2005-09-15 02:52:24 0 days 00:06:02 89675 5 ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between north berlin and south east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 36 control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade
37 city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
38 rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the
46 berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied
47 ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty ,
50 controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn
54 an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among
55 exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 35 control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led
36 the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the
37 with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the cold war unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform in 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next
45 1948 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect
46 prompted the berlin blockade by the soviet union and led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an
53 , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or frankfurt . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors
54 were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or frankfurt . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors .
24470268 24504807 2005-10-01 20:20:04 0 days 10:30:53 0|62.30.35.51 0 over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 15 sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine the united states when they gave the ussr classified information , but rather trying to help the ussr fight against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of
16 the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . espionage in the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
18 governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[
24 conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] soviet project , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty ,
25 the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled as it was heavily distrusted by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[
34 were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the
36 to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and
37 of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish , includes numerous photos ) retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border
44 west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected details ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west
48 the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948
49 the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade
50 city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 10 allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made a
12 information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government , however , and had made a number of attempts to infiltrate its operations at the university of california , berkeley . a number of project members — some high - profile , others lower in rank — did voluntarily give secret information to russian agents , many because they were sympathetic to communism ( or the soviet union ' s role in the war ) and did not feel that the usa should have a monopoly on atomic weapons . after the war , the us resisted efforts to share nuclear secrets , but the soviet union was able to produce its own atomic weapons by 1949 . their first nuclear test , " joe 1 " , shocked the west in the speed it was produced . it was discovered in january 1950 that klaus fuchs , a german refugee theoretical physicist working for the british mission in the manhattan project , had given key documents to the russians throughout the war . through fuchs ' confession , us and uk intelligence agents were able to find his " courier " , harry gold , who was arrested on may 23 , 1950 . a former machinist at the top - secret los alamos laboratory , sgt . david greenglass , confessed to having passed secret information on to the ussr through gold as well . he testified that his sister , ethel rosenberg , and her husband , julius , had also passed secrets . another accused conspirator , morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the the [[ united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s
14 morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s primary witness , david greenglass , stated that his sister ethel , working as a " probationer " ( in soviet parlance ) , had typed notes containing us nuclear secrets , and these were later turned over to harry gold , who would then turn them over to anatoly a . yakovlev of the kgb x - line in new york city . from the beginning , the trial attracted a high amount of media attention , and like the trial of alger hiss , generated a largely polarized response from observers , some of whom believed the rosenbergs to be clearly guilty , and others who asserted their innocence . as the notes typed by ethel apparently contained little that was new to the soviets , supporters felt that a capital charge of espionage was not only far too severe , but scarcely could be considered evidence of wrong - doing at all ; but for the prosecution this was sufficient evidence to convict ethel rosenberg . it is believed that part of the reason ethel was indicted in addition to julius was so that the prosecution could use her as a ' lever ' to pressure julius into giving up the names of others who were involved . if that was the case , it didn ' t work . on the witness stand julius asserted his right under the fifth amendment to not incriminate himself whenever asked about his involvement in the communist party or with its members . ethel did similarly . neither defendant was viewed sympathetically by the jury . investigations into the couple ' s history revealed conflicting evidence that julius rosenberg may have had some dealings with an nkvd agent . since the end of the cold war , the russian government has released documentation that shows julius rosenberg was providing information to the nkvd . julius rosenberg ' s main contact was alexander feklisov , who met julius on over 50 occasions over a three year period beginning in 1943 . mr . feklisov said that , though julius had provided military secrets , he was never able to provide any information of substance concerning the atomic bomb . mr . feklisov also asserted that ethel rosenberg was not involved in any spying . before he died , theodore hall , who moved to the uk from the us partly because of an fbi investigation of him in the 1950s , claimed that it was he , a scientist working at los alamos , who gave atomic information to the ussr , not anyone else such as ethel rosenberg , a housewife living in a poor ( the lower east side ) new york neighborhood . the role played by assistant united states attorney roy cohn , the prosecutor in the case , is controversial , since cohn stated in his autobiography that he influenced the selection of the judge , and pushed him to impose the death penalty on both ethel and julius rosenberg . [ edit ] execution the rosenbergs were convicted on march 29 , 1951 and sentenced to death under section 2 of the espionage act , 50 u . s . code 32 ( now 18 u . s . code 794 ) , which prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government information " relating to the national defense " , by judge irving kaufman on april 5 . the conviction helped to fuel senator joseph mccarthy ' s anti - communist crusade against " anti - american activities " by us citizens . while their devotion to the communist cause was well documented , they denied the spying charges even as they faced the electric chair . their defenders said they never stood the chance of a fair trial given the anti - communist red scare that pervaded the united states in the 1950s . the couple were the only two american civilians to be executed for espionage - related activity during the cold war . in imposing the death penalty , judge kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the korean war : i believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the russians the a - bomb [ . . . ] has already caused , in my opinion , the communist aggression in korea , with the resultant casualties exceeding 50 , 000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason . their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the united states ever since , with supporters steadfastly maintaining that their conviction was an egregious example of persecution typical of the " hysteria " of those times ( see red scare , mccarthyism ) and likening it to the witch hunts that marred salem and medieval europe ( a comparison that provided the inspiration for arthur miller ' s critically acclaimed play , the crucible ) . to the very end , the couple denied all charges and insisted they were innocent , but they were executed at new york ' s sing sing correctional facility in 1953 , despite protests in the united states and abroad . the rosenbergs were convicted under the espionage act of 1917 of " conspiring to commit espionage in wartime " and sentenced to death , despite the fact that the us was not at war with the soviet union at the time their ring was supposedly active . [ 1 ] at the time , some americans believed both rosenbergs were innocent or received too harsh a punishment , and a grass - roots campaign was started to try to stop the couple ' s execution . other americans felt that the couple got what they deserved . pope pius xii appealed to president dwight d . eisenhower to spare the couple , but he refused on february 11 , 1953 and all other appeals were also unsuccessful . the couple were executed by the electric chair on june 19 , 1953 . reports of the execution state that julius died after the first application of electricity , but ethel did not succumb immediately and was subjected to two more electrical charges before being pronounced dead . the chair was designed for a man , and ethel rosenberg was a petite woman ; this discrepancy resulted , it is claimed , in the electrodes fitting poorly . [ edit ] posthumous revelations in 1995 , the national security agency publicly released documents from the venona project , an effort to decrypt intercepted communications between soviet agents and the nkvd / kgb . a 1944 cable from new york to moscow makes it clear that julius rosenberg was engaged in espionage , though the importance of their effort is not clear , particularly considering that the soviets were receiving information on the atomic bomb from klaus fuchs and donald maclean . ethel ' s involvement is not clear from the venona transcripts . a document from november 27 , 1944 [ 2 ] specifically about ethel lists her as a " fellowcountryman " and claims that she was aware of julius ' work , and asks for advice in whether she should be " used " or not . ethel was apparently never assigned a code name — julius was always referred to as " antenna " or " liberal " — which has cast doubt onto her significance and involvement . in his posthumous memoirs , published in 1990 , nikita khrushchev praised the pair for their " very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb . " whether this was in fact the case , however , has been disputed . [ 3 ] the quality of the information given to the soviets , as reported by greenglass , was also quite poor in comparison to the information given by fuchs , who had a much more intimate understanding of the research being done , as revealed by records of fuchs ' detailed transmissions in the now - opened soviet archives . david greenglass was spared execution in exchange for his testimony . he spent 10 years in prison and was released in 1960 , and has lived under an assumed name since his release . decades later , in late 2000 , greenglass claimed that he had committed perjury and falsely implicated his sister ethel . greenglass said he chose to turn in his sister in order to protect his wife and children . [ edit ] controversy from the beginning of their trial through the present , the rosenberg case has been a controversial issue , with individual opinions falling roughly among ideological lines . in learned circles , there are a number of points of contention which still hold , even after the revelation of many hundreds of pages of previously secret evidence . to what extent was ethel involved ? as noted above , there seem to be reasons to believe that while julius was likely involved in some form of espionage , his wife ethel may have not been , or not to the extent to which she was convicted . the venona transcripts are ambiguous as to ethel ' s involvement , and the government case against her seems to have rested only on the testimony of her brother , david greenglass , who later apparently told reporters that he had perjured himself in order to lessen his own sentence and to help his wife avoid jail time . [ 4 ] were they given a fair trial ? there are many critics who have alleged that the political climate of the time , and the seemingly a priori conviction by judge kaufman of the pair ' s guilt , would have made it impossible for the rosenbergs to have had a fair trial by an impartial jury . the rosenberg lawyer , emanuel bloch , also made a number of massive legal blunders ( such as not cross - examining harry gold , who in later trials was found to be highly unreliable ) suggesting either his incompetence or inability to cope with such a high - profile trial . was their sentence fair ? the imposition of the death sentence upon the rosenbergs has been the most controversial aspect of the case , as they were sentenced far more harshly than any other " atomic spies , " primarily because they refused to confess to their alleged crimes . klaus fuchs , who spied for many more years than the rosenbergs were alleged to and gave far more sensitive information to the soviet union , was only sentenced to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the the [[ united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of 1950 —
16 and the united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine the united states when they gave the ussr classified information , but rather trying to help the ussr fight against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw the city under their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian
26918978 27042249 2005-11-01 04:48:07 1 days 06:15:08 0|18.240.6.193 0 the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the
27806621 27817179 2005-11-09 13:03:31 0 days 03:09:55 287142 0 german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the
27817381 27817703 2005-11-09 13:11:50 0 days 00:05:11 0|204.186.233.202 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . chris fusco likes little boys . he has also tends to wipe his ass with his own fingers and licks them . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
27817703 27818117 2005-11-09 13:18:04 0 days 00:06:14 0|165.21.154.9 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . chris fusco likes little boys . he has also tends to wipe his ass with his own fingers and licks them . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 9 hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back bad ck the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of
27861622 27867817 2005-11-09 23:46:21 0 days 01:14:36 0|142.166.200.249 1 hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold bad ck back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 12 months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france
13 . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[
14 ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[
15 was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
19 and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 11 [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france
12 . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city the [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the
13 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift
18 and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected
30617126 30712796 2005-12-09 14:17:35 0 days 19:37:57 0|162.127.13.4 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . an astonishing fact with the wall includes a man and the color pink . pink floyd invented a sound remniscent of the cries and sadness that accomponied many residents of berlin . they compiled this stature in a musical album named " the wall " . ay ! arriba y arriba ! the allies gained control of berlin in four sectors . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
30712796 30712967 2005-12-09 14:19:52 0 days 00:02:17 270941 0 soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . an astonishing fact with the wall includes a man and the color pink . pink floyd invented a sound remniscent of the cries and sadness that accomponied many residents of berlin . they compiled this stature in a musical album named " the wall " . ay ! arriba y arriba ! the allies gained control of berlin in four sectors . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold
30712967 30713122 2005-12-09 14:21:45 0 days 00:01:53 0|162.127.13.4 0 the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially metallica ! governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded ,
30713122 30713435 2005-12-09 14:26:15 0 days 00:04:30 0|69.69.208.24 0 the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially metallica ! governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded ,
30713769 30713813 2005-12-09 14:32:26 0 days 00:00:55 253590 1 began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , tomhas mcflarty masturbated intensly to a picture of marilon monroe . at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and felt scared that tomhas would do such a thing . also occuring at midnight that morning , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was
30713813 30713899 2005-12-09 14:33:52 0 days 00:01:26 253590 0 the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the electric sausages , a . k . a ' united states ' , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 3 closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] ,
5 sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the
6 of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early
31292308 31377198 2005-12-14 21:31:01 0 days 16:16:15 0|130.88.163.211 0 united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city penis was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]]
31377198 31379015 2005-12-14 21:43:34 0 days 00:12:33 0|12.7.2.77 0 united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the penis city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]]
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 1 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' '
36641976 36642576 2006-01-25 14:09:00 0 days 00:05:37 0|194.232.85.82 0 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority huge numbers of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore
1 around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many
36646630 36649007 2006-01-25 15:13:54 0 days 00:23:19 0|194.232.85.82 0 after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding the west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners
37710041 37796162 2006-02-02 04:37:22 0 days 09:53:21 21887 0 allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of 45 km ( 28 mi . miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east
38581150 38618929 2006-02-07 14:55:48 0 days 08:38:18 69265 0 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated and skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university
2 [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore ,
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 3 over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its it used part of the track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for
39793418 39818227 2006-02-16 01:44:54 0 days 03:14:56 0|68.18.147.5 2 of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 12 germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west through berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of
13 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = reason for the wall = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[
14 around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional professionals and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]]
15 germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore ,
16 [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to
17 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their
23 prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc ]] and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 2 able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
52 ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) =
59 ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of
85 . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered
86 guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 9 . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on november 9 , 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers
40900572 40901025 2006-02-23 19:47:05 0 days 00:03:54 89179 2 between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate response effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 3 ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led
40908066 40909194 2006-02-23 20:53:17 0 days 00:09:08 89179 0 surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post -
40909194 40915337 2006-02-23 21:35:30 0 days 00:42:13 0|145.254.88.42 0 east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the gaurds guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 1 east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 , 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall
2 , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on november 9 ]] , 1989 , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently
11 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four
13 were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . ; all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it
35 air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte
39 = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other
47 the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[
48 to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until
59 to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded
41076983 41103735 2006-02-25 01:46:11 0 days 03:24:03 756170 0 east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
41618920 41618954 2006-02-28 15:38:46 0 days 00:00:19 0|65.241.105.4 0 [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel funnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / >
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 4 [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a funnel tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / >
41672202 41672218 2006-02-28 23:48:21 0 days 00:00:08 0|69.15.111.135 0 | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 5 | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin
41675215 41710361 2006-03-01 05:34:43 0 days 05:27:08 0|68.77.149.177 0 - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
41761508 41791823 2006-03-01 19:59:28 0 days 04:21:38 769378 1 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite
42452968 42535304 2006-03-06 21:07:47 0 days 12:19:03 0|69.118.136.26 0 east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to alied allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west
42688981 42743997 2006-03-08 02:29:01 0 days 06:23:18 0|150.101.251.66 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by harley built the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]]
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 0 became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s 1980s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 12 became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of the [[ soviet union ]] , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 0 , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the
2 which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic
43657363 43706232 2006-03-14 09:31:41 0 days 07:44:09 686868 0 kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = =
44113664 44126829 2006-03-16 23:24:43 0 days 01:31:01 0|152.163.100.73 0 divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ [ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the
44178144 44190650 2006-03-17 09:49:27 0 days 02:45:19 1097544 0 divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [ [[ democracy | democratic ] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " across the border , the german democratic republic
44223640 44251332 2006-03-17 19:32:49 0 days 03:44:59 97 0 west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the
44255513 44256239 2006-03-17 20:12:17 0 days 00:06:18 97 0 and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
1 able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements ]] . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december
45807050 45851032 2006-03-28 13:04:10 0 days 08:56:46 177152 2 armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well of german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the
46980459 47329140 2006-04-06 23:59:49 2 days 03:10:32 1084957 0 able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements ]] . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
1 to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers agreements ]] . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 5 more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some while after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax
49049354 49049560 2006-04-18 20:15:02 0 days 00:01:42 6661 3 " economic miracle " . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of
51451925 51460452 2006-05-04 01:46:05 0 days 01:09:32 0|205.188.117.13 0 economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east west germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight
51460452 51468255 2006-05-04 02:51:56 0 days 01:05:51 46160 0 economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while west east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 6 khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] all a jewish trick . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961
51928692 51987616 2006-05-07 15:05:21 0 days 11:26:57 0|80.134.172.176 0 ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 2 scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kda ( combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of
3 city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed
7 west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around
9 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 7 betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor willy brandt , who strongly criticized the [[ united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the
9 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 11 and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961
12 able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 11 and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 ,
12 were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 ,
51999602 52000258 2006-05-07 16:49:40 0 days 00:04:52 0|216.49.149.108 1 , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased ,
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 0 ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of
52875779 52941290 2006-05-13 02:44:14 0 days 07:58:05 732708 0 german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the
53306315 53307729 2006-05-15 12:56:25 0 days 00:11:40 1311057 0 the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . <
1 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref
3 same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy ]] ( ' ' " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner
53720035 53756081 2006-05-17 21:59:22 0 days 03:48:44 0|205.201.150.62 0 = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster your mom for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high -
53756081 53756513 2006-05-17 22:01:59 0 days 00:02:37 1008387 0 = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was your mom a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high -
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 1 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year ' ' ' [[ media : [[ media : ' ' [[ media : [[ media : yea [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] ]] ' ' ]] ]] ' ' ' r " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] .
2 most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans gad to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 0 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - ' ' ' [[ media : [[ media : ' ' [[ media : [[ media : yea [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] ]] ' ' ]] ]] ' ' ' r year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] .
1 most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east gad germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[
55092631 55133900 2006-05-25 20:55:19 0 days 04:05:56 207712 0 military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] )
55957411 56079244 2006-05-31 05:43:40 0 days 12:49:21 0|208.97.212.126 0 chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split killed . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated
56079244 56106564 2006-05-31 10:57:05 0 days 05:13:25 26468 0 chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were killed split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated
56501936 56634891 2006-06-03 08:19:57 0 days 17:37:54 0|207.176.159.90 1 ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
56634891 56635024 2006-06-03 08:21:42 0 days 00:01:45 0|207.176.159.90 1 ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by 99 . 94 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 10 = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 2 and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol marielle of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter
10 which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers nu marielle mbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 1 and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic marielle symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter
9 which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge nu marielle mbers numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with
58219714 58219835 2006-06-12 15:36:40 0 days 00:01:14 0|24.60.99.51 1 brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch rioted . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 0 became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government
63858464 64266637 2006-07-17 10:56:13 2 days 12:48:25 0|212.135.1.53 0 ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern togovern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and
64266637 64266709 2006-07-17 10:57:06 0 days 00:00:53 292494 0 ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers togovern to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 1 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards that shit , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[
71268025 71312889 2006-08-23 03:59:55 0 days 04:44:09 0|69.120.239.106 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he would be wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
71312889 71494775 2006-08-24 00:29:38 0 days 20:29:43 0|24.192.17.34 0 the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier (
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 4 occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]]
74099098 74099174 2006-09-06 08:48:36 0 days 00:00:47 169140 0 as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in inside the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal
1 seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the 1947 borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic
75549141 75891347 2006-09-15 15:07:31 1 days 20:43:11 0|66.4.85.2 0 u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade
75891347 76033450 2006-09-16 11:30:16 0 days 20:22:45 302522 0 u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 3 in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though
82429985 82453547 2006-10-19 17:14:13 0 days 02:20:43 0|81.99.104.254 2 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = ]] ' ' < / s > many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 1 the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for
2 wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to for the vastly ounumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular
3 overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 4 however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 4 however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the
82880299 82973519 2006-10-22 08:52:15 0 days 11:29:41 1674175 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = ]] ' ' < / s > many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
3 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ;
83915688 84594123 2006-10-30 10:15:47 3 days 13:23:55 231103 0 - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly ounumbered outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with
84628126 84628356 2006-10-30 15:08:34 0 days 00:01:17 0|216.79.72.2 0 germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government
84630440 84632700 2006-10-30 15:33:12 0 days 00:13:01 1008387 1 germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now
86124572 86124851 2006-11-06 21:03:39 0 days 00:01:10 350153 0 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 2 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length
86189806 86190303 2006-11-07 02:38:26 0 days 00:02:54 0|69.171.51.116 0 including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = molly hogan doesn ' t know any of this stuff . johnny spiggle knows too much of it . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
86978923 86988216 2006-11-10 19:08:05 0 days 00:49:24 0|168.254.226.29 0 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of beenpoooooooooooooooop [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west
86988216 86988970 2006-11-10 19:12:25 0 days 00:04:20 572610 0 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had beenpoooooooooooooooop been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west
87780800 87780827 2006-11-14 16:24:25 0 days 00:00:12 0|63.253.45.100 1 allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed get to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) ,
90933935 90997156 2006-11-29 21:38:15 0 days 04:30:07 0|86.17.150.245 0 border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' &
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 15 . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 8 , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins /
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 5 berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category :
7 platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
93881282 94109350 2006-12-13 19:09:56 0 days 23:12:55 0|209.188.180.188 0 west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the niggers [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was
94109350 94113687 2006-12-13 19:30:53 0 days 00:20:57 302522 0 west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the niggers [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was
94444428 94445836 2006-12-15 04:29:25 0 days 00:09:48 0|67.173.253.172 0 . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west east berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly
94445836 94446525 2006-12-15 04:34:23 0 days 00:04:58 3032809 0 . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in east west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 1 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie
95481558 95577793 2006-12-20 20:03:50 0 days 11:42:06 0|204.169.239.254 0 following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] callyn administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william
95577793 95578776 2006-12-20 20:08:51 0 days 00:05:01 302522 0 following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the callyn [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william
98180477 98180975 2007-01-03 14:42:49 0 days 00:02:48 0|168.216.125.69 2 close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe .
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 17 to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , 000 hours in memory of those who had stripped died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe .
21 which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
23 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s '
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 2 economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million
8 border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a
99969068 100000315 2007-01-11 15:13:55 0 days 04:06:40 0|216.182.16.234 0 ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . the berlin wall was taken down by the two true american boys ben baker and john latona . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 =
100000315 100000629 2007-01-11 15:15:48 0 days 00:01:53 302522 0 ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . the berlin wall was taken down by the two true american boys ben baker and john latona . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 =
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 9 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . jesus . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression
34 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . sony . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 9 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . jesus . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression
34 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . sony . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
100920432 100940360 2007-01-15 20:23:22 0 days 01:29:37 2181758 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 0 travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour labor and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] ,
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labor labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
2 travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labor labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] ,
103399344 103509663 2007-01-27 01:11:09 0 days 08:55:47 488078 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
104156137 104347998 2007-01-30 16:01:13 0 days 19:49:57 3399845 2 crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was as he rammed through the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image :
104530997 104590496 2007-01-31 15:18:27 0 days 08:03:12 0|205.232.7.2 0 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families arjun moojani ' s were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
104590496 104591095 2007-01-31 15:21:42 0 days 00:03:15 0|205.232.7.2 0 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many arjun moojani ' s elephants were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
104591095 104658046 2007-01-31 20:12:43 0 days 04:51:01 441020 0 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many elephants families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
104799945 104902018 2007-02-01 19:22:41 0 days 10:56:46 0|205.232.7.2 0 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families elephants were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
104902018 104915381 2007-02-01 20:21:10 0 days 00:58:29 302522 0 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many elephants families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
107344179 107480065 2007-02-12 03:49:05 0 days 10:55:18 0|69.161.208.92 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many mheany families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
107480065 107483743 2007-02-12 04:08:35 0 days 00:19:30 911178 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = mheany many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
107483743 107519831 2007-02-12 08:27:28 0 days 04:18:53 0|211.30.231.155 0 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 1962 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ;
107519831 107521915 2007-02-12 08:47:09 0 days 00:19:41 302522 0 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1962 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ;
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 0 both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was proved a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after
2 was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became as a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts
6 to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder
7 control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 20 " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961
21 this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik atlantis ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] ,
22 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut
27 , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built
31 by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on
39 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] wal★mart | wall★mart ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
50 . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to
62 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 20 " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961
21 this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik atlantis ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] ,
22 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut
27 , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built
31 by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on
39 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] wal★mart | wall★mart ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
50 . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to
62 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 20 " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961
21 this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik atlantis ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] ,
22 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut
27 , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built
31 by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on
39 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] wal★mart | wall★mart ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
50 . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to
62 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111392335 111392675 2007-02-27 19:36:10 0 days 00:01:26 0|205.126.63.15 1 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of inernet is the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union |
111885825 112425768 2007-03-03 22:40:12 2 days 03:34:32 0|24.85.243.4 0 economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly more prosperous west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner
112425768 112425941 2007-03-03 22:41:00 0 days 00:00:48 0|24.85.243.4 0 | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly more prosperous wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner
113138879 113258777 2007-03-07 06:12:14 0 days 09:48:35 0|67.160.16.40 0 soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its steve citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin
113258777 113258907 2007-03-07 06:13:11 0 days 00:00:57 0|67.160.16.40 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its steve citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 1 united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned
115431749 115567915 2007-03-16 15:10:47 0 days 15:51:25 0|170.211.170.126 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . and he ate her out the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression
115570458 115589605 2007-03-16 16:51:48 0 days 01:28:43 0|70.61.12.34 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . and he ate her out the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 4 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 3 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 4 , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was " prepared the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image :
5 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 1 wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared was the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east
4 police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel too old to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 4 , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was " prepared the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image :
5 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 2 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , project but this which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' '
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 3 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for the project but this wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny
117292393 117354193 2007-03-23 19:40:25 0 days 04:50:00 0|206.176.109.44 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
117486747 117487278 2007-03-24 09:35:03 0 days 00:05:58 302522 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labor labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 7 and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for
117829832 117902618 2007-03-26 02:40:22 0 days 05:58:05 1804716 0 decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
117902618 117902707 2007-03-26 02:40:50 0 days 00:00:28 1804716 0 the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges privileges and power . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 2 what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 , the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly
3 east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors protests had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not
8 human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privileges and power . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 5 ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east northern germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic
7 established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non -
8 one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . it was around this time that adolf hitler took one for the team and killed all the niggers and jews in the world . hitler be praised ! down with the niggers ! the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
9 advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east northwestern germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent
118639947 118654236 2007-03-29 00:15:44 0 days 01:04:37 0|217.35.114.114 0 one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . it was around this time that adolf hitler took one for the team and killed all the niggers and jews in the world . hitler be praised ! down with the niggers ! ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 5 ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while northern east germany became one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic
7 established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while northern germany became one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing
8 many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern east germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent
13 one of the richest , most powerful countries in the southern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 9 nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states brendon urie | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]]
119880200 119982132 2007-04-03 14:47:50 0 days 12:22:26 0|204.10.221.252 1 established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity bast holla at me at dont worry about it . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the
121058451 121253403 2007-04-08 20:10:34 0 days 22:14:13 0|68.96.195.110 0 bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and , legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
121253403 121253825 2007-04-08 20:12:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|68.96.195.110 0 bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently , and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 6 the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent stupid juan stupid juan of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 9 the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying stupid juan stupid juan deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[
123133290 123170754 2007-04-16 04:54:29 0 days 03:16:36 0|66.75.121.62 0 soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its ugly citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin
123170754 123170811 2007-04-16 04:54:53 0 days 00:00:24 722227 0 soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its ugly citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin
123239676 123290696 2007-04-16 17:02:47 0 days 03:41:47 0|206.82.21.217 0 dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism respect even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens
123290696 123314173 2007-04-16 18:40:46 0 days 01:37:59 911178 0 dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with respect skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens
123314173 123391321 2007-04-16 23:49:48 0 days 05:09:02 0|71.99.153.188 1 economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german
123391321 123394654 2007-04-17 00:05:47 0 days 00:15:59 911178 1 economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german
123515047 123515343 2007-04-17 12:58:56 0 days 00:01:33 0|24.73.99.18 3 style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked pooked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany
4 economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german
123515343 123515484 2007-04-17 12:59:37 0 days 00:00:41 3647339 1 , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced potatoes countries in the eastern blocky , many of its citizens still pooked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east
3 style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced potatoes in the eastern blocky , many of its citizens still pooked looked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to
4 economy ]] . while east potatoes became one of the richest , most advanced potatoes in the eastern blocky , many of its citizens still pooked to the significantly wealthier west potatoes for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 7 ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the
124348301 124348642 2007-04-20 13:10:55 0 days 00:01:41 4180587 0 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy econ3sw4fgyhujiomy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for
124348642 124348704 2007-04-20 13:11:16 0 days 00:00:21 3184712 1 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command econ3sw4fgyhujiomy economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for
125580463 125580530 2007-04-24 18:12:21 0 days 00:00:17 238308 1 deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained a of nazi germany and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
127488398 127490114 2007-05-01 19:12:54 0 days 00:07:10 0|166.127.1.201 0 the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . ukikil : iiliopl ' il ' kkiklil ' kil ' meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
127490114 127493217 2007-05-01 19:26:23 0 days 00:13:29 911178 0 the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million ukikil : iiliopl ' il ' kkiklil ' kil ' people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated bl the new krenz government and in
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 2 , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 4 deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]]
128122655 128140895 2007-05-04 04:30:18 0 days 01:56:54 0|67.188.185.11 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour labor and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
128140895 128156051 2007-05-04 06:38:38 0 days 02:08:20 3647339 0 built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labor labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] ,
128208648 128224669 2007-05-04 15:23:14 0 days 01:17:51 0|206.227.19.200 0 ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political po33 l freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]]
128224669 128224981 2007-05-04 15:24:41 0 days 00:01:27 302522 0 ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for po33 l political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]]
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 6 . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german utc ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] "
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 3 . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin a sudden she started to throw up . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other
131079532 131079741 2007-05-15 17:42:45 0 days 00:00:57 0|69.74.130.15 0 became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . balls . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
131079886 131080240 2007-05-15 17:44:41 0 days 00:01:22 1999318 2 became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity balls . . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
131437212 131437442 2007-05-17 01:16:16 0 days 00:01:03 0|71.48.127.221 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many nbkewgn . lksfdaagfnjsdnfsajnkl ; jfkdljsksahnjahatyiojfdkvsnjkdhdjfhjnmv . lkjfielhwg . njmuymifjafafjkfljafajlfjkfakjafjkafafjkaffjkfjkafjkafjafjafjkafdljkafjkafjkafjkafjkafjkafdjkafjkajagini - nvnjiefejkfwcldanknmvmany families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
131437442 131437579 2007-05-17 01:17:11 0 days 00:00:55 506179 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = nbkewgn . lksfdaagfnjsdnfsajnkl ; jfkdljsksahnjahatyiojfdkvsnjkdhdjfhjnmv . lkjfielhwg . njmuymifjafafjkfljafajlfjkfakjafjkafafjkaffjkfjkafjkafjafjafjkafdljkafjkafjkafjkafjkafjkafdjkafjkajagini - nvnjiefejkfwcldanknmvmany many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
132298025 132298254 2007-05-20 21:18:24 0 days 00:01:13 0|70.143.50.176 4 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans fgkl ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels ,
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 4 allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . fgkl ; d ; m to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' '
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 8 to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had
14 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 a million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through
16 demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold
19 the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks checking . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall
24 the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers
25 crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell .
132623467 132681776 2007-05-22 14:05:37 0 days 07:32:23 0|205.121.40.46 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . dieter ' s family included many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against
132681776 132707539 2007-05-22 16:11:39 0 days 02:06:02 2563338 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . dieter ' s family included many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 11 relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border entering west berlin would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next
12 demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses , crowds of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the
20 union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 8 f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result
133979980 134353680 2007-05-29 17:09:46 1 days 15:31:26 4479652 0 | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by members of the ussr . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
134353680 134353849 2007-05-29 17:10:34 0 days 00:00:48 4479652 0 berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by members of the ussr . to bad ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
134354229 134354264 2007-05-29 17:12:26 0 days 00:00:10 131286 1 berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by members of the ussr . to bad ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ha ha ha ha ! loser ! when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
140558629 141009668 2007-06-27 18:29:45 2 days 01:06:28 0|212.187.155.91 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . peenuses and huge willies occupied gays and horny slaves used for takin the westerners from behind . many of these slave traders were in the gay trade , these gays went for less as there mothers did not like them . james hammond has a tiny cock that he tries 2 shuv up robbie ritchies arse even tho robbie dusnt really like him . james also has no life outside of cricket maths and scouts , he is ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! gay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against
1 families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . hugh williams thakes felix from behind . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence
141010294 141010534 2007-06-27 18:33:50 0 days 00:01:09 125534 0 fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . peenuses and huge willies occupied gays and horny slaves used for takin the westerners from behind . many of these slave traders were in the gay trade , these gays went for less as there mothers did not like them . james hammond has a tiny cock that he tries 2 shuv up robbie ritchies arse even tho robbie dusnt really like him . james also has no life outside of cricket maths and scouts , he is ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! gay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! many east berliners were cut off their peenuses from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . hugh williams
2 ! ! many east berliners were cut off their peenuses from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . hugh williams thakes felix from behind . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence
142504621 142514453 2007-07-04 19:20:38 0 days 00:50:04 715870 0 wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[
1 ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 , ]] [[ 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]]
144205863 144610864 2007-07-14 14:58:02 1 days 22:43:17 0|81.149.65.139 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . rumour has it that part of [[ david copperfield ]] was still stuck in the wall and that ' s why the wall had to come down . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
144610939 144611017 2007-07-14 14:59:00 0 days 00:00:28 1473558 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . rumour has it that part of [[ david copperfield ]] was still stuck in the wall and that ' s why the wall had to come down . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
149429209 149669712 2007-08-07 01:44:28 1 days 02:42:08 0|75.18.125.76 0 berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 1999 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
149669712 149669838 2007-08-07 01:45:18 0 days 00:00:50 2437942 0 berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1999 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
150230613 150326138 2007-08-10 04:12:43 0 days 09:17:14 715870 0 , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket black market was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used
1 was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol
150804911 150820185 2007-08-12 20:07:08 0 days 01:39:13 0|70.76.242.208 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this peroid around 1000 people were killed trying to escape to the west . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
150879717 150880869 2007-08-13 02:41:42 0 days 00:07:57 400934 2 wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between
150995835 150996069 2007-08-13 17:51:45 0 days 00:01:15 0|68.61.138.56 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
150996069 150997375 2007-08-13 17:59:19 0 days 00:07:34 302522 0 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus "
151046095 151093276 2007-08-14 03:23:10 0 days 05:00:24 0|216.239.86.217 1 began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period around 1000 people were killed trying to escape to the west . [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 4 , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] .
5 territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old
12 ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force
37 ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[
58 s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in
64 german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was now largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it
69 of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly
153257087 153261470 2007-08-24 01:02:51 0 days 00:26:17 4927734 6 | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
153326548 153394593 2007-08-24 18:14:49 0 days 08:46:02 715870 3 ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 3 western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . fuck if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007
153780641 153783102 2007-08-26 18:08:39 0 days 00:15:33 0|200.95.157.122 0 over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east easteast grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 2 over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the easteast east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after
4 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . fuck . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007
5 western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . fuck . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did
159701939 160013834 2007-09-24 13:59:12 1 days 13:42:50 0|81.107.164.107 2 [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 2 [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 49 walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins ,
50 was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , robert t . ( ed . ) , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961
160590401 160590724 2007-09-27 00:25:29 0 days 00:01:28 0|70.119.146.173 1 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of your mom ]] what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 3 and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate over when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
12 [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin
13 explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
161457070 161587472 2007-10-01 16:26:18 0 days 13:17:13 0|142.25.180.27 0 de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 3 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc .
1 dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 0000000000000000 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co .
161587472 161587761 2007-10-01 16:27:41 0 days 00:01:23 0|142.25.180.27 0 / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 3 , 0000000000000000 , many of them strippers , people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co .
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 2 dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 3 , 0000000000000000 , many of them strippers , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co .
162086343 162086635 2007-10-03 20:13:23 0 days 00:01:33 0|142.25.180.23 0 the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects good afternoon mr . ball = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in
162088730 162088831 2007-10-03 20:24:13 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 4 the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects good afternoon mr . ball = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 4 ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > ! ! ! ! = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 8 graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = there was no fall ! ! ! ! , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 5 germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic e ' ' ' conomic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which
6 countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east ]] germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 5 germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and e ' ' ' conomic economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east ]] germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of
6 bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and e ' ' ' conomic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east ]] germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent
163412267 163642056 2007-10-10 20:04:39 0 days 23:01:02 0|142.25.180.42 0 de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 50 million homeless people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co .
163642056 163749827 2007-10-11 06:19:48 0 days 10:15:09 5451838 0 de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 50 million homeless 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co .
163749827 163777834 2007-10-11 10:38:01 0 days 04:18:13 0|194.83.177.252 0 intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing
163777834 163818437 2007-10-11 15:16:59 0 days 04:38:58 5451838 0 intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with scepticism skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing
164137420 164330493 2007-10-13 18:45:56 0 days 21:16:25 0|76.85.139.125 0 ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 2 hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in
165246708 165409653 2007-10-18 14:20:18 0 days 18:42:16 0|89.240.178.51 0 between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the
165409865 165410058 2007-10-18 14:22:40 0 days 00:01:07 0|89.240.178.51 0 although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american u . s . zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including
165411104 165439567 2007-10-18 16:57:22 0 days 02:28:58 0|142.227.143.2 0 of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = who did the berlin wall effect the most ? the americans thats who truman was unable to get is annual feast of weinerschnitzels because of it . this led to him becoming an alchoholic and destroying the universe . many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
165439567 165440999 2007-10-18 17:04:11 0 days 00:06:49 0|142.227.143.2 0 of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = who did the berlin wall effect the most ? the americans thats who truman was unable to get is annual feast of weinerschnitzels because of it . this led to him becoming an alchoholic and destroying the universe . many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 4 although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and u . s . american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 3 . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany
166728962 166736883 2007-10-24 13:07:54 0 days 00:58:13 50001 0 and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the
167041187 167041398 2007-10-25 19:06:25 0 days 00:01:01 0|205.202.92.219 0 glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into adams named jill five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german /
167041398 167041547 2007-10-25 19:07:06 0 days 00:00:41 0|199.71.183.2 0 glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into adams named jill five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german /
167283465 167283597 2007-10-26 20:11:01 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.202.92.219 3 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be band trust mee formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin )
167283597 167284000 2007-10-26 20:13:12 0 days 00:02:11 0|140.254.80.182 4 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to band trust mee be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin )
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 0 world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee the east to west berlin and west germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / /
172766139 172911699 2007-11-21 14:34:51 0 days 18:14:00 137113 1 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
172928210 172964319 2007-11-21 19:46:06 0 days 03:21:59 0|99.241.4.63 0 an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a
173794040 173856195 2007-11-26 08:58:24 0 days 07:41:10 137113 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was need to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany
173857115 173862066 2007-11-26 10:01:15 0 days 00:52:47 137113 1 describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall a [[ separtion barrier ]] was need to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in
2 as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was need needed to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold
173862066 173862819 2007-11-26 10:09:11 0 days 00:07:56 137113 0 simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separtion separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 3 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important ' ' implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in
174746112 174834859 2007-11-30 14:39:05 0 days 11:56:47 137113 0 ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 27 wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border
28 . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups troops of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 27 physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the
29 . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the construction of the death star , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ space combat troops of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border
179441714 179812877 2007-12-23 18:12:04 1 days 22:51:24 0|190.70.124.194 1 east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it
180988262 181089181 2007-12-31 00:22:51 0 days 09:30:36 0|208.104.149.90 2 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while < big > east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms
181089350 181089537 2007-12-31 00:25:02 0 days 00:01:08 0|208.104.149.90 1 > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and < font size = 300 > economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of
2 , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . < / font > the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 3 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while < big > east germany < / big > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier
181459680 181693151 2008-01-02 20:46:56 0 days 22:21:22 0|68.5.232.120 2 [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[
183547378 184366804 2008-01-14 23:45:27 3 days 21:02:59 6196231 0 , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force also he wowed the west german public with a speech which included a line which said ' ich bin ein berlinner ' which means i am a berlinner . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name
184368603 184372239 2008-01-15 00:13:37 0 days 00:19:06 2537811 0 , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force also he wowed the west berlin public with a speech which included a line which said ' ich bin ein berlinner ' which means i am a berlinner . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 3 them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , '
188248620 188267466 2008-01-31 23:53:31 0 days 01:29:28 0|96.236.160.187 1 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups boobs of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the
188267848 188267882 2008-01-31 23:55:40 0 days 00:00:13 191149 1 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd boobs battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the
188405306 188405481 2008-02-01 16:55:05 0 days 00:00:50 134937 1 strip " ]] sdsddthe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating chicken [[ west berlin ]] from [[ beef ] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder
191873337 191875318 2008-02-16 16:40:01 0 days 00:09:57 0|209.162.56.146 1 the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that he got arrested and fought and also made it so entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next
192015176 192015808 2008-02-17 06:59:52 0 days 00:05:58 686868 0 kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that it visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next
192015808 192016546 2008-02-17 07:05:38 0 days 00:05:46 686868 0 - german - german history ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http
1 german history ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
193677464 193760678 2008-02-24 20:07:47 0 days 09:06:04 0|76.109.48.180 0 and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west east berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[
193760678 193766290 2008-02-24 20:33:43 0 days 00:25:56 2537811 0 and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; east west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[
194702172 194773742 2008-02-28 23:32:17 0 days 05:15:22 3976515 0 [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 at least 133 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world .
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 0 authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked west germans wanted to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east
4 germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million stop east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 12 a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from defecting east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency
13 into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany germans , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the
19 denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany |
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 13 a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming defecting the exodus of people from east germans , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency
197077031 197298490 2008-03-10 19:23:53 0 days 22:25:54 0|66.177.163.235 0 the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many super cool families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners
197298490 197298614 2008-03-10 19:24:15 0 days 00:00:22 2306142 0 the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many super cool families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners
197723011 197723532 2008-03-12 14:36:28 0 days 00:02:45 3505251 0 between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although travel traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 2 en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . yet another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a
9 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
197732484 197733354 2008-03-12 15:27:51 0 days 00:04:39 3505251 0 of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
197799039 197872871 2008-03-13 02:03:44 0 days 05:41:57 3554446 0 " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east west germany became rich , many west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 6 germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 234 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
8 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 1948 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 6 germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 234 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
8 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1948 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin
23 planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs on thw west . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed
198984976 198994478 2008-03-18 01:49:15 0 days 01:49:34 0|63.174.41.113 0 ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then 400 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was
198994478 198994578 2008-03-18 01:49:42 0 days 00:00:27 0|63.174.41.113 0 [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then 400 , 000 , 000 , 000 , 000 germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin .
199087135 199097590 2008-03-18 15:10:52 0 days 00:51:54 3505251 0 ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall more then germans crossed , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was
199097590 199097835 2008-03-18 15:12:04 0 days 00:01:12 3505251 0 were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [
200567003 200626917 2008-03-24 20:41:25 0 days 04:15:07 0|69.249.55.70 0 ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 1 = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 2 considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east he is so small and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between
203261930 204483075 2008-04-09 16:39:02 5 days 05:37:54 137113 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name =
204493107 204725508 2008-04-10 16:47:10 0 days 23:17:59 137113 1 soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility
210686797 210716210 2008-05-07 02:13:29 0 days 02:42:09 0|76.246.244.54 0 government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 1 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass
2 : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' other east european countries ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a
9 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 8 . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to
12 = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land .
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 48 the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire
57 with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in
95 ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
98 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and
231103661 231103940 2008-08-10 22:14:59 0 days 00:01:34 4626 0 [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited
231103940 231117861 2008-08-10 23:34:15 0 days 01:19:16 0|75.72.179.139 0 company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order
237730525 237758626 2008-09-11 18:11:26 0 days 02:28:30 137113 0 [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited
237758626 237870717 2008-09-12 04:52:17 0 days 10:40:51 0|69.143.253.120 3 ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east
237870717 237881567 2008-09-12 06:22:52 0 days 01:30:35 5177550 3 ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 7 . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension
8 control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers originally intended to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal
9 council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to jointly govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic
10 , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin
12 germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while as west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however
16 in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , the police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut
26 the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and
27 germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration emigrate to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for
28 closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and west germany . many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west
29 = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and , while east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
51 east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at
67 döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been
68 a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 6 , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 0 elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted
4 german border controls . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly again with the intent to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an
32 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti -
33 the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who
34 crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength celebration and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known
35 september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to
43 placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with . they also make five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 31 strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an
32 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti -
33 the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who
34 crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength celebration and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known
35 september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to
43 placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with . they also make five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 2 of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]]
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 3 of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]]
247265491 247306171 2008-10-24 02:34:49 0 days 04:07:40 0|24.3.94.62 0 inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides beesides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day
247306171 247307048 2008-10-24 02:40:49 0 days 00:06:00 6660588 0 inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = beesides besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 2 known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
254112696 254991403 2008-11-30 13:38:13 4 days 14:32:05 6661 0 infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy
254991403 254999894 2008-11-30 14:50:38 0 days 01:12:25 686868 0 infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 5 the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961
255865951 255867827 2008-12-04 17:08:22 0 days 00:11:40 8459763 0 nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by jordan treichel and czar dunbar iii of the ussr . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 6 wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 3 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) | m | yd }} farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land ]]
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 6 least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 20 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 3 trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 20 , 000 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 2 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of ofsshitt fuuuuucccccccccccccccck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding
10 democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border =
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 2 subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent ofsshitt fuuuuucccccccccccccccck ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding
12 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border
258720479 258721141 2008-12-18 04:03:40 0 days 00:05:01 0|65.34.164.186 1 ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
258721141 258721821 2008-12-18 04:08:41 0 days 00:05:01 352579 1 wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
259263977 259288175 2008-12-21 04:25:00 0 days 03:02:05 1439530 0 , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
260029692 260620165 2008-12-29 05:09:55 3 days 19:24:26 736477 2 manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin ,
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 6 in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided
7 berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november
263617744 263696071 2009-01-12 23:52:01 0 days 06:25:51 0|90.42.7.114 0 word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name =
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 5 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda pro da as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 5 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in pro da propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 2 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda pro da as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 2 the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in pro da propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) .
266386611 266392994 2009-01-25 21:46:14 0 days 00:33:28 240413 1 . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[
267775871 267776359 2009-02-01 05:51:18 0 days 00:04:09 214542 1 germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit on visiting western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel '
3 ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 1 germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was
11 return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this
16 through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 4 least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 1 million people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 3 trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe .
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 5 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders nothing they could do , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin )
10 for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " over 200 innocent people were killed this way . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border &
269853148 269853251 2009-02-10 21:26:08 0 days 00:00:28 0|76.118.246.211 0 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ the republic of dave ]] from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 5 was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in
274161969 274163024 2009-03-01 15:52:59 0 days 00:05:46 0|98.203.110.141 0 , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = murp due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many
274163024 274163078 2009-03-01 15:53:14 0 days 00:00:15 1064243 0 , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = murp due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many
276264216 276264493 2009-03-10 13:23:14 0 days 00:01:45 0|76.74.69.103 1 least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 3 , 000 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der -
276264493 276264581 2009-03-10 13:23:50 0 days 00:00:36 1298255 1 least 69 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 3 , 000 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der -
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 2 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher |
3 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001
278889365 279055999 2009-03-23 01:01:44 0 days 19:26:50 0|24.211.61.230 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split
279055999 279056685 2009-03-23 01:06:16 0 days 00:04:32 0|24.211.61.230 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to ass holes in the war closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split
279056685 279056784 2009-03-23 01:06:56 0 days 00:00:40 0|24.211.61.230 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to ass holes in the war closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families
279056784 279058833 2009-03-23 01:19:54 0 days 00:12:58 6984319 0 , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the war the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split
279635295 279717154 2009-03-26 01:50:34 0 days 07:15:48 0|67.71.5.81 0 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving easter eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name =
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 4 thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that
283682015 283682122 2009-04-14 00:19:14 0 days 00:00:40 1099776 0 - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girmann girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the
287077460 288317163 2009-05-06 18:40:49 6 days 01:59:42 0|63.133.248.1 1 a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see
289234263 289234383 2009-05-11 11:23:50 0 days 00:01:08 0|189.13.118.213 1 make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity prosperitydade for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate .
289234383 289234676 2009-05-11 11:27:00 0 days 00:03:10 1099776 2 would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperitydade prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate .
289370073 289417269 2009-05-12 07:29:26 0 days 06:12:49 1143897 1 in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . {{ cn }} as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in
289778757 289779282 2009-05-14 00:07:11 0 days 00:02:48 1233313 5 and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee
289860859 290338187 2009-05-16 16:23:54 2 days 04:51:35 67136 1 in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . {{ fact | date = may 2009 }} as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in
292030037 292112571 2009-05-24 23:21:44 0 days 07:26:26 1322359 3 manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due
296568780 296636215 2009-06-15 22:23:42 0 days 05:53:37 0|74.75.170.166 0 travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave enslave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for
296636337 296640805 2009-06-15 22:50:58 0 days 00:26:32 6984319 0 travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enslave enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 0 as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by
3 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 2 / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary since the fall of the wall from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 5 capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the and the other occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be
6 as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended , including the soviets ' refusal to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal
7 of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany
8 allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united state and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany (
9 control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and
10 council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german
11 zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic
12 although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]]
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 10 schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 4 berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that travelled traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of
8 to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb
306540083 306540519 2009-08-07 04:51:04 0 days 00:04:35 6984319 1 the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
306563071 306601037 2009-08-07 13:47:30 0 days 05:20:44 2109078 0 symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german ' s germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from
307884163 308149981 2009-08-15 17:08:42 1 days 11:27:52 0|90.200.32.121 1 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans united kindom had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during
308149981 308150074 2009-08-15 17:09:16 0 days 00:00:34 10141256 0 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . berlin is in ireland prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million united kindom east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during
308602478 308630655 2009-08-18 06:07:14 0 days 03:31:02 0|76.102.223.241 0 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 3 regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 1 issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day
2 crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further at least dm 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to
4 exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points
7 , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east
9 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing
312588680 312604952 2009-09-08 15:42:25 0 days 01:44:54 6971250 0 were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate
3 city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 1 section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 64 weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements
65 s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in
75 ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and [[ 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' '
104 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , [[ 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and
108 : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west
122 the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
123 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost
158 < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic
177 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 13 history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the
15 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht
85 with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in
142 including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
315895948 315936287 2009-09-24 15:46:09 0 days 03:44:10 0|200.123.7.30 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection growth , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
315936287 315937033 2009-09-24 15:49:47 0 days 00:03:38 911178 0 germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s growth erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
316135766 316135931 2009-09-25 15:12:42 0 days 00:01:07 0|64.18.44.15 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many
316135931 316136300 2009-09-25 15:15:06 0 days 00:02:24 518872 1 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to andy russell the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many
316487238 316592493 2009-09-28 00:27:11 0 days 10:50:20 0|64.18.36.165 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall andy russell ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many
316592493 316592574 2009-09-28 00:27:44 0 days 00:00:33 0|64.18.36.165 1 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to andy russell ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 10 ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied
18 elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]]
20 exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing
23 , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin
318295676 318864606 2009-10-09 13:29:12 2 days 18:49:36 0|66.203.21.94 1 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s matt gallimores erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the
318868236 318870568 2009-10-09 14:12:19 0 days 00:16:08 0|82.151.243.166 1 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the matt gallimores wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 13 of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight ,
22 put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | ]] ( kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were
23 place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along
322559727 322561037 2009-10-28 16:38:20 0 days 00:07:55 0|91.104.98.76 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets ( this is all bollocks ) and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial
322561220 322561590 2009-10-28 16:41:33 0 days 00:02:11 6971250 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets ( this is all bollocks ) and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial
322959932 323262651 2009-11-01 11:50:25 1 days 17:53:01 0|89.240.74.46 1 . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} '
323262651 323263727 2009-11-01 12:02:04 0 days 00:11:39 5812172 0 . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} '
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 3 ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " this regime , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 3 | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / >
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 6 patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in from east germany . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several
7 was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
8 built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 1 accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[
3 stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' '
324469466 324471459 2009-11-07 15:31:11 0 days 00:16:05 0|173.78.68.123 2 also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 2 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection ( hard on ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 8 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection ( hard on ) , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border
324762884 324766643 2009-11-09 02:34:35 0 days 00:24:56 2263282 0 | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch
324852165 324854673 2009-11-09 15:48:05 0 days 00:16:42 0|115.187.16.3 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . roshan dhakal during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324854673 324855461 2009-11-09 15:53:16 0 days 00:05:11 6971250 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . roshan dhakal during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 5 / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 300 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 5 / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 200 and 300 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
324902901 324906773 2009-11-09 20:48:34 0 days 00:19:35 0|128.237.250.231 1 - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 18 , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 19th . , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]]
324911771 324912788 2009-11-09 21:20:08 0 days 00:05:34 0|192.234.216.250 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west east germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern
324913447 324914209 2009-11-09 21:27:55 0 days 00:04:10 0|96.50.68.135 0 | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to east west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern
324919679 324919964 2009-11-09 21:59:36 0 days 00:01:21 1477111 1 > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is a detailed accounting of the sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader
324940062 324941032 2009-11-09 23:48:24 0 days 00:04:42 16710 1 had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de |
324968388 324972093 2009-11-10 02:50:04 0 days 00:22:49 67136 0 france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th . , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth
1 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just
324997704 324997757 2009-11-10 05:51:49 0 days 00:00:26 440983 0 name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii
1 miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the natzi rules . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii ,
325109943 325110541 2009-11-10 20:27:49 0 days 00:03:13 0|173.78.68.123 2 the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = =
325148147 325152552 2009-11-11 00:25:47 0 days 00:26:30 0|71.71.32.118 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . i ' ' ' love vanessa soooooooooooooooooooooooo ' ' ' during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
325152552 325152854 2009-11-11 00:27:42 0 days 00:01:55 0|165.228.206.32 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . i ' ' ' love vanessa soooooooooooooooooooooooo ' ' ' during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
325190637 325218548 2009-11-11 09:49:27 0 days 04:42:15 13531 0 disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 11 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist
12 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallthe british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 14 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallthe british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325367008 325367717 2009-11-12 02:45:54 0 days 00:05:19 0|202.158.12.194 1 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325367717 325367759 2009-11-12 02:46:11 0 days 00:00:17 6188256 1 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 1 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy nazi germany ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 1 = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into intosdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
2 " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the thsdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiee other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
3 ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate elaboratesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < /
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 0 = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided intosdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
1 " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and thsdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiee the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
6 ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaboratesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < /
325566651 325566841 2009-11-13 04:35:21 0 days 00:01:51 8214624 1 of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat = = = after the [[ end of the first episode world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
2 willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat = = = after the [[ end of the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ cat nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 10 , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 5 ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces
338203675 338404513 2010-01-17 18:50:17 1 days 01:45:58 0|174.118.160.52 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . jarrod breau during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
338404513 338404595 2010-01-17 18:50:54 0 days 00:00:37 0|174.118.160.52 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . jarrod breau during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 0 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during after several weeks of local civil unrest following a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil
1 its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a radical series of [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest
2 the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
4 erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and
342377279 342523707 2010-02-07 18:24:32 0 days 19:12:24 0|76.125.156.121 0 german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast
342987356 343216124 2010-02-10 20:39:19 1 days 01:22:07 0|90.196.219.218 0 = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate immigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a
343216124 343221538 2010-02-10 21:10:10 0 days 00:30:51 3308922 0 = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or immigrate emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 3 of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the
18 < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }}
20 ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29
29 coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman
343773536 343773805 2010-02-13 17:48:41 0 days 00:01:22 5326371 0 > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 |
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 1 . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees ' leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref
2 oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 "
343774672 343774990 2010-02-13 17:54:17 0 days 00:01:24 5326371 0 = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet
1 = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union |
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 6 divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed
12 don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closing the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few
14 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 '
18 the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west ,
29 ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with . east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before
32 was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and . the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in
35 disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image :
36 a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of [[ murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en .
37 whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
52 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 11 [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing the latter . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot
17 soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , . but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann
24 government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be
26 ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 1 revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 9 the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , [[ west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 8 / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk people in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]]
9 = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' '
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 0 {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest
347117362 347118696 2010-03-01 17:00:47 0 days 00:07:54 0|206.80.29.75 0 date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii fink ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]]
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 7 date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm fink ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]]
347173518 347221140 2010-03-02 02:38:50 0 days 04:41:23 6123337 0 bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany
348215111 348460083 2010-03-08 03:32:31 1 days 01:59:40 0|67.168.201.198 0 . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees ' leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end
348838063 348982757 2010-03-10 12:55:19 0 days 14:11:39 0|84.14.123.189 0 were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
348982903 348982964 2010-03-10 12:56:49 0 days 00:00:21 7852030 1 were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
351434157 351723247 2010-03-24 06:08:34 1 days 09:09:08 0|71.146.82.184 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans german fags had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west
351723247 351723532 2010-03-24 06:10:36 0 days 00:02:02 8932218 0 to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german fags germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west
357497351 357513678 2010-04-22 00:03:45 0 days 01:27:16 0|69.114.95.116 1 in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was sad for people to think adout about . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[
358672368 358723608 2010-04-27 21:07:47 0 days 04:47:33 0|86.140.234.149 0 which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep theeep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev
358723608 358728706 2010-04-27 21:35:17 0 days 00:27:30 262550 0 which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time theeep there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev
359267780 359267987 2010-04-30 15:21:53 0 days 00:01:11 0|169.204.164.80 0 ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s for mexicans = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
359268782 359268892 2010-04-30 15:27:15 0 days 00:00:40 7007500 0 ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s for mexicans = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
359269429 359330771 2010-04-30 21:34:57 0 days 06:04:30 0|70.155.125.3 0 soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref >
360334542 360379379 2010-05-05 21:31:07 0 days 03:29:12 0|174.51.215.236 1 | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria germany , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin
360379379 360380251 2010-05-05 21:35:33 0 days 00:04:26 262550 1 | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ russia ]] removed its physical border defences with germany austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin
362054246 362093204 2010-05-14 13:54:49 0 days 05:35:16 0|208.108.154.247 1 as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3
362093204 362093344 2010-05-14 13:55:43 0 days 00:00:54 0|208.108.154.247 2 " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 2011 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 3 " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 2011 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil
364481851 364487169 2010-05-27 14:38:59 0 days 00:39:30 6971250 1 this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age elderly pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 6 - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
12 longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc
33 ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the
34 in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced
35 there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto
368895969 369026140 2010-06-19 17:09:59 0 days 16:54:30 75287 0 alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9
387039407 387096525 2010-09-26 09:41:09 0 days 08:32:03 7178666 1 the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet | ft | m }} tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 20 , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france (
24 to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn (
79 , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth
100 right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange
398276983 398352994 2010-11-23 01:12:58 0 days 07:55:24 13490060 1 background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany vagina west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
398352994 398353025 2010-11-23 01:13:12 0 days 00:00:14 13286072 1 background = = = = = post - war vagina = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war vagina germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 10 shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]]
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 1 berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , covered girls in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles
400927652 400927696 2010-12-06 21:35:26 0 days 00:00:12 12666844 2 the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls in jizz from head september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang
3 . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls in jizz from head to toe austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de
401710678 401992519 2010-12-12 18:35:46 1 days 16:40:11 0|64.148.16.233 0 one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with
1 < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered
402925112 403281588 2010-12-20 02:39:01 2 days 04:29:08 0|76.202.218.83 0 = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of
404942015 405398675 2011-01-01 23:33:24 2 days 18:21:05 0|109.79.230.156 0 east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping and over the next 28 years posters relating to social events in berlin for august 1961 could be visible on station billboards . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission
405398675 405440789 2011-01-02 04:42:45 0 days 05:09:21 7164899 0 east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping and over the next 28 years posters relating to social events in berlin for august 1961 could be visible on station billboards . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission
407561958 408378962 2011-01-17 11:51:49 4 days 12:12:05 0|82.194.213.82 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the penis soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting
408378962 408381263 2011-01-17 12:15:19 0 days 00:23:30 6971250 0 = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the penis soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting
417384558 417599598 2011-03-07 13:39:04 1 days 07:43:33 0|27.33.232.92 0 < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was fortified retarded . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on
417599598 417600357 2011-03-07 13:46:24 0 days 00:07:20 3308922 0 < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line , but these ended as the wall was retarded fortified . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on
418752147 419497837 2011-03-18 18:18:18 4 days 09:24:38 9109115 0 this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion
1 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 8 , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as
9 , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 & nbsp ; billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses
91 in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en
92 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 18 its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to
20 of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east as the ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , a crowd of west berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg
21 citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg |
22 in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted joined by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 4 of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast ,
444513435 444513653 2011-08-12 21:55:51 0 days 00:01:07 314721 0 de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 8 declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} <
448751555 448907770 2011-09-07 08:59:45 0 days 18:50:14 6971250 1 miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and
449034599 449778448 2011-09-11 09:15:56 3 days 08:16:09 1119028 0 travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 1 troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east
476209082 477490937 2012-02-18 06:08:57 7 days 05:24:36 11922695 1 / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used began using it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > [ http : / / www
495435112 495598155 2012-06-02 10:37:55 1 days 00:18:47 16879935 0 , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing provided that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east
1 those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used use a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] .
496565758 498211564 2012-06-18 17:43:49 10 days 09:10:45 131787 0 shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref >
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 2 = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a [[ visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border
3 {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa ]] at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 0 = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 8 to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 2 [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air
557702538 558026448 2013-06-02 20:40:42 2 days 04:27:23 1108424 1 . the economy in the gdr began to grow . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by
568314024 568939424 2013-08-17 15:00:02 4 days 09:38:27 5979365 1 , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic ,
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 1 german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials .
2 de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by various military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the
576975608 576975983 2013-10-13 11:24:01 0 days 00:04:38 7496434 0 , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 8 name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that , which had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany
14 = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august 9 , 1961 the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party
22 . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " .
43 to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train which that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime
52 wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary
53 that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13
59 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 33 = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to
34 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria .
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 6 august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] at an east
602872991 605164623 2014-04-21 16:03:57 16 days 00:51:54 1286176 0 | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti -
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 2 . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning
610979419 613835077 2014-06-21 17:55:33 20 days 21:06:01 15420856 1 . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 2 the next few weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began until it was opened in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion
632216051 632340179 2014-11-03 22:29:03 0 days 21:49:26 19296352 0 1963 ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between east and west germany to being the most difficult . < ref > keeling , drew ( 2014 ) , business - of - migration . com [ http : / / www . business - of - migration . com / migration - processes / other - regions / berlin - wall - and - migration / " berlin wall and migration , " ' ' migration as a travel business ' ' ] < / ref > many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land
632389254 632625944 2014-11-06 00:04:47 1 days 16:32:07 67616 0 in the 1980s ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google . com / books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east & source = bl & ots = - cd9vypaag & sig = hgjwnita1hbl1dpcb _ n6jaatqu4 & hl = en & sa = x & ei = w7lavp3rd4ihntotgrao & ved = 0cdwq6aewba # v = onepage & q = visa % 20to % 20visit % 20west % 20germany % 20from % 20east & f = false | accessdate = 5 november 2014 | ref = willis }} < / ref > at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing
632912474 633021579 2014-11-08 23:28:00 0 days 19:48:57 22901879 0 union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location , which was fully within the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref >
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 6 evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite
20 the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , new border crossings continued for some time , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . initially the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax ,
36 , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 1 html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident events in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way .
2 > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on only this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass
3 east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion time , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within
10 = de }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus
14 large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary to hungrary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the
37 triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[
39 would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus
642549215 644581471 2015-01-28 17:52:02 13 days 15:00:39 3856999 0 there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they uses a did so by train east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] within east germany itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september
1 to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they uses a train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] within east germany itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september 1989
644581471 645406707 2015-02-03 04:15:30 5 days 10:23:28 525927 0 refugees were finding their way to hungrary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common border . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries .
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 8 august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west germans and citizens of other western countries could generally visit east germany , often after applying for a [[ visa ( document ) | visa ]] < ref name
667873886 668121251 2015-06-22 14:05:55 1 days 09:04:47 19769560 0 that had caused its construction did not change . the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungrary hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long - standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak
677815158 678905413 2015-09-01 10:18:50 6 days 16:10:12 5288432 0 a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ allied control council | four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not
678905413 681654466 2015-09-18 16:10:47 17 days 05:51:57 204692 0 responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in east germany
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 4 been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin .
693646880 693650727 2015-12-03 23:21:28 0 days 00:32:00 23149456 0 - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group unternehmen reisebüro ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]]
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 5 [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the some tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only
694124545 694466316 2015-12-09 12:48:38 2 days 05:54:29 9505858 0 communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period , until prevented . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " '
701431900 702890848 2016-02-02 06:39:23 8 days 15:24:28 13816079 0 > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western west german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . '
702891954 702892130 2016-02-02 06:54:16 0 days 00:01:51 13816079 0 wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the [[ socialist unity party of
703417729 703715928 2016-02-07 05:09:15 1 days 17:25:27 204692 0 november , when half a million people gathered to demand political change , at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( < ref > henslin , 07 ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day
1 a million people gathered to demand political change , at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) < / ref > the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day . honecker had predicted
2 the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german
3 the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ fact }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however , he
703715928 703717802 2016-02-07 05:29:19 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 0 would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west
703717802 703834686 2016-02-07 23:08:45 0 days 17:39:26 23149456 0 the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way to hungary via czechoslovakia , or via the west german
707177225 707245740 2016-02-27 18:44:15 0 days 11:04:30 22186892 1 been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift ]] . he was immensely popular with the residents of west berlin , and his appointment was an unambiguous sign that kennedy would not compromise on the status of west berlin .
762042542 762133796 2017-01-26 21:32:20 0 days 13:17:01 8852898 0 declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets penetrated permeated east german administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p =
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 23 countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ fact }} allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to
32 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ fact }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through
35 and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . {{ fact }} the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall
39 . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses to east germany ( and corresponding gain to the west ) has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 &
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 7 mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin
13 visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 .
15 east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall
17 annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any )
18 in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required
27 all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 18 ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ nearby eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[
19 contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the countries — [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in
20 and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization poland ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]]
34 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the
35 in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref name =
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 4 . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast
787409131 787409166 2017-06-25 06:57:14 0 days 00:00:34 31190988 0 in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ at nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 8 ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall
12 restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which they could then travel to west germany and to other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 3 of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web |
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 5 = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 3 google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https
4 the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 /
5 apr / 03 / thierry - noir - graffiti - berlin - wall < / ref > defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested ,
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 2 < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref
810394251 810574658 2017-11-16 03:18:18 1 days 03:09:57 6554947 1 books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref
810574658 810575212 2017-11-16 03:24:34 0 days 00:06:16 6554947 0 ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect , vandals were not unknown to have been pursued in the outer strip , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 7 spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as into a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german
21 the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 3 countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 3 gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
4 " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange of
6 spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through
825832766 825833265 2018-02-15 18:09:02 0 days 00:03:47 5946478 0 berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] < ref > = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 0 berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > ( see [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] < ref > = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 48 the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref name = " allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : '
67 opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 189 – 190 on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 3 shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal ]] to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref
854965000 855994232 2018-08-22 05:55:57 7 days 05:35:25 817684 1 [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed
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18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 0 ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de
39233819 39312783 2006-02-12 07:11:37 0 days 12:06:55 692949 0 ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh
47905827 48084162 2006-04-12 07:50:09 1 days 03:34:06 271058 0 germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]]
52435169 52481135 2006-05-10 12:59:23 0 days 08:42:49 0|83.97.27.67 0 walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín
55031131 55072830 2006-05-25 14:37:25 0 days 07:25:09 0|168.170.196.71 1 ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] hi [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk :
55072830 55073990 2006-05-25 14:46:18 0 days 00:08:53 1008387 1 ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] hi [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk :
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 68 berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 68 berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 68 berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
113088171 113088445 2007-03-06 16:38:20 0 days 00:03:15 0|206.123.204.226 1 ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 6 ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]]
215551281 216963315 2008-06-04 00:26:30 6 days 05:58:51 6929011 0 ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 79 sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl
80 street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet berlynse muur ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety
81 category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd ar : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt
82 muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets
88 na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 79 sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl
80 street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet berlynse muur ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety
81 category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd ar : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt
82 muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets
88 na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
278656434 278701966 2009-03-21 08:40:04 0 days 06:32:12 3171782 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]]
308707893 308720606 2009-08-18 17:36:20 0 days 01:16:18 9892229 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]]
324951813 324954599 2009-11-10 01:05:34 0 days 00:16:59 6986250 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 33 [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning . previously , graffitis were exclusively on the western side . many believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 0 western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany had to be prevented from entering west berlin and
5369086 5520672 2004-08-22 15:32:46 6 days 21:53:05 75510 0 which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ deutsche demokratische republik | ddr ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial .
6145754 6170903 2004-09-25 16:16:13 0 days 00:19:36 39716 0 which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ deutsche demokratische republik | ddr east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . )
7075809 7075843 2004-11-03 13:32:03 1 days 03:27:41 0|194.81.215.15 0 nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely like chickens between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]]
7084538 7241546 2004-11-03 23:05:15 0 days 09:31:34 23616 0 nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely like chickens between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]]
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 4 press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[
7264768 7265158 2004-11-09 17:57:27 0 days 00:01:07 0|217.9.29.249 0 upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded
7265158 7268399 2004-11-09 18:07:19 0 days 00:09:52 0|217.9.29.249 0 force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not prepared willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 0 of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the '
8108812 8127109 2004-12-04 07:52:50 0 days 19:09:40 69801 0 regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they expected wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 1 , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left no longer entirely accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 1 the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkey - land . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for
2 telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty is why germans look like monkeys . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it
5 border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty
9112364 9112487 2005-01-05 02:44:58 0 days 00:00:46 0|67.164.50.76 0 . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkey - land monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 2 , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland major crossing points . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
3 monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . it eventually became clear that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
9220520 9263540 2005-01-09 04:58:30 2 days 07:45:20 0|63.231.146.138 0 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 ,
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 5 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan
9611121 9614078 2005-01-24 09:48:46 0 days 03:53:43 44020 0 due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few month months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 6 over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' '
7 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 4 strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances .
5 ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 4 one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last
5 last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be
22 in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 50 strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction
51 . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the
74 a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing ultralights across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying
92 . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from
11639454 11652451 2005-03-29 06:12:33 0 days 00:03:21 0|24.42.224.161 1 ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction flood of refugees but the main candidate for it ' s location was around the perimeter of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom
2 | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies city . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 10 east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the
13 over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went
31 wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 7 east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on
10 over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . the east german government claimed that the wall
27 = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and
11865420 11885036 2005-04-04 06:48:52 2 days 12:29:17 0|139.168.103.36 0 , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered like totally no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over
11885036 11891869 2005-04-04 20:03:29 0 days 13:14:37 28107 0 , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered like totally no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . (
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 2 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . germans on both sides were deeply distressed : many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the usa for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . although it
4 ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 0 to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]]
14269487 14269638 2005-05-26 16:38:51 0 days 00:02:48 0|164.68.120.3 1 wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57
3 escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners ,
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 6 wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire the germans then tared and feathered them these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped
7 escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the germans then tared and feathered them these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug
8 ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously torched . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire the germans then tared and feathered them line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 8 the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard guards ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers
13 day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant
14 they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities
15 heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply
16 own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted
20 of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back
21 , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east
22 guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of
23 not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers
24 hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing
15078586 15079512 2005-06-12 19:20:20 0 days 00:20:48 0|70.26.8.99 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . someone ' s pussy is bleeding . germans on both sides were deeply distressed : many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west
15079512 15268709 2005-06-12 19:46:01 0 days 00:25:41 106612 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . someone ' s pussy is bleeding . germans on both sides were deeply distressed : many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 1 west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the usa united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of
5 ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear
37 for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - & mdash ; for a price - - at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 6 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just said " today " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised
19261911 19262021 2005-07-20 22:44:33 0 days 00:02:18 0|195.4.0.21 0 previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just said " today " assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 7 in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east west berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn '
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 9 in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that west east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn '
21234444 21258716 2005-08-18 01:45:57 0 days 06:30:43 0|203.94.135.4 0 vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; i love your children they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been
21258716 21258944 2005-08-18 01:49:44 0 days 00:03:47 290472 0 vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; i love your children they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been
26041960 26051087 2005-10-20 23:36:59 0 days 01:54:03 0|209.113.198.146 0 footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire ownage to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 &
26051087 26052050 2005-10-20 23:48:15 0 days 00:11:16 67107 0 footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of ownage fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 &
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 42 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link in other languages deutsch español français עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 1 accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 = = see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york
4 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became
8 sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such the capital , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage
11 war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such , the americans did not share information or seek assistance from the soviet union for the manhattan project . the soviets were aware of the project as a result of espionage penetration of the us government ]] , however , and had made a number of attempts to infiltrate its operations at the university of california , berkeley . a number of project members — some high -
18 enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context city was initially governed jointly by a commission of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has
19 nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested
20 germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the early phases of the [[ cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that
21 in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the cold war ]] unfolded , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and
22 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help tensions between the soviets and the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians
23 saw their espionage in the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent scholarship has suggested that greenglass and the rosenbergs actually knew very little about the workings of the atomic weapons aside from basic concepts that the russians had already acquired through other espionage sources anyway ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and
24 full production ) , and compared to the information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even union and led to the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this
25 and compared to the information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given [[ berlin airlift ]] by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course ,
26 that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit
27 / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted the three sectors controlled by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing . [ edit ] the rosenbergs ' children the
43 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link in other languages deutsch español français עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( see copyrights for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en
44 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for details example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb |
47 ( or would have likely figured out fairly quickly on their own once their atomic bomb project was put into full production ) , and compared to the information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project
48 information given by fuchs and theodore hall , it is unlikely that the rosenberg / greenglass data would have significantly aided the soviet project . even the detailed information given by fuchs and hall seems to have only marginally sped up the soviet project , as it was heavily distrusted by project leader lavrenty beria . this , of course , is a question not necessarily related to their guilt or sentencing
50 עברית polski svenska 中文 this page was last modified 13 : 04 , 24 october 2005 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license ( see copyrights for details ) . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers ţ = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg |
27841848 27850846 2005-11-09 20:31:51 0 days 01:51:13 0|209.47.202.9 0 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
27850846 27851902 2005-11-09 20:43:14 0 days 00:11:23 140548 3 including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 4 the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read them out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked
5 and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that at he end of the conference which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply
6 to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore was not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted )
7 answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the
8 crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effictive immedeatly , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the
10 read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the
27861475 27861622 2005-11-09 22:31:45 0 days 00:01:34 246113 0 properly instructed first . the note was therefore was not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself . when at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be
27861622 27867817 2005-11-09 23:46:21 0 days 01:14:36 0|142.166.200.249 2 back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 20 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ;
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 19 wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ;
28792173 28825156 2005-11-20 11:56:35 0 days 10:50:18 146622 0 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at he the end of the conference which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the
31163181 31280210 2005-12-14 02:56:48 0 days 20:02:50 652845 0 effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore was not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself . at a crucial point of the conference he was
33736122 33943074 2006-01-05 06:28:36 1 days 14:14:12 0|68.40.48.206 0 simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take
1 hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t
2 to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 3 was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed like the way it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens
4 ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now was looking at him " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for
36216587 36216676 2006-01-22 13:40:22 0 days 00:01:20 480942 0 jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]]
36641976 36642576 2006-01-25 14:09:00 0 days 00:05:37 0|194.232.85.82 3 crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 1 german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but with conditions imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first
4 leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . after he got done masturbating khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed
37828716 38011274 2006-02-03 16:09:24 1 days 05:11:00 496966 1 , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and
39387706 39753372 2006-02-15 17:11:56 2 days 20:06:03 809056 0 for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed
1 schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 0 on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was
1 could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 7 frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for , the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were
8 and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to
21 updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed
22 the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but no further instructions on how to handle the information . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed
23 end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . because the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first
24 berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was
25 the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning ; however , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would
26 instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the
28 not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording
29 nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so effect he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now
30 point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to on the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints
31 when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and , so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry
34 people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . made many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to
35 in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' their superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german
36 demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly
38 east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities gaurds and the east berlin government were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with
39 lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . use lethal force so in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification
40 the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , issues the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted
41 own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just finally yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners
42 mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points checkpoints and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a
43 were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal little or no identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is
61 wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = seondary response = = = but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell ,
78 germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and
79 günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further
81 the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning
82 cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at
83 only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into
88 standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is
96 line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]]
40854169 40898814 2006-02-23 19:28:36 0 days 06:34:56 913692 0 the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = seondary secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 11 = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin germans in a celebratory atmosphere . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of
40900018 40900572 2006-02-23 19:43:11 0 days 00:04:45 89179 2 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 6 wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . = = = = cultural differences = = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 4 nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire
7 / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual
17 you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was by that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the
18 conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following
19 on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day
20 however , nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and ; when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so replied "
21 the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect , he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now "
22 of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and went to the checkpoints in
24 ' s statement and went to the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to use lethal force , as the
26 the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were simply not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east
38 berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]]
55 completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it
56 the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same
57 nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so replied " as far as
58 note itself ) . he decided to read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when he was asked when the regulations would come into effect he just assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note , so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens
41103735 41103875 2006-02-25 01:47:14 0 days 00:01:03 756170 0 the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third
41672682 41672877 2006-02-28 23:52:46 0 days 00:01:23 0|69.15.111.135 0 [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ;
41672877 41672907 2006-02-28 23:52:59 0 days 00:00:13 800894 0 [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ;
43620636 43657363 2006-03-14 01:47:32 0 days 04:49:39 6661 1 , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that january that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply
44424393 44441770 2006-03-19 02:08:11 0 days 02:28:28 0|82.11.171.50 0 was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image :
44682288 44689214 2006-03-20 18:09:05 0 days 01:00:11 1114786 0 life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures
45807050 45851032 2006-03-28 13:04:10 0 days 08:56:46 177152 3 . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without certificates of authenticity are a staple on [[ ebay ]] as well of as german souvenier shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ,
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 2 demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , technically the wall remained guarded for some while afer november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 0 , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in
2 . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered
3 berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included involved application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks
4 until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days or weeks in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23
47569595 47569698 2006-04-08 16:44:51 0 days 00:00:53 686868 0 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in andvance advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9
47796295 47796504 2006-04-10 13:10:38 0 days 00:01:47 686868 1 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of
47796504 47905827 2006-04-11 04:16:03 0 days 15:05:25 72887 0 planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some while after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried
48084162 48127680 2006-04-12 15:41:16 0 days 07:51:07 1194016 0 [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted that in january that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to
1 honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted that january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 3 december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of
49652243 49652318 2006-04-22 21:24:10 0 days 00:00:33 576576 0 shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image :
51216465 51287464 2006-05-03 00:39:04 0 days 08:59:42 0|151.202.48.27 0 egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 99 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
51287464 51292245 2006-05-03 01:16:51 0 days 00:37:47 767514 0 egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 99 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 4 ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 13 ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : /
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 12 mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 36 . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the
37 here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last
38 " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 21 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration ) into west
36 airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the
37 here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead
38 and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying
51999602 52000258 2006-05-07 16:49:40 0 days 00:04:52 0|216.49.149.108 0 allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; . however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[
52000258 52000362 2006-05-07 16:50:25 0 days 00:00:45 819974 0 allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this . ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[
52355175 52360118 2006-05-09 19:34:50 0 days 00:31:57 0|168.174.253.221 0 the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 . 000 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm <
52360118 52362173 2006-05-09 19:47:33 0 days 00:12:43 145855 0 the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 . 000 or 239 . 000 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 .
53306315 53307729 2006-05-15 12:56:25 0 days 00:11:40 1311057 6 berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[
7 ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 2 see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 4 later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin
5 improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location
8 replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he was wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski
11 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter
58219714 58219835 2006-06-12 15:36:40 0 days 00:01:14 0|24.60.99.51 0 money the prostitutes brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman women and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as
58859317 59083873 2006-06-17 09:12:35 1 days 08:43:14 0|58.169.79.139 1 had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he was would be wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 7 enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but he bitched them too = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13
64519108 64558890 2006-07-18 23:14:54 0 days 04:02:03 0|24.80.177.202 0 , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the
64558890 64560450 2006-07-18 23:25:13 0 days 00:10:19 0|24.80.177.202 0 handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the these regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however ,
1 allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they earlier , and were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at
2 further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing so as to allow time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when
3 information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he
4 following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as
65187980 65188008 2006-07-22 10:10:30 0 days 00:00:20 0|86.141.127.26 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 3 , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! !
4 raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , german ) and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive
5 t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949
67997985 68095404 2006-08-07 00:15:07 0 days 11:53:35 0|84.188.184.66 0 www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ( stating that west berliners lived in " a defended island of freedom " ) ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels ,
68095404 68095592 2006-08-07 00:16:14 0 days 00:01:07 0|84.188.184.66 0 www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ( stating that west berliners lived in " a defended island of freedom " ) ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels ,
70133083 70176705 2006-08-17 06:12:50 0 days 05:22:57 0|209.236.231.253 0 attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour fervor , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]]
70176705 70188857 2006-08-17 08:20:52 0 days 02:08:02 157842 0 attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]]
72875166 73238103 2006-09-01 15:37:07 1 days 20:08:22 0|82.19.187.109 0 by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was and his right hand man jeremiah kroenen , were sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof
73238256 73241636 2006-09-01 15:59:29 0 days 00:21:19 350890 0 by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , and his right hand man [[ jeremiah kroenen ]] , were was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisors . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 3 into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[
77834536 77950242 2006-09-26 18:38:37 0 days 16:00:17 0|198.150.36.49 0 the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently
77950498 77951130 2006-09-26 18:43:33 0 days 00:03:31 506179 0 the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 2 one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks
80957838 81653516 2006-10-15 20:10:03 3 days 14:36:36 931920 0 on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . {{ cn }} as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay
81741555 81768193 2006-10-16 11:34:13 0 days 05:05:36 686868 0 rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . {{ cn }} as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[
1 on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . {{ cn }} gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / index2 . html < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 4 back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 1 of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of
2 that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
85064024 85132084 2006-11-01 22:40:02 0 days 05:42:40 309674 0 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " ,
3 bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings
86124851 86125050 2006-11-06 21:04:37 0 days 00:00:58 350153 1 german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans
86126158 86126393 2006-11-06 21:10:40 0 days 00:01:05 350153 0 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation
1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the
86297216 86407353 2006-11-08 02:03:58 0 days 09:16:19 0|64.20.106.35 0 that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and
86407353 86489441 2006-11-08 13:57:51 0 days 11:53:53 0|220.235.164.53 0 looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a nice , suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german
86489441 86489619 2006-11-08 13:59:10 0 days 00:01:19 0|220.235.164.53 0 looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a nice , suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german
86754002 86754320 2006-11-09 17:49:59 0 days 00:01:40 0|70.244.100.3 0 conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire puppies ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also
86755510 86755902 2006-11-09 17:58:10 0 days 00:01:58 2697466 0 conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ puppies barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also
88809786 88973047 2006-11-20 08:00:26 0 days 17:27:14 1737646 3 raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on
89218590 89218869 2006-11-21 12:21:30 0 days 00:02:25 617480 3 allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 9 ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one .
13 a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted appealed to no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 1 a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one attracted . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = =
91363226 91363294 2006-12-01 12:19:56 0 days 00:00:33 579524 0 a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 3 not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial this is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 6 [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
94713870 94795120 2006-12-17 00:22:00 0 days 08:31:21 0|70.54.128.243 0 , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east easty berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
94795120 94795305 2006-12-17 00:23:02 0 days 00:01:02 0|70.54.128.243 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . massive emigration ejaculation from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
94795305 94795427 2006-12-17 00:23:44 0 days 00:00:42 1473716 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . massive ejaculation emigration from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
1 , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many easty east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
94795427 94795562 2006-12-17 00:24:29 0 days 00:00:45 0|70.54.128.243 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . massive emigration ejaculation from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
94795562 94855565 2006-12-17 08:18:40 0 days 07:54:11 302522 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . massive ejaculation emigration from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 3 successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade simply drove at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und
95229938 95268385 2006-12-19 07:37:40 0 days 04:54:11 125534 2 berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . massive emigration = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 3 to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = massive emigration = = = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
96015503 96129601 2006-12-23 17:47:16 0 days 17:24:39 2554423 0 ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to
1 routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 7 [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : . they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern
99152844 99165239 2007-01-07 20:39:55 0 days 00:57:15 0|71.243.47.173 0 border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age 18 who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to
99757249 99968989 2007-01-11 11:06:31 0 days 21:30:22 3190289 0 border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age ( aged 18 who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person
1 . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] age 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 12 / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . jesus . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 12 / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . jesus . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 2 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour fervor , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]]
5 / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers escapees to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 4 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]]
7 / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapees escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[
100948158 101085418 2007-01-16 12:41:54 0 days 15:41:57 0|82.111.23.171 0 and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while whilst trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image :
101167468 101168248 2007-01-16 20:33:10 0 days 00:03:52 1008387 1 and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead whilst while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image :
102348464 102660385 2007-01-23 13:40:57 1 days 11:07:16 686868 0 as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through
102792502 102975056 2007-01-24 20:24:05 0 days 20:01:01 0|64.14.248.62 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures
102975056 103018378 2007-01-24 23:30:28 0 days 03:06:23 1789938 0 berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56
1 airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 /
104446290 104454782 2007-01-31 00:09:13 0 days 00:39:00 293907 0 of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable impassible to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and
104917460 105013103 2007-02-02 04:08:10 0 days 07:37:28 0|66.233.101.252 0 berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a as second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the
105013103 105035085 2007-02-02 06:32:29 0 days 02:24:19 911178 0 berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for as a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the
108111397 108140015 2007-02-14 19:27:29 0 days 02:08:02 293907 0 of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassible impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and
108631095 108631202 2007-02-16 16:35:24 0 days 00:00:30 0|208.11.179.205 0 led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is very ugly ok but ill fuck her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to
108631202 108631300 2007-02-16 16:35:51 0 days 00:00:27 0|208.11.179.205 0 erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is ok but ill fuck do her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin &
109201261 109201627 2007-02-19 01:49:40 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.41.174.194 0 berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except
1 west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons .
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 4 . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which
110116991 110118193 2007-02-22 18:30:10 0 days 00:05:30 0|66.160.72.205 0 = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 17 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies .
18 challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation
19 mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august
23 in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
28 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in section of the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the
37 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
55 in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
57 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 24 a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact dismay that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty
25 be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self western powers had done nothing to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents
26 , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant prevent the wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin
27 prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry ' s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to
29 , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like the policy of [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic
30 there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ atlantis ostpolitik ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved
31 fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand rapprochement with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]]
41 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and
42 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to
50 have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the ministerial administration modified the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[
51 rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too proposal to include private travel . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de
64 was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 17 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies .
18 challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation
19 mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august
23 in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
28 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in section of the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the
37 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
55 in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
57 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 24 a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact dismay that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty
25 be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self western powers had done nothing to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents
26 , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant prevent the wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin
27 prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry ' s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to
29 , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like the policy of [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic
30 there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ atlantis ostpolitik ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved
31 fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand rapprochement with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]]
41 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and
42 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to
50 have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the ministerial administration modified the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[
51 rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too proposal to include private travel . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de
64 was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 17 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies .
18 challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation
19 mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august
23 in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
28 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in section of the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the
37 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing
55 in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[
57 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 24 a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact dismay that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty
25 be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self western powers had done nothing to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents
26 , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to be made entirely of empty cigarette cartons and poorly - made glue ; in many cases with live horses still attached to their crushed up hooves . thousands of innocents died as a result . the second wall was constructed after [[ the second world war 2 ]] by the [[ americans ]] to prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant prevent the wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin
27 prove just how in - your - face and ' really cool and stuff ' capitalism was . what they didn ’ t count on was that having a giant wall dividing your city in half would block supplies from coming in or out of the city . this didn ’ t make much difference to the people of east berlin , who were already starving to death in a pool of their own [[ feces ]] , but for american - controlled west berlin it was a bit of a downer . america attempted to solve the problem by shouting , swearing and blowing stuff up , but found their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry ' s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to
29 , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a while until stalin got bored and forgot why he even built the wall in the first place . no one could really be bothered taking down the wall , so it just sort of stood there for a few decades , collecting crude graffiti . = = impact = = the impact of the berlin wall on the german people was very great , mostly because they kept forgetting it was there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like the policy of [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic
30 there and driving fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ atlantis ostpolitik ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved
31 fast into it . the wall also sparked trade disputes , because trucks carrying bratworst and jews couldn ' t get to german trading partners , like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand rapprochement with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]]
41 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built attracted no - one . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and
42 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to
50 have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the ministerial administration modified the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this
51 rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too proposal to include private travel . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
55 was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing it self to
111406786 111406884 2007-02-27 20:37:59 0 days 00:00:26 2360249 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i dont know what = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to do \ = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 5 october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if . followed shortly by the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989
114987991 115016505 2007-03-14 09:34:46 0 days 04:16:30 0|220.101.111.166 0 nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . furt accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49
115016505 115016570 2007-03-14 09:35:16 0 days 00:00:30 2608485 0 nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no furt further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 6 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
7 when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they and all pensioners were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[
8 police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old able to travel to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher
9 run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 3 when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners particularly when they were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for
5 a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf
10 celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders
11 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 6 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
7 when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they and all pensioners were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[
8 police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old able to travel to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher
9 run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf
116612926 116663804 2007-03-21 00:30:28 0 days 03:51:24 0|71.108.135.83 1 the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]]
2 border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] .
3 guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 utc ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 2 wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for 28 years . construction on the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 3 then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , ; it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989
4 in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and . its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes "
5 atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and "
120184971 120189519 2007-04-04 09:08:53 0 days 00:39:14 1476858 0 union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british
121816065 121859674 2007-04-11 03:51:43 0 days 03:53:05 0|65.182.247.159 0 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements
122019226 122019579 2007-04-11 19:16:53 0 days 00:01:20 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . bobby whitaker max hommeyer loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet
123623472 123829798 2007-04-18 15:39:51 0 days 19:14:18 0|209.66.200.83 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . 9468 - 4 = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
123849129 123914787 2007-04-18 21:24:18 0 days 04:25:38 0|74.230.176.130 0 east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more mor and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
123914787 123914874 2007-04-18 21:24:39 0 days 00:00:21 0|74.230.176.130 0 east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed mor more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
127671003 127671209 2007-05-02 12:53:36 0 days 00:01:18 0|68.85.23.179 0 , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut pooped off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by
127671395 127671439 2007-05-02 12:55:05 0 days 00:00:20 0|68.85.23.179 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners pooped off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that hey there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift |
127671439 127671464 2007-05-02 12:55:16 0 days 00:00:11 385115 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . hey = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there big boy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 3 [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into
6 wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and
7 from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin
9 = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost
10 one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere .
128044374 128044445 2007-05-03 20:32:59 0 days 00:00:15 0|69.125.136.170 1 western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip ,
129474280 129554249 2007-05-09 16:35:07 0 days 07:19:30 0|204.129.158.10 2 for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht wood ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] .
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 14 barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but with conditions imposed . wood ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] .
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift |
4 = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely from that day on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear
5 berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? she pledged to never eat cheese on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . <
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to
2 from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all the viability of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout
3 once upon a time , there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up west berlin . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte
4 girl named suzie . suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en .
130104891 130104907 2007-05-11 15:20:41 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is = = = proposed barrier = = = the most unreliable site for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction
1 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site impetus for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer
2 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
131538175 131538407 2007-05-17 14:00:45 0 days 00:01:15 0|203.109.89.18 0 was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders a student of timpany has proven this false . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at
131538407 131538500 2007-05-17 14:01:17 0 days 00:00:32 0|203.109.89.18 0 february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham a student of timpany has proven this wronf false but many were left unsatisfied . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px |
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 3 fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the
10 to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations protestors wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that
15 s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal
22 hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 16 celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and "
31 by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 9 kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in
141009668 141010294 2007-06-27 18:32:41 0 days 00:02:56 0|212.187.155.91 0 ! ! ! ! ! gay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! many east berliners were cut off their peenuses from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . hugh williams thakes felix from behind . west berliners demonstrated
141010294 141010534 2007-06-27 18:33:50 0 days 00:01:09 125534 1 ! ! ! ! ! gay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! many east berliners were cut off their peenuses from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . hugh williams thakes felix from behind . west berliners demonstrated
141010534 141239446 2007-06-28 20:09:47 1 days 01:35:57 0|85.207.243.9 0 who were children at the time of unification or born after the event , usually make no difference between people from east and west , so this situation will most probably dissapear disappear completely in the next decades . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
148145763 148756413 2007-08-02 17:27:15 2 days 18:48:36 4750633 0 more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no -
150415593 150804778 2007-08-12 18:27:03 2 days 02:13:07 1085473 0 < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 8 leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans
23 disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would were later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] ,
52 troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
65 the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which
70 press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day
71 allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note
75 first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of
153326548 153394593 2007-08-24 18:14:49 0 days 08:46:02 715870 2 ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " >
153504805 153595819 2007-08-25 18:58:33 0 days 12:42:57 393315 0 conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but gave given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as
153784826 154198308 2007-08-28 16:31:56 1 days 22:12:32 123004 0 / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk /
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 48 of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 1 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality
2 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction
6 female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism graffiti art on the wall ' s sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and
7 ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization . the two sexes attract one another and communicate their readiness to procreate through differences in their biology . an organism ' s sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and which typically bears the offspring . in contrast , the male sex has a smaller gamete and rarely bears offspring . in some animals , sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism . earthworms , for example , are normally hermaphrodites . contents [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species ,
8 [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles : animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species berlin wall . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality
10 that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " right " stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range | remaining stretch of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others
11 stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 ,
12 been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide range of species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , 500 species , and in 500 of those it is well documented . there are species that have 3 , 4 or 5 sexes . for example : the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana has three sexes , that is , it is a triploid organism . [ 1 ] harvester ant genus pogonomyrmex has three sexes [ 2 ] or possibly four sexes [ 3 ] the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [ 4 ] coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea might have three or four sexes [ 5 ] coprinus lagopus has four sexes [ 6 ] fausto - sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [ 7 ] [ 8 ] other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [ 9 ] humans human male and female - anatomical features pointed outsee human sexuality for information about sexual activities , sexual sensation , sexual gratification , and sexual intimacy between human beings in humans , " sex " is often perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one august 2006 ]] the ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although
13 y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male berlin wall ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which
14 causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ' ' ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the
15 which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation , and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation , is less well understood as illustrated by the ongoing nature versus nurture debate . unfortunately , because of a lack of focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender {{ lang - related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound
16 focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender - related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound statistics . [ 12 ] social and psychological issues main article : gender gender discordance see also : transgender and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological de | berliner mauer }} , such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as
17 and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological , such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as intersex . discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex ) or between the various psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity ) are even more common , but less well understood . in gender theory , the term " heteronormativity " refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories , male and female ; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non {{ lang - polar terms , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent
18 of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement
19 ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away
48 testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning
49 shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity
50 / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ]
66 sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content current events random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact wikipedia donate to wikipedia help search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский
67 random article interaction about wikipedia community portal recent changes contact wikipedia donate to wikipedia help search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link cite this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered
77 as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although the table below shows common differences between males and females , many people do not correspond to " male " or " female " with regard to every criterion . " primary " sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction . " secondary " sexual characteristics typically develop later in life ( usually during puberty ) and are not directly involved in reproduction . differences between the sexes are known as sexual dimorphism . at the biological level these differences are usually : level characteristics female male primary sex chromosomes xx xy gametes ova spermatozoa sex organs ovaries testes predominant sex hormones estrogen and progesterone testosterone anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura , vagina , uterus , fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa , urethra , prostate , seminal vesicles anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris , labia , vulva , clitoral hood , perineal urethra penis , scrotum , foreskin , fused perineum secondary skeletal structure relatively shorter , wider in hips relatively taller , wider in shoulders , bigger chest face rounded jaw bigger nose bone , brow bone , [ 10 ] squarer jaw , facial hair body fat and muscle relatively more fat relatively more muscle [ 11 ] fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause ,
81 sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond
160953996 161008465 2007-09-28 22:38:12 0 days 04:58:28 92076 4 firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15
161008465 161121610 2007-09-29 14:33:01 0 days 15:54:49 3341545 0 and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to with the use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they
1 more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your of a firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said .
2 guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even including when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved
3 german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of breakouts involve women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out
4 " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved
5 firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15
6 and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 5 told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , your use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref
7 wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which is breached in the company of when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill
8 and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have is a tactic women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes
9 with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . often used the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial
14 and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref
15 injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = "
16 told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 1 de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 3 1 , 0000000000000000 , many of them strippers , people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http :
163097473 163098190 2007-10-08 14:37:50 0 days 00:03:43 0|216.237.254.146 1 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . it was fake it never happend , it was apart of disany . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 5 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . it was fake it never happend , it was apart of disany . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
163881129 164031681 2007-10-12 12:23:39 0 days 16:01:34 0|87.80.246.98 0 between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards .
164031681 164031961 2007-10-12 12:25:40 0 days 00:02:01 0|87.80.246.98 0 a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees escapers ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen
165005648 165005884 2007-10-16 18:40:39 0 days 00:01:10 614280 1 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for annotated photographs of the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded
2 / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded
3 the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is so retarded
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 0 thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints ' ' ' fuck ' ' ' and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november
1 ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]]
3 german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a
5 nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
7 the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the
8 " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . <
17 ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points
20 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border
21 escape , up to four escapers ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 0 ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]]
2 only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a
4 nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
6 the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs
7 western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . <
16 ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points
19 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border
20 escape , up to four escapers ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president
22 thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed ' ' ' fuck ' ' ' border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november
165409653 165409865 2007-10-18 14:21:33 0 days 00:01:15 0|89.240.178.51 0 viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america the usa ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 5 viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of the usa america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 22 application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , with credits and all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely "
24 of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not
30 december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november
31 for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 5 usual german ways , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were september more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always
17 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history -
18 of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher
19 in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon hours , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have
20 , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have much of a story to tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14
21 tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original
22 want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german
23 to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on that weekend , and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in involved application for a translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one
24 and in addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a translated visa several days or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of the
25 addition there are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a translated or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of the articles
26 are over 70 articles from german newspapers ( november 13 and 14 ) . most of the articles are available in their original german and in a translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all
27 translated or at least summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site their planned stay , with credits and all . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px |
28 of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all of which hindered spontaneous visits . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer
30 usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used
32 , just pick one of the articles that doesn ' t have a translation and do it - i ' ll gladly put your translation up here on my site , with credits and all . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede
166497137 166497262 2007-10-23 12:35:30 0 days 00:00:50 0|208.108.159.75 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter
166497262 166497309 2007-10-23 12:35:57 0 days 00:00:27 0|208.108.159.75 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' heyy sam and nick ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166497309 166497339 2007-10-23 12:36:09 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 1 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' heyy sam and nick ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166497339 166497507 2007-10-23 12:37:24 0 days 00:01:15 0|208.108.159.75 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' the hannah montana concert is guna be so funn with nick and mitch ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166499245 166499429 2007-10-23 12:50:36 0 days 00:01:18 0|195.110.70.55 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . ' ' ' the hannah montana concert is guna be so funn with nick and mitch ' ' ' = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
166516430 166605921 2007-10-23 21:15:43 0 days 06:40:23 0|156.108.140.131 0 east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and east bill cosbey berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
166605921 166632813 2007-10-23 23:30:50 0 days 02:15:07 0|206.223.226.83 0 east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and bill cosbey berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 1 a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapers persons ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen
10 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . , like in the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western
14 was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = =
167863508 167863816 2007-10-29 16:14:54 0 days 00:01:34 218593 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both
167863940 167893709 2007-10-29 18:35:49 0 days 02:20:16 0|81.96.132.250 0 east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and dogs berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
167893709 167894928 2007-10-29 18:41:24 0 days 00:05:35 0|81.96.132.250 0 east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and dogs berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
169684483 169684876 2007-11-06 21:21:59 0 days 00:01:54 0|137.90.130.186 3 other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed
169819935 169820091 2007-11-07 08:19:36 0 days 00:01:16 0|220.238.206.14 0 united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes wives who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt pleasing . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
170206355 170288054 2007-11-09 08:37:34 0 days 09:01:15 0|213.221.119.178 0 , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 ,
171821331 172171928 2007-11-17 23:24:03 1 days 19:23:21 0|81.108.225.22 0 staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in
172766139 172911699 2007-11-21 14:34:51 0 days 18:14:00 137113 0 / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc
173176362 173176822 2007-11-22 22:29:04 0 days 00:02:58 137113 0 was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards .
1 berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[
2 facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification
173256912 173333858 2007-11-23 19:40:42 0 days 09:28:53 0|72.90.88.128 1 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged western powers used it as a symbol of [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall '
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 3 the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall '
173359524 173360419 2007-11-23 22:20:18 0 days 00:05:27 137113 0 the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 spelled out the official line to [[ socialist unity party | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
173857018 173857115 2007-11-26 09:08:28 0 days 00:01:09 137113 1 a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the soviet union considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had been properly [[ de - nazification denazification | de - nazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of
173857115 173862066 2007-11-26 10:01:15 0 days 00:52:47 137113 0 accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , the wall was need to curtail western espionage and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw
173864414 173864676 2007-11-26 10:27:50 0 days 00:02:30 137113 0 possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to
173866573 173976252 2007-11-26 21:13:05 0 days 10:26:45 433328 0 railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle
179206678 179441714 2007-12-21 19:20:40 1 days 02:40:51 0|86.211.139.129 0 . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web
179812877 179945723 2007-12-24 12:27:45 0 days 18:15:41 5803670 0 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id
180613804 180667940 2007-12-28 20:24:50 0 days 05:37:04 400903 0 sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there three long sections are only three larger sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]]
180750297 180873364 2007-12-29 22:40:15 0 days 17:10:15 0|86.131.43.255 0 agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
182600825 182606149 2008-01-06 21:48:31 0 days 00:27:39 0|72.73.218.195 0 a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four persons people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind
2 under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay layed flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px |
3 sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]]
182606149 182616020 2008-01-06 22:40:39 0 days 00:52:08 2537811 1 under the bar in a sport car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply layed lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px |
184366804 184368603 2008-01-14 23:54:31 0 days 00:09:04 6196231 0 . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force also he wowed the west german berlin public with a speech which included a line which said ' ich bin ein berlinner ' which means i am a berlinner . the east german government claimed that the wall
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 1 . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one [[ media : [[ media : example . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison
2 telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison ,
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 0 . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example .
194773742 194820568 2008-02-29 03:33:21 0 days 04:01:04 5962378 0 hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried
196839535 196946956 2008-03-09 06:03:53 0 days 10:00:50 0|24.4.172.149 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . afer after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 5 and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth , although many west germans and west berliners fled to east germany . west berliners found it easy to get into east berlin because the west berlin police wouldn ' t dare stop them for fear of east german planes bombing the city . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original
8 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets east germans that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude
9 generated title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with
17 by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 2 air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications west germans deported him to east germany . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 10 options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the east germans soviets that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d
26 and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth , although many west germans and west berliners fled to east germany . west berliners found it easy to get into east berlin because the west berlin police wouldn ' t dare stop them for fear of east german planes bombing the city . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original
27 title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the east germans that they could push their luck no further . this would send a strong message to other communist states , including the soviet union . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the east germans , was sent to berlin
29 [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were no successful escapes into west berlin after the wall was built . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by
197732484 197733354 2008-03-12 15:27:51 0 days 00:04:39 3505251 1 east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall
199097858 199098110 2008-03-18 15:13:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|208.27.127.62 1 the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten go away now ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 1 the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 6 john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 1 soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one lota cock . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall
204493107 204725508 2008-04-10 16:47:10 0 days 23:17:59 137113 0 not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about
2 the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 2 topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors orders which gdr officials have denied exist . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news .
210716210 210716844 2008-05-07 02:17:19 0 days 00:03:50 911178 1 the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected the soviet sector to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how
2 government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised
3 government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had not expected to be killed and then the bodies sealed off from west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move
210732007 210975287 2008-05-08 05:56:41 1 days 01:56:30 608356 1 topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border gaurds guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web
2 improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 5 sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four
7 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ;
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 3 ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave allowed west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' '
214793313 214855602 2008-05-25 16:23:01 0 days 07:44:48 7002667 0 saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall :
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 14 troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 2 ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did
3 s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 7 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an
108 including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance
231103940 231117861 2008-08-10 23:34:15 0 days 01:19:16 0|75.72.179.139 1 f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them
232899836 232938956 2008-08-19 17:15:11 0 days 03:53:37 0|204.100.235.108 0 west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop penis penis penis the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb |
232938956 232939337 2008-08-19 17:17:18 0 days 00:02:07 2372780 0 west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had penis penis penis hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb |
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 2 which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 4 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots ) . = = = divergence of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children
5 keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad
6 cause you get laid every night and there is lots of gay sex there just stay away from the male because you dont know who to trust dont bend over and then micheal jackson goes there and gets all a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the children and thats how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it
237533048 237592228 2008-09-10 22:31:33 0 days 05:13:54 0|76.101.200.188 0 = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west retarded gay weenies called german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin
237592228 237592256 2008-09-10 22:31:42 0 days 00:00:09 1395162 0 = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west retarded gay weenies called german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin
237758626 237870717 2008-09-12 04:52:17 0 days 10:40:51 0|69.143.253.120 4 ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' '
5 east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all
237870717 237881567 2008-09-12 06:22:52 0 days 01:30:35 5177550 4 ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' '
5 west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all
237957752 238154941 2008-09-13 14:51:51 0 days 22:37:25 0|70.127.127.212 1 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d casey b . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 22 by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the
25 of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners
69 nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 3 closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin
7 berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced . , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel
9 had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission approval was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 20 stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12
240115670 240121082 2008-09-22 00:23:20 0 days 00:30:29 736477 0 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ casey b lucius d . zakel ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 13 , as well as entry into and exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east
14 to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 23 , 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance
241070670 241767736 2008-09-29 13:45:21 3 days 07:40:47 0|66.147.49.74 0 < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill seee hgfrygfdsuhkyfybwtyill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co
241767736 241768925 2008-09-29 13:52:49 0 days 00:07:28 1489190 0 < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to seee hgfrygfdsuhkyfybwtyill kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co
241768925 241808635 2008-09-29 17:14:44 0 days 03:21:55 7966459 0 the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? the berlin wall is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 12 to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air ' i pulled up to the house about 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 1 pleaded with her day after day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket . i put my walkman jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this
2 day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket . i put my walkman on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this what the people of bel - air living like ? hmmmmm this might be alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and
3 bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness
4 see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license
5 bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i
6 there was a dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab border between east and when it came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now
7 with my name out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it [[ west germany ]] . both borders came near the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it '
8 out i ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near to symbolize the license plate said fresh and it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - '
9 ain ' t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the quickness like lightening , disappeared i whistled for a cab and when it came near the license plate said fresh and [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had dice in the mirror if anything i can say this cab is rare but i thought ' now forget it ' - ' yo homes to bel air '
12 alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don ' t think sow i ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' re prepared for the prince of bel - air well , the plane landed and when i came out there
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 14 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there interviewed early on in was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin
17 berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with
18 berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons
28 / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for previously available on cd only on the soundtrack the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d .
29 nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans [[ to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]]
30 first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] ,
36 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude
40 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay comprehensive list ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
55 been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier
59 around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay < references ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed
99 not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order
101 wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 14 the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive clear both that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]]
36 ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube
37 and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of
38 and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the
39 the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from col five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : /
40 ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear glover s . johns jr . to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube .
41 muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run was alerted by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user
58 in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com
59 blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets
60 house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com
61 [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site
101 mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : '
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 14 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there interviewed early on in was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin
17 berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with
18 berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons
28 / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for previously available on cd only on the soundtrack the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d .
29 nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans [[ to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]]
30 first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] ,
36 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude
40 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay comprehensive list ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
55 been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier
59 around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay < references ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed
99 not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order
101 wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 14 the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive clear both that muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]]
36 ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube
37 and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of
38 and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the
39 the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from col five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : /
40 ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear glover s . johns jr . to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube .
41 muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run was alerted by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user
58 in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com
59 blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets
60 house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com
61 [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site
101 mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : '
247201275 247265283 2008-10-23 22:25:51 0 days 05:40:17 0|72.91.146.62 0 ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required require to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces
247265283 247265491 2008-10-23 22:27:09 0 days 00:01:18 911178 0 ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were require required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces
248095268 248099439 2008-10-28 00:43:56 0 days 00:22:55 0|76.16.149.66 2 obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} your mom ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 5 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 3 , 1990 . = = background =
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 2 {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat west side of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 15 torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " ' ' . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most
19 land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints notice ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards .
20 barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover and was mined ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the
22 gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field fields of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence (
32 , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 13 meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[
263818058 263818294 2009-01-13 15:24:44 0 days 00:01:13 0|216.20.70.81 0 / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders miche bahvlvjgh of5pijdf micheal jackson ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co .
263818294 263818317 2009-01-13 15:24:50 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 2 / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill miche bahvlvjgh of5pijdf micheal jackson ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ders orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co .
264315387 264375104 2009-01-16 01:24:50 0 days 05:09:11 0|76.202.130.24 0 = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboaki was here ! ! ! ! gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
264375104 264375116 2009-01-16 01:24:56 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboaki was here ! ! ! ! yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
265792339 265792794 2009-01-22 22:13:11 0 days 00:02:03 0|38.116.202.94 0 and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally westadditionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = =
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 1 and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on westadditionally west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = =
266386611 266392994 2009-01-25 21:46:14 0 days 00:33:28 240413 0 ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover and was mined ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved
3 as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice ; it offered no cover and was mined ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence (
267773611 267775034 2009-02-01 05:39:44 0 days 00:12:12 214542 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had
2 and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet
3 taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e ; the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick
4 . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' '
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 0 the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave return . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which
10 opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance ,
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 4 with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of ' ' [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' '
5 letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of [[ mission : impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 2 freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin austria , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 1 html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence wall into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed
2 ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria west berlin , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed trying to
5 time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 1 million people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . <
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 2 at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the
3 wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200
4 walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this
5 questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[
6 freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall
7 government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11
8 . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg
9 protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . stalin agreed , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
12 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone
270337066 270344001 2009-02-13 01:09:48 0 days 00:40:33 8970988 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * '
277909503 277910067 2009-03-17 17:50:00 0 days 00:02:39 6984319 0 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url
278854882 278889365 2009-03-22 05:34:54 0 days 03:58:53 0|98.210.160.132 1 ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry for some eastern bloc stated states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 2 ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill party orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 1 ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as party shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co
281875067 281894492 2009-04-05 13:52:21 0 days 02:58:08 0|70.172.199.144 1 exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the
281894492 281894614 2009-04-05 13:53:19 0 days 00:00:58 7164899 0 checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . you suck balls i hope u m = otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 1 / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de
283525990 283526349 2009-04-13 08:41:16 0 days 00:04:21 0|194.144.117.217 1 e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the [[ iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[
2 ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ august 23
289234167 289234263 2009-05-11 11:22:42 0 days 00:01:02 0|189.13.118.213 1 the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome to the jungle change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is
289234263 289234383 2009-05-11 11:23:50 0 days 00:01:08 0|189.13.118.213 0 the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] ,
289234383 289234676 2009-05-11 11:27:00 0 days 00:03:10 1099776 3 the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome to the jungle change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is
4 the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general de dimizione secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperitydade for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] ,
289778757 289779282 2009-05-14 00:07:11 0 days 00:02:48 1233313 0 between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " ' ' passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements
1 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 5 in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 2 truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for
3 and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service
307001452 307307874 2009-08-11 05:33:48 1 days 12:24:25 164429 1 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying {{ cquote quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace
308269713 308484644 2009-08-17 14:32:43 1 days 05:32:24 0|99.141.146.176 0 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 1 visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' '
2 berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' '
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 0 were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s visitors from the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all
312588680 312604952 2009-09-08 15:42:25 0 days 01:44:54 6971250 2 out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 4 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 1988 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 4 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1988 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
314279419 314293303 2009-09-16 07:06:38 0 days 02:04:37 0|213.160.63.117 0 occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and yo mama infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain
314293303 314293733 2009-09-16 07:10:31 0 days 00:03:53 0|213.160.63.117 0 occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods yo mama infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 0 {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin
3 viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s the united states in the eyes of its other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended
4 if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . <
315256267 315256675 2009-09-21 08:25:09 0 days 00:04:56 204692 0 to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 100 way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration
105 west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
106 , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to
121 opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 120 way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial
126 , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how
141 of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance ,
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 4 possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december
16 allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 24 west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 2 information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 3 from schabowski ' s press conference . after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 1 take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009
2 effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 1 date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still
4 thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . during a [[ revolutions
10 . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in
324284101 324284253 2009-11-06 15:02:26 0 days 00:01:14 6971250 0 ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also
324688472 324701296 2009-11-08 20:07:37 0 days 01:14:31 0|130.83.216.229 0 = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[
324701296 324721869 2009-11-08 22:06:03 0 days 01:58:26 0|93.73.52.68 0 , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and . when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as
1 as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i
2 — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further
324845496 324845643 2009-11-09 14:48:08 0 days 00:01:02 1467447 0 / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight
324918158 324919679 2009-11-09 21:58:15 0 days 00:08:41 0|86.42.78.215 0 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient recons pearse has a tiny penis and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000
324919679 324919964 2009-11-09 21:59:36 0 days 00:01:21 1477111 0 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to recons pearse has a tiny penis reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the sheep = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 2 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour fervor , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the
3 stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 4 up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervor fervour , despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of
5 east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervor , despite being even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed
325030211 325030931 2009-11-10 11:54:45 0 days 00:07:46 0|87.34.18.25 0 original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of opeople diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieddddddddddddf authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
325030931 325030966 2009-11-10 11:55:09 0 days 00:00:24 10137387 0 original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate opeople diiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiieddddddddddddf of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the
325134523 325134867 2009-11-10 22:44:03 0 days 00:02:00 0|68.187.237.50 4 to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = =
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 1 . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in
2 date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still
5 thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' '
325221468 325272110 2009-11-11 17:16:32 0 days 06:52:30 872367 0 ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 13 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 3 < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german penis communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 4 < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to penis german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing
326099578 326127754 2009-11-16 08:11:30 0 days 04:37:23 6971250 1 segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall segments | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government
327857129 328159601 2009-11-27 05:22:19 1 days 16:07:01 11108349 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html / an essay on the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display
336036763 336116479 2010-01-06 01:24:41 0 days 07:15:22 0|72.240.215.207 0 miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets viets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets
336116479 336116760 2010-01-06 01:26:24 0 days 00:01:43 9600753 0 miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the viets soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 6 on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally
12 {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by
14 occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain
15 revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb
16 / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} <
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 7 ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 28 section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport
56 > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west
343779602 343780168 2010-02-13 18:20:19 0 days 00:02:39 5326371 1 [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of
2 ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken the east germans took for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ;
3 speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for such a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the
4 uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if
5 u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 8 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to
9 killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill " orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall
10 . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which . gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals
12 not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers , guards were instructed that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached
18 berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included used a variety of methods : digging long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance
19 to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply
20 that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the
25 schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your
29 drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 5 ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel
11 ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 that day was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 6 berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http :
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 12 wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings
15 wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = =
346309531 346312588 2010-02-25 16:08:16 0 days 00:18:19 6971250 0 the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers )
346312588 346406413 2010-02-26 00:47:21 0 days 08:39:05 0|203.167.218.218 0 the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc .
347222818 347223391 2010-03-02 02:53:09 0 days 00:03:46 6123337 2 one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape defection , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to
3 - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they westerners could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in
4 . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued intervene for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this
348494021 348820527 2010-03-09 21:23:27 1 days 13:20:21 0|64.191.137.200 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone elses . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
348820527 348820895 2010-03-09 21:25:03 0 days 00:01:36 0|64.191.137.200 0 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone elses else . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods
348820895 348838063 2010-03-09 22:43:40 0 days 01:18:37 262550 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . because hitler had one ball he decided to suck someone else . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
350338289 350395839 2010-03-17 13:38:21 0 days 09:37:42 0|64.191.190.218 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . hitler only one nut , so he decided to suck someone else ' dick . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
350395839 350395896 2010-03-17 13:38:40 0 days 00:00:19 5499713 0 | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . hitler only one nut , so he decided to suck someone else ' dick . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and
350487874 351044536 2010-03-20 21:03:00 2 days 22:37:37 0|208.90.177.132 0 demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about teh problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so
351127386 351160581 2010-03-21 13:59:07 0 days 05:57:50 11968245 0 that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about teh the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force ,
355153543 355153697 2010-04-10 15:31:28 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 2 / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post pre - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16
3 powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods wars and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref >
355153697 355153879 2010-04-10 15:32:47 0 days 00:01:19 11743424 2 / ref > within three years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , wars and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16
3 powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , wars goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref >
356252869 356256735 2010-04-15 21:42:18 0 days 00:20:53 12156822 0 = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and hello if you are reading this then u got rick rolled hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p
356256735 356256996 2010-04-15 21:43:32 0 days 00:01:14 12156822 1 = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and hello if you are reading this then u got rick rolled hahahahahahahahahahahahahahaha the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome the separate and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall "
366962573 367011049 2010-06-09 16:36:07 0 days 06:20:21 12536139 0 " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 4 berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls ,
5 promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
371284385 372272401 2010-07-07 20:26:30 5 days 21:15:27 0|94.192.153.61 0 people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen windscreen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they lay flat and kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints .
379212179 379213340 2010-08-16 13:09:49 0 days 00:10:36 6971250 2 built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] (
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 1 and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered
2 the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice easing the detection of trespasser and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly ,
3 what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered
388862767 388863805 2010-10-05 09:51:55 0 days 00:10:57 6971250 0 establishing the what later became known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespasser and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 2 check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin airlift , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport |
389132726 389132750 2010-10-06 17:04:31 0 days 00:00:11 13102546 2 crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis fell but the penis wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise
389408893 389817938 2010-10-10 03:28:43 2 days 05:08:29 0|72.64.191.249 0 known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the death strip was covered with raked sand or gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice , easing the detection of trespasser trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly ,
389878566 389918108 2010-10-10 18:01:13 0 days 04:38:26 0|86.138.69.210 0 a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its it ' s construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting
389918108 389918206 2010-10-10 18:01:45 0 days 00:00:32 0|86.138.69.210 0 a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused it ' s its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting
389918206 390024324 2010-10-11 07:46:14 0 days 13:44:29 6971250 0 egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 16 " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors favours a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and
17 not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor labour in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does
23 writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for
35 in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration
43 | right | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and
56 pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title
57 17 }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin
71 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ;
93 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the
101 travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the
110 = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 .
116 s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york
392382924 392383335 2010-10-23 10:45:05 0 days 00:03:40 0|79.75.3.228 0 attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor fervour . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a
397878109 397878286 2010-11-20 15:43:36 0 days 00:01:07 0|79.74.81.116 0 | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : /
397878286 397878708 2010-11-20 15:46:18 0 days 00:02:42 0|79.74.81.116 2 on 21 december 1989 ]] 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it
398276983 398352994 2010-11-23 01:12:58 0 days 07:55:24 13490060 2 within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany vagina self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{
398352994 398353025 2010-11-23 01:13:12 0 days 00:00:14 13286072 2 within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war vagina germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 1 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall
2 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner
400927319 400927362 2010-12-06 21:33:38 0 days 00:00:10 12666844 0 " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri
400927652 400927696 2010-12-06 21:35:26 0 days 00:00:12 12666844 1 : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and covered girls , in jizz from head to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west
401615969 401678743 2010-12-10 21:44:43 0 days 07:54:06 0|216.24.126.66 0 applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east e [[ file : ġ ]] ast german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of
1 to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate
401678743 401678973 2010-12-10 21:46:13 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 0 to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate
1 applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to e [[ file : ġ ]] ast east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of
401710678 401992519 2010-12-12 18:35:46 1 days 16:40:11 0|64.148.16.233 2 the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of
3 and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens
4 , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and
404839126 404839294 2010-12-29 17:09:46 0 days 00:01:19 0|24.73.214.82 1 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 3 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 8 {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 9 harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]] powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants ,
423927349 424543101 2011-04-17 16:23:25 3 days 18:48:46 12030910 0 elderly pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even
427362267 427751982 2011-05-06 14:28:02 2 days 08:10:14 13543148 0 replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 4 few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = 22 may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were
5 days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 6 rusk proclaimed , " the wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is - - — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio /
16 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . has already entered into history - — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 -
30 . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? - - – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 - based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the
435490653 435491036 2011-06-21 17:16:00 0 days 00:02:30 3108116 0 ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by allied u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin -
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 77 beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall
113 that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down
133 name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 0 and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new
3 that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross announcing the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take
4 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission changes , but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day ,
5 so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent one of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied "
8 note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into take effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay "
9 at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " .
10 correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin ,
11 , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | date = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker ,
16 guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem . at first , but it became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had
17 immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but they were ordered to find the " more aggressive " people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to east germany - - in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > it became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 5 iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to
7 the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again at noon " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ”
16 memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed
448751555 448907770 2011-09-07 08:59:45 0 days 18:50:14 6971250 0 / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , which in turn would be presented as internal measures . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }}
476209082 477490937 2012-02-18 06:08:57 7 days 05:24:36 11922695 0 a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall it after masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref >
477490937 477491005 2012-02-18 06:09:38 0 days 00:00:41 11922695 0 / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall it after masses of chinese users began using it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org
478048968 479597706 2012-03-01 04:49:52 8 days 18:24:43 508734 5 ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] criticized the first euphoria , noting that " they forgot that 9 nov . november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 4 cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants
494695297 495094589 2012-05-30 08:17:37 2 days 08:55:03 577301 2 there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and eastern europe , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev
3 one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and eastern europe , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 15 was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting
16 schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker ,
17 s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ file : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors ]] {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 2 by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title name = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de /
507137049 507237640 2012-08-13 17:25:55 0 days 14:58:04 10377693 0 in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} ' ' ' or ' ' ' {{ further | list _ of _ deaths _ at _ the _ berlin _ wall }} [[
511924022 513488454 2012-09-19 05:44:48 7 days 07:06:04 36352 0 the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( 26 june 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = " [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] " speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 3 , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright |
545505652 545756761 2013-03-20 19:26:16 0 days 23:09:44 13884762 0 stm | publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the [[ communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found
1 publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 | accessdate = 12 august 2007 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime ]] gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
552345669 553106649 2013-05-01 21:49:43 4 days 22:25:37 7136651 0 the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 0 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day
1 / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw riccardo ehrman ]] — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 2 , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , : " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one
3 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref > {{
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 3 ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification , which formally concluded
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 4 leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing would then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p
20 wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so as to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s .
24 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it the wall was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed
29 allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those these crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the
38 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only
39 = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier
40 east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however , this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized .
588574374 588587093 2013-12-31 23:10:41 0 days 02:00:08 7611264 0 s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 4 or against any government . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down " . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a
632625944 632819951 2014-11-07 12:27:32 1 days 12:22:45 687585 0 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers or otherwise hammers and chisels various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers )
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 1 date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in continued over the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several
3 to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , with people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were
4 have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the nicknamed ' ' {{ lang | de | mauerspechte }} ' ' ( wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte "
5 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall
26 fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people
27 down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com "
34 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 0 + m517a9d5ff09 . 0 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited
4 further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them people to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[
5 those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use uses a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] .
9 would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations spread throughout honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the conditions
22 to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo
23 to take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . this ; however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " >
24 take effect the next day . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; . but however , he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte ,
29 city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note out loud at the end of the press conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref > {{ cite news | title =
35 0 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the
36 to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader
641499497 641609860 2015-01-08 18:28:50 0 days 18:23:21 3308922 0 german embassy in prague . this was tolerated by the new krenz government , because of long standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common boarder border . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . to ease the difficulties , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to
650207536 650209736 2015-03-06 22:23:56 0 days 00:16:44 24044265 0 segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . of note , is what is dubbed as " the sale of the century " organized by the fading and bankrupt east german government held at the hotel park palace in monte carlo , monaco in june 1990 . according to taylor ( cf . chaichian , 2014 : 325 ) , in one day eighty - one wall sections were auctioned off for an average of ₤6 , 500 to international clients . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 2 segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around the world . of note , is what is dubbed as " the sale of the century " organized by the fading and bankrupt east german government held at the hotel park palace in monte carlo , monaco in june 1990 . according to taylor ( cf . chaichian , 2014 : 325 ) , in one day eighty - one wall sections were auctioned off for an average of ₤6 , 500 to international clients . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around
650219949 653993858 2015-03-29 05:17:13 22 days 05:33:18 214542 1 wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german
659612103 660351082 2015-05-02 01:50:09 3 days 22:10:38 11963162 0 brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept "
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 1 to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = =
693600550 693602945 2015-12-03 17:08:38 0 days 00:17:25 23149456 0 , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , ( for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[
1 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , ) punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a
693973160 693973403 2015-12-06 06:17:52 0 days 00:02:45 30225 0 the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip or the saudi oil fields will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile
3 oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' where he informs the kgb agents
702892130 702892497 2016-02-02 06:58:20 0 days 00:04:04 13816079 4 berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so as to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s .
703014660 703096540 2016-02-03 13:37:43 0 days 13:40:29 23149456 0 party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence berlin watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > <
703096540 703365386 2016-02-05 02:06:59 1 days 12:29:16 13816079 0 party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence berlin watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > <
703365386 703417729 2016-02-05 11:43:48 0 days 09:36:49 23149456 1 party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence berlin watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > <
707245740 708550214 2016-03-06 06:01:17 7 days 11:17:02 27686184 1 . html }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east
773210166 773369188 2017-04-02 00:32:08 0 days 23:55:16 3820778 0 bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical position proposition . = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 13 eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . {{ fact }} = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go
20 to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and individual approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into
21 for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[
27 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . {{ fact }} = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central intelligence
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 3 it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 2 was shot at [[ humboldthafen ]] in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 9 . 48 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border guard kieler straße | region = de - be }} ) . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the
793675442 795297023 2017-08-13 09:19:52 10 days 01:27:47 26598670 1 berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 13 , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " /
809974101 809997471 2017-11-12 20:33:02 0 days 02:43:53 6554947 0 of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 2 german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been unmarked . the strip was used by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 0 border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been unmarked undemarcated . the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in
810234613 810249635 2017-11-14 04:18:13 0 days 01:54:04 6554947 1 german border , an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 2 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having been
810364476 810364859 2017-11-14 20:35:10 0 days 00:02:05 6554947 0 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been
810364859 810365117 2017-11-14 20:36:45 0 days 00:01:35 6554947 0 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been
810365117 810365760 2017-11-14 20:40:55 0 days 00:04:10 6554947 2 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports having often been
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 1 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often
814525068 814617672 2017-12-09 22:28:01 0 days 13:04:23 6554947 0 were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from one of the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into the west western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border outside the wall .
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 0 the outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears not even to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ;
814764354 815651022 2017-12-16 04:50:35 5 days 08:35:00 6554947 0 in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the area areas just outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg |
820717744 822396537 2018-01-26 03:43:39 9 days 21:44:06 5946478 0 the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books : | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune
822396537 822396886 2018-01-26 03:46:46 0 days 00:03:07 5946478 0 the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 4 the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve and renaturate the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative
5 dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death open spaces on the undeveloped strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin
6 the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since
7 system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 .
8 {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into as a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = =
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 8 general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and biking trail around the city in 1991 cycling area , called berliner mauerweg . also preservationists wanted a few years later as comprehensive as possible preservation of the remaining remains of the border installations . on the other hand ,
26 path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . these include the european cycle route r1 , the bike path berlin - copenhagen , the radfernweg berlin - usedom , the havelradweg the spreeradweg or the bike path berlin - leipzig . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
825750205 825791052 2018-02-15 12:48:39 0 days 07:21:27 5946478 0 list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various institutions around in the world . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 2 the next few weeks , euphoric people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 8 three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 escaping the bonds of earth : the fifties and the sixties | last = evans | first = ben | publisher = praxis publishing | year = 2014 | location = chichester uk | pages = 38 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 387 - 79093 - 0 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to
825816472 825816787 2018-02-15 16:14:01 0 days 00:02:04 5946478 0 eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 7 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central intelligence
825831503 825832314 2018-02-15 18:02:19 0 days 00:05:30 5946478 0 left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 4 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not stopped earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway bypassing west berlin , the [[
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 0 of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | http : / / rossmcelwee . com / somethingtodowiththewall . html | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 5 his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[
6 registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d -
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34051471 34224609 2006-01-07 09:24:49 1 days 07:51:26 323196 0 history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[
38769741 38771230 2006-02-08 15:23:00 0 days 00:13:30 0|84.64.190.165 0 war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[
48497132 48907639 2006-04-17 22:35:31 2 days 22:15:53 320928 0 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
53127110 53141362 2006-05-14 12:19:46 0 days 03:20:25 157842 0 ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[
55839438 55867521 2006-05-30 04:29:49 0 days 03:17:39 0|71.106.32.31 0 category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] [[ butt : sex ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[
55867659 55867956 2006-05-30 04:33:08 0 days 00:02:11 767514 1 category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] [[ butt : sex ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[
71260410 71268025 2006-08-22 23:15:46 0 days 00:45:17 433328 0 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles with invalid isbns ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
74442611 74981139 2006-09-10 21:59:14 2 days 20:41:41 63530 1 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles with invalid isbns ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[
89623581 89651816 2006-11-23 14:18:44 0 days 04:59:24 868987 0 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[
119634038 119880200 2007-04-03 02:25:24 0 days 23:32:03 382847 0 : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of europe ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[
124839581 124840894 2007-04-22 11:33:05 0 days 00:09:21 667840 0 history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of europe ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[
138718856 138723953 2007-06-17 08:23:26 0 days 00:50:27 4281205 1 [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of europe ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]]
185660901 185751760 2008-01-21 00:46:06 0 days 08:28:26 4534303 0 ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }}
216963315 218142316 2008-06-09 10:10:48 5 days 09:44:18 298077 0 ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }}
232470905 232501695 2008-08-17 15:03:12 0 days 04:24:36 7029070 0 : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[
233469326 233480684 2008-08-22 05:34:15 0 days 01:47:05 6454287 0 : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 77 / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el muppet films }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 77 / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el muppet films }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]]
248638811 249088521 2008-11-01 23:47:30 2 days 07:23:47 7573002 0 walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : postmodernity ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
250214306 250406098 2008-11-08 09:18:04 0 days 21:46:05 1215485 0 walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : postmodernity ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
268462140 268695306 2009-02-05 14:58:25 1 days 01:53:39 929196 0 : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }}
272206780 272467225 2009-02-22 10:42:20 1 days 05:54:52 6760500 0 : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }}
278746206 278854164 2009-03-22 01:31:36 0 days 10:11:40 6984319 0 walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
290358801 291348574 2009-05-21 06:55:29 4 days 12:21:50 9632848 0 f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : paradigm shifts ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
292153819 293109349 2009-05-29 15:18:32 4 days 11:24:17 197953 0 f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : paradigm shifts ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
317995805 318035713 2009-10-05 12:56:56 0 days 06:17:59 8245893 0 : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
352335796 352581884 2010-03-28 18:53:38 1 days 04:58:34 7029070 0 category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{
364781062 365177188 2010-05-31 08:12:07 2 days 05:09:11 7029070 0 category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[
412002545 412327970 2011-02-06 11:47:47 1 days 18:37:16 186638 0 category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
481848501 481923235 2012-03-14 21:59:26 0 days 08:19:53 1004750 0 : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
481923235 481923440 2012-03-14 22:00:40 0 days 00:01:14 1004750 0 : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
543449478 545358277 2013-03-19 05:11:08 7 days 12:34:11 1609140 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545358277 545361184 2013-03-19 05:32:47 0 days 00:21:39 7868001 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545361184 545373409 2013-03-19 06:54:43 0 days 01:21:56 210954 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545373409 545381105 2013-03-19 07:46:16 0 days 00:51:33 18079202 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545381105 545455691 2013-03-19 16:10:59 0 days 08:24:43 145394 1 of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link
545756761 546489570 2013-03-23 07:15:38 2 days 11:49:22 19217 0 : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
551967017 552010896 2013-04-24 20:00:24 0 days 05:10:51 2966869 0 of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552010896 552016576 2013-04-24 20:44:43 0 days 00:44:19 1609140 0 of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552035094 552035196 2013-04-24 23:14:26 0 days 00:01:03 205121 0 of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552035196 552035344 2013-04-24 23:15:35 0 days 00:01:09 205121 0 germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in west germany ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
552035344 552093309 2013-04-25 09:13:07 0 days 09:57:32 6971250 0 germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in west germany ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
569120812 570849977 2013-08-30 19:27:20 11 days 23:50:38 203786 0 germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
573618667 574067499 2013-09-22 17:12:09 3 days 07:12:13 12404882 0 ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{
623812492 623943583 2014-09-03 01:44:31 0 days 20:37:26 16752040 0 [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | vi }}
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 5 in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www .
12869650 12901447 2005-04-27 04:43:24 0 days 00:26:06 84553 1 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o [[ berlin ]] , like the link below www . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east
2 the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o the link below www rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 21 of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : | publisher = m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' '
22 ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , | year = [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin
23 . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . }} * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag
24 ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag ,
25 of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . | last = catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]]
26 august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john
31 ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden .
98151344 98168334 2007-01-03 13:13:54 0 days 02:24:35 2113027 0 ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 1 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 0 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like
4 bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans
124129045 124129084 2007-04-19 17:12:39 0 days 00:00:10 2092344 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two
1 the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months
2 east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before
3 german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the
4 voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction
5 were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of
6 convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 2 alex is really dumb = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - -
3 user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 social market economy ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10
4 utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc
5 - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - and a [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - -
6 user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 democracy | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10
7 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 democratic ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10
8 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 parliamentary government . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - = = = proposed
20 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 52 quotations from wikiquote source texts from wikisource images and media from commons news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog
56 raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 471 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara
57 . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 26736 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from
70 license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c writer ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
71 ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
72 see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 writer ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
73 for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 1 demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = =
9 intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example .
10 up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = =
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 70 . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast
73 * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 70 . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast
73 * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets
246467798 246467841 2008-10-20 10:02:36 0 days 00:00:20 3022076 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . aka . . . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position
1 fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . . . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the
2 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin
3 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . . calvin . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall
248095035 248095268 2008-10-28 00:21:01 0 days 00:01:16 416594 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . . . . . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall
1 gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . . . . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also
2 a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . . . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated
3 famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
4 speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin
5 at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
6 brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present -
7 gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day
8 ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . . . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state
9 , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . . . . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . tehehehehhe = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
10 at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . teheheh . . . . . pussy juice . . . . . tehehehehhe begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
276265514 276265541 2009-03-10 13:29:58 0 days 00:00:11 634828 1 {st@rt} : dalton . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co .
2 {st@rt} : dalton . . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk
3 {st@rt} : dalton . . . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk /
4 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1
5 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 /
6 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi
7 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . < ref > [ http : / / www . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi /
8 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . time . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world
9 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world /
10 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe
11 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe /
12 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093
13 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude chronik - der - mauer . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 1 to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , wikipedia is for nerds
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 1 {st@rt} . larrystm ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 46 high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961
47 ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 ]] , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , <
48 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , [[ 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref
49 title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref >
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 67 high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[
68 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]]
69 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[
70 ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 3 description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and
6 description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics -
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 4 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com )
324865655 324866697 2009-11-09 17:03:54 0 days 00:06:36 335812 0 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 13 . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 26th . , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 4 president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us -
325413025 325413116 2009-11-12 10:03:59 0 days 00:00:55 8023653 0 / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . *
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 5 s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 4 . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26th . 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 2 berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 i hope you know that : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from
3 ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 8 | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference citation | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 70 s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 31 | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation cite book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 13 ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to
75 ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 11 , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn13 isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition
12 / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen
399625658 399637116 2010-11-30 02:28:33 0 days 01:09:45 7328338 0 [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983
1 / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn : 9780582315693 , isbn : 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen &
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 3 ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west
422046294 422046414 2011-04-02 22:15:20 0 days 00:00:56 1426328 1 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' (
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 24 schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 2 accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , after its construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification
3 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 5 [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 9780582315693 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0582315697 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george
6 / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 9780582315693 , isbn 0582315697 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 30 june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 18 demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 0 / nsaebb / nsaebb441 / | publisher = the national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author author1 = matthew m . aid and william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 0 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude coordinates = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted
1 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list
5 berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 |
776886357 779016763 2017-05-06 14:40:43 12 days 16:04:21 558022 1 | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall , june 12 , 1987 . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage
2 description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at
816798032 816798137 2017-12-23 19:40:28 0 days 00:00:52 11112747 0 through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
838895196 838895411 2018-04-29 23:56:38 0 days 00:02:10 19082616 1 west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 37694 | region : de | display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 |
group 14
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16
7274470 7274559 2004-11-09 22:06:43 0 days 00:01:00 0|84.57.81.84 0 _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for a new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in
11109328 11181776 2005-03-13 23:12:10 0 days 18:44:02 86545 3 < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td >
12289902 12310883 2005-04-14 07:47:30 9 days 03:13:52 0|213.236.117.2 1 " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 1 the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
14704826 14731494 2005-06-04 19:48:31 3 days 00:27:26 0|152.163.100.139 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell and a victory for the united states and democracy . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = =
14731494 14774041 2005-06-05 07:27:32 0 days 11:39:01 8780 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell and a victory for the united states and democracy . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = =
15077566 15078586 2005-06-12 18:59:32 0 days 05:09:16 5016 0 east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on
18341661 18341759 2005-07-07 18:16:28 0 days 00:01:28 5717 0 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 300px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] = = celebrations = = on
19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 0 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image bild : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of
32108451 32117880 2005-12-20 16:57:51 0 days 01:28:03 0|216.167.223.130 2 relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west
35317181 35317828 2006-01-15 21:57:08 0 days 00:04:56 25568 1 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[
36359497 36424043 2006-01-23 23:27:03 0 days 09:07:42 0|24.129.65.110 0 considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . , fuck by fuck [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the
36424043 36424070 2006-01-23 23:27:17 0 days 00:00:14 7366 0 considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section , fuck by fuck . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 93 reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 0 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall of the wall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] ,
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 27 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 27 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of
58814119 58814173 2006-06-15 19:42:28 0 days 00:00:27 0|70.28.201.133 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 26 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment
84732374 84732512 2006-10-31 00:15:04 0 days 00:00:44 2617879 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en la la la la la . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96
93510408 93602012 2006-12-11 16:45:29 0 days 13:14:19 0|148.81.137.2 1 s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history
100114596 100116552 2007-01-12 00:32:15 0 days 00:10:08 0|64.228.195.105 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . eeee wreck shuns ! ! ! ! = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left
100116552 100119758 2007-01-12 00:48:43 0 days 00:16:28 1365356 0 in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . eeee wreck shuns ! ! ! ! = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 22 fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 22 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 6 agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f .
114964736 114965129 2007-03-14 02:53:38 0 days 00:02:08 0|217.238.181.27 0 predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ bild image : flitzekacke . jpg | thumb | a happy german a few days after the fall ]] [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 1 right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees hungry canadians from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 1 right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of hungry canadians would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 2 wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east sucks . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the '
122513682 122565742 2007-04-13 19:34:25 0 days 03:41:37 0|65.182.247.159 1 shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[
122565742 122565894 2007-04-13 19:34:59 0 days 00:00:34 0|65.182.247.159 1 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[
122565894 122566024 2007-04-13 19:35:30 0 days 00:00:31 0|65.182.247.159 1 to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = = = the fall , 1989 = = = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development
148835582 148835712 2007-08-03 00:43:07 0 days 00:00:46 0|203.1.203.4 0 {st@rt} kiz . this is the berlin wall . you love it . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 76 of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . see also : [[ schicksalstag ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 6 [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image sex reflects its biological function in reproduction , not its sexuality or other behavior . the female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete and which typically bears the offspring . in contrast , the male sex has a smaller gamete and rarely bears offspring . in some animals , sex may be assigned to specific structures rather than the entire organism . earthworms , for example , are normally hermaphrodites . contents [ hide ] 1 animal species 2 humans 2 . 1 social and psychological issues 3 see also 4 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 5 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime
165410646 165411104 2007-10-18 14:28:24 0 days 00:02:31 0|89.240.178.51 0 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government authorities . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]]
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 9 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin authorities government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]]
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 27 conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime
177864610 178058636 2007-12-15 11:05:40 0 days 23:03:48 0|217.234.236.231 0 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]]
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 2 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 fall . ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe
191453321 191453395 2008-02-14 17:26:01 0 days 00:00:22 0|70.118.101.154 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . sam rules = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
191453395 191453407 2008-02-14 17:26:07 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . sam rules = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
191583995 191709609 2008-02-15 20:07:18 0 days 15:08:49 0|207.160.105.110 2 naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
191709609 191709855 2008-02-15 20:08:39 0 days 00:01:21 4430968 1 of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie is the hottestmanontheplanet publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped
2 wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie is the hottestmanontheplanet . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
199097858 199098110 2008-03-18 15:13:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|208.27.127.62 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[
201634450 201642508 2008-03-28 19:15:31 0 days 00:32:32 0|131.7.52.17 0 | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall '
201642508 201675354 2008-03-28 21:41:37 0 days 02:26:06 3622922 0 | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall '
201675354 201675458 2008-03-28 21:42:06 0 days 00:00:29 3622922 0 | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall '
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 4 the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for
221970072 223245034 2008-07-03 06:09:59 6 days 07:29:21 3622922 0 the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ,
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 6 in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ , 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall "
45 jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers
233599076 233681008 2008-08-23 05:24:38 0 days 09:27:41 0|150.101.115.110 0 over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is
237224577 237252350 2008-09-09 10:14:28 0 days 04:08:11 0|150.101.115.110 0 of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 100 decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 ,
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 100 decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 ,
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 7 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left
249352359 249738980 2008-11-04 22:26:36 1 days 15:49:32 162210 3 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] little is left of
258134007 258134336 2008-12-15 15:49:24 0 days 00:01:33 0|71.130.177.243 0 view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the we asshole niggerst side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 1 view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the we asshole niggerst side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 5 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' '
262732257 262761069 2009-01-08 15:22:33 0 days 03:50:39 0|84.248.152.117 0 [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " holy shit ! ! ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the
262761069 262762670 2009-01-08 15:32:06 0 days 00:09:33 5907738 0 [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " holy shit ! ! ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 1 plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]]
2 " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof ]] in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[
3 on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in [[ friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image
4 the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image :
5 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of
6 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall
16 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at
18 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]]
272959089 273103201 2009-02-25 02:26:13 0 days 12:29:12 0|76.235.164.36 2 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 4 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 4 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
276398128 276398569 2009-03-10 23:53:18 0 days 00:02:17 0|68.81.17.165 3 between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected
301720848 301746617 2009-07-12 20:30:53 0 days 03:02:58 7669163 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the '
311905684 311933749 2009-09-05 01:02:20 0 days 03:22:02 6877720 1 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite
2 " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the '
4 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
313039666 313043981 2009-09-10 18:18:45 0 days 00:24:11 0|64.8.162.47 0 | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] this wall was made to keep out prostitutes . they came over and spread diseases like aids and herpes . ex . one person who contracted aids from the saliva of a monkey . wow thats disturbing . . and thats why they built the wall . . | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
313043981 313044179 2009-09-10 18:20:05 0 days 00:01:20 7899452 0 | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] this wall was made to keep out prostitutes . they came over and spread diseases like aids and herpes . ex . one person who contracted aids from the saliva of a monkey . wow thats disturbing . . and thats why they built the wall . . | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
320144857 320837584 2009-10-19 18:04:45 3 days 14:53:58 0|208.127.78.52 1 of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 1 berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers
324842902 324843477 2009-11-09 14:31:09 0 days 00:04:20 6971250 0 . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near adjacent to the [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those
1 | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying
325016151 325016390 2009-11-10 09:14:58 0 days 00:03:08 0|87.42.135.2 1 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | - ' ' ' the berlin wall was in fact 2 feet tall and stopped dwarves from jumping over into western germany . that was hitler ' s masterrace . ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325016697 325016705 2009-11-10 09:18:59 0 days 00:00:08 0|149.254.120.136 0 [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - ' ' ' the berlin wall was in fact 2 feet tall and stopped dwarves from jumping over into western germany . that was hitler ' s masterrace . ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 0 [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - < / gallery > | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 5 [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - < / gallery > | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325424993 325433179 2009-11-12 13:36:08 0 days 01:22:23 0|190.92.6.182 1 [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - ' ' ' gays ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325433179 325433331 2009-11-12 13:37:38 0 days 00:01:30 0|190.92.6.182 0 [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - ' ' ' gays ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325433528 325433622 2009-11-12 13:40:26 0 days 00:00:48 0|190.92.6.182 1 [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - i w / h jujujuj ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325433759 325433837 2009-11-12 13:42:21 0 days 00:00:44 295080 2 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ' ' ' | - i w / h jujujuj ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 1 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
339045107 339322107 2010-01-22 10:16:12 1 days 11:25:18 0|87.42.212.2 1 berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - most sexy girl | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
339322107 339326768 2010-01-22 11:09:16 0 days 00:53:04 0|121.1.11.120 1 , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , tammy lyons is the most sexy girl wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the
343281262 343366954 2010-02-11 16:27:31 0 days 13:08:29 0|74.39.186.2 0 the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . dude your mom is great in bed = = = escape attempts = = = [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad
343366954 343367241 2010-02-11 16:29:25 0 days 00:01:54 10823618 0 the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . dude your mom is great in bed = = = escape attempts = = = [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad
347221140 347222818 2010-03-02 02:49:23 0 days 00:10:33 6123337 0 in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape defection attempts = = = [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 2 {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location
3 history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked
355187838 355500810 2010-04-12 08:25:16 1 days 13:24:08 487310 1 right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its
365688576 365688710 2010-06-02 19:04:55 0 days 00:00:52 4459901 0 defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . amoz hickmen is a gay fagit = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting
381017545 381022563 2010-08-26 00:36:45 0 days 00:30:16 0|85.177.90.101 0 / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ eastsidegallery ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial
381022563 381024125 2010-08-26 00:47:39 0 days 00:10:54 0|85.177.90.101 0 > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ eastsidegallery east side gallery ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie
389329152 389330154 2010-10-07 15:04:32 0 days 00:05:31 0|141.43.69.1 0 a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 11 a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at http : / / www [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity
395663125 395750266 2010-11-09 14:58:42 0 days 12:40:54 1849785 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image file : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 0 {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border it is know that i love piggies | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
4 {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
5 | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 0 {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb .
1 image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) in germany
5 {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border it is know that i love piggies | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 18 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin
406120386 406194158 2011-01-06 01:17:25 0 days 07:09:23 0|166.203.81.233 0 : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - = = headline text = = i get a bonner | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
406194158 406194201 2011-01-06 01:17:38 0 days 00:00:13 6313586 0 : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - = = headline text = = i get a bonner | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] |
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 2 ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961
4 u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image file : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was
15 fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ image file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21
17 , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage
18 military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall
20 gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 image file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a
21 [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 4 of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg |
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 2 - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in
6 . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980 ' s
444513653 444591376 2011-08-13 07:47:29 0 days 09:51:38 7627982 0 < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in perparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15 june
454720816 455256380 2011-10-12 19:41:34 3 days 04:05:00 13791031 0 wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] |
1 | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] | - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | }
466218868 466656797 2011-12-19 08:25:36 2 days 11:01:04 6971250 1 = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , days before they began to tear it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file
2 / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , days before they began to tear it down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[
484820788 484827186 2012-03-31 10:26:00 0 days 01:15:39 2390993 0 berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in perparation preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall ,
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 2 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] [[ file : | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] [[ file : berlin
12 . ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the '
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 7 . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s ]] four
506391596 506391748 2012-08-08 13:38:55 0 days 00:01:19 1749498 0 on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall
510912533 511602144 2012-09-09 22:17:03 4 days 09:01:45 595371 0 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous
515867543 518733755 2012-10-19 17:13:15 15 days 18:52:54 2705932 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 1 file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | 250px | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 22 berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate
34 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009
574661815 574662020 2013-09-26 21:55:58 0 days 00:02:01 16715243 0 ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous
574666842 575021955 2013-09-29 17:00:52 2 days 18:20:11 1108424 0 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] . photo by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position
575021955 575031930 2013-09-29 18:28:06 0 days 01:27:14 1108424 1 of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area . photo by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en
2 the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] and a [[ guard tower ]] . photo ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
575031930 575032069 2013-09-29 18:29:29 0 days 00:01:23 1108424 0 jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
575032069 575047845 2013-09-29 20:48:17 0 days 02:18:48 1108424 2 _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner
3 jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . photos by george garrigues . 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
576976108 576982734 2013-10-13 12:39:46 0 days 01:14:10 2790592 1 " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of east berlin neue zeit newspaper , with berlin wall in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was
588587093 589123834 2014-01-04 11:07:54 3 days 11:57:13 1862829 0 death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ ‪axel axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s "
590300424 590820537 2014-01-15 14:32:18 3 days 13:07:35 1862829 0 seen from axel springer building 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag‬ ag ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip
594610725 595829165 2014-02-17 04:45:39 8 days 01:48:57 182902 0 in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . photos by george garrigues ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 2 brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on
623786249 623812316 2014-09-02 05:04:56 0 days 04:37:28 204692 0 brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 40 php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 33 cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]]
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 2 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ axel springer ag ]] building , 1984 . ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ czech
3 in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position
4 lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]]
20 > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 file :
21 november 1989 file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | a crane removes a section of the wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 . file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 -
23 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 .
29 . file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood . file : fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon
32 ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[
34 | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden
693721766 693934759 2015-12-05 23:30:48 1 days 10:50:38 23149456 0 [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg
733487340 733515231 2016-08-08 10:22:50 0 days 05:43:04 9246768 1 | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 .
747339619 748208128 2016-11-07 00:29:35 5 days 03:59:01 20611691 0 | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | thumb | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < /
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 31 the " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ fact }} [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 3 . file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood . file : fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon
5 ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " until we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall
7 we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 1 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . on 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file
4 jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | thumb | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < /
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 26 wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire
814617672 814620671 2017-12-09 22:52:01 0 days 00:24:00 6554947 0 berlin wall in foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , . the area outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 2 with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are < i > de jure < / i > ' ' eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 27 allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . " > thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn
854963466 854964841 2018-08-15 00:18:45 0 days 00:14:21 5839510 0 , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of for the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20
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6698178 6806505 2004-10-19 10:35:24 0 days 00:01:42 0|217.231.158.148 0 of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / /
22164068 22624244 2005-09-05 14:57:51 6 days 05:44:26 0|213.86.60.3 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities berlinphotos . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east
1 * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com co . uk / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 25 were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > ]] / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 3 through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / > < / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur .
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 25 ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover columbia . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de
26 in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org edu / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[
27 german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications itc / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland
30 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world humanhormones . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at
31 period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de com / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1
43 the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk com / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when
62 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources wiki / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book |
72 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 23 an empirical assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia hoover . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens
24 assessment in genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu org / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http
25 genetic associations " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc publications / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : /
26 " . j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs policyreview / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www
27 j . am . med . assoc . 298 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy 3478177 . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science
28 ( 8 ) : 880 - 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody
29 893 . http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones dw - world . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone .
30 http : / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com de / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http
31 / / www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category dw / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : /
32 www . columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids article / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www
33 columbia . edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily
36 anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science 2 / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links
37 html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody hi / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further
38 : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex europe / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find
40 . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching
41 steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www news . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects
42 androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily bbc . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions
43 http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com co . uk / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary
44 / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases 2 / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from
163818437 163840161 2007-10-11 17:08:04 0 days 01:51:05 0|65.43.199.13 0 the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb gbh / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
163840479 163881129 2007-10-11 20:22:05 0 days 03:12:25 400903 1 the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gbh gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 3 were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft goethe . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer .
4 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com de / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de /
5 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall ges / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
9 : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die chronik - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 46 that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]]
69 : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [
72 disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 46 that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]]
69 : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [
72 disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 4 peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 1 than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe chronik - der - mauer . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] <
2 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges index . php / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the
3 to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg de / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german
4 from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm start / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 2 < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start common / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl
3 name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index document / field / file / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 10 day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref
315252773 315254957 2009-09-21 08:05:55 0 days 00:25:37 204692 0 - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < /
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 0 to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < /
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 6 ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901
18 by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 2 and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : ] < br / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 6 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas ssdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipietmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' '
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 7 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . ssdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipietmas stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' '
376154207 377111406 2010-08-04 12:53:25 5 days 15:47:03 8729652 0 what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 9 . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ]
24 icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / /
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 28 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[
42 . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ]
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 0 intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg
445112728 445115677 2011-08-16 07:52:17 0 days 00:31:24 6971250 1 . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / en / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society /
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 2 the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the
4 berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east
582077499 582290546 2013-11-19 00:00:39 1 days 06:02:40 88026 0 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
1 cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate
2 = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 5 www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 | url = 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [
17 www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http :
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 13 ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset
14 one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] *
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 7 . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php en / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http
23 berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm deutsche bilder aus der vergangenheit | trans - title = my wall - german pictures from the past | language = de | publisher = [[ university https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / /
734568107 735306235 2016-08-19 21:12:01 4 days 14:55:19 27823944 0 last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80 / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden |
1 welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80 / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[
738865701 738877220 2016-09-11 16:07:47 0 days 01:20:46 27015025 0 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
2 cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate
4 = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate
751172499 752045266 2016-11-29 05:27:46 5 days 08:30:00 6792845 0 what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out
1 stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 todays - paper / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate
2 . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 tp - opinion / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 4 yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources % 2bresources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1
5 / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk % 2bdesk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil
6 2006 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy }} < / ref >
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 1 the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian upi . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the
2 and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign archives / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 1 deaths . < ref name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php 178924 / de / start / index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german |
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 2 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com ref name = " cnn . com " / > cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > people attempted
5 " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in and around berlin .
8 parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from
10 the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = = eastern bloc
12 in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in 1955 , the soviets
14 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had
15 east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / > / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result
19 {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > at midnight , the police
21 > the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside
23 at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city
25 . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com " / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy
30 . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn howstuffworks . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref >
34 to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref name = " mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or
37 | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]]
39 to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel
41 ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the
43 visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter
45 as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the
47 military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the
49 . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{
50 in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / > / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list
94 cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > non - german westerners could cross the border
98 to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing =
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 5 at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com " / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] .
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732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 2 citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop prevented the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] ,
1608009 1608238 2003-10-22 20:32:34 0 days 17:58:53 16924 0 ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . <
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 0 berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating [[ west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 8 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , ; thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in
11 the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system
3156940 3355675 2004-04-12 05:26:04 7 days 15:02:05 32383 3 november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]]
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 6 it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1
5185067 5185087 2004-08-13 16:19:44 0 days 00:00:47 56563 0 the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989
5185087 5185152 2004-08-13 16:21:24 0 days 00:01:40 56563 0 the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]]
7268399 7274073 2004-11-09 19:32:09 0 days 01:24:50 113855 1 of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]]
2 declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 6 of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m
7275003 7275347 2004-11-09 22:18:09 0 days 00:03:28 0|84.57.81.84 2 on a second parallel fence , creating a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 .
8251853 9112175 2004-12-09 01:50:11 0 days 00:52:44 28107 0 , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german
9483896 9518516 2005-01-19 17:10:34 0 days 00:00:42 91656 0 berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside
1 wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story
9518516 9518536 2005-01-21 02:47:44 1 days 09:37:10 0|69.160.170.155 0 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the they wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second
9518536 9532587 2005-01-21 02:48:35 0 days 00:00:51 172435 0 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] they the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 3 ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on
4 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] < / td > < / tr > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin - wall - map the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a
10 a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip grenzmauer 75 ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was
11 , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 .
10252971 10253611 2005-02-14 13:40:11 0 days 00:01:19 0|213.84.119.125 1 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its
10253611 10255890 2005-02-14 14:17:44 0 days 00:37:33 132952 3 november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its
11755213 11755223 2005-04-01 09:38:57 0 days 00:00:46 0|217.68.115.26 0 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
14125556 14140365 2005-05-23 20:14:41 1 days 10:42:33 54820 0 november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent
14140365 14260653 2005-05-24 02:16:18 0 days 06:01:37 6661 0 november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany
24143292 24150723 2005-09-27 11:35:46 0 days 02:38:27 0|212.219.59.226 2 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin london ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]]
24150980 24151055 2005-09-27 11:41:54 0 days 00:01:14 7580 2 rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]]
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 4 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east
5 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it
14 germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to
23 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii
24 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] .
25160186 25206069 2005-10-10 14:55:56 0 days 15:02:24 386475 1 [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west
2 weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german
25656383 25689796 2005-10-16 22:20:06 0 days 09:50:06 0|12.221.139.214 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing
1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 3 years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , julius rosenberg was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as
27042249 27080524 2005-11-01 16:01:19 0 days 11:13:12 0|64.9.53.34 0 subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin clit ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]]
27080524 27085773 2005-11-01 17:19:14 0 days 01:17:55 0|24.165.111.223 0 subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ clit berlin ]] , was deep within the area which the penis was planning to hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole [[
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 2 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
30122085 30233828 2005-12-05 16:40:11 1 days 00:11:43 276745 4 ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to
30233828 30616964 2005-12-08 18:38:02 3 days 01:57:51 0|209.32.68.66 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ack ack ack [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as
30616964 30617126 2005-12-08 18:39:38 0 days 00:01:36 0|209.32.68.66 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ack ack ack [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as
34282387 34775887 2006-01-11 17:31:21 3 days 20:07:38 0|164.83.99.83 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter ,
34775887 34778137 2006-01-11 17:49:33 0 days 00:18:12 0|158.123.138.252 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter ,
1 [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [ fuckfuckfuckv [ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as
34778137 34778424 2006-01-11 17:52:02 0 days 00:02:29 21397 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany
1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 2 differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf ( " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were
36216587 36216676 2006-01-22 13:40:22 0 days 00:01:20 480942 2 differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans
36645214 36646145 2006-01-25 14:46:14 0 days 00:09:12 0|216.235.137.59 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ' ' [[ [[ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' merdock rocks ! ! ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36646475 36646630 2006-01-25 14:50:35 0 days 00:01:34 0|216.235.137.59 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' ' ' [[ [[ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' merdock rocks ! ! ! ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36874178 36940507 2006-01-27 13:39:26 0 days 12:42:50 0|216.235.137.59 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' hail hitla man ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36940507 36940912 2006-01-27 13:43:30 0 days 00:04:04 643099 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' hail hitla man ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
36940912 37108530 2006-01-28 19:11:04 1 days 05:27:34 0|66.177.112.110 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . my them are huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on
39793418 39818227 2006-02-16 01:44:54 0 days 03:14:56 0|68.18.147.5 1 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although
39818227 40007654 2006-02-17 13:20:02 1 days 11:35:08 154979 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east [[ germany ]] ' s " zones " , each controlled by one of
40648652 40685695 2006-02-22 07:56:45 0 days 06:28:17 0|144.137.251.28 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin sucks dick was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40686116 40686140 2006-02-22 08:03:31 0 days 00:00:22 0|144.137.251.28 0 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin sucks dick is l33t king pw3ned beatch was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40686140 40686196 2006-02-22 08:04:18 0 days 00:00:47 644872 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) jack griffin is l33t king pw3ned beatch was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 1 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 30 ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could
65 [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 11 were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations station ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross
12 down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross .
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 25 ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a
26 in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 25 weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st
26 republic ]] , in 1918 . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 1 [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate
53249668 53305379 2006-05-15 12:37:07 0 days 09:58:36 0|67.98.120.83 0 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 poop . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web |
53305379 53306315 2006-05-15 12:44:45 0 days 00:07:38 767514 0 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in poop [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web |
54483047 54492401 2006-05-22 07:45:56 0 days 01:49:11 157842 0 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[
54612020 54612820 2006-05-22 23:23:58 0 days 00:05:29 0|67.76.205.110 1 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
54612820 54613169 2006-05-22 23:26:29 0 days 00:02:31 1008387 2 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 0 june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 24 republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany
25 , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 5 = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' bold text ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[
6 = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 5 emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 4 = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) my line of work , and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner -
68095592 68131712 2006-08-07 04:29:58 0 days 04:13:44 0|150.101.101.74 0 berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' cokenballarden " ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following
68131712 68131991 2006-08-07 04:32:28 0 days 00:02:30 416594 0 berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' cokenballarden " berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following
71494775 71559993 2006-08-24 08:49:24 0 days 08:19:46 278977 0 potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following
80538367 80538479 2006-10-10 02:25:17 0 days 00:00:54 0|71.250.160.186 1 = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 5 it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was
88527357 88544994 2006-11-18 02:06:45 0 days 01:51:34 0|82.2.80.207 0 < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former formerz [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
88544994 88545100 2006-11-18 02:07:24 0 days 00:00:39 0|82.2.80.207 0 < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the formerz former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
89730172 90181219 2006-11-26 07:20:39 2 days 07:53:59 4236 4 ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' - beethoven : symphony no . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer
5 ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz
91852808 92184997 2006-12-05 08:29:50 1 days 11:28:15 0|80.208.142.253 0 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . i hump turtles ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
92185548 92186033 2006-12-05 08:40:28 0 days 00:04:39 302522 1 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . i hump turtles ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
95295871 95295938 2006-12-19 12:34:57 0 days 00:00:46 111299 1 democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] .
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 0 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former was a long [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and
1 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was
99378492 99378560 2007-01-08 19:25:03 0 days 00:00:22 29695 0 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border
100540454 100620191 2007-01-14 07:58:48 0 days 08:30:58 717294 0 / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 6 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . jesus . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 6 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . jesus . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
101350909 101358812 2007-01-17 16:56:42 0 days 00:38:15 0|207.106.216.11 0 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation separdfgp ' idfg ; n barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin |
101358927 101360999 2007-01-17 17:07:46 0 days 00:10:26 416594 0 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separdfgp ' idfg ; n separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin |
108230331 108230538 2007-02-15 02:08:09 0 days 00:01:16 3563780 0 > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
108230972 108231602 2007-02-15 02:13:37 0 days 00:03:16 506179 1 div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' oooorshhhhfssseargshhh ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
108231602 108231997 2007-02-15 02:15:41 0 days 00:02:04 3563780 0 > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant vaginal [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
108231997 108232467 2007-02-15 02:18:06 0 days 00:02:25 506179 1 > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant vaginal [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east
110131239 110144912 2007-02-22 20:32:14 0 days 01:04:23 3528959 0 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 43 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 49 other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results the same day , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * <
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 43 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 49 other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results the same day , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * <
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 43 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 49 other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results the same day , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don '
123570932 123623370 2007-04-17 20:25:12 0 days 03:20:46 0|70.162.132.231 0 walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , hello peoples [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]]
123623370 123623472 2007-04-17 20:25:33 0 days 00:00:21 645017 0 walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , hello peoples [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]]
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 1 prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political
124965000 125058452 2007-04-23 03:51:10 0 days 06:18:09 345374 1 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 7 from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a - - [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' '
8 , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder
9 germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " '
129558680 129586692 2007-05-09 18:28:52 0 days 01:37:04 0|65.18.54.220 0 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . some people write graphiti on the wall it is funny sometimes . like the time someone wrot . i will rape your mom and eat her out . i laughed so hard construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
129586692 129586982 2007-05-09 18:29:52 0 days 00:01:00 3704376 0 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . some people write graphiti on the wall it is funny sometimes . like the time someone wrot . i will rape your mom and eat her out . i laughed so hard construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 3 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets .
132298025 132298254 2007-05-20 21:18:24 0 days 00:01:13 0|70.143.50.176 0 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . i am nazi ! ! ! ! no jews ! ! ! hahahahahahahaha ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 6 no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . i am nazi ! ! ! ! no jews ! ! ! hahahahahahahaha ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 21 east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 5 ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was had been used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[
6 ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961
148832356 148832459 2007-08-03 00:22:10 0 days 00:00:40 4436820 0 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[
149424881 149429209 2007-08-05 23:02:20 0 days 00:31:22 110252 0 s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 7 parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 20 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref
162004219 162071112 2007-10-03 18:55:57 0 days 05:55:07 400903 0 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang -
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 0 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische
169621066 169623420 2007-11-06 16:33:18 0 days 00:12:12 96897 1 eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , ' ' ' graffiti ' ' ' appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and
171330844 171393635 2007-11-14 08:32:36 0 days 07:37:34 0|213.221.119.178 1 it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with
173361573 173361813 2007-11-23 22:28:30 0 days 00:01:29 137113 0 entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' fleeing flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of
173864676 173866475 2007-11-26 10:45:25 0 days 00:17:35 137113 0 also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the soviet union gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 3 from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder reindeer of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from
4 berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east north - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction
5 and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 3 from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer remainder of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from
4 berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north east - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction
5 and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on
180966560 180988262 2007-12-30 14:52:15 0 days 03:21:41 0|88.230.105.212 0 ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the
1 ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states
195694787 195845813 2008-03-04 18:16:50 0 days 17:09:42 0|72.67.90.61 0 no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used usedwith dick juice in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of
195845813 195845879 2008-03-04 18:17:11 0 days 00:00:21 538346 0 no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been usedwith dick juice used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 0 a move of this kind < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to
210732007 210975287 2008-05-08 05:56:41 1 days 01:56:30 608356 0 berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 0 ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced . the most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could
8 see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could
211222847 211225942 2008-05-09 09:58:16 0 days 00:33:00 686868 1 . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 137 waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] ,
232402354 232402597 2008-08-17 00:15:38 0 days 00:02:01 0|87.17.152.225 0 - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin
237758626 237870717 2008-09-12 04:52:17 0 days 10:40:51 0|69.143.253.120 1 westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day
2 = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous
237870717 237881567 2008-09-12 06:22:52 0 days 01:30:35 5177550 1 westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern western countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day
2 = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an west german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to west berlin were issued without previous
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 39 ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four motorways usable by west germans [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[
53 application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 .
58 berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28
74 in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 negotiations
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 17 officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass enter and exit west berlin . into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = hahahahahaha = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
120761222 121051788 2007-04-07 21:18:40 1 days 05:04:23 3194521 0 < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 2 . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the that one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 3 berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background -
152046698 152245225 2007-08-19 13:55:12 0 days 23:09:31 3341545 0 [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the communist regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 0 europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref
1 / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name
153180545 153227953 2007-08-23 21:46:10 0 days 04:24:11 4927734 0 [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
153227953 153229321 2007-08-23 21:54:12 0 days 00:08:02 302522 0 [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
153229321 153248597 2007-08-23 23:46:44 0 days 01:52:32 1054259 0 rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a mythical [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin
153257087 153261470 2007-08-24 01:02:51 0 days 00:26:17 4927734 0 / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a german politician alleges that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having
1 europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having such a policy . < ref name =
2 [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill "
3 / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 .
4 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment has always denied having
153261470 153277889 2007-08-24 02:48:33 0 days 01:45:42 3341545 0 [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a german politician alleges that the east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment denied having such
1 http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > a german politician alleges prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . that the east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment denied having such a policy . <
2 . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > a german politician alleges that the east german government newly discovered documents confirm gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence
5 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
156963155 156984392 2007-09-10 19:19:46 0 days 01:48:55 0|78.16.81.31 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > one of the people to get over the wall was a flying pig called hans hermon . he was the first pig to fly a hot air balloon and the first pig to live in the west of germany without a pig liesence . he paved the way for future pigs to live in freedom in germany . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
156984392 156984512 2007-09-10 19:20:25 0 days 00:00:39 302522 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > one of the people to get over the wall was a flying pig called hans hermon . he was the first pig to fly a hot air balloon and the first pig to live in the west of germany without a pig liesence . he paved the way for future pigs to live in freedom in germany . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
157129007 157150622 2007-09-11 13:41:54 0 days 02:51:08 0|202.92.40.8 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans
157861705 157861867 2007-09-14 15:25:47 0 days 00:00:54 0|216.174.135.206 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when kaylons mother came over i enjoyed seeing her naked and rubbing those sweet ass tities across my face the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of
157861881 157863537 2007-09-14 15:34:50 0 days 00:08:57 0|151.201.234.12 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when kaylons mother came over i enjoyed seeing her naked and rubbing those sweet ass tities across my face the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east
159184233 159403003 2007-09-21 15:08:45 0 days 23:23:59 0|24.229.177.226 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans
159403003 159458827 2007-09-21 19:54:05 0 days 04:45:20 2073927 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 46 / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined sex by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by
162853255 162955357 2007-10-07 22:06:08 0 days 09:30:21 0|68.221.188.40 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans
162993679 163097473 2007-10-08 14:34:07 0 days 12:42:14 0|216.237.254.146 0 dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group bull shit claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : /
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 1 dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group bull shit claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : /
166496802 166496873 2007-10-23 12:32:46 0 days 00:00:33 0|65.43.197.37 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > i wrote this . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
166499521 166516238 2007-10-23 14:34:11 0 days 01:42:57 1442840 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > i wrote this . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
167282919 167283325 2007-10-26 20:09:30 0 days 00:01:52 0|205.202.92.219 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when adam do not use this sight this is what can happen trust me brotherwhen the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of
167283325 167283465 2007-10-26 20:10:16 0 days 00:00:46 0|140.254.80.182 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > adam do not use this sight this is what can happen trust me brotherwhen when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of
167283465 167283597 2007-10-26 20:11:01 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.202.92.219 0 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when adam do not use this sight this is what can happen trust me brotherwhen the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of
167283597 167284000 2007-10-26 20:13:12 0 days 00:02:11 0|140.254.80.182 1 uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > adam do not use this sight this is what can happen trust me brotherwhen when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of
172915047 172928210 2007-11-21 16:24:07 0 days 01:26:20 0|81.149.232.89 0 : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 10 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans
19 up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus plans for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed .
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 10 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north germans
19 up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the plans impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from lower german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by canadian leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed .
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 1 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < font color = silver > < big > after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
6 for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and < font size = 300 > economic prosperity . < / font > the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin
10 the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation < font size = 300 > " intolerable " . < / font > < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and
11 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved
14 press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht '
182616020 182693171 2008-01-07 07:39:53 0 days 08:59:14 0|80.127.26.13 0 / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures {{ who ? }} have called these numbers " alarming . " {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg
184393331 184510617 2008-01-15 16:27:30 0 days 14:26:22 0|76.5.89.22 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government ' hey baby " announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
184510896 184511027 2008-01-15 16:30:45 0 days 00:01:01 2646772 1 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government ' hey baby " announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
184582342 184758092 2008-01-16 16:31:58 0 days 18:15:57 0|74.94.86.57 0 > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier barrie = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin '
184758092 184758308 2008-01-16 16:32:53 0 days 00:00:55 88149 0 > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrie barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin '
184758308 184758682 2008-01-16 16:34:31 0 days 00:01:38 0|74.94.86.57 0 / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = funny bones , on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
184758682 184759898 2008-01-16 16:39:18 0 days 00:04:47 4088067 0 / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = funny bones , on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 5 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > chris is a babe ! early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 5 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > chris is a babe ! early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 10 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > 150px during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
192015808 192016546 2008-02-17 07:05:38 0 days 00:05:46 686868 2 ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref
197071265 197073422 2008-03-09 20:41:24 0 days 00:10:13 67155 0 ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ communism soviet | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . <
1 thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ communism | communist soviet union ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name
197073422 197073715 2008-03-09 20:42:40 0 days 00:01:16 67155 0 / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ soviet | soviet union ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name
197732484 197733354 2008-03-12 15:27:51 0 days 00:04:39 3505251 2 www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in
3 . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . yet another different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany
203051200 203078631 2008-04-03 16:58:32 0 days 02:16:35 0|64.92.177.117 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the dumb east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted
203078631 203095826 2008-04-03 18:20:56 0 days 01:22:24 0|153.48.52.241 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the dumb east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted
204484909 204485065 2008-04-09 16:48:20 0 days 00:00:48 137113 0 original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
1 / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 3 original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 4 original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
204725508 204726521 2008-04-10 16:52:06 0 days 00:04:56 137113 0 / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ soviet ]] gdr / east german government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name =
1 ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the [[ soviet ]] government gave explicit orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 3 / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web
212120617 214518903 2008-05-23 22:40:18 10 days 07:43:03 7025534 2 s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations (
231100032 231103661 2008-08-10 22:13:25 0 days 00:19:40 4626 0 ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification were was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit
231229792 231306460 2008-08-11 20:55:47 0 days 06:58:00 0|67.71.86.16 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 134 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
231306460 231330152 2008-08-11 23:02:46 0 days 02:06:59 911178 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 134 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
231331197 231331673 2008-08-11 23:12:06 0 days 00:03:03 911178 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 125 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
234566811 235494550 2008-09-01 01:31:33 4 days 11:27:13 0|165.228.197.220 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
235494550 235494562 2008-09-01 01:31:39 0 days 00:00:06 5887992 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
235494562 235494760 2008-09-01 01:32:50 0 days 00:01:11 0|165.228.197.220 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
235494760 235494793 2008-09-01 01:33:00 0 days 00:00:10 5887992 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > hello people when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted ,
238394911 238395802 2008-09-14 17:25:20 0 days 00:05:05 0|75.81.195.4 0 says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced that they where gay on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
238395802 238395861 2008-09-14 17:25:38 0 days 00:00:18 5549726 0 says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced that they where gay on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 3 ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist .
59 / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials
239141721 239163119 2008-09-18 01:43:56 0 days 01:47:56 0|71.180.245.172 0 kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government your mom is east germany announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
239163119 239163147 2008-09-18 01:44:03 0 days 00:00:07 556700 0 kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east your mom is east germany german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 13 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the
239456748 239564841 2008-09-19 13:58:32 0 days 10:31:31 0|209.174.67.217 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german united kingdom government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 7 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the united kingdom east german government announced on november 9 , 1949 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans
241808916 241809073 2008-09-29 17:16:31 0 days 00:00:39 7966459 0 . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed berlin wall is a wall that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 22 gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response
23 . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response .
24 edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music video ]] for the [[ weezer ]] song " [[ keep fishin ' ]] " is premised on the band performing on ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and features appearances by several characters . on [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] , the [[ united states postal service ]] released a ' ' jim henson and the muppets ' ' [[ postage stamp ]] series . < ref > united states postal service ( [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] ) . ' ' [ http : / / www . usps . com / communications / news / stamps / 2005 / sr05 _ 046 . htm jim henson , muppets , get stamps of approval ] ' ' . press release . < / ref > the muppets also appeared on [[ dick clark ' s new year ' s rockin ' eve ]] for the 2008 countdown on [[ december 31 ]] , [[ 2007 ]] . kermit , rizzo and others welcomed in the new year with a series of messages to welcome viewers back from the advertising breaks . after one such segment , with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly
25 / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly ,
26 ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general
27 nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 9 | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . ,
32 ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old general and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like
56 ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = ebay * [ http : /
57 * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www
94 is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . < ref > [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as
95 www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit -
100 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = =
106 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' < ref > [ http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 22 gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response
23 . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response .
24 edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music video ]] for the [[ weezer ]] song " [[ keep fishin ' ]] " is premised on the band performing on ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and features appearances by several characters . on [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] , the [[ united states postal service ]] released a ' ' jim henson and the muppets ' ' [[ postage stamp ]] series . < ref > united states postal service ( [[ september 28 ]] , [[ 2005 ]] ) . ' ' [ http : / / www . usps . com / communications / news / stamps / 2005 / sr05 _ 046 . htm jim henson , muppets , get stamps of approval ] ' ' . press release . < / ref > the muppets also appeared on [[ dick clark ' s new year ' s rockin ' eve ]] for the 2008 countdown on [[ december 31 ]] , [[ 2007 ]] . kermit , rizzo and others welcomed in the new year with a series of messages to welcome viewers back from the advertising breaks . after one such segment , with kermit in time square , co - host [[ ryan seacrest ]] thanked his pal " kerms " for the help bringing in ' 08 . , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly
25 / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly ,
26 ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general
27 nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 9 | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ http : / / findarticles . com / p / articles / mi _ qn4158 / is _ 20040218 / ai _ n12772234 findarticles . com " disney buys muppets as bid prospect fades " 2 / 18 / 04 ] < / ref > exceptions include characters appearing on ' ' sesame street ' ' ( as they were previously sold to [[ sesame workshop ]] ) , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . ,
32 ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]] [[ 2008 ]] , ' ' first showing ' ' revealed details about the new muppet film . < ref name = " first " > billington , alex . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . firstshowing . net / 2008 / 03 / 31 / jason - segel - reveals - new - muppets - movie - details / | title = jason segel reveals new muppets movie details | publisher = first showing | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 08 }} < / ref > ' ' coming soon ' ' reported similar news . < ref name = " coming " > newgen , heather . {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . comingsoon . net / news / movienews . php ? id = 43501 | title = exclusive : in the future with segel and hader ! | publisher = coming soon | accessdate = 2008 - 05 - 09 }} < / ref > after an interview with jason segel , ' ' first ' ' announced , " it ' s going to be incredibly old - fashioned , with the familiar muppet characters putting on a show to save an old theater . the danger ? an evil character wants to tear the place down to get at the oil underneath . " < ref name = " first " / > segel stated that he was the most enthusiastic about the project , also stating , " i just remember being 10 years old general and for me kermit was tom hanks . kermit is like the original everyman and i remember watching the old muppets with my parents and seeing peter sellers and people like
56 ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = ebay * [ http : /
57 * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = * [ http : / / www
94 is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . < ref > [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . it was a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as
95 www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit -
100 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood squares ]] . on 25 july 2007 the [[ center for puppetry arts ]] in [[ atlanta ]] announced the opening of a new jim henson wing , which will house anywhere from 500 to 700 retired muppets , including those from fraggle rock and sesame street . the new wing will also include films , sketches , and other materials from the jim henson company archives . the wing , which will be a part of the center ' s new building , is slated to open in 2010 . = = discography = = {{ expand | date = august 2008 }} on september 17 , 2002 [[ rhino ]] released ' ' [[ the muppet show : music , mayhem , and more ]] ' ' . in addition to the many sesame street and muppets movie soundtracks available , this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = =
106 2008 ) : ' ' [[ a muppets christmas : letters to santa ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) ' ' in post - production ' ' < ref > [ http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have also stated that they will both write the next picture , but only stoller will direct . < ref name = " stoller " / > on [[ march 31 ]]
246372059 246431239 2008-10-20 04:04:32 0 days 06:06:11 0|207.6.64.165 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government came into canada that is when berlin got mad and struck war ! announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
246431239 246449686 2008-10-20 07:01:47 0 days 02:57:15 1398 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government came into canada that is when berlin got mad and struck war ! announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed
246619818 246982366 2008-10-22 17:14:43 1 days 16:55:08 0|71.203.127.102 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] i balme bush ! ! ! ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
246982366 246982976 2008-10-22 17:17:52 0 days 00:03:09 3505251 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > i balme bush ! ! ! ! = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248099489 248209774 2008-10-28 15:39:01 0 days 14:54:53 0|129.19.104.6 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > < this wikipedia sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin ,
248209774 248212563 2008-10-28 15:54:42 0 days 00:15:41 0|199.67.140.242 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > < this wikipedia sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin ,
257166116 257218118 2008-12-11 05:22:26 0 days 05:15:19 0|216.59.249.65 0 , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed with weapons while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982
257218118 257231643 2008-12-11 07:07:54 0 days 01:45:28 911178 0 , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed with weapons while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982
257231643 257231828 2008-12-11 07:09:13 0 days 00:01:19 911178 0 taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 3 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 15 , 000 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
7 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east north german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 2 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 15 , 000 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into ' ' ' west berlin ' ' ' , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group
4 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north east german government announced on november 5 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
263696071 263818058 2009-01-13 15:23:31 0 days 15:31:30 0|216.20.70.81 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > pie during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
263818294 263818317 2009-01-13 15:24:50 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 3 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > pie during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
263821320 263867351 2009-01-13 19:27:23 0 days 03:46:24 0|38.116.200.64 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were 1 person was confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
263867351 263867716 2009-01-13 19:29:01 0 days 00:01:38 5311630 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 person was 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
265315033 265316535 2009-01-20 17:37:56 0 days 00:11:24 0|90.205.6.97 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > hi during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
265316535 265316852 2009-01-20 17:39:54 0 days 00:01:58 911178 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > hi during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims '
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 0 - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the west east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany , crowds of west
266356606 266377425 2009-01-25 20:25:05 0 days 01:48:15 0|70.111.64.105 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 765 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
266377425 266386611 2009-01-25 21:12:46 0 days 00:47:41 911178 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 765 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 1 million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 million 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 1 billion people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 1 billion 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the fence into austria , and my tiny nipples went to france according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 3 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures had big bloody periods . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
269234850 269655083 2009-02-09 23:54:08 1 days 22:58:44 0|72.144.60.91 0 frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall butt was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http
269933512 270229031 2009-02-12 14:56:02 1 days 10:27:59 0|75.36.29.153 0 frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the butt wall was very big protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / /
272476848 272516025 2009-02-22 16:14:50 0 days 04:27:41 96897 0 . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = one of the most a unique pieces of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the
273460772 273461097 2009-02-26 17:57:12 0 days 00:01:44 0|166.82.103.142 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director or of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east
273461097 273461189 2009-02-26 17:57:38 0 days 00:00:26 4928500 0 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > or during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east
274919769 274964752 2009-03-04 17:35:23 0 days 04:23:28 0|66.220.117.199 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 135 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 135 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276192508 276263944 2009-03-10 13:19:55 0 days 09:26:58 0|76.74.69.103 1 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 6 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276263944 276264216 2009-03-10 13:21:29 0 days 00:01:34 1298255 1 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 6 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276264216 276264493 2009-03-10 13:23:14 0 days 00:01:45 0|76.74.69.103 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 69 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276264493 276264581 2009-03-10 13:23:50 0 days 00:00:36 1298255 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 69 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 3 ,
276264581 276264742 2009-03-10 13:24:52 0 days 00:01:02 0|76.74.69.103 0 magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were mitch confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
276264742 276264784 2009-03-10 13:25:09 0 days 00:00:17 1298255 0 magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , mitch at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 1 just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet wikipedia is for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet
276588032 276588904 2009-03-11 20:35:55 0 days 00:04:01 0|68.81.17.165 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 198 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
276588904 276589440 2009-03-11 20:38:26 0 days 00:02:31 1298255 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 198 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
277228319 277228598 2009-03-14 18:31:52 0 days 00:01:30 6984319 2 not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet | 2003 | p = 240 - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german
277910067 278027755 2009-03-18 03:33:04 0 days 09:43:04 0|75.92.191.218 0 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref >
278854882 278889365 2009-03-22 05:34:54 0 days 03:58:53 0|98.210.160.132 0 including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry quandary for some eastern bloc stated that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 5million people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 0 article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 5million 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and over , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than
280764248 280886430 2009-03-31 16:22:09 0 days 15:34:58 9349949 1 and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 ,
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 2 germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on 9 november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
283095895 283120128 2009-04-11 05:02:49 0 days 03:18:57 0|209.237.92.201 0 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref >
283120128 283243378 2009-04-11 21:03:54 0 days 16:01:05 7992897 2 der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 3 der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref
283473619 283525140 2009-04-13 08:26:45 0 days 06:54:33 0|194.144.117.217 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds
284229554 284272784 2009-04-16 20:08:28 0 days 04:10:48 0|194.144.117.217 0 orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the ' ' ' berlin wall started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so
1 says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall ' ' ' started in hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called '
284272784 284274572 2009-04-16 20:17:18 0 days 00:08:50 1099776 0 orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with
284918855 284935331 2009-04-20 02:49:29 0 days 01:42:59 9494861 1 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > penis penis penis penis the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] ,
284935331 284935878 2009-04-20 02:52:53 0 days 00:03:24 1099776 1 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > penis penis penis penis the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] ,
288317163 288317903 2009-05-06 18:44:59 0 days 00:04:10 1099776 1 essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens that had landed in the mother ship left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see |
289804783 289853946 2009-05-14 10:40:38 0 days 07:49:49 194572 0 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austrian - hungarian governmental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousands of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austrian - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
296775707 296775983 2009-06-16 15:51:20 0 days 00:01:43 0|194.74.22.170 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > eat cake and die b * * * t = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
296775983 296778899 2009-06-16 16:09:09 0 days 00:17:49 0|150.101.162.86 0 ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > eat cake and die b * * * t = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
298471958 298471974 2009-06-25 01:02:50 0 days 00:00:10 64463 2 was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs st . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
298472210 298472354 2009-06-25 01:06:15 0 days 00:01:28 0|202.61.173.123 0 / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . fat people suck = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
298472354 298472401 2009-06-25 01:06:35 0 days 00:00:20 6403398 0 / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . fat people suck = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
298472401 298608938 2009-06-25 19:05:23 0 days 17:58:48 0|86.157.134.198 0 ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany africa introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west
298608938 298632752 2009-06-25 21:26:52 0 days 02:21:29 5177550 0 ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east africa germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 5 over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
305811876 306233278 2009-08-05 16:38:35 2 days 03:19:42 0|140.32.22.135 0 the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united state states and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]]
306295642 306380639 2009-08-06 11:04:30 0 days 12:13:48 0|74.176.195.190 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced said poo on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
306380639 306392630 2009-08-06 12:46:18 0 days 01:41:48 0|213.228.253.50 0 , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government said poo announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 8 magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200
9 / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than and 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der
12 / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite web | url = several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
13 id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached
23 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that
306559902 306561115 2009-08-07 08:07:14 0 days 00:12:37 6984319 0 / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
1 / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present -
308602478 308630655 2009-08-18 06:07:14 0 days 03:31:02 0|76.102.223.241 1 / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 1 . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece not all segments of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of
315252773 315254957 2009-09-21 08:05:55 0 days 00:25:37 204692 1 / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 5 nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 38 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin ,
39 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august ]] [[ 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which
40 article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 38 places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that
39 < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east
59 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of
60 article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at
171 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 11 in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 6 west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " /
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 4 how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some for many years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]]
324283750 324284101 2009-11-06 15:01:12 0 days 00:02:38 6971250 0 com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in the october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where still unhappy with the unification
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 7 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) containing anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a
324469466 324471459 2009-11-07 15:31:11 0 days 00:16:05 0|173.78.68.123 0 col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34
1 glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 3 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = =
324838831 324838927 2009-11-09 13:55:37 0 days 00:00:52 8008470 0 in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg |
324851832 324852165 2009-11-09 15:31:23 0 days 00:02:15 6971250 1 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg gate , and
324902901 324906773 2009-11-09 20:48:34 0 days 00:19:35 0|128.237.250.231 0 us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 6 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north
22 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 13 soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling rulroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own .
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 2 soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the rulroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin walling ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own .
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 3 politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th 12 . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 4 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 1 / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the
337147033 337270397 2010-01-11 22:36:23 0 days 15:59:27 0|169.237.60.71 0 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
337292695 337293367 2010-01-12 00:54:41 0 days 00:04:12 461300 2 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
337293367 337360247 2010-01-12 10:00:46 0 days 09:06:05 3308922 1 to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
338171707 338203273 2010-01-16 17:01:49 0 days 04:16:22 1723027 0 escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3861534630 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later
342710348 342982454 2010-02-09 18:53:41 1 days 03:38:37 0|142.59.231.59 0 cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 10 zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a
11 . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 0 , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving
6 a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = =
8 western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 5 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : /
22 east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to
27 north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 9 times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , as reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations
10 = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t was not official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 3 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " ' ' mauerreise " – journey of the wall took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea ,
343787074 343787620 2010-02-13 19:00:57 0 days 00:02:26 5326371 0 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life lives of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie
348460083 348494021 2010-03-08 08:03:06 0 days 04:30:35 6971250 1 science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving
351387034 351391556 2010-03-22 17:16:54 0 days 00:25:59 0|93.96.120.24 0 infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > fuck on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491
351391556 351392982 2010-03-22 17:24:14 0 days 00:07:20 3308922 0 infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > fuck on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 28 and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 phenomenon . < ref > ref > ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the
51 / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author wordlcat . org ] * {{ citation | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher
357897333 358424098 2010-04-26 15:38:35 2 days 18:36:26 10996774 0 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 ,
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made -
373492661 374861638 2010-07-22 14:54:33 7 days 19:35:53 0|76.248.68.144 0 [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[ international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were
1 / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 0 opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > * {{ citation cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }}
378683462 378715810 2010-08-13 14:08:31 0 days 05:06:39 6369861 0 north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a
384496686 384523300 2010-09-13 04:27:46 0 days 03:31:16 0|68.108.154.190 0 | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > bournaertretertertertertretrterterter the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of
384523300 384523324 2010-09-13 04:27:59 0 days 00:00:13 991036 0 | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournaertretertertertertretrterterter bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 0 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left although most of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 0 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > although most little is left of the wall was demolished in 1990 - 1991 , many remnants and traces can be found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 8 de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area
38 went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to
52 = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
53 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref
68 / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > on saturday , august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north
95 down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
395570081 395570204 2010-11-08 17:03:16 0 days 00:00:42 0|79.75.31.192 0 spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing
1 on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of
396783802 397079222 2010-11-16 10:32:30 1 days 12:24:59 0|217.207.245.34 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > i love poo poo so does jimmy wales = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
397079222 397079240 2010-11-16 10:32:39 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > i love poo poo so does jimmy wales = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
398109369 398158046 2010-11-22 00:55:11 0 days 04:54:57 0|99.140.234.222 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = what is up , please be cool for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]]
398158046 398158094 2010-11-22 00:55:22 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = what is up , please be cool for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]]
398158094 398200111 2010-11-22 06:48:07 0 days 05:52:45 13478821 0 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = origin of berlin wall art = = the origin of the art on the berlin wall is what gives the art such significance . the wall in the beginning of the eighties was not used to demonstrate and portray political ideas happening around the world . people would simply tag their names onto the wall . the names tagged on to the wall often did not stand out but simply blend or fade away into the enormous wall . no political voice spoke through the wall . = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir theirry noir ] lived closely by the wall and was reminded of its meaning of separation everyday . christophe bouchet and noir hated the wall and felt the need to express themselves on it . they began to paint huge murals on the walls with bright vivid colors in order to create a less of a intimidating wall . many people began to question the actions of these two men and ask them if they now liked the wall there because it allowed them to have a huge canvas . their hate for the wall still remained they would reply to these questions with " we are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact it ' s absolutely impossible . 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the berlin wall , to escape to west - berlin , so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color , it will stay the same . ” ( [ http : / / www . galerie - noir . de / archivesenglish / walleng . html story of the berlin wall ] by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet started a major influence that has lead to the very famous idea of the free world on the west side of the wall . the two men would see people trying to paint the wall but not know where to start or how to go about it and they would help them get started . it is now plastered in paintings speaking about political ideas around the world . the wall became a place in which one felt entitled to their freedom because it took the freedom of those away inside of its cold walls . = = = destruction of the art = = = when the walls came down and finally the east was “free ” people were curious as to whether these two artist would mind that their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
399311872 399312615 2010-11-28 12:44:16 0 days 00:07:59 7007500 0 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = origin of berlin wall art = = the origin of the art on the berlin wall is what gives the art such significance . the wall in the beginning of the eighties was not used to demonstrate and portray political ideas happening around the world . people would simply tag their names onto the wall . the names tagged on to the wall often did not stand out but simply blend or fade away into the enormous wall . no political voice spoke through the wall . = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir theirry noir ] lived closely by the wall and was reminded of its meaning of separation everyday . christophe bouchet and noir hated the wall and felt the need to express themselves on it . they began to paint huge murals on the walls with bright vivid colors in order to create a less of a intimidating wall . many people began to question the actions of these two men and ask them if they now liked the wall there because it allowed them to have a huge canvas . their hate for the wall still remained they would reply to these questions with " we are not trying to make the wall beautiful because in fact it ' s absolutely impossible . 80 persons have being killed trying to jump over the berlin wall , to escape to west - berlin , so you can cover that wall with hundred of kilos of color , it will stay the same . ” ( [ http : / / www . galerie - noir . de / archivesenglish / walleng . html story of the berlin wall ] by theirry noir ) the paints they used would eat away at the wall . the men also screwed in a basin , urinal , and shoes into the wall . of these things they did to the wall proved that the wall was destructible and could not remain for ever . = = = influence = = = [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / thierry _ noir thierry noir ] and christophe bouchet started a major influence that has lead to the very famous idea of the free world on the west side of the wall . the two men would see people trying to paint the wall but not know where to start or how to go about it and they would help them get started . it is now plastered in paintings speaking about political ideas around the world . the wall became a place in which one felt entitled to their freedom because it took the freedom of those away inside of its cold walls . = = = destruction of the art = = = when the walls came down and finally the east was “free ” people were curious as to whether these two artist would mind that their work and expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed | date = november 2010 }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
404706835 404839126 2010-12-29 17:08:27 0 days 19:29:37 0|24.73.214.82 1 . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 2 . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 years , political fattys divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to
409988007 409990269 2011-01-25 16:27:11 0 days 00:13:30 8542716 0 > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = art = = = the berlin wall was also a theme to a lot of german artist as [[ horst walter ]] . but it also inspired international artists ( [[ east side gallery ]] ) and became a piece of art by itselve [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] . = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the
409990269 409992456 2011-01-25 16:40:55 0 days 00:13:44 6971250 1 > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = art = = = the berlin wall was also a theme to a lot of german artist as [[ horst walter ]] . but it also inspired international artists ( [[ east side gallery ]] ) and became a piece of art by itselve [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] . = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the
427753574 427753745 2011-05-06 14:39:56 0 days 00:01:06 13543148 0 few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | titel title = " sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa .
433468803 435294058 2011-06-20 16:08:04 10 days 16:45:35 14732560 0 . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a
435754285 437174317 2011-07-01 04:13:48 7 days 23:56:46 764789 0 later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = " sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de /
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 7 : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ image file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982
19 = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image file : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 image : berlin
440540857 440729712 2011-07-21 22:02:32 1 days 01:28:03 42558 0 . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , though , is that ulbricht had pushed for a border closure for quite some time , and khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication that the us
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 22 ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 jun 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are
464157560 465859664 2011-12-14 18:35:10 9 days 14:31:54 165565 0 ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin
498937954 498938055 2012-06-23 04:07:59 0 days 00:01:27 2831403 0 for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > on december 30th , 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time
498938055 498957428 2012-06-23 08:09:57 0 days 04:01:58 3308922 0 for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > on december 30th , 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 0 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ < ref name = " history . com " > {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was
7 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 0 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ < ref name = " history . com " > {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was
9 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 21 wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points , the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > "
33 edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 june 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 , [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] .
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 18 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the german democratic republic ( [[ east germany ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but
609218762 610971867 2014-05-31 19:49:06 12 days 09:28:54 8611774 2 . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall '
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 0 = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 1989 - 11 - 21 / entertainment / ca - 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = la times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
1 for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > on new year ' s eve 1989 , [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 4 contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = " chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin
633105760 633124700 2014-11-09 19:11:46 0 days 02:37:45 2724616 0 | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been opened earlier . an account by [[ heinz schäfer ]] indicates that he also acted independently and ordered the opening of the gate at waltersdorf - rudow a couple of hours earlier . < ref > {{ cite news | title = east germans may have arrived in west berlin hours before previously thought | author = mcelroy , damien | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = the telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 2 uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 21 november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[
693602945 693603737 2015-12-03 17:14:15 0 days 00:05:37 23149456 0 west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the demarcation lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 2 group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 1 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit , 1988 = = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in
699450456 699459845 2016-01-12 13:17:44 0 days 01:42:53 19338611 0 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . "
699459845 699459916 2016-01-12 13:18:35 0 days 00:00:51 19338611 0 = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its [[ free german youth | fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however ,
1 the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj ]] youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped that by letting springsteen in , they could improve their sentiment among east germans . however , this
700030765 700067540 2016-01-16 05:21:17 0 days 06:00:32 14508071 3 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among #
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 9 montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = montrealgazette . com ] {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 4 = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; | author2 = a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin
738877220 747090507 2016-10-31 11:11:18 49 days 19:03:31 27015025 2 " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the [[ freedom without walls speaking contest ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip
749172446 749499810 2016-11-14 17:38:21 1 days 20:00:07 29558057 0 - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s with hundreds of guards . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin
760657011 760659000 2017-01-18 08:54:05 0 days 00:25:49 29937011 1 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = background = = = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a '
760659000 760659119 2017-01-18 08:55:37 0 days 00:01:32 29937011 0 [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = background = = = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a '
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 10 separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 0 / _ / start . html | wayback = 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2014 . < / ref > ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 46 . 84 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border watch tower stresemannstraße | region = de - be }} ) . . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 15 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 1 marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , october 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed accompanied by a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and
20 | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more
802360638 802361116 2017-09-25 17:55:55 0 days 00:03:27 30928445 0 supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain the united kingdom , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift | airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and
809536560 809972169 2017-11-12 17:35:07 2 days 22:13:03 6554947 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and west berlin sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance & f = false < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
810185910 810187128 2017-11-13 20:42:43 0 days 00:08:40 6554947 0 / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . <
810229030 810231237 2017-11-14 01:58:46 0 days 00:14:28 6554947 0 / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > the strip was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref
810314862 810320431 2017-11-14 15:18:54 0 days 00:44:25 6554947 0 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > maintainance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 4 theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
810351128 810362048 2017-11-14 20:17:11 0 days 01:09:52 6554947 0 / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / thierry - noir - graffiti - berlin - wall < / ref > in 1986 , defector and political activist wolfram hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them
810362048 810364476 2017-11-14 20:33:05 0 days 00:15:54 6554947 0 last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 14 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > maintainance maintenance was performed on the outside of the wall by personnel who accessed the area outside it either via ladders or via hidden doors within the wall . < ref > {{
825791052 825794931 2018-02-15 13:25:16 0 days 00:36:37 5946478 0 | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period around over 100 , 000 < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than
1 – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary
825801993 825804625 2018-02-15 14:47:39 0 days 00:20:47 5946478 1 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > < ref > / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 0 east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher
1 german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher =
825819094 825819301 2018-02-15 16:29:55 0 days 00:01:18 5946478 0 / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] west
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 1 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the border became a more practical proposition . < ref > [[ history of rail transport in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east
2 travelers . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > < ref > ( see [[ history of the berlin s - bahn ]] < / ref > ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 0 pushed for a border closure for quite some time , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been become emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the
1 a border closure for quite some time , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by upon seeing us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector
6 www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin
825967396 826039698 2018-02-16 21:21:23 0 days 08:37:03 17299381 0 www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > a fact standing out from the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance
1 . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the fact events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 1 time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref " > before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected
3 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < < ref name = " cnn . com " / > people attempted to escape and over 5 , 000 people succeeded in escaping over the wall , with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik
52 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote quote | text = every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin ,
59 thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = " sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 -
117 wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york |
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 41 image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 3 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 0 [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | right | 400px | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france each had a
7969787 7969802 2004-11-29 23:56:41 0 days 21:05:14 0|64.174.210.9 0 territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . hi = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
7969802 8079487 2004-11-29 23:57:10 0 days 00:00:29 0|64.174.210.9 0 territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . hi = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
8079487 8079516 2004-12-03 12:40:34 3 days 12:43:24 0|62.252.64.12 0 ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = valid to mark rutherford year 13 history . u knows it . fact . after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
8079542 8108812 2004-12-03 12:43:10 0 days 00:01:25 17447 0 ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = valid to mark rutherford year 13 history . u knows it . fact . after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 0 . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet
9532587 9532599 2005-01-21 15:21:55 0 days 12:33:20 0|208.187.172.235 0 ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = _ after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
9532599 9533284 2005-01-21 15:22:25 0 days 00:00:30 0|208.187.172.235 0 ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = _ after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
10084795 10084850 2005-02-09 02:10:57 6 days 17:18:03 0|152.163.100.198 0 . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet
10252863 10252938 2005-02-14 13:34:52 0 days 08:58:47 0|213.84.119.125 0 east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background jan willem de pillem ! = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all
10253611 10255890 2005-02-14 14:17:44 0 days 00:37:33 132952 4 east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background jan willem de pillem ! = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all
11184796 11181817 2005-03-16 00:26:36 0 days 00:00:23 0|69.86.3.214 0 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background information = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all
11181817 11639377 2005-03-16 02:13:46 0 days 01:47:10 124371 0 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background information = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all
11755223 11763678 2005-04-01 09:39:31 0 days 00:00:34 0|217.68.115.26 0 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
14125556 14140365 2005-05-23 20:14:41 1 days 10:42:33 54820 2 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . the [[ german democratic republic | east german ]] government called it the ' ' ' " antifaschistischen schutzwall " ' ' ' ' ' ( " anti - fascist protection wall " ) ' ' . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
14140365 14260653 2005-05-24 02:16:18 0 days 06:01:37 6661 2 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . the [[ german democratic republic | east german ]] government called it the ' ' ' " antifaschistischen schutzwall " ' ' ' ' ' ( " anti - fascist protection wall " ) ' ' . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was
14260653 14260725 2005-05-26 12:01:50 2 days 09:45:32 0|70.88.129.86 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = hi after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
14260725 14269368 2005-05-26 12:04:38 0 days 00:02:48 94147 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = hi after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
14805404 14815555 2005-06-06 19:05:33 0 days 15:46:45 0|70.106.59.86 0 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
14815555 14830564 2005-06-06 22:27:31 0 days 03:21:58 137616 0 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 0 fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = after germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 26 of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each
27 s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 24 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each ,
25 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet ]] army during the closing months of world war ii . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although
26 . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army during the closing months of [[ world war ii . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 5 of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each
6 ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three years later . ethel rosenberg was born on september 28 , 1915 in new york . she was an aspiring actress and singer , but eventually took a secretary job at a shipping company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each ,
46 [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 46 may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three years later . ethel rosenberg was born on september 28 , 1915 in new york . she was an aspiring actress and singer , but eventually took a secretary job at a shipping company . she became involved in labor disputes and joined the young communist league , where she first met julius . the rosenbergs had two sons . during world war ii , the ussr and the usa were allies in war , but the usa was highly suspicious of joseph stalin ' s intentions . as such ,
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 3 ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 8 wall ) ' ' . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by
9 = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by the soviet sector of germany .
33019543 33732100 2006-01-03 15:20:54 5 days 20:55:47 0|208.22.177.10 0 = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet teletubies ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by
33732100 33736122 2006-01-03 16:14:24 0 days 00:53:30 174808 0 = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ teletubies soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by
34224609 34258191 2006-01-07 17:33:08 0 days 08:08:19 0|162.83.154.168 0 main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 1 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after [[ the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the
19 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after [[ the end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of
52332523 52346467 2006-05-09 18:05:13 0 days 01:31:21 0|216.56.92.44 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] mark hayden built the berlin wall , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
52346467 52346669 2006-05-09 18:06:22 0 days 00:01:09 0|216.56.92.44 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] mark hayden built the berlin wall , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
52351293 52351586 2006-05-09 18:38:16 0 days 00:02:08 0|168.212.165.131 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hey pat ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
52351586 52351667 2006-05-09 18:38:52 0 days 00:00:36 88149 2 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hey pat ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the
53307729 53314632 2006-05-15 13:54:17 0 days 00:57:52 0|166.113.34.70 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the tha [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of
53314632 53314730 2006-05-15 13:54:54 0 days 00:00:37 0|166.113.34.70 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after tha the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of
74428307 74428565 2006-09-07 23:47:45 0 days 00:01:37 0|202.93.175.39 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' ' ' big fat cock ' ' ' ' ' after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled
74428565 74429216 2006-09-07 23:51:55 0 days 00:04:10 0|202.93.175.39 0 october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' ' ' big fat cock ' ' ' ' ' after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled
93668867 93816464 2006-12-12 14:38:45 0 days 16:31:51 0|66.250.190.111 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
93816464 93816487 2006-12-12 14:38:51 0 days 00:00:06 1574574 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
93816487 93816799 2006-12-12 14:40:33 0 days 00:01:42 0|66.250.190.111 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
93816799 93817040 2006-12-12 14:42:03 0 days 00:01:30 0|66.250.190.111 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] christian and amber are really , really ugly . they both smell like cow dung and have adams apples . they are lesbians and have chest hair . very nice , how much ? after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the
110063581 110116122 2007-02-22 18:20:51 0 days 04:30:16 0|66.160.72.205 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110116122 110116611 2007-02-22 18:23:05 0 days 00:02:14 0|66.160.72.205 0 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110118448 110119514 2007-02-22 18:35:51 0 days 00:04:32 911178 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma britney spears looks like shit so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110119514 110122063 2007-02-22 18:46:47 0 days 00:10:56 0|66.160.72.205 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] historical fact : did you know the wall was made of dicks ? yea no shit ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
110122063 110122222 2007-02-22 18:47:33 0 days 00:00:46 2600463 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] historical fact : did you know the wall was made of dicks ? yea no shit ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]]
113464478 113475444 2007-03-08 02:24:08 0 days 00:52:34 0|68.18.0.87 2 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one
113475754 113475882 2007-03-08 02:26:18 0 days 00:00:35 902207 0 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of wwii in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of
113574577 113697127 2007-03-08 23:25:13 0 days 09:05:01 0|71.105.72.89 0 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the fat pplsuffocated from heart attack [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each
113697127 113700927 2007-03-08 23:43:40 0 days 00:18:27 0|64.252.8.154 0 , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the fat pplsuffocated from heart attack [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each
116369124 116446657 2007-03-20 03:59:02 0 days 05:54:23 0|24.192.21.79 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
116486220 116509549 2007-03-20 12:18:22 0 days 03:23:27 351312 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
116668276 117050359 2007-03-22 15:44:52 1 days 14:54:18 0|70.151.77.127 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
117050359 117050585 2007-03-22 15:45:59 0 days 00:01:07 0|70.151.77.127 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
117094380 117202244 2007-03-23 03:06:54 0 days 08:04:44 0|69.171.136.129 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after ter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
117202244 117202313 2007-03-23 03:07:14 0 days 00:00:20 0|69.171.136.129 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
123239534 123239676 2007-04-16 13:21:00 0 days 00:00:43 238308 1 need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was made of pie and potatoes . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
123518934 123567982 2007-04-17 16:52:14 0 days 03:33:55 0|24.45.245.186 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after fter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
123567982 123570932 2007-04-17 17:04:26 0 days 00:12:12 441020 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] )
125554183 125576721 2007-04-24 17:56:22 0 days 01:22:54 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially steve nash . remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
125576721 125578217 2007-04-24 18:02:37 0 days 00:06:15 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] steve nash dirk nowistski . remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers
125579618 125580463 2007-04-24 18:12:04 0 days 00:03:23 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . jake , who is a stupid suns fan , remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
1 background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] dirk nowistski . remained of a nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[
125580463 125580530 2007-04-24 18:12:21 0 days 00:00:17 238308 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] jake , who is a stupid suns fan , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained a nazi germany and divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers :
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 0 = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world the war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by
4 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 0 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of the war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do = = = divergence of german states = = = from
131436693 131436845 2007-05-17 01:13:22 0 days 00:00:52 0|71.48.127.221 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas . . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 6 ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas . . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
131818104 131839852 2007-05-18 19:10:51 0 days 01:35:31 0|24.56.168.165 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] , , , , , ryan is gay , , , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
131839852 131840168 2007-05-18 19:12:01 0 days 00:01:10 3516226 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] , , , , , ryan is gay , , , after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]]
133104135 133130564 2007-05-24 08:41:32 0 days 04:00:04 4066461 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ryan built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
133130564 133130665 2007-05-24 08:42:31 0 days 00:00:59 4066461 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ryan bob built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
133130665 133130717 2007-05-24 08:42:54 0 days 00:00:23 4066461 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] bob mr green built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
133130717 133131431 2007-05-24 08:49:33 0 days 00:06:39 303874 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] mr green built it after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
133705235 133939781 2007-05-27 21:57:21 1 days 01:38:52 0|216.208.52.171 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world the stupidest war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by
133939781 133939978 2007-05-27 21:58:27 0 days 00:01:06 0|216.208.52.171 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the the stupidest second world war ever in history , blah , blah what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one
133979794 133979980 2007-05-28 01:38:20 0 days 00:01:06 1718065 0 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the second world [[ end of world war , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four
138877059 138877071 2007-06-18 00:47:35 0 days 00:00:04 2198658 1 {st@rt} germany . is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts stupid whores fagsssss an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day
157242126 157449035 2007-09-12 19:54:00 0 days 22:06:19 0|77.98.25.214 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ello after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
157449035 157449148 2007-09-12 19:54:30 0 days 00:00:30 3150292 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ello after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
158484460 158505369 2007-09-17 15:05:27 0 days 02:16:00 0|216.174.135.206 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the great night of sex i had with kaylons mom i decided that she was worth the money and the cum so i gladly paid my bitch 5 $ for the greatest day of my life ! [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
158505901 158506910 2007-09-17 15:13:17 0 days 00:05:04 5173527 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the great night of sex i had with kaylons mom i decided that she was worth the money and the cum so i gladly paid my bitch 5 $ for the greatest day of my life ! [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
158580268 158734899 2007-09-18 14:49:12 0 days 17:33:47 0|206.123.212.68 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi matt after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
158738290 158741292 2007-09-18 15:22:40 0 days 00:15:25 105919 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi matt after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
160020633 160035161 2007-09-24 15:39:58 0 days 01:08:45 0|65.117.145.250 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the berlin wall is dead ! ! ! its a sexybeast ! ! ! 1 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
160035161 160035322 2007-09-24 15:40:47 0 days 00:00:49 5173527 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the berlin wall is dead ! ! ! its a sexybeast ! ! ! 1 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
162087422 162088640 2007-10-03 20:23:18 0 days 00:05:58 0|142.25.180.23 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = fuck = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fdu ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the
163101280 163101617 2007-10-08 14:54:35 0 days 00:01:35 0|216.237.254.146 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after christina had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
163101981 163102282 2007-10-08 14:57:34 0 days 00:01:18 0|216.237.254.146 0 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after christina billy had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 2 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after billy had gay sex sixteen times the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after a = = fter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] a = = fter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divi [[ ded into four occupation zones ( per the [[
167283465 167283597 2007-10-26 20:11:01 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.202.92.219 1 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after adam don ' t use this sight trust me and tyafter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
167283597 167284000 2007-10-26 20:13:12 0 days 00:02:11 0|140.254.80.182 2 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] adam don ' t use this sight trust me and tyafter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
169669490 169684282 2007-11-06 21:19:15 0 days 01:02:56 0|137.90.130.186 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the great monkey [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
169684282 169684483 2007-11-06 21:20:05 0 days 00:00:50 97951 0 [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the great monkey [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
174334338 174705895 2007-11-29 23:01:08 1 days 13:23:48 0|64.91.146.48 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] clayton ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
174705895 174705991 2007-11-29 23:01:37 0 days 00:00:29 0|64.91.146.48 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] clayton ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
175289114 175551251 2007-12-03 19:54:29 1 days 02:51:56 0|24.207.26.4 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the sebastian adugalski [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
175551251 175552021 2007-12-03 19:57:45 0 days 00:03:16 0|24.207.26.4 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski nic beck and matthew baena [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
1 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] sebastian adugalski [[ end ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
175552021 175559970 2007-12-03 20:31:20 0 days 00:33:35 2537811 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena after the [[ ended of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] nic beck and matthew baena [[ ended end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially emained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
177203799 177204049 2007-12-11 13:35:00 0 days 00:01:40 0|65.43.196.207 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 1 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as
180988262 181089181 2007-12-31 00:22:51 0 days 09:30:36 0|208.104.149.90 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < big > after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
1 the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < font color = silver > < big > after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
188151005 188151539 2008-01-31 14:21:36 0 days 00:03:35 0|65.43.198.14 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the blah blah blah [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188154176 188158128 2008-01-31 15:04:24 0 days 00:25:08 0|75.146.3.249 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] blah blah blah no homo [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188158128 188158165 2008-01-31 15:04:39 0 days 00:00:15 608951 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] no homo blah blah blah [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188158249 188158311 2008-01-31 15:05:29 0 days 00:00:23 0|75.146.3.249 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] blah blah blah fuck you [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188158311 188158412 2008-01-31 15:06:06 0 days 00:00:37 608951 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = fuck you [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] blah blah blah [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188164296 188164448 2008-01-31 15:40:51 0 days 00:00:49 241822 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] blah blah blah after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
188209811 188237532 2008-01-31 21:36:22 0 days 02:09:11 0|170.223.0.52 0 left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany russia in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per
188238006 188238452 2008-01-31 21:40:20 0 days 00:01:49 911178 0 left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied russia germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per
194473112 194653335 2008-02-28 13:58:51 0 days 18:42:24 0|24.184.14.60 0 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] llll after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
194969877 195355677 2008-03-02 17:34:07 1 days 20:52:38 0|208.64.242.114 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] llll after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210361516 210361752 2008-05-05 16:59:17 0 days 00:01:02 0|64.130.204.173 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie ! ! ! ! ! ! it never happened after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210361752 210361775 2008-05-05 16:59:22 0 days 00:00:05 4928500 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie ! ! ! ! ! ! it never happened after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210361775 210362433 2008-05-05 17:02:09 0 days 00:02:47 0|64.130.204.173 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie it nver happend after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210362433 210362448 2008-05-05 17:02:13 0 days 00:00:04 5947179 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] its all a lie it nver happend after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210599324 210605226 2008-05-06 17:06:36 0 days 00:26:51 0|70.91.85.14 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi yaffe ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
210605226 210605542 2008-05-06 17:08:16 0 days 00:01:40 0|131.111.129.188 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] hi yaffe ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
225461510 226438015 2008-07-18 12:49:56 4 days 16:13:52 723881 1 formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[
2 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
233916986 234024060 2008-08-24 23:20:03 0 days 11:33:33 0|71.223.119.62 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024060 234024129 2008-08-24 23:20:26 0 days 00:00:23 416594 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including as of february 21 , 1947 . the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
2 , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024129 234024267 2008-08-24 23:21:19 0 days 00:00:53 0|71.223.119.62 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024267 234024308 2008-08-24 23:21:34 0 days 00:00:15 764407 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including as of february 21 , 1947 . the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
2 , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024308 234024639 2008-08-24 23:23:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|71.223.119.62 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
234024639 234024667 2008-08-24 23:23:41 0 days 00:00:12 416594 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including as of february 21 , 1947 . the nazi army ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
2 , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germany rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the nazi army ! territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238325456 238394797 2008-09-14 17:19:35 0 days 08:03:18 0|75.81.195.4 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the shit hit the fan [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
238394797 238394911 2008-09-14 17:20:15 0 days 00:00:40 5549726 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the shit hit the fan [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
238394911 238395802 2008-09-14 17:25:20 0 days 00:05:05 0|75.81.195.4 1 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the shit hit the fan , [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
238395802 238395861 2008-09-14 17:25:38 0 days 00:00:18 5549726 1 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the shit hit the fan , [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]]
238784960 238803915 2008-09-16 13:39:19 0 days 02:29:23 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] roy was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238803915 238804035 2008-09-16 13:40:01 0 days 00:00:42 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] roy was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238804035 238804107 2008-09-16 13:40:27 0 days 00:00:26 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] ray was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
238804107 238804205 2008-09-16 13:41:03 0 days 00:00:36 7869922 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] ray was here after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 0 territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided
249352359 249738980 2008-11-04 22:26:36 1 days 15:49:32 162210 0 territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided
267088797 267258659 2009-01-29 20:33:57 0 days 20:05:29 0|83.71.5.156 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after before the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
267258659 267258897 2009-01-29 20:35:15 0 days 00:01:18 0|83.71.5.156 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] before after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
282237256 282254456 2009-04-07 02:27:37 0 days 01:46:26 0|24.107.100.195 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after aaafter the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
282254456 282254554 2009-04-07 02:28:22 0 days 00:00:45 7167267 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] aaafter after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
282598973 282661555 2009-04-09 00:01:25 0 days 05:48:24 0|12.216.69.251 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hey ! this page was edited by madi ! ! your welcome ! ! : ) after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
282661555 282662590 2009-04-09 00:07:30 0 days 00:06:05 6984319 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hey ! this page was edited by madi ! ! your welcome ! ! : ) after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 1 the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]]
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 8 the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four tities zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]]
289355710 289364057 2009-05-12 00:38:50 0 days 00:47:25 0|98.225.29.84 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the adggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
289364057 289364265 2009-05-12 00:40:05 0 days 00:01:15 1148898 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the adggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggggg [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
313154666 313227016 2009-09-11 18:02:41 0 days 09:34:32 0|168.254.226.222 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the drew corcoran [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
313227016 313255946 2009-09-11 21:02:36 0 days 02:59:55 3308922 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = drew corcoran after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation
321444047 321882716 2009-10-25 04:24:27 2 days 08:11:47 0|70.29.23.160 1 move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation oyggggggggggggggggggccupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and
321882716 321882756 2009-10-25 04:24:46 0 days 00:00:19 10101378 1 move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet oyggggggggggggggggggccupation occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and
324808994 324812165 2009-11-09 09:27:33 0 days 00:32:19 0|220.239.172.251 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after aftre the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
324812241 324813463 2009-11-09 09:40:48 0 days 00:12:38 0|121.220.121.181 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftre after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remianed of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore
324813463 324815104 2009-11-09 09:59:16 0 days 00:18:28 4638533 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore
324827897 324833446 2009-11-09 13:09:56 0 days 00:52:45 0|71.206.91.10 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
324833446 324833874 2009-11-09 13:13:44 0 days 00:03:48 0|192.234.149.250 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = ou hate me after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of y of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 0 west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at berlin during the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to
325134867 325135734 2009-11-10 22:49:04 0 days 00:05:01 0|122.107.135.244 0 the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = bum crap i like men after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
325368306 325399652 2009-11-12 07:44:53 0 days 04:54:38 0|60.242.26.79 0 wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of my penis got bigger it was world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 0 of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones
327684036 327723692 2009-11-24 20:15:13 0 days 04:03:55 0|81.103.195.234 0 the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after aftery the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
327723692 327723781 2009-11-24 20:15:45 0 days 00:00:32 0|81.103.195.234 0 the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = aftery after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four
340477279 340644582 2010-01-29 02:22:34 0 days 21:03:52 0|91.187.103.2 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340645259 340652663 2010-01-29 03:19:46 0 days 00:52:37 96897 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340652663 340924884 2010-01-30 16:59:10 1 days 13:39:24 0|91.187.103.4 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340924884 340925129 2010-01-30 17:00:36 0 days 00:01:26 0|91.187.103.4 0 ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa and you . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided
340925129 340925242 2010-01-30 17:01:21 0 days 00:00:45 6660588 0 for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = viva germany and usa and you . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
347166507 347166913 2010-03-01 21:25:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|71.28.105.141 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = after the eruption after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350105223 350105436 2010-03-15 23:52:09 0 days 00:01:19 0|98.17.93.7 0 for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = i love sex in nations in berlin wall . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350105436 350105530 2010-03-15 23:52:50 0 days 00:00:41 1738583 0 for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = i love sex in nations in berlin wall . after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350161715 350205500 2010-03-16 14:18:20 0 days 06:52:30 0|66.99.36.132 0 for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = blahhhhahhh ! after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350205500 350205643 2010-03-16 14:19:18 0 days 00:00:58 0|66.99.36.132 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = blahhhhahhh ! hi joe after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
350205643 350205915 2010-03-16 14:21:01 0 days 00:01:43 211905 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = hi joe = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
355153543 355153697 2010-04-10 15:31:28 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 0 reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end beggin of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
355153697 355153879 2010-04-10 15:32:47 0 days 00:01:19 11743424 0 reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ beggin end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones (
361201195 361272541 2010-05-10 13:58:14 0 days 11:16:30 0|81.15.172.66 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany graham grmany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
361272541 361293877 2010-05-10 16:04:55 0 days 02:06:41 6971250 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - graham grmany war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
363705709 363808496 2010-05-23 22:09:59 0 days 10:54:35 0|65.11.226.59 1 - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one two of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the
363808496 363818331 2010-05-23 23:09:58 0 days 00:59:59 262550 0 war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by two one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the
395972413 396019020 2010-11-10 22:25:14 0 days 04:26:18 0|98.222.50.106 0 germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern and parts of western europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the
396019020 396020558 2010-11-10 22:34:56 0 days 00:09:42 5177550 0 germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern and parts of western europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the
398276983 398352994 2010-11-23 01:12:58 0 days 07:55:24 13490060 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany vagina = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
398352994 398353025 2010-11-23 01:13:12 0 days 00:00:14 13286072 0 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war vagina germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war vagina west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 3 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 5 [[ b - 0 - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast
410343760 411101144 2011-01-31 04:30:05 3 days 18:08:35 11086114 0 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = geordie huband took down the berlin wall after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
411101144 411101265 2011-01-31 04:30:54 0 days 00:00:49 11987994 0 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = geordie huband took down the berlin wall after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
419497837 420114384 2011-03-22 08:33:14 3 days 14:14:56 93143 0 practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - – world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 1 practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post – - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall
576012629 576163852 2013-10-07 17:10:28 1 days 00:25:25 18611911 1 west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of
576163852 576167532 2013-10-07 17:34:21 0 days 00:23:53 4358157 1 west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into five occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the five four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] and [[ saarland ]]
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1788297 1858430 2003-11-21 23:52:25 1 days 15:02:13 28830 0 , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on
52355175 52360118 2006-05-09 19:34:50 0 days 00:31:57 0|168.174.253.221 1 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 . 000 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
52360118 52362173 2006-05-09 19:47:33 0 days 00:12:43 145855 1 existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 . 000 or 239 . 000 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
62970501 62970579 2006-07-10 01:30:54 0 days 00:00:35 0|144.134.226.244 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
62970664 62972351 2006-07-10 01:45:34 0 days 00:14:02 1008387 1 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
84720496 84732254 2006-10-31 00:13:44 0 days 01:03:00 2617879 0 communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to during this time berlin was at its greatest , love , peace , and yum yum struck the land . . . . . . the fairies and kings stuffed themselfs silly with halloween candy and they wicked witch died of prettiness . 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 <
84732254 84732374 2006-10-31 00:14:20 0 days 00:00:36 416594 0 communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to during this time berlin was at its greatest , love , peace , and yum yum struck the land . . . . . . the fairies and kings stuffed themselfs silly with halloween candy and they wicked witch died of prettiness . 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 <
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 1 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink =
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 7 elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human
94855565 95089251 2006-12-18 13:50:18 1 days 05:31:38 0|84.64.31.22 0 = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 0 = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < /
107613173 107712036 2007-02-13 01:28:36 0 days 06:57:36 0|65.33.120.176 0 . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
116446657 116486220 2007-03-20 08:54:55 0 days 04:55:53 0|71.161.199.158 0 . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 170 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
116486220 116509549 2007-03-20 12:18:22 0 days 03:23:27 351312 1 . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 170 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 4 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 43 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 4 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1930s fuelled a 43 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established
132829765 132841230 2007-05-23 02:31:31 0 days 01:02:31 0|68.96.70.172 0 . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 19200 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
132841230 132841291 2007-05-23 02:31:54 0 days 00:00:23 0|68.96.70.172 0 . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 19200 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
150880869 150915662 2007-08-13 07:40:14 0 days 04:58:32 0|116.14.44.159 0 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 at least 1245 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
150915662 150925206 2007-08-13 09:16:45 0 days 01:36:31 4281205 0 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim at least 1245 around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
151142169 151301269 2007-08-15 01:57:08 0 days 15:49:23 0|70.76.242.208 0 to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world
153261470 153277889 2007-08-24 02:48:33 0 days 01:45:42 3341545 4 alleges that the east german government gave explicit orders to shoot - to - kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german goverment denied having such a policy . has always < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 .
160904974 160945791 2007-09-28 16:53:24 0 days 03:57:37 0|165.138.201.64 1 = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 , 090 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
160945791 160952175 2007-09-28 17:29:12 0 days 00:35:48 0|165.138.201.64 1 = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 500 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 , 090 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
160952175 160953996 2007-09-28 17:39:44 0 days 00:10:32 850615 1 cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 , 090 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
160953996 161008465 2007-09-28 22:38:12 0 days 04:58:28 92076 3 = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 500 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 , 090 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 18 and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use of a firearm , including when the border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 0 with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 the number of people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref
170206355 170288054 2007-11-09 08:37:34 0 days 09:01:15 0|213.221.119.178 1 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882
2 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee the east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe
3 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east to west germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe /
4 from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 ,
170301413 170313046 2007-11-09 12:48:48 0 days 01:50:51 0|213.221.119.178 0 html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee the east to west berlin and west germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe /
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 3 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee the east to west berlin and west germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093
177214350 177322023 2007-12-11 23:52:56 0 days 09:10:17 0|70.1.241.32 0 began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and the poop went flying , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882
177322023 177322415 2007-12-11 23:54:57 0 days 00:02:01 0|70.1.241.32 0 began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin and the poop went flying , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882
181089717 181089981 2007-12-31 00:27:50 0 days 00:01:39 0|208.104.149.90 1 west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation < font size = 300 > " intolerable " . < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 5 > became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and < font size = 300 > economic prosperity . < / font > the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 4 that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote
5 any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p .
185100135 185100213 2008-01-18 00:15:44 0 days 00:00:21 0|12.214.202.72 0 " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year sex fest " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
185100213 185100297 2008-01-18 00:16:06 0 days 00:00:22 3884072 0 " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year sex fest " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
185100297 185101915 2008-01-18 00:24:23 0 days 00:08:17 0|12.214.202.72 0 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year yearse fest with nuts " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
185101915 185101957 2008-01-18 00:24:37 0 days 00:00:14 171365 0 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - yearse fest with nuts year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government
190567614 190901097 2008-02-12 14:26:36 1 days 07:42:59 0|209.7.208.2 0 throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people nazis , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3
190901097 190901889 2008-02-12 14:32:04 0 days 00:05:28 911178 0 throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the nazis german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 7 germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote
200509383 200563955 2008-03-24 16:11:34 0 days 05:18:24 0|168.216.92.2 0 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east dudes to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
200563955 200564084 2008-03-24 16:12:14 0 days 00:00:40 5362986 0 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from dudes east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
200567003 200626917 2008-03-24 20:41:25 0 days 04:15:07 0|69.249.55.70 1 and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 '
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 4 that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote
204485514 204486644 2008-04-09 16:56:34 0 days 00:06:03 137113 0 west berlin - it appeared to be the best option the ddr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 8 to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being
68 not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after
235999012 236298450 2008-09-04 19:33:44 1 days 09:25:11 0|89.180.225.158 1 wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg /
236298450 236302681 2008-09-04 19:55:48 0 days 00:22:04 5177550 0 west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg /
1 the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from west to east berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg
237957752 238154941 2008-09-13 14:51:51 0 days 22:37:25 0|70.127.127.212 0 s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 4 government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi /
60 east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 /
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 53 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 53 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / heckleu247 " heckleu247 " ] ( run by [[ statler and waldorf | statler and waldorf ]] ) < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 1 , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists aka . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche
247307048 247496217 2008-10-25 00:24:50 0 days 21:44:01 0|203.10.76.15 0 s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended defendeded except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the
247496217 247524156 2008-10-25 03:32:38 0 days 03:07:48 911178 0 s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defendeded defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the
267776359 267776477 2009-02-01 05:52:19 0 days 00:01:01 214542 2 [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] )
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 4 berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 .
5 --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 3 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm
4 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
5 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people had big bloody periods . . . ouch . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 .
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 2 cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east left to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
274344223 274348982 2009-03-02 04:57:55 0 days 00:27:39 96897 2 berlin , according to the beloved childrens show dora the explorer . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from left east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm /
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 13 --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276379329 276395905 2009-03-10 23:41:05 0 days 01:19:49 0|68.81.17.165 2 killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin masterbate on the wall . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276395905 276396271 2009-03-10 23:42:42 0 days 00:01:37 2372780 1 , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate on the wall to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276396271 276396847 2009-03-10 23:45:15 0 days 00:02:33 641168 2 killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin masterbate on the wall . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276396847 276397185 2009-03-10 23:46:44 0 days 00:01:29 641168 1 , trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying masterbate on the wall to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276584955 276585049 2009-03-11 20:18:26 0 days 00:00:32 0|68.81.17.165 1 trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin masterbate on the wall . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
276585049 276585113 2009-03-11 20:18:44 0 days 00:00:18 1298255 0 trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to masterbate on the wall flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
278109644 278109883 2009-03-18 14:30:32 0 days 00:01:21 0|165.29.44.192 0 caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . brandi saulsbury was trying to pass over the wall in october 1985 . she hopped the wall and then got shot . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a "
278109883 278110418 2009-03-18 14:33:36 0 days 00:03:04 3505251 0 caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . brandi saulsbury was trying to pass over the wall in october 1985 . she hopped the wall and then got shot . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a "
278130591 278130870 2009-03-18 16:15:32 0 days 00:01:29 6984319 1 eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , . < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was
278326099 278326464 2009-03-19 13:44:20 0 days 00:03:02 3505251 0 gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was
279162751 279624669 2009-03-25 17:43:39 2 days 02:21:56 0|146.145.25.154 0 east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials officialsi have boogers denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1
279624669 279635295 2009-03-25 18:34:46 0 days 00:51:07 0|129.95.35.143 0 east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officialsi have boogers officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1
281274792 281321501 2009-04-02 17:04:49 0 days 05:18:00 0|91.45.99.171 0 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known
281894492 281894614 2009-04-05 13:53:19 0 days 00:00:58 7164899 1 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . you suck balls i hope u m = otherfucker die i love puppysand jill = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an
287077460 288317163 2009-05-06 18:40:49 6 days 01:59:42 0|63.133.248.1 2 still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the
288317163 288317903 2009-05-06 18:44:59 0 days 00:04:10 1099776 2 still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens that had landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire alien east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the
303769141 303769382 2009-07-23 17:10:33 0 days 00:01:39 0|212.58.193.36 1 harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin
305749049 305811876 2009-08-03 13:18:53 0 days 09:44:46 0|138.16.88.11 0 staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall |
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 24 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common
26 hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 2 staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall |
309060395 309060752 2009-08-20 13:07:43 0 days 00:02:36 6971250 0 ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de
1 bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title
310493613 310513985 2009-08-28 09:10:54 0 days 04:10:29 0|207.38.193.188 2 in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc |
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 4 in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc |
314293733 314368006 2009-09-16 16:34:12 0 days 09:23:41 0|212.202.145.187 0 capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east west ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection
314368006 314368094 2009-09-16 16:34:43 0 days 00:00:31 0|212.202.145.187 0 capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ west east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection
315255964 315256021 2009-09-21 08:17:32 0 days 00:00:40 204692 0 strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task tas ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the
315256021 315256133 2009-09-21 08:18:48 0 days 00:01:16 204692 0 strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their tas task ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through
1 ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their tas ; k < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 169 festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center centre and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto "
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 21 festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city centre center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto "
317514851 317571115 2009-10-03 02:01:29 0 days 06:53:53 0|201.41.255.203 0 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins
317605383 317824549 2009-10-04 12:01:41 1 days 04:40:16 0|86.13.148.133 0 " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 %
324158226 324171022 2009-11-05 23:00:13 0 days 01:11:39 0|68.195.96.88 0 his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany i rock . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed
324171022 324171104 2009-11-05 23:00:39 0 days 00:00:26 9518048 0 his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany i rock . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed
324815104 324815547 2009-11-09 10:03:18 0 days 00:04:02 4638533 0 and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently
324876007 324878196 2009-11-09 18:13:14 0 days 00:13:40 0|77.166.110.13 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany england . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = "
324878196 324878252 2009-11-09 18:13:36 0 days 00:00:22 3683078 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to england germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = "
324997562 324997704 2009-11-10 05:51:23 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.81.48.108 0 name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets natzi rules . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states
325367008 325367717 2009-11-12 02:45:54 0 days 00:05:19 0|202.158.12.194 0 other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time
325367717 325367759 2009-11-12 02:46:11 0 days 00:00:17 6188256 0 other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 4 festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and were toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up
5 freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled in stages . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to
333201260 333220733 2009-12-22 08:40:13 0 days 03:01:19 6971250 0 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to
338404595 338517464 2010-01-18 07:45:03 0 days 12:54:09 6971250 1 right into the wall . she was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards , but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him from the vehicle , which became had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' '
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 21 p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 ,
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 15 in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the wall violated military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 6 laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel '
358561588 358669929 2010-04-27 16:04:06 0 days 13:07:45 0|207.28.70.253 0 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german douch bag population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended
358669929 358672368 2010-04-27 16:20:14 0 days 00:16:08 3308922 0 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german douch bag population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended
359174897 359267333 2010-04-30 15:18:12 0 days 13:55:00 0|169.204.165.157 0 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . asshole < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border
359267333 359267672 2010-04-30 15:20:06 0 days 00:01:54 0|169.204.165.157 0 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . asshole fuck you u pigs < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border
359267672 359267780 2010-04-30 15:20:42 0 days 00:00:36 11386456 0 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . fuck you u pigs < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border
363268864 363585935 2010-05-22 17:58:32 1 days 20:55:35 0|64.235.99.75 0 , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th 75th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world /
363585935 363586451 2010-05-22 18:02:29 0 days 00:03:57 0|64.235.99.75 0 , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 75th 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world /
364146556 364160963 2010-05-25 18:59:41 0 days 01:31:12 3190155 1 statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 3 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in escaped through hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion
378954602 379153090 2010-08-16 03:04:08 1 days 03:29:28 0|203.37.22.129 0 unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin berin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with
379153090 379192505 2010-08-16 10:04:49 0 days 07:00:41 6971250 0 unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berin berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 14 with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling travelling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408
392939112 393650061 2010-10-29 18:21:46 3 days 12:40:54 0|205.211.141.243 2 to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west north in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled
393650061 393650284 2010-10-29 18:23:16 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 2 to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the north west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled
396020558 396543392 2010-11-13 17:42:00 2 days 19:07:04 0|24.10.174.205 0 within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the
396543392 396552271 2010-11-13 18:34:58 0 days 00:52:58 3308922 0 within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 2 the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were jo jo is a furry pogy initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 3 the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending jo jo is a furry pogy that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 2 a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 3 statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 25 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall
403353689 403517345 2010-12-21 12:26:21 0 days 21:51:55 3035831 0 [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]]
409131317 409579051 2011-01-23 16:39:27 2 days 07:44:43 0|82.194.120.22 1 the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 /
409579051 409750750 2011-01-24 12:58:24 0 days 20:18:57 7164899 1 summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german " tourists " escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 /
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 6 of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political
9 the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years ,
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 4 berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref
7 , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years ,
410170917 410343760 2011-01-27 10:21:30 0 days 19:59:20 1852573 1 would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]]
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 1 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred 50 or 100 more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over
2 was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years < ref > {{ cite web | titel = " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 11 manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 & nbsp ; billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' ,
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 15 everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors about the problem , but it became
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 1 moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 8 again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news /
17 " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews /
448621897 448750565 2011-09-06 14:01:14 0 days 19:13:14 723354 0 union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside fully within the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 3 , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in
4 / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own which in turn would be presented as internal measures . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized
5 the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures and had full control . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram
7 within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 3 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard
4 short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines of the west german government . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner
576702592 576710951 2013-10-11 12:01:22 0 days 01:39:55 6971250 0 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 200 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions
577123748 577242287 2013-10-15 07:01:05 0 days 18:42:33 14508071 0 over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 26 pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no nor [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak
51 > whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany , such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0
56 dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 10 again , " entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom " , ” proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews
29 or against any government . i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref name = " tl20130709 " > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : /
41 , " entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom , ” proclaimed president wulff . " < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 3 souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ 1989 . summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary
633043240 633066096 2014-11-09 08:28:56 0 days 05:42:53 21756912 0 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1990 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
633082411 633093439 2014-11-09 14:40:09 0 days 02:10:28 115938 0 = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in
633093439 633105760 2014-11-09 16:34:01 0 days 01:53:52 6166995 0 }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between from 1961 and 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
1 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and through 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news /
2 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1989 inclusively , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 7 various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics
28 that followed , people came to the wall with various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics
29 various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall
633169245 633172282 2014-11-10 01:43:12 0 days 00:25:50 18865486 0 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through 1989 1990 < ref > https : / / www . cia . gov / news - information / featured - story - archive / 2014 - featured - story - archive / a - look - back - 25 - years - since - the - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . html < / ref > , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
633172282 633175257 2014-11-10 02:12:26 0 days 00:29:14 10340692 0 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through 1990 < ref > https : / / www . cia . gov / news - information / featured - story - archive / 2014 - featured - story - archive / a - look - back - 25 - years - since - the - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . html < / ref > 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
635851215 636736384 2014-12-05 09:55:06 6 days 06:44:14 18865486 0 ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed divided berlin from 1961 through 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
1 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed from 1961 through to 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 25 information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however starting time delay was not communicated to schabowski . , nobody had informed schabowski . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall
26 regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody schabowski read the note had informed schabowski . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the
667114924 667487850 2015-06-18 13:27:35 2 days 14:34:05 24555049 0 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin from 1961 to 1989 , . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary
667488605 667488963 2015-06-18 13:38:11 0 days 00:03:24 24555049 0 accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in
702890848 702890979 2016-02-02 06:41:00 0 days 00:01:37 13816079 2 berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin
702890979 702891285 2016-02-02 06:44:39 0 days 00:03:39 13816079 1 of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to of communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but
3 of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin had decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 – 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref >
702934332 703014660 2016-02-02 23:57:14 0 days 09:47:18 23149456 0 of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument of to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > american and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but
705888151 706975021 2016-02-26 09:15:19 6 days 05:09:29 777667 0 ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert .
713111597 713738020 2016-04-05 17:01:56 3 days 16:22:20 29695 0 }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com
1 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 9 day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 2 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune .
3 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] < nowiki / > from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com /
4 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news
5 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 9 november 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion
6 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion /
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 3 : an easy opportunity to smuggle east german secret agents to west germany , and a reduction in the number of citizens hostile to the communist regime . neither of these perks advantages , however , proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 1 {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki
21 bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in particular — caused a chain reaction in east germany that ultimately resulted in the demise of the wall . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic
36 series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 4 would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security , " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president
17 returning to east germany — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force
18 lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security " , thatcher told gorbachev . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[
793675442 795297023 2017-08-13 09:19:52 10 days 01:27:47 26598670 2 the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the inner
797956044 798241666 2017-08-31 19:27:46 1 days 14:42:15 84475 0 a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east germany and the official reunification of the german state along the democratic lines of the west german government basic law . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 14 later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was
809973970 809974101 2017-11-12 17:49:09 0 days 00:01:03 6554947 0 the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and west berlin sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
809974101 809997471 2017-11-12 20:33:02 0 days 02:43:53 6554947 1 the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and the sidewalks not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
2 wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg =
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 4 faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of unlawfully illegally crossing the de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news -
811107061 811348758 2017-11-21 01:55:16 1 days 10:25:28 6554947 0 com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , an unfortified strip of east german eastern territory was left outside the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 0 in german ) < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 at least 140 deaths . < ref name = " contemporary research " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de /
848901284 849362847 2018-07-08 13:15:35 3 days 09:30:23 32436778 0 / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having often been perused pursued there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr / 03 / thierry -
851989261 854069066 2018-08-08 19:11:24 13 days 21:30:45 3563616 1 back into the western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] ' ' border outside the wall . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs
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732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 1 attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 35 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin
36 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org
42 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic
46 place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall
1097715 1098066 2003-06-30 22:31:21 1 days 09:23:53 7495 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from
1305258 1333052 2003-08-17 23:47:24 2 days 13:47:28 14772 0 & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from
2144113 2155508 2004-01-13 06:48:05 40 days 11:39:02 36844 0 when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 7 . some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history .
3156940 3355675 2004-04-12 05:26:04 7 days 15:02:05 32383 1 some believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but because it is also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably
2 november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also the anniversary of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed
4 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] , but also of the so - called ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] ; thus october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 , 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a
1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , ]] [[ 1989 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall
2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]]
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 5 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced
7268399 7274073 2004-11-09 19:32:09 0 days 01:24:50 113855 0 , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city
7274428 7274470 2004-11-09 22:05:43 0 days 00:01:56 0|84.57.81.84 4 made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it november 9 is also the anniversary of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the
5 since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in
7275003 7275347 2004-11-09 22:18:09 0 days 00:03:28 0|84.57.81.84 1 it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating a [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 .
9300388 9338110 2005-01-12 01:41:20 1 days 01:51:18 124371 0 fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 9 started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[
9765302 9797902 2005-01-29 15:37:34 0 days 02:41:22 124324 0 was exclusively on the western side . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' wessis ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter
11755213 11755223 2005-04-01 09:38:57 0 days 00:00:46 0|217.68.115.26 1 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 5 november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 0 in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' (
20890077 20890583 2005-08-13 00:27:15 0 days 00:11:31 0|24.205.50.103 0 long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities , called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its intent was
23255938 23258570 2005-09-15 02:46:22 0 days 00:49:46 0|64.12.116.198 3 ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its
23258570 23258905 2005-09-15 02:52:24 0 days 00:06:02 89675 3 ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its
24150723 24150980 2005-09-27 11:40:40 0 days 00:04:54 0|212.219.59.226 0 [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team of builder monkeys would rebuild the wall , only to have their work cruelly critiscised by the daily mail . in a fit of rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london ]] , was deep within the
24150980 24151055 2005-09-27 11:41:54 0 days 00:01:14 7580 3 [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team of builder monkeys would rebuild the wall , only to have their work cruelly critiscised by the daily mail . in a fit of rage , the mokeys destroyed sweden . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ london ]] , was deep within the
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 21 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the area which
24173665 24215861 2005-09-28 05:16:13 0 days 10:58:21 0|171.64.204.98 0 [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has
26052050 26386659 2005-10-24 22:19:06 3 days 22:30:51 0|24.118.221.35 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of an ungodly long project assigned by 10th grade history teachers nation wide ( u . s ) = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26386659 26390590 2005-10-24 23:06:47 0 days 00:47:41 127734 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of an ungodly long project assigned by 10th grade history teachers nation wide ( u . s ) = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26390590 26460471 2005-10-25 18:24:27 0 days 19:17:40 0|206.131.39.76 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of many history essays nationwide . a total pain in the ass . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26460471 26467857 2005-10-25 20:08:33 0 days 01:44:06 21397 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . subject of many history essays nationwide . a total pain in the ass . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = ethel and julius rosenberg from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . jump to : navigation , search the rosenbergsethel greenglass rosenberg ( september 28 , 1915 – june 19 , 1953 ) and julius rosenberg ( may 12 , 1918 – june 19 , 1953 ) were american communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried , convicted , and executed for spying for the soviet union . the accuracy of these charges remains controversial , though decades later , soviet communications decrypted by the venona project became publicly available and appeared to indicate that at least julius rosenberg was actively involved in espionage ( although they provided no new evidence that he performed the specific acts of espionage for which he was convicted ) . specifically , the couple were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and were accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep within the
27961254 27961463 2005-11-10 21:57:48 0 days 00:02:13 0|67.38.154.248 1 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 octember 76 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer '
2 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' '
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 3 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 november 16 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer '
4 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' '
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 8 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured
30122085 30233828 2005-12-05 16:40:11 1 days 00:11:43 276745 0 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer " antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany
30724012 31040414 2005-12-12 12:04:16 2 days 19:32:41 0|194.81.36.9 0 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] crazy spudmeister the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
31040414 31040435 2005-12-12 12:04:46 0 days 00:00:30 0|194.81.36.9 0 berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] crazy spudmeister the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
32072733 32108178 2005-12-20 15:27:08 0 days 08:38:16 0|199.216.220.2 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] baoaota * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold
32108178 32108251 2005-12-20 15:27:48 0 days 00:00:40 0|199.216.220.2 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] baoaota booger * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold
32108251 32108451 2005-12-20 15:29:48 0 days 00:02:00 225576 0 portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] booger * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold
35656744 35886672 2006-01-20 00:46:46 1 days 15:21:06 416830 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 june 7 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was
3 [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[
36652943 36689141 2006-01-25 20:46:27 0 days 04:56:55 838711 0 in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . , by [[ alec roberts ]] = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured
36689141 36689372 2006-01-25 20:48:08 0 days 00:01:41 269651 0 in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished , by [[ alec roberts ]] . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' '
5 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 4 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 potsdamer platz ]] , june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' )
5 : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
6 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a
38580746 38580842 2006-02-07 06:13:20 0 days 00:01:18 58229 1 | right | remains of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 0 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 90 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 16 : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[
17 [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis | last = cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 1 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially
2 | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 0 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed
1 thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 3 [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word "
52169001 52169542 2006-05-08 17:30:21 0 days 00:03:23 0|204.14.67.138 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] this is bull . though berlin wall rocks . lol that means laugh out loud . willy wonka , willy wonka , the amazing choclate tere . love ya . bye have a iice day ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
52169542 52169681 2006-05-08 17:31:13 0 days 00:00:52 393959 1 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] this is bull . though berlin wall rocks . lol that means laugh out loud . willy wonka , willy wonka , the amazing choclate tere . love ya . bye have a iice day ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53023761 53023891 2006-05-13 17:37:52 0 days 00:00:59 0|12.189.32.36 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] eggs the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53023891 53023975 2006-05-13 17:38:34 0 days 00:00:42 1008387 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] eggs the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53334351 53424530 2006-05-16 00:54:14 0 days 08:46:35 0|66.156.78.171 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] it was part of the iron curtain . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]]
53424530 53424769 2006-05-16 00:55:53 0 days 00:01:39 0|66.156.78.171 0 berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] it was part of the [[ iron curtain . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in
1 near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] it was part of the iron curtain ]] . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961
53714889 53718756 2006-05-17 18:02:04 0 days 00:24:14 0|204.14.12.53 1 belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east west and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf
53718756 53720035 2006-05-17 18:10:38 0 days 00:08:34 1008387 1 belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between west east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf
54612020 54612820 2006-05-22 23:23:58 0 days 00:05:29 0|67.76.205.110 2 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13
54612820 54613169 2006-05-22 23:26:29 0 days 00:02:31 1008387 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german
55921252 55951737 2006-05-30 16:19:39 0 days 03:20:15 0|207.228.209.68 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] i llike pie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august
55951737 55951899 2006-05-30 16:20:33 0 days 00:00:54 774663 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] i llike pie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august
57771532 57880127 2006-06-10 14:58:52 0 days 17:30:29 0|68.37.147.10 0 " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band )
59083873 59248468 2006-06-18 08:59:56 0 days 23:47:21 537264 0 = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi _ % 28east _ germans % 29 | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head
60675338 60893108 2006-06-27 19:57:01 1 days 03:53:52 0|86.136.216.81 0 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] and no niall the russians never went near germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[
60893108 60894512 2006-06-27 20:05:23 0 days 00:08:22 0|86.136.216.81 1 right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] and no niall the russians never went near germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 1 | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic
2 | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 4 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 3 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{
74099675 74109426 2006-09-06 10:35:39 0 days 01:42:32 1629275 1 ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in
74109426 74109727 2006-09-06 10:39:12 0 days 00:03:33 1629275 1 ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in
74109727 74109986 2006-09-06 10:42:17 0 days 00:03:05 1629275 1 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 11 ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead
80538367 80538479 2006-10-10 02:25:17 0 days 00:00:54 0|71.250.160.186 0 prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day
86616253 86685844 2006-11-09 10:05:22 0 days 08:55:11 0|217.227.123.50 0 the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 2 jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin
89163919 89164714 2006-11-21 04:29:12 0 days 00:05:28 441020 1 berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the berlin wall , ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , is an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 14 obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 3 barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte
92647828 92779124 2006-12-07 21:11:24 0 days 14:27:04 0|82.10.207.212 2 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' '
98180975 98181246 2007-01-03 14:44:32 0 days 00:01:43 0|168.216.38.134 0 image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > i love you guys ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
98181246 98181465 2007-01-03 14:45:57 0 days 00:01:25 0|168.216.38.134 0 image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > i love you guys ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 11 east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 21 wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 21 distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
105695131 105722960 2007-02-05 03:51:33 0 days 02:41:00 0|150.101.251.66 0 image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > hey yall wass da happs in da crib yo the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier
105722960 105723144 2007-02-05 03:52:42 0 days 00:01:09 416594 0 image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > hey yall wass da happs in da crib yo the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier
108140015 108230249 2007-02-15 02:06:28 0 days 06:38:59 3563780 0 image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > eaaaaaaaaarghshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhrrrrraorhhshhhhh shadup - . - the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[
108230249 108230331 2007-02-15 02:06:53 0 days 00:00:25 964805 0 image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > eaaaaaaaaarghshhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhrrrrraorhhshhhhh shadup - . - the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[
108986401 109200457 2007-02-19 01:43:37 0 days 22:07:41 0|68.41.174.194 0 skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 8 from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 48 some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' including west berlin . on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans .
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 8 from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 48 some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' including west berlin . on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans .
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 8 from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 48 some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the job , became distracted by other projects and left it in a state of ruins . to this date many male [[ doughnut | berliners ]] still have ' ' rebuild berlin wall ' ' including west berlin . on their ' ' to do ' ' lists . the falling of the wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans .
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 5 east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet
111404973 111405046 2007-02-27 20:30:09 0 days 00:00:24 0|205.126.63.15 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] wikipedia : the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' '
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 6 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] wikipedia : the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' '
111406543 111406618 2007-02-27 20:36:42 0 days 00:00:18 786651 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = = = = = layout
111431459 111447681 2007-02-27 23:32:06 0 days 01:10:20 0|24.224.150.220 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30
111447681 111448485 2007-02-27 23:35:47 0 days 00:03:41 296765 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' ' you suck ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[
1 soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved
114905537 114945095 2007-03-14 01:10:35 0 days 03:07:22 0|64.118.116.137 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the pussy cunt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
114945095 114945129 2007-03-14 01:10:44 0 days 00:00:09 2198658 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the pussy cunt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
116611927 116612198 2007-03-20 20:36:12 0 days 00:01:01 0|208.96.79.152 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' fucking ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the fukk [[ east germany |
116612198 116612926 2007-03-20 20:39:04 0 days 00:02:52 302522 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the fucking ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the fukk [[ east germany |
117202313 117273341 2007-03-23 13:04:36 0 days 09:57:22 0|84.64.196.176 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny you really are a knob . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117273341 117273415 2007-03-23 13:05:08 0 days 00:00:32 3358912 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny you really are a knob . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117273415 117286154 2007-03-23 14:16:33 0 days 01:11:25 0|84.64.196.176 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] apologies stephen . i didn ' t think of the consequences . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117286154 117292393 2007-03-23 14:50:25 0 days 00:33:52 911178 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] apologies stephen . i didn ' t think of the consequences . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany
117752932 117829670 2007-03-25 20:41:35 0 days 06:26:26 0|67.87.251.151 0 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration penis ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
117829670 117829832 2007-03-25 20:42:17 0 days 00:00:42 41957 0 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing penis emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
118145334 118145453 2007-03-27 00:43:34 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.16.228.161 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( i ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 6 of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker ]] and approved by [[ mormon ]] leader [[ brendon urie nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 <
122210458 122237550 2007-04-12 15:22:28 0 days 02:09:09 0|88.111.156.211 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the there ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
122237550 122237677 2007-04-12 15:23:02 0 days 00:00:34 0|88.111.156.211 0 the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] there the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany |
123623472 123829798 2007-04-18 15:39:51 0 days 19:14:18 0|209.66.200.83 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall
124965000 125058452 2007-04-23 03:51:10 0 days 06:18:09 345374 0 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language {{ lang - ru | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the "
125328975 125329185 2007-04-23 23:24:44 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.4.184.187 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' '
125330094 125519402 2007-04-24 14:21:05 0 days 14:53:17 0|168.216.28.0 0 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration mexicans ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
125519402 125520955 2007-04-24 14:28:05 0 days 00:07:00 1718065 0 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing mexicans emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
126982200 126982667 2007-04-29 23:49:22 0 days 00:01:46 0|71.251.211.21 0 had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' '
1 hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' '
128079965 128104586 2007-05-04 01:02:38 0 days 01:59:13 0|71.62.134.231 0 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration imigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
128104586 128122655 2007-05-04 02:33:24 0 days 01:30:46 3647339 0 berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing imigration emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 4 ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled
5 year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 7 ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 5 suzie really liked to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese it ? on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position
6 one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
7 a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
130458885 130564003 2007-05-13 16:31:28 0 days 13:32:50 0|12.217.208.120 0 west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration making people eat breakfast and lunch . ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
130580466 130631022 2007-05-13 22:03:26 0 days 04:04:04 0|24.15.11.254 0 west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at making people eat breakfast and lunch . decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 .
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 4 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 10 of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain species appear to both masturbate and to use objects as tools to help them do so , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }}
11 s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the in many species animals try to give and get sexual stimulation with others where procreation is not the aim , and homosexual behavior has now been observed among 1 , 500 species , and in 500 of those it is well documented . there are species that have 3 , 4 or 5 sexes . for example : the clam shrimp eulimnadia texana has three sexes , that is , it is a triploid organism . [ 1 ] harvester ant genus pogonomyrmex has three sexes [ 2 ] or possibly four sexes [ 3 ] the reptile tuatara might have four sexes [ 4 ] coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea might have three or four sexes [ 5 ] coprinus lagopus has four sexes [ 6 ] fausto - sterling proposes that there are five sexes of humans [ 7 ] [ 8 ] other species have exhibited evidence of 5 sexes [ 9 ] humans human male and female - anatomical features pointed outsee human sexuality for information about sexual activities , sexual sensation , sexual gratification , and sexual intimacy between human beings in humans , " sex " is often perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological and social purposes - such that a person can only be female or male . but many factors , including one ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena
12 " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' s biology , environment , psychology and social context , have a role in determining how a particular person , and those around them , view their sex . although the table below shows common differences between males and females , many people do not correspond to " male " or " female " with regard to every criterion . " primary " sexual characteristics are typically present at birth and directly involved in reproduction . " secondary " sexual characteristics typically develop later in life ( usually during puberty ) and are not directly involved in reproduction . differences between the sexes are known as sexual dimorphism . at the biological level these differences are usually : level characteristics female male primary sex chromosomes xx xy gametes ova spermatozoa sex organs ovaries testes predominant sex hormones estrogen and progesterone testosterone anatomy of internal genitalia clitoral crura , vagina , uterus , fallopian tubes corpora cavernosa , urethra , prostate , seminal vesicles anatomy of external genitalia glans clitoris , labia , vulva , clitoral hood , perineal urethra penis , scrotum , foreskin , fused perineum secondary skeletal structure relatively shorter , wider in hips relatively taller , wider in shoulders , bigger chest face rounded jaw bigger nose bone , brow bone , [ 10 ] squarer jaw , facial hair body fat and muscle relatively more fat relatively more muscle [ 11 ] fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena '
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 3 the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy eco ' ' ' nomy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 3 the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market eco ' ' ' nomy economy ]] ( ' ' " sozial ' ' e marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in
169819935 169820091 2007-11-07 08:19:36 0 days 00:01:16 0|220.238.206.14 1 french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt very pleasing . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite
2 and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . ' ' ' all the leaders enjoyed having sexual intercourse with their wifes who gave $ 5 headjobs . it was veryt pleasing as they all had huge titties to please the blokes . ' ' ' the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the
171330844 171393635 2007-11-14 08:32:36 0 days 07:37:34 0|213.221.119.178 0 wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed
172964319 173175116 2007-11-22 22:18:16 1 days 02:32:10 137113 0 , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | ( [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer
173175116 173175378 2007-11-22 22:19:57 0 days 00:01:41 137113 0 , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . ( - [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner
173361439 173361573 2007-11-23 22:27:01 0 days 00:00:46 137113 0 east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . an east german propaganda booklet published in [[ 1955 ]] outlined the seriousness of [[ republikfluckt republikflucht | ' fleeing the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as
173368678 173369211 2007-11-23 23:13:28 0 days 00:03:09 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east
173369211 173369297 2007-11-23 23:14:00 0 days 00:00:32 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states .
173369297 173369884 2007-11-23 23:17:45 0 days 00:03:45 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall
173857018 173857115 2007-11-26 09:08:28 0 days 00:01:09 137113 2 world war ]] ' . the soviet union considered the new west germany to be largely a militaristic [[ puppet state ]] which had been properly [[ de - nazification | de - nazified denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere ,
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 2 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 2 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south berlin ]] from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two
181459618 181459680 2008-01-01 22:25:34 0 days 00:00:20 961280 1 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . ' ' ' the wall divided ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
182439877 182600825 2008-01-06 21:20:52 0 days 19:06:23 638137 0 date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ 1923 ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen
183110157 183110726 2008-01-09 04:07:43 0 days 00:03:57 0|72.70.120.222 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] francesca ' s gay and she ' s gay like a fox . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
183110726 183110979 2008-01-09 04:09:45 0 days 00:02:02 4156549 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] francesca ' s gay and she ' s gay like a fox . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
183265767 183426225 2008-01-10 16:57:37 0 days 18:41:05 6163551 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] steve is awesome ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
183426225 183428633 2008-01-10 17:09:35 0 days 00:11:58 400903 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] steve is awesome ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 6 , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref br / > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 .
188247561 188248620 2008-01-31 22:24:03 0 days 00:04:52 911178 0 refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated
188378405 188385502 2008-02-01 15:00:58 0 days 00:52:59 0|209.94.183.90 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] courtney own this page the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188385502 188385606 2008-02-01 15:01:41 0 days 00:00:43 242500 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] courtney own this page the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188385606 188405306 2008-02-01 16:54:15 0 days 01:52:34 0|71.41.129.70 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the sdsddthe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]]
188405306 188405481 2008-02-01 16:55:05 0 days 00:00:50 134937 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] sdsddthe the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating chicken from [[ beef
188405481 188406177 2008-02-01 16:58:49 0 days 00:03:44 0|71.41.129.70 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188406177 188406265 2008-02-01 16:59:12 0 days 00:00:23 301395 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188519120 188528780 2008-02-02 03:30:16 0 days 01:02:40 0|216.105.214.32 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i luv you and my papa was in this the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188528780 188528811 2008-02-02 03:30:25 0 days 00:00:09 3042966 0 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i luv you and my papa was in this the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
188528811 188588109 2008-02-02 12:52:44 0 days 09:22:19 4469495 3 the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ 1923 ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen
189354281 189354826 2008-02-05 21:59:41 0 days 00:02:04 0|70.118.67.29 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
189354826 189355039 2008-02-05 22:00:27 0 days 00:00:46 2537811 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe
191453407 191583874 2008-02-15 04:57:35 0 days 11:31:28 0|71.41.210.146 1 years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement
192016546 192126171 2008-02-17 20:05:54 0 days 13:00:16 6463686 0 ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
1 s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
194684124 194684430 2008-02-28 16:52:46 0 days 00:01:16 0|68.119.97.2 0 image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] they all fucked each other the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
194684430 194684439 2008-02-28 16:52:49 0 days 00:00:03 1086908 0 image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] they all fucked each other the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
201581807 201581901 2008-03-28 14:35:15 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.235.34.66 0 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] jadd is a worker at it and he is awesome the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
201581901 201581932 2008-03-28 14:35:23 0 days 00:00:08 301395 2 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] jadd is a worker at it and he is awesome the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
201679092 201724239 2008-03-29 02:06:29 0 days 04:07:36 3622922 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
203050208 203050714 2008-04-03 14:39:13 0 days 00:02:43 0|76.181.66.248 0 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
203051174 203051200 2008-04-03 14:41:57 0 days 00:00:06 6388591 0 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " bananas death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
211222812 211222847 2008-05-09 09:25:16 0 days 00:00:19 686868 0 reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the
211222847 211225942 2008-05-09 09:58:16 0 days 00:33:00 686868 0 reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 2 this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued in a simplified procedure at the same day border crossing . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[
5 berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable in force for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west
211226287 211226498 2008-05-09 10:04:29 0 days 00:02:21 686868 0 an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august
1 , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all .
211226498 211251752 2008-05-09 13:24:50 0 days 03:20:21 686868 0 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[
225294558 225295527 2008-07-12 23:06:05 0 days 00:07:56 521374 0 | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell jfk berlin address . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy ,
1 right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = eisenhower farewell address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 52 advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 10 for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting the sum of 100 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there
14 to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without submitting to east german passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]]
15 country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements .
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 8 soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
9 a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany '
24 deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting the sum a small amount of 100 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help
31 excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' '
38 s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting the sum of 100 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 9 [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]]
16 brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke
240242156 240250311 2008-09-22 16:47:42 0 days 00:48:53 3505251 4 sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated 14 municipalities of the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , from west berlin . these municipalities , subdivided by district , are listed in order from north to south : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a champagne glass . is this what the people of bel - air living like ? hmmmmm this might be alright . but wait i hear there ' re prissy , wine all that is bel - air the type of place they send this cool cat ? i don ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 17 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video /
18 have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] , how could any of america ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index
19 interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run other allies rely on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ?
27 this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go display to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' (
96 fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the
97 has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 17 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video /
18 have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] , how could any of america ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index
19 interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run other allies rely on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ?
27 this collection compiles music from various muppets sources . it includes the rare song [[ rainbow connection ]] which was previously available on cd only on the soundtrack for [[ the muppet movie ]] . = = filmography = = = = = theatrical films = = = : ' ' [[ the muppet movie ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ the great muppet caper ]] ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets take manhattan ]] ' ' ( 1984 ) : ' ' [[ jim henson ' s muppetvision 3d ]] ' ' ( 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet christmas carol ]] ' ' ( 1992 ) : ' ' [[ muppet treasure island ]] ' ' ( 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' ( 1999 ) = = = telefilms = = = : ' ' [[ it ' s a very merry muppet christmas movie ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets ' wizard of oz ]] ' ' ( 2005 ) = = = television series = = = : ' ' [[ sam and friends ]] ' ' ( 1955 - 61 ) : ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' ( 1969 - present ) : ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' ( 1975 - 1976 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' ( 1976 - 1981 ) : ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( 1983 - 87 ) : ' ' [[ muppet babies ]] ' ' ( 1984 - 1991 ) : ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' ( 1989 special on [[ nbc ]] , regular show on [[ fox broadcasting company | fox ]] from 1992 - 1995 ) : ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' ( 1994 - 1996 ) : ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' ( 1996 - 1998 ) = = = television specials = = = : ' ' hey cinderella ! ' ' ( 1970 ) : ' ' [[ the frog prince ( muppets ) | the frog prince ]] ' ' ( 1971 ) : ' ' [[ the muppet musicians of bremen ]] ' ' ( 1972 ) : ' ' the muppets valentine show ' ' ( 1974 ) : ' ' [[ emmet otter ' s jug - band christmas ]] ' ' ( 1977 ) : ' ' the muppets go hollywood ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go display to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' (
96 fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the
97 has served as grand marshal of the [[ tournament of roses parade ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the characters also appeared in - character on such sit - coms and dramas as ' ' [[ the cosby show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the west wing ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the torkelsons ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} . the [[ music
243043238 244846230 2008-10-12 21:06:42 7 days 23:06:51 82982 0 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
246474803 246619818 2008-10-21 00:19:35 0 days 13:12:14 736477 0 missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha
248312104 248418059 2008-10-29 15:29:40 0 days 15:04:00 0|129.19.104.6 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
248418059 248423012 2008-10-29 15:58:02 0 days 00:28:22 911178 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] hi the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death happy strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " happy death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
252776401 252776451 2008-11-19 13:48:53 0 days 00:00:20 3131841 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
255707707 255794738 2008-12-04 06:17:39 0 days 09:10:08 0|24.150.100.199 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated separ - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was
255794738 255794996 2008-12-04 06:19:57 0 days 00:02:18 241887 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separ - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 year < nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > -
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 1 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east north germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated north east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 1 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated separatedfuccckkkkkkkkkkkk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
5 = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market asshole bitchmarket economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s
7 ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic ]] miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche
258134336 258135144 2008-12-15 15:53:35 0 days 00:04:11 0|62.3.105.253 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separatedfuccckkkkkkkkkkkk ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 3 germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( ' ' ' federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with asshole bitchmarket a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' # redirect [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting
9 = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( ' ' ' federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with asshole bitchmarket economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' # redirect [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government
11 [[ in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic ]] miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche
259372596 259408414 2008-12-21 21:27:55 0 days 03:52:52 0|85.179.5.244 0 strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ( map is incorrect ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
259408414 259409239 2008-12-21 21:32:25 0 days 00:04:30 911178 0 strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ( map is incorrect ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
262181781 262224380 2009-01-06 02:30:54 0 days 03:55:13 0|67.209.19.66 0 present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : fuck goddamn germany * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]]
262224380 262225961 2009-01-06 02:40:41 0 days 00:09:47 911178 0 present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : fuck goddamn germany * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]]
262727066 262732257 2009-01-08 11:31:54 0 days 00:52:03 0|86.47.35.177 0 year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west
264375116 264375403 2009-01-16 01:26:43 0 days 00:01:47 0|76.202.130.24 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated ! ! ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboski was here ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
264375403 264375430 2009-01-16 01:26:54 0 days 00:00:11 3136314 0 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated ! ! ! ! ! ! cailtin summer isabella cleboski was here ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 3 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 3 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 0 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 0 wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
269234850 269655083 2009-02-09 23:54:08 1 days 22:58:44 0|72.144.60.91 1 ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist very big protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
269933512 270229031 2009-02-12 14:56:02 1 days 10:27:59 0|75.36.29.153 1 ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the butt was very big an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe
272929480 272950002 2009-02-24 12:43:21 0 days 03:09:58 0|12.164.48.18 0 a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
272959089 273103201 2009-02-25 02:26:13 0 days 12:29:12 0|76.235.164.36 3 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
273103201 273103350 2009-02-25 02:27:17 0 days 00:01:04 1469567 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating
2 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
3 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler . . . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
274046676 274161969 2009-03-01 15:47:13 0 days 12:21:03 96897 0 a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . the berlin wall was 10 feet high . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks
274475826 274491714 2009-03-02 18:58:35 0 days 01:07:57 0|206.176.120.174 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ooo the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
274520296 274521235 2009-03-02 20:56:49 0 days 00:03:25 521374 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ooo the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
276398619 276546078 2009-03-11 17:11:44 0 days 17:18:15 0|76.74.69.103 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall davidwall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation
276546078 276546159 2009-03-11 17:12:07 0 days 00:00:23 3820115 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the davidwall wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation
277228319 277228598 2009-03-14 18:31:52 0 days 00:01:30 6984319 0 & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 .
278326464 278326603 2009-03-19 13:45:28 0 days 00:01:08 3505251 2 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayrisches staatsministerium für arbeit , familie und soziales frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{
278701966 278705045 2009-03-21 09:14:18 0 days 00:34:14 0|122.107.103.201 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] stephanie halteh built the berlin wall the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
278705045 278705102 2009-03-21 09:15:01 0 days 00:00:43 6984319 0 " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] stephanie halteh built the berlin wall the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
283120128 283243378 2009-04-11 21:03:54 0 days 16:01:05 7992897 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall '
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall '
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 4 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik bumface deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 3 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bumface bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' faggots rg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[
285016585 285227007 2009-04-21 13:18:44 0 days 23:06:40 0|168.170.196.30 0 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik bundesrepubic deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social
285227007 285229373 2009-04-21 13:35:28 0 days 00:16:44 1099776 0 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepubic bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social
292030037 292112571 2009-05-24 23:21:44 0 days 07:26:26 1322359 0 ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints
1 soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . * ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 32 year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] .
42 fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] .
308670641 308694705 2009-08-18 15:00:18 0 days 02:45:34 8902327 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the butt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
308720606 308730077 2009-08-18 18:30:17 0 days 00:53:57 0|69.116.35.17 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] butt the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
308730077 308751833 2009-08-18 20:32:57 0 days 02:02:40 323132 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the butt ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
308751833 308756414 2009-08-18 20:58:00 0 days 00:25:03 10357647 0 de - be | display = title }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall asswall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
308756414 308756619 2009-08-18 20:59:00 0 days 00:01:00 911178 0 de - be | display = title }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the asswall wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
308756619 308787101 2009-08-19 00:06:52 0 days 03:07:52 437229 0 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] butt the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german
311905684 311933749 2009-09-05 01:02:20 0 days 03:22:02 6877720 3 . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the
312095287 312349275 2009-09-07 09:44:34 1 days 09:55:26 0|212.101.24.151 0 eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross ? = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually
312349275 312380361 2009-09-07 13:26:51 0 days 03:42:17 6971250 0 eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross ? = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually
312380361 312585957 2009-09-08 13:35:34 1 days 00:08:43 0|194.202.122.223 0 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s visiting westerners had to purchase a day visa for 5 dm and also exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of 1 : 1 . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all .
312585957 312586456 2009-09-08 13:39:06 0 days 00:03:32 0|194.202.122.223 0 berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961
312587103 312587321 2009-09-08 13:46:35 0 days 00:02:04 6971250 0 military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements
1 ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise , ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements .
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 5 german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august
6 currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 143 celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' '
144 in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' '
161 the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead .
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 2 {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( "
164 . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and
173 of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was
316592574 316594007 2009-09-28 00:36:35 0 days 00:08:51 5177550 1 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]]
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 0 networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa
6 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained
12 ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 10 _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech -
38 die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 .
48 were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for
49 cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those
57 wall in 1989 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " {{ lang | de | ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' '
70 in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints
72 to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the
324915778 324917954 2009-11-09 21:48:30 0 days 00:12:09 0|70.228.101.60 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . all the information you just read is incorrect . germany is a magical island in far away ville and shall not be disturbed . the end . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co
324917954 324918158 2009-11-09 21:49:34 0 days 00:01:04 7276879 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . all the information you just read is incorrect . germany is a magical island in far away ville and shall not be disturbed . the end . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 6 patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic
7 built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr )
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 3 link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / > ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off
4 berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall
325433759 325433837 2009-11-12 13:42:21 0 days 00:00:44 295080 1 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ' ' ' | - i w / h jujujuj ' ' ' | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 0 left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high hi . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june
335696374 336036689 2010-01-05 18:08:52 1 days 20:22:48 0|206.253.42.34 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hitler was the best person ever ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic
336036689 336036763 2010-01-05 18:09:19 0 days 00:00:27 10519822 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] hitler was the best person ever ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 6 years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) .
337292695 337293367 2010-01-12 00:54:41 0 days 00:04:12 461300 0 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of
1 / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made
337293367 337360247 2010-01-12 10:00:46 0 days 09:06:05 3308922 0 between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the
2 the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production , 2006 < br / > * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) |
337515676 337515845 2010-01-13 02:04:04 0 days 00:01:16 11416782 0 polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you im fine the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 8 installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english - [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 42 . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / ] ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas
43 - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the
44 richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 * * / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[
45 thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < references ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ iron curtain
67 by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape was
69 thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[
356250524 356250740 2010-04-15 21:09:03 0 days 00:01:20 0|24.163.70.153 1 {st@rt} ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[
365768478 365795613 2010-06-03 08:50:04 0 days 04:36:54 6971250 2 - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the lives of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german film about the east german stasi , 2006 * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 3 . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[
8 through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas the ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast
10 , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role wall . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . *
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 3 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s
383668607 383689635 2010-09-08 18:44:09 0 days 02:09:52 0|75.60.173.231 0 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 2 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation to build a tunnel under east berlin in the 1950s . directed by [[ john schlesinger ]] * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by
387172021 387194906 2010-09-26 21:27:38 0 days 02:18:39 2991287 0 ' ' , 1981 - a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 - documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 - about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation
388783895 388820175 2010-10-05 02:54:15 0 days 03:41:45 0|205.208.213.99 0 | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus
388820175 388862767 2010-10-05 09:40:58 0 days 06:46:43 6971250 0 yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as the ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see
4 farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the what later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the death strip ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 13 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0 713467959 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 2 in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic (
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 3 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic (
401678973 401679143 2010-12-10 21:47:22 0 days 00:01:09 6848259 0 com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002 / the - berlin - wall - rise - and - fall the berlin wall : rise and fall ] - – slideshow by ' ' [[ life magazine ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display
1 - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] - – slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ https : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in
404623374 404706835 2010-12-28 21:38:50 0 days 09:35:37 0|69.158.87.224 0 ]] ' ' , 1965 - cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 - spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 - cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 2 the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f
429636376 430308282 2011-05-22 06:51:55 4 days 08:05:37 3705239 0 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 – 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic (
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 28 places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy
454720816 455256380 2011-10-12 19:41:34 3 days 04:05:00 13791031 2 - | [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
474175714 474175877 2012-01-31 07:55:10 0 days 00:02:21 6971250 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 8 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _
495094589 495435112 2012-06-01 10:19:08 2 days 02:01:31 1276024 0 berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb .
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 6 west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 1 jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg thumb | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987
508690466 508731872 2012-08-23 05:13:08 0 days 06:56:37 16138351 0 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , - the " su gyaw " - all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be
509937268 510865718 2012-09-05 04:28:13 5 days 14:36:11 16138351 0 were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , su gyaw ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a
510865718 510912533 2012-09-05 13:15:18 0 days 08:47:05 6971250 0 were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' su gyaw {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a
511602144 511923272 2012-09-11 22:32:56 2 days 00:15:53 13799985 0 [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin border after berlin wall was built in 1961 {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
513559303 513767223 2012-09-20 20:14:51 1 days 03:24:16 609725 1 13 june 1990 , dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency - the " su gyaw " - , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be
522222611 522225975 2012-11-09 19:57:24 0 days 00:23:59 10289486 2 / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 26 / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb |
575048330 575076831 2013-09-30 01:13:44 0 days 04:20:55 1108424 0 small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 5 [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by [[ guy hamilton ]] , * * ' ' [[ the wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george
6 ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ casino royale ( 1967 film ) | casino royale ]] ' ' , 1967 – featuring a segment centred around a house apparently bisected by the wall . * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross
580957593 580957869 2013-11-09 22:20:29 0 days 00:02:04 400707 1 ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 – about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation
593520854 594610725 2014-02-09 02:56:42 7 days 00:56:29 14418888 0 appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess x ( musician ) | princess x liza fox ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http
623943583 629623801 2014-10-14 20:43:44 41 days 18:59:13 5495886 2 of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . < ref name = spiegelonline > {{ cite news | title = the guard who opened the berlin wall : ' i gave my people the order - - raise the barrier ' | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / international / germany / the - guard - who - opened - the - berlin - wall - i - gave - my - people - the - order - raise - the - barrier - a - 660128 . html | accessdate = 14 october 2014 | publisher = [[ spiegel online ]] | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting
653993858 656846739 2015-04-17 03:15:54 18 days 21:58:41 14348183 0 [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * [[ david bowie ]] ' s " [[ heroes ( david bowie song ) | heroes ]] " was inspired by the image of a couple kissing at the berlin wall ( in reality , the couple was his producer [[ tony visconti ]] and backup singer [[ antonia maaß ]] ) . the song ( which , along with the [[ heroes ( david bowie album ) | album of the same name ]] , were recorded in berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the " wall of shame " ( " the shame was on the other side " ) . * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }}
693934983 693973160 2015-12-06 06:15:07 0 days 06:42:01 30225 0 ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of the west bank and gaza strip the saudi oil fields will make 50 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' ' where he informs the kgb agents that if the nuke goes off in saudi arabia , his team in kansas will nuke moscow . * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) | the innocent ]] ' ' , 1993 – about the joint [[ cia ]] / [[ mi6 ]] operation
699461299 699864491 2016-01-14 22:53:12 2 days 09:20:01 940017 0 berlin ) , makes lyrical references to the kissing couple , and to the " wall of shame " ( " the shame was on the other side " ) . upon his death , the [[ german foreign office ]] paid homage to bowie on twitter . < ref > http : / / www . marketwatch . com / story / death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }}
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 25 and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 0 < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm p . m . on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 5 | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 5 standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 9 needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a green belt around the city in individual places . representatives of the general german bicycle club marked the way in 1990 with painted bicycle and pedestrian pictograms . the german federal government for the environment and nature conservation proposed a continuous hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = =
10 date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area biking trail around the city in 1991 , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = =
11 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' called berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification
827316878 827738473 2018-02-26 13:05:32 2 days 12:00:58 28815689 0 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west
836226216 836314607 2018-04-14 00:16:04 0 days 11:04:56 10289486 0 itself . protest demonstrations spread throughout east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 1 and inexperience show as weakness against khrushchev ' s brutal , undiplomatic aggression . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ’ ' s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james " scotty " reston . < ref > http : / / blogs . reuters . com / berlin1961
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41674735 41674806 2006-03-01 00:04:34 0 days 00:00:28 0|72.15.91.239 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 1 toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
43194836 43488868 2006-03-12 21:47:49 2 days 00:23:06 0|70.124.22.85 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged
49049354 49049560 2006-04-18 20:15:02 0 days 00:01:42 6661 0 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s
52367351 52419460 2006-05-10 02:13:47 0 days 05:54:41 0|71.235.38.203 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 5932 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting
1 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west north eastern germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s
52419460 52431775 2006-05-10 03:47:28 0 days 01:33:41 145855 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 5932 1948 onwards , north eastern germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth
1 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 5932 onwards , north eastern west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 2 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary
73604617 73605029 2006-09-03 17:52:45 0 days 00:03:00 0|69.15.111.135 0 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany , with the help of norman youngblood , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
73605029 73605688 2006-09-03 17:57:34 0 days 00:04:49 302522 2 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany , with the help of norman youngblood , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
73698506 73756827 2006-09-04 13:59:49 0 days 09:12:50 0|75.13.49.14 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 2006 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
73756827 73800540 2006-09-04 18:49:29 0 days 04:49:40 302522 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2006 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
74222366 74428307 2006-09-07 23:46:08 1 days 00:59:44 0|202.93.175.39 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = big fat cock from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
74429216 74442611 2006-09-08 01:17:33 0 days 01:25:38 0|69.167.102.93 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = big fat cock from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
79733456 79734107 2006-10-05 22:24:12 0 days 00:03:19 0|205.188.117.13 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = ' ' ' hey nikki ' ' ' from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
79734107 79757994 2006-10-06 00:51:41 0 days 02:27:29 416594 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = ' ' ' hey nikki ' ' ' from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
84628356 84628468 2006-10-30 15:09:16 0 days 00:00:42 0|216.79.72.2 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = well this one time at band camp ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
84628468 84630440 2006-10-30 15:20:11 0 days 00:10:55 0|70.48.248.13 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = well this one time at band camp ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
86126393 86189806 2006-11-07 02:35:32 0 days 05:24:52 0|71.206.197.243 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = molly hogan doesn ' t know any of this stuff . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
86190303 86228783 2006-11-07 07:25:57 0 days 04:47:31 847895 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = molly hogan doesn ' t know any of this stuff . johnny spiggle knows too much of it . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
89582444 89623581 2006-11-23 09:19:20 0 days 05:53:58 0|82.148.67.67 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards 1978 downwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[
1 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into udeveloped onto a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary
89651816 89652535 2006-11-23 14:25:10 0 days 00:06:26 0|71.3.64.103 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1978 downwards 1948 onwards , west germany udeveloped onto a wild wild west capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
1 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1978 downwards , west germany udeveloped onto developed into a wild wild west capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
94443968 94444270 2006-12-15 04:18:30 0 days 00:02:07 0|71.251.242.195 0 republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
95229938 95268385 2006-12-19 07:37:40 0 days 04:54:11 125534 0 | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . divergence of german states = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 1 ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = divergence of german states = = = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
111405419 111405427 2007-02-27 20:31:42 0 days 00:00:01 0|205.126.63.15 1 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111407061 111407249 2007-02-27 20:39:40 0 days 00:00:54 0|205.126.72.236 1 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader
116509549 116565253 2007-03-20 17:15:05 0 days 04:56:43 0|63.172.4.6 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1946 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
116565409 116565581 2007-03-20 17:16:33 0 days 00:00:44 331742 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1946 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1917 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
1 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed mutated into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]]
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1917 1948 onwards , west germany mutated into a western communist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
1 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1917 onwards , west germany mutated developed into a western communist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]]
123515484 123515983 2007-04-17 13:02:25 0 days 00:02:48 0|24.73.99.18 0 | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany potatoes developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 0 | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west potatoes germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
124287643 124348301 2007-04-20 13:09:14 0 days 07:51:17 4180587 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1998 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
124348301 124348642 2007-04-20 13:10:55 0 days 00:01:41 4180587 1 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1998 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
124348642 124348704 2007-04-20 13:11:16 0 days 00:00:21 3184712 0 germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1998 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
124348704 124348759 2007-04-20 13:11:37 0 days 00:00:21 3184712 0 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1998 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
125298667 125328975 2007-04-23 23:24:00 0 days 01:46:42 0|75.4.184.187 0 german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 2 then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[
131436990 131437128 2007-05-17 01:14:44 0 days 00:00:43 0|71.48.127.221 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from black powerfrom 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = black powerfrom from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
158936259 159172135 2007-09-20 14:38:16 1 days 02:04:50 0|206.123.212.68 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = andrew is an ass from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
159184132 159184233 2007-09-20 15:44:46 0 days 00:00:31 0|72.244.110.242 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = andrew is an ass from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
160464647 160465022 2007-09-26 13:33:55 0 days 00:02:17 0|170.185.218.19 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = yo , yo was up dawg . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
160465090 160465352 2007-09-26 13:35:47 0 days 00:01:30 0|170.185.218.19 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = yo jake , yo was up dawg . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
1 the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = yo , yo was up dawg your so funny , but really must ya ? . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
160465352 160465390 2007-09-26 13:36:03 0 days 00:00:16 272987 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = jake , your so funny , but really must ya ? . from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
160465390 160465669 2007-09-26 13:37:37 0 days 00:01:34 0|170.185.218.19 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = hi travis ! hi kelsey ! from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
160465952 160465992 2007-09-26 13:39:27 0 days 00:00:13 0|170.185.218.19 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = hi travis ! hi kelsey ! from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
167330987 167697778 2007-10-28 20:38:23 1 days 19:47:05 0|67.76.163.204 0 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 1949 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a
167894928 167927996 2007-10-29 21:05:31 0 days 02:24:07 0|156.108.140.131 0 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1949 onwards chocolate on a hot day is good for the soul , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[
167955046 167972708 2007-10-30 00:21:30 0 days 01:19:04 4906799 1 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same = = = divergence of german states = = = chocolate on a hot day is good for the soul , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy
168657729 168861219 2007-11-03 01:52:40 0 days 22:29:04 0|74.69.103.29 0 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . oh yeah kyle is in your german class . he is cooler than you = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
168861219 168866519 2007-11-03 02:25:40 0 days 00:33:00 0|71.106.160.237 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . oh yeah kyle is in your german class . he is cooler than you rick loves xtian = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
168866519 168892585 2007-11-03 05:31:30 0 days 03:05:50 0|69.251.112.141 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . rick loves xtian = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
169314403 169317962 2007-11-05 05:22:53 0 days 00:29:42 0|98.203.254.150 0 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states . = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
170518141 170519648 2007-11-10 09:54:21 0 days 00:12:39 0|222.166.160.228 0 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = i like lots of pie go ronald reagen ! and martin luthar king . mr . gorgathov , tear down this wall ! make love not war motard ! west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy
170519648 170524610 2007-11-10 10:35:31 0 days 00:41:10 0|84.56.35.20 0 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = i like lots of pie go ronald reagen ! and martin luthar king . mr . gorgathov , tear down this wall ! make love not war motard ! west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy
176445369 176453621 2007-12-07 22:18:44 0 days 00:45:39 0|168.28.200.74 0 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed develops into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]]
176453621 176484115 2007-12-08 01:23:01 0 days 03:04:17 2537811 0 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany develops developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]]
183110979 183265565 2008-01-09 22:15:24 0 days 18:05:39 0|68.254.159.89 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany hannah wirth developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
183265565 183265767 2008-01-09 22:16:32 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.254.159.89 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = hannah wirth west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
185099823 185100087 2008-01-18 00:15:09 0 days 00:01:20 0|12.214.202.72 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the westthe much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the
185100087 185100135 2008-01-18 00:15:23 0 days 00:00:14 3884072 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = westthe west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the
185751760 185954346 2008-01-21 20:49:56 0 days 20:03:50 0|71.40.58.178 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed potatoes into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]]
185954346 185954766 2008-01-21 20:51:35 0 days 00:01:39 0|71.40.58.178 0 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed potatoes into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]]
198209644 198209969 2008-03-14 15:41:57 0 days 00:01:47 0|216.157.209.48 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west smelled like your moms pussywest germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy |
198209969 198213476 2008-03-14 15:59:36 0 days 00:17:39 96897 0 ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = smelled like your moms pussywest west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy |
227057942 227630794 2008-07-24 14:11:59 2 days 18:22:51 6285568 0 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy
1 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 7 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ - west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]]
243012592 243043238 2008-10-04 21:59:51 0 days 02:40:04 3191447 0 the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 23 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
24 excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a
25 the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[
28 states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and
38 zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 4 , treptow , and weissensee . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted , ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 .
8 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 9 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded
11 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 4 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 2 " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany had to be prevented , especially the professionally skilled workers who were the majority of whom were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . < div style =
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 0 {st@rt} the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]]
1 {st@rt} the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] .
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 3 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall barrier ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]]
4 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . =
5185067 5185087 2004-08-13 16:19:44 0 days 00:00:47 56563 1 ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] .
5185087 5185152 2004-08-13 16:21:24 0 days 00:01:40 56563 1 ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long barrier | barrier ]] sealing [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] .
5185152 5185184 2004-08-13 16:23:55 0 days 00:02:31 56563 0 ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] sealing seperating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . =
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 6 it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of
7264285 7264727 2004-11-09 17:43:00 0 days 00:00:43 0|4.28.170.237 0 ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] seperating separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 27 . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 26 there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between west germany / east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]]
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 36 three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 6 wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 38 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war
55 east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on august 13 , 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 16 [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . around 2 . 5 million east
20890583 20913067 2005-08-13 09:16:40 0 days 08:49:25 1104 0 of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . further furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this
21766368 22000754 2005-08-28 02:30:02 3 days 01:59:55 180334 0 german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its intent purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on
23255938 23258570 2005-09-15 02:46:22 0 days 00:49:46 0|64.12.116.198 0 german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west north berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall
23258570 23258905 2005-09-15 02:52:24 0 days 00:06:02 89675 0 german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north west berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 6 ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' '
7 [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer
51 the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the
52 states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 4 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall
5 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier ]] separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was
6 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating [[ west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to
7 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin ]] from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access
8 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from [[ east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between
49 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government
50 the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave ]] of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of
51 three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of [[ west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 30 three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect 2004 , an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make
27920075 27932424 2005-11-10 16:11:08 0 days 03:02:57 471054 0 back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 4 ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating between [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the
13 german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]]
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 9 to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 27 ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . | location = [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
42336641 42377886 2006-03-05 19:53:32 0 days 06:47:09 0|63.243.163.194 0 , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , providen they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to used use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was
42535304 42688356 2006-03-07 20:01:34 0 days 22:53:47 0|66.252.130.177 0 of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long short [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for
42688356 42688981 2006-03-07 20:05:43 0 days 00:04:09 292494 0 of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a short long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for
52170759 52171344 2006-05-08 17:41:36 0 days 00:03:34 0|204.14.67.138 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . go to www . willauerschool / pingotter . com to see my call the 6th grade willauer students get the grove on . does your child have add well then get some help for your child . go to www . add / getsomehelpforyourkids . comi am not sorry for your child to bad they get it from u . is your child on the street that is a bumd and a hoboe and has no place or friends to go to well to darn bad get adhd for your child . don ' t have a good day conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
52171344 52173297 2006-05-08 17:54:31 0 days 00:12:55 0|70.36.27.151 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . go to www . willauerschool / pingotter . com to see my call the 6th grade willauer students get the grove on . does your child have add well then get some help for your child . go to www . add / getsomehelpforyourkids . comi am not sorry for your child to bad they get it from u . is your child on the street that is a bumd and a hoboe and has no place or friends to go to well to darn bad get adhd for your child . don ' t have a good day conceived of by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
52530486 52583154 2006-05-11 00:37:26 0 days 05:48:31 0|24.128.239.222 0 , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of hell by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
52588372 52588401 2006-05-11 01:16:01 0 days 00:00:13 145855 0 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of hell by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
53249626 53249664 2006-05-15 02:38:29 0 days 00:00:13 0|202.37.230.29 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yuvi is sexy conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53249664 53249668 2006-05-15 02:38:31 0 days 00:00:02 153365 1 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yuvi is sexy conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53424769 53463809 2006-05-16 06:42:36 0 days 05:46:43 157842 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53463809 53469237 2006-05-16 07:50:01 0 days 01:07:25 686868 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
53898145 54024343 2006-05-19 12:55:51 0 days 18:20:02 0|131.109.15.2 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived cnceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
54024343 54024401 2006-05-19 12:56:22 0 days 00:00:31 0|131.109.15.2 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . cnceived conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the
54985618 54987836 2006-05-25 00:50:47 0 days 00:15:02 0|24.151.45.195 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . penis conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
54988059 54988126 2006-05-25 00:52:33 0 days 00:00:28 509520 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . penis conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
55951899 55957357 2006-05-30 16:54:02 0 days 00:33:29 0|208.11.222.136 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . hi ghair conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
55957357 55957411 2006-05-30 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:17 1270766 0 prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . hi ghair conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 3 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev
58475278 58695039 2006-06-15 02:39:51 1 days 03:58:10 0|71.111.140.81 0 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany rmany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[
58695039 58695143 2006-06-15 02:40:33 0 days 00:00:42 245294 0 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ rmany east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[
61222332 61268904 2006-06-29 21:36:02 0 days 04:46:15 158241 0 . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 0 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . sexxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 10 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . sexxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
69463997 69483685 2006-08-14 00:26:30 0 days 02:09:12 0|139.80.123.40 0 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between from east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it
81865132 81898831 2006-10-17 00:35:15 0 days 03:02:55 0|207.68.83.81 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . hi mom ! ! conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
81898831 81898931 2006-10-17 00:35:48 0 days 00:00:33 163732 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . hi mom ! ! conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
82835134 82879500 2006-10-21 21:17:43 0 days 04:29:04 2542109 3 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 4 the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to germany and west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this
84993117 85059984 2006-11-01 16:36:18 0 days 09:39:55 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . you are cool . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85059984 85061545 2006-11-01 16:44:41 0 days 00:08:23 0|204.13.204.162 0 . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . you are cool . yea thats right conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85061545 85061711 2006-11-01 16:45:29 0 days 00:00:48 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . you are cool . yea thats right conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita
85061711 85062163 2006-11-01 16:47:48 0 days 00:02:19 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . yea thats right part of monty python and the holy grail was formed on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85062608 85063021 2006-11-01 16:52:15 0 days 00:02:11 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was made on this wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85211127 85254171 2006-11-02 14:16:15 0 days 07:09:28 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was made on the berlin wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85254386 85254741 2006-11-02 14:20:51 0 days 00:02:45 0|204.13.204.162 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . part of monty python and the holy grail was made on the berlin wall . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85256076 85309462 2006-11-02 19:28:26 0 days 04:58:43 0|193.164.126.15 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . the leader of the country in this era was named joseph stallin , a man of kind and who fought for gay rights . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
85309462 85309538 2006-11-02 19:28:47 0 days 00:00:21 183791 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . the leader of the country in this era was named joseph stallin , a man of kind and who fought for gay rights . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
88440358 88527357 2006-11-18 00:15:11 0 days 08:12:01 0|12.179.213.10 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . we should bring it back . . keep the east and west seperated all the way conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
88545100 88582143 2006-11-18 07:02:14 0 days 04:54:50 0|220.255.106.95 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . we should bring it back . . keep the east and west seperated all the way conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 2 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from keep th east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded
94196691 94201247 2006-12-14 02:48:46 0 days 00:25:10 0|198.166.35.145 0 conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet unionpenisdibnshdgband economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers poo from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] .
94201247 94257285 2006-12-14 10:16:18 0 days 07:27:32 302522 1 conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet unionpenisdibnshdgband economic output associated with the daily migration of huge poo numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] .
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jesus . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
25 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . jesus . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jesus . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] <
25 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . jesus . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
108231602 108231997 2007-02-15 02:15:41 0 days 00:02:04 3563780 1 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war shrivelled penis ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev
2 the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
108231997 108232467 2007-02-15 02:18:06 0 days 00:02:25 506179 0 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold shrivelled penis war ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[
2 [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold shrivelled penis ]] . conceived by the holy spirit [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
108864819 108983175 2007-02-18 03:18:19 0 days 10:18:32 0|124.191.185.188 0 was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between the [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
108983175 108986401 2007-02-18 03:35:56 0 days 00:17:37 101696 0 was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between the [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 2 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
4 university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall
52 | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east
61 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 2 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
4 university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall
52 | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east
61 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 2 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
4 university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall
52 | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east
61 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
113462887 113463175 2007-03-08 01:25:24 0 days 00:03:28 0|134.161.72.166 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . zan ' s a homo conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463175 113463422 2007-03-08 01:26:47 0 days 00:01:23 0|134.161.77.27 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . zan ' s a homo paul funke is the gayest thing to hit the earth . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463422 113463588 2007-03-08 01:27:44 0 days 00:00:57 0|134.161.72.166 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul funke is the gayest thing to hit the earth . i cant believe were having a argument via wikipedia conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463588 113463755 2007-03-08 01:28:31 0 days 00:00:47 0|134.161.77.27 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . i cant believe were having a argument via wikipedia paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463755 113463896 2007-03-08 01:29:04 0 days 00:00:33 0|72.185.3.52 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . who is this ? conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463896 113463966 2007-03-08 01:29:22 0 days 00:00:18 3715895 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . who is this ? paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113463966 113464054 2007-03-08 01:29:46 0 days 00:00:24 0|72.185.3.52 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113464054 113464427 2007-03-08 01:31:20 0 days 00:01:34 3335058 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113464427 113464478 2007-03-08 01:31:34 0 days 00:00:14 3335058 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . paul . . . . sucks . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113770907 113776625 2007-03-09 06:31:20 0 days 00:41:51 0|76.174.14.31 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the fall of the berlin wall was correctly predicted by adam zych . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113776625 113776830 2007-03-09 06:32:48 0 days 00:01:28 1257855 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the fall of the berlin wall was correctly predicted by adam zych . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113776830 113832100 2007-03-09 14:15:51 0 days 07:43:03 0|68.249.64.18 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . by enno conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
113832100 113832228 2007-03-09 14:16:44 0 days 00:00:53 0|68.249.64.18 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . by enno conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
116565581 116611927 2007-03-20 20:35:11 0 days 03:18:38 0|208.96.79.152 0 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the fukk [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east
116612198 116612926 2007-03-20 20:39:04 0 days 00:02:52 302522 1 august 2006 ]] the fucking ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the fukk [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east
117051528 117073720 2007-03-22 17:30:04 0 days 01:39:41 0|147.31.4.47 1 }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 0 east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your is a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
3 economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 4 | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin for the project but this which i just screwed up hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 10 bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist democratic countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . =
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 2 [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany las vegas , | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 3 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by jauan is a dumbass fuck the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref
121859674 122017633 2007-04-11 19:09:19 0 days 15:17:36 0|75.144.36.132 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived conceivpoop is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , <
122020022 122020287 2007-04-11 19:19:51 0 days 00:01:01 1091232 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . is something i love . ed conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , <
125578217 125579618 2007-04-24 18:08:41 0 days 00:06:04 0|205.124.85.3 0 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall lebron james came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
125580463 125580530 2007-04-24 18:12:21 0 days 00:00:17 238308 3 ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of lebron james the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
126164082 126239439 2007-04-26 21:24:13 0 days 05:22:38 944562 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . at its peak , the berlin wall was 43 km in length . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
126239439 126272805 2007-04-27 00:04:59 0 days 02:40:46 911178 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . at its peak , the berlin wall was 43 km in length . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
126710288 126721023 2007-04-28 22:10:09 0 days 00:49:57 0|68.56.239.233 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . penis fuck conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
126721023 126721282 2007-04-28 22:11:27 0 days 00:01:18 506179 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . penis fuck conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
127423904 127488333 2007-05-01 19:05:27 0 days 04:38:15 0|166.127.1.201 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the that dude was ugly [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
127488333 127488398 2007-05-01 19:05:44 0 days 00:00:17 241822 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . that dude was ugly conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref >
128056612 128074342 2007-05-03 22:35:16 0 days 01:16:18 0|68.94.76.252 0 {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] monkey . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
128074342 128079965 2007-05-03 23:03:25 0 days 00:28:09 302522 0 {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] monkey . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
129078733 129078870 2007-05-07 22:44:04 0 days 00:00:31 0|68.229.104.166 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looks like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129078870 129087847 2007-05-07 23:16:20 0 days 00:32:16 0|71.96.164.122 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looks like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129087847 129129192 2007-05-08 02:16:35 0 days 03:00:15 0|68.229.104.166 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looked like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129129192 129132550 2007-05-08 02:34:43 0 days 00:18:08 0|71.108.29.93 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it looked like a giant dildo . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129222453 129352059 2007-05-08 21:20:43 0 days 08:34:02 0|71.220.96.241 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color : # 000000 ; border - width : 1px solid # ff0000 ; font - family : arial black ; padding : 3px " > < / span > < / a > < / div > conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129352259 129354253 2007-05-08 21:30:14 0 days 00:08:40 302522 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . [[ image : img _ 0104 . jpg ]] conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129586982 129587257 2007-05-09 18:30:46 0 days 00:00:54 0|65.18.54.220 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . alot of times people write graphiti on the wall it is fyunny like the time someone wrote ill rape your mother and eat her out then stab her in the head with a candy cane conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129587257 129588538 2007-05-09 18:35:24 0 days 00:04:38 3252781 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . alot of times people write graphiti on the wall it is fyunny like the time someone wrote ill rape your mother and eat her out then stab her in the head with a candy cane conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
129631895 129687968 2007-05-10 00:29:29 0 days 03:29:06 0|87.196.210.146 0 position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means mean of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both
129687968 129771459 2007-05-10 08:06:57 0 days 07:37:28 302522 0 position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a mean means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both
129954619 130104891 2007-05-11 15:20:36 0 days 16:40:06 0|164.58.29.130 2 inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for information on the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht
131079788 131079886 2007-05-15 17:43:19 0 days 00:00:23 0|69.74.130.15 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yo mama likes eggs . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
131079886 131080240 2007-05-15 17:44:41 0 days 00:01:22 1999318 3 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . yo mama likes eggs . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
131271056 131295367 2007-05-16 14:22:39 0 days 02:28:41 0|216.162.28.202 0 - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between betwen [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was
132824014 132825974 2007-05-23 01:07:03 0 days 00:11:15 0|24.216.71.167 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the cold war was just a trick . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
132825974 132829765 2007-05-23 01:29:00 0 days 00:21:57 0|72.137.57.81 0 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . the cold war was just a trick . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
133074678 133074927 2007-05-24 01:32:04 0 days 00:01:22 715870 1 mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been that morning sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german
148832356 148832459 2007-08-03 00:22:10 0 days 00:00:40 4436820 1 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the soviet union ]] and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 10 of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate
30 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at
38 powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany
157631167 157769734 2007-09-14 03:03:30 0 days 11:19:41 0|76.185.185.116 0 < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , abc the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
157769734 157770272 2007-09-14 03:07:02 0 days 00:03:32 82432 0 < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , abc the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
162484765 162838184 2007-10-07 10:15:05 1 days 17:35:07 0|58.179.236.38 0 | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin lauren ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin
169452240 169482984 2007-11-05 23:25:36 0 days 02:27:51 0|71.235.15.37 0 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided equalized [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
169482984 169607768 2007-11-06 15:06:22 0 days 15:40:46 200509 0 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall equalized divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 0 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold civil war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]]
1 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[
2 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 1 [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
172706302 172709053 2007-11-20 15:03:04 0 days 00:16:10 0|204.82.110.88 1 a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided stretches around the same size as joey blakely . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
172709545 172765573 2007-11-20 20:18:04 0 days 05:12:37 0|216.138.75.50 0 ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
175077307 175287228 2007-12-02 16:51:05 1 days 00:13:19 0|99.252.83.148 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = haha on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
175287228 175289114 2007-12-02 17:02:33 0 days 00:11:28 137113 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = haha on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 0 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west south berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' '
6 ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east north berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 0 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south west berlin ]] from [[ north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' '
6 ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north east berlin | north ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
181089181 181089350 2007-12-31 00:23:54 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 1 relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second
181439442 181459618 2008-01-01 22:25:14 0 days 01:53:45 0|208.58.34.139 2 ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
181459618 181459680 2008-01-01 22:25:34 0 days 00:00:20 961280 2 ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . ' ' ' the wall divided ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
185954766 186016040 2008-01-22 01:34:12 0 days 04:42:37 0|209.203.176.10 0 the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall wall6tty divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
186016040 186020848 2008-01-22 01:59:50 0 days 00:25:38 2537811 0 the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall6tty wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
186825989 186840019 2008-01-25 16:56:38 0 days 01:16:13 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] mrs . heller and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
186840019 186840155 2008-01-25 16:57:27 0 days 00:00:49 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided mrs . heller east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
186840155 186840524 2008-01-25 16:59:29 0 days 00:02:02 0|71.41.129.70 1 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
186840524 186840588 2008-01-25 16:59:53 0 days 00:00:24 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
187678853 188026093 2008-01-30 23:10:09 1 days 10:43:02 0|125.254.66.122 1 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain epic lol ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
2 border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] and many lulz have been created by its formation . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
188026093 188026301 2008-01-30 23:11:00 0 days 00:00:51 911178 3 border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ epic lol ]] and many lulz have been created by its formation . the wall divided east berlin and [[ africa ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
188146519 188146702 2008-01-31 13:49:35 0 days 00:01:15 0|208.108.155.72 0 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . tony did this ! ! ! wow ! ! ! ! ! ! four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
188146702 188146718 2008-01-31 13:49:39 0 days 00:00:04 1879647 1 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . tony did this ! ! ! wow ! ! ! ! ! ! four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 1 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . chris and tadpole = < 3 four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 2 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . chris and tadpole = < 3 four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
188178589 188209668 2008-01-31 19:26:33 0 days 02:30:21 0|209.56.64.253 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin lukas georgeff was a big meany head and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
188385606 188405306 2008-02-01 16:54:15 0 days 01:52:34 0|71.41.129.70 1 strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] chicken from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the
188405306 188405481 2008-02-01 16:55:05 0 days 00:00:50 134937 2 sdsddthe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating chicken from [[ beef ] east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east -
188406265 188408630 2008-02-01 17:12:03 0 days 00:12:51 0|71.41.129.70 0 ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . ofws erangoi ; r ' op v ; uiomo , [ ompinhdihfuijkol ; l \ ilike pie ! ! ! the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
188408630 188408663 2008-02-01 17:12:12 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 0 ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part ofws erangoi ; r ' op v ; uiomo , [ ompinhdihfuijkol ; l \ ilike pie ! ! ! of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
189354281 189354826 2008-02-05 21:59:41 0 days 00:02:04 0|70.118.67.29 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the lauren is gaythe wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
189354826 189355039 2008-02-05 22:00:27 0 days 00:00:46 2537811 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . lauren is gaythe the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
194429501 194472906 2008-02-27 19:15:24 0 days 03:35:55 0|142.24.8.35 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . hey . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
194472906 194473112 2008-02-27 19:16:27 0 days 00:01:03 110696 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . hey . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
195987434 196053252 2008-03-05 15:48:29 0 days 08:59:18 0|84.12.55.2 0 the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 0 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = gay on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
197780474 197797999 2008-03-12 20:17:48 0 days 01:09:25 0|72.25.86.29 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the berlin walll allthough filled with hate for some was still a great work of architeturie . probubly one of the best the world has ever seen , aside that is from zac efron . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
197797999 197799039 2008-03-12 20:21:47 0 days 00:03:59 2427421 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the berlin walll allthough filled with hate for some was still a great work of architeturie . probubly one of the best the world has ever seen , aside that is from zac efron . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
198002816 198120276 2008-03-14 03:50:12 0 days 10:11:26 0|203.19.252.190 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . rebuilding of the wall commenced in june 2007 , as a restoration program intitated by the german government . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
198121023 198121037 2008-03-14 03:55:31 0 days 00:00:05 4928500 0 ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . rebuilding of the wall commenced in june 2007 , as a restoration program intitated by the german government . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
199160653 199166041 2008-03-18 20:20:56 0 days 00:21:31 0|24.92.144.174 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided brought = = east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
1 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
199166041 199176300 2008-03-18 21:01:00 0 days 00:40:04 0|84.92.120.196 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall brought = = separated east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in
1 the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall brought = = east = = berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
199352072 199352175 2008-03-19 15:00:38 0 days 00:00:34 0|65.43.197.150 0 french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed [ cack ] the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[
199352310 199352643 2008-03-19 15:03:08 0 days 00:01:49 2372780 0 french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed [ cack ] the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[
200564084 200566963 2008-03-24 16:26:09 0 days 00:13:55 0|168.216.92.2 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated gave birth by sex in east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
200566963 200567003 2008-03-24 16:26:18 0 days 00:00:09 5617557 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall gave birth by sex in separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
201208461 201221996 2008-03-27 02:21:12 0 days 01:03:22 6754651 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall ally separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
1 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin berlinbitches and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
201224300 201227326 2008-03-27 02:47:40 0 days 00:14:49 3622922 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the ally wall separated east berlin and [[ west berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
201457792 201457969 2008-03-28 00:19:41 0 days 00:00:52 0|76.244.31.154 0 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . also , a young historian called yuri was the most dominant of his time . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201458661 201463684 2008-03-28 00:47:59 0 days 00:25:03 0|63.246.171.206 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated connected east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
201463684 201487322 2008-03-28 02:51:58 0 days 02:03:59 911178 0 ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall connected separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
201567868 201581751 2008-03-28 14:34:29 0 days 01:17:18 0|205.235.34.66 0 ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] [ hi ho are you ] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
201581901 201581932 2008-03-28 14:35:23 0 days 00:00:08 301395 1 ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [ hi ho are you ] [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
203047862 203048607 2008-04-03 14:27:55 0 days 00:04:00 0|208.108.155.10 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall poop separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
203048607 203048806 2008-04-03 14:29:02 0 days 00:01:07 6388591 0 ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the poop wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989
203049740 203050010 2008-04-03 14:35:23 0 days 00:01:29 0|208.108.155.10 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and butt cheeks [[ north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
203050010 203050208 2008-04-03 14:36:30 0 days 00:01:07 2775239 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated butt cheeks east berlin and [[ north east berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
209942770 210253508 2008-05-05 04:27:02 1 days 10:21:10 7038199 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin u . s . a and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
210264591 210264687 2008-05-05 06:05:12 0 days 00:00:49 911178 0 ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 .
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 10 into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 7 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that gave west berliners the chance to apply for visa for travel to east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already applicable for west germans . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 5 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 104 though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only
235494793 235622940 2008-09-01 16:56:31 0 days 15:23:31 0|71.226.131.21 0 ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated diverted [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and
235622940 235623131 2008-09-01 16:57:32 0 days 00:01:01 5887992 0 ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall diverted separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and
236602045 236916475 2008-09-07 19:36:04 1 days 13:32:22 0|72.76.164.6 0 demarcated the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin germany ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 , and
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 29 and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28
32 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]]
240013759 240014029 2008-09-21 15:32:09 0 days 00:01:37 6660588 0 , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the '
240527995 240571674 2008-09-24 00:23:26 0 days 03:27:09 0|67.191.11.141 1 " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' '
240571674 240572171 2008-09-24 00:25:45 0 days 00:02:19 911178 1 death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a hello kitty [[ separation barrier | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' '
246118237 246356283 2008-10-19 20:37:11 1 days 04:21:27 0|68.201.94.244 0 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west east berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated
246356283 246372059 2008-10-19 21:58:21 0 days 01:21:10 5177550 0 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ east west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated
248212563 248232882 2008-10-28 17:44:08 0 days 01:49:26 0|92.235.242.94 1 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
248232882 248235009 2008-10-28 17:55:20 0 days 00:11:12 5177550 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) ,
252651691 252652021 2008-11-18 21:49:13 0 days 00:01:34 6892131 0 this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstartions demonstrations within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 2 control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( {{ convert | 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man '
256882622 257062680 2008-12-10 15:13:21 0 days 20:07:35 0|168.184.223.107 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] for all my single ladies separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
257062680 257065090 2008-12-10 15:28:16 0 days 00:14:55 1870582 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] for all my single ladies separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
257283841 257284183 2008-12-11 15:16:00 0 days 00:02:26 0|168.184.255.133 0 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like lilwayne from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like lilwayne stalin from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 13 yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating people like stalin from tyra and [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border
258174101 258203997 2008-12-15 21:27:47 0 days 02:21:00 0|76.217.13.119 1 [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain shit ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 2 [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron shit curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany
260029692 260620165 2008-12-29 05:09:55 3 days 19:24:26 736477 0 in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints
267068810 267088797 2009-01-29 00:28:28 0 days 01:43:51 0|67.177.48.176 0 mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " . * it is rumored that stunt cyclist [[ evel knievel ]] proposed a stunt cycle jump over the berlin wall , but changed his mind when it was suggested that he would be shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show
267777243 267777804 2009-02-01 06:03:25 0 days 00:04:25 214542 1 of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " ' ' . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 1 location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 1 location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid | aid barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner
277908340 277908940 2009-03-17 17:45:00 0 days 00:02:46 6984319 3 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
282235707 282235824 2009-04-07 00:33:42 0 days 00:00:34 0|203.38.204.162 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated ellery is gay east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november
282235824 282235865 2009-04-07 00:33:54 0 days 00:00:12 3080493 0 and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated ellery is gay east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november
289216105 289227657 2009-05-11 10:18:48 0 days 01:59:47 1301909 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border
296778899 296786653 2009-06-16 16:56:05 0 days 00:46:56 0|71.187.249.58 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated separating east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[
304771896 304807664 2009-07-29 03:46:57 0 days 04:27:09 6984319 0 in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 22 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed
30 starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 1 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east german ' s had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 0 defenses . after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens
315332296 315332574 2009-09-21 17:50:19 0 days 00:01:30 0|83.104.63.97 0 germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border boiler between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior
315332574 315336961 2009-09-21 18:15:36 0 days 00:25:17 911178 1 germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the boiler border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 117 even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin
153 year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 138 was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and
315937033 316135766 2009-09-25 15:11:35 0 days 23:21:48 0|64.18.44.15 0 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) andy russel completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east
316135931 316136300 2009-09-25 15:15:06 0 days 00:02:24 518872 0 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by andy russel the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east
316136300 316333616 2009-09-26 17:12:20 1 days 01:57:14 0|72.23.175.61 0 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million little kids east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin
316333616 316356639 2009-09-26 19:49:56 0 days 02:37:36 9105084 0 came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 little kids million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin
316594007 316652688 2009-09-28 09:47:24 0 days 09:10:49 6971250 0 bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped most almost all such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com
316727646 316789597 2009-09-29 00:08:54 0 days 05:53:48 0|98.145.216.106 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german russian democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
316789597 316789672 2009-09-29 00:09:19 0 days 00:00:25 0|98.145.216.106 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the russian german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
319914673 320139365 2009-10-16 02:25:06 1 days 02:44:15 10688538 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] .
320139365 320144857 2009-10-16 03:10:47 0 days 00:45:41 506179 1 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 54 to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' ; transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 4 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 3 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany get drunk and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next
324919964 324920832 2009-11-09 22:03:55 0 days 00:04:19 0|66.7.235.130 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324925080 324928282 2009-11-09 22:43:17 0 days 00:17:01 8738295 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
324997562 324997704 2009-11-10 05:51:23 0 days 00:01:27 0|207.81.48.108 1 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . jews drool = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325067000 325067712 2009-11-10 16:30:18 0 days 00:04:31 0|190.92.6.182 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . alan es un mono . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325067712 325067793 2009-11-10 16:30:49 0 days 00:00:31 795320 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . alan es un mono . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 12 }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 2 , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over roger jr the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its
5 referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined
6 to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 5 , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over roger jr the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its
9 [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 4 = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _
325566439 325566590 2009-11-13 04:32:52 0 days 00:01:28 0|150.101.251.68 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . plus mac is awesome . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
325566590 325566615 2009-11-13 04:33:07 0 days 00:00:15 8214624 0 [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] plus mac is awesome . . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329302104 329325025 2009-12-02 22:15:55 0 days 02:00:44 0|76.125.86.250 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329325025 329337831 2009-12-02 23:23:54 0 days 01:07:59 3308922 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329374248 329390930 2009-12-03 04:37:55 0 days 01:45:19 0|76.125.86.250 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329391114 329391143 2009-12-03 04:39:14 0 days 00:00:10 10141256 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . § = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 1 : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of
337270548 337289302 2010-01-12 00:30:29 0 days 01:53:11 0|24.115.149.159 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 0 referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling neighboring [[ west berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt
341918461 341918690 2010-02-04 17:04:44 0 days 00:01:18 0|80.195.85.18 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . tess smells = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
341918690 341918847 2010-02-04 17:05:40 0 days 00:00:56 3150196 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . tess smells = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
342118264 342118535 2010-02-05 16:25:39 0 days 00:01:34 0|207.35.35.12 2 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 2 zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood barrier built by the quebecers german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 48 don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split ,
350238859 350239234 2010-03-16 17:42:05 0 days 00:02:12 11648302 0 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of oyeah hahahaf [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a
350241903 350242185 2010-03-16 17:58:35 0 days 00:01:32 0|209.183.152.194 0 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city oyeah hahahaf of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a
350436271 350486746 2010-03-17 22:19:33 0 days 04:37:00 0|74.69.108.53 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german ( nazi ! ) democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
350486746 350487874 2010-03-17 22:25:23 0 days 00:05:50 11628032 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german ( nazi ! ) democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
352027035 352049691 2010-03-25 21:58:47 0 days 02:08:44 0|71.10.225.139 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . * * * dear bm don ' t worry . all you need is right here ( : haha * * * = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
352049691 352057834 2010-03-25 22:47:07 0 days 00:48:20 4576738 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . * * * dear bm don ' t worry . all you need is right here ( : haha * * * = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
353206054 353206266 2010-03-31 19:27:52 0 days 00:01:13 0|38.102.61.241 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . micheal dedina = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
353206266 353206422 2010-03-31 19:28:50 0 days 00:00:58 0|38.102.61.241 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . micheal dedina = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
355152786 355152907 2010-04-10 15:26:17 0 days 00:00:44 0|89.129.52.24 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift k guay k es axo = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355152907 355153123 2010-04-10 15:27:52 0 days 00:01:35 0|89.129.52.24 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = k guay k el lucas es axo = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of
1 the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = k guay k es axo gay , se li nota = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355153123 355153332 2010-04-10 15:29:13 0 days 00:01:21 0|84.77.74.198 0 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = el lucas es gay , se li nota madrid 1 - 2 fcbarecelona = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355153332 355153463 2010-04-10 15:30:07 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 0 the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = madrid 1 - 2 fcbarecelona barecelona = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 3 later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = madrid 1 - 2 barecelona the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet -
359330771 359539011 2010-05-01 23:55:47 1 days 02:20:50 0|76.31.111.80 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
359539011 359539163 2010-05-01 23:56:52 0 days 00:01:05 10141256 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . . . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph
361170062 361177167 2010-05-10 00:21:31 0 days 00:45:58 0|98.245.156.49 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west east berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide
361195850 361201195 2010-05-10 02:41:44 0 days 00:36:43 262550 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east west berlin ]] , separating it from west germany ( including [[ west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide
362923271 363041154 2010-05-19 17:38:21 0 days 16:20:49 0|71.111.55.161 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a
364139509 364144078 2010-05-25 17:13:47 0 days 00:27:39 12096739 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . they started the worlds first taco hut . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
364144078 364144893 2010-05-25 17:18:33 0 days 00:04:46 7007500 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . they started the worlds first taco hut . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
365893156 365926954 2010-06-03 23:58:50 0 days 03:42:54 0|24.91.235.169 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . christina is awsome = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
365926954 365935108 2010-06-04 00:52:30 0 days 00:53:40 0|166.205.142.101 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . christina is awsome = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
367431885 367780883 2010-06-13 15:03:46 1 days 23:52:59 0|184.60.66.188 0 }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin tokoyo , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall
367780883 367781258 2010-06-13 15:06:33 0 days 00:02:47 0|85.166.180.247 0 }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of tokoyo berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall
1 constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of tokoyo , separating it west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 2 was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin lesbian ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 70 the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and by sunday morning , august 13 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles ,
397878109 397878286 2010-11-20 15:43:36 0 days 00:01:07 0|79.74.81.116 1 border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and
397878708 398109369 2010-11-21 20:00:14 1 days 04:13:56 653042 0 in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german east germany ' s western border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority
1 orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and with west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could
399312615 399625546 2010-11-30 01:17:59 1 days 12:33:43 0|24.61.234.91 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . dics were a big part = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
399625546 399625658 2010-11-30 01:18:48 0 days 00:00:49 4871029 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . dics were a big part = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
404621084 404623374 2010-12-28 12:03:13 0 days 00:25:58 6971250 0 of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht |
406278034 406373390 2011-01-06 23:09:28 0 days 09:20:57 0|69.248.94.58 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . what the freak ! = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
406373390 406373425 2011-01-06 23:09:39 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . what the freak ! = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
407328554 407561932 2011-01-12 23:39:33 1 days 03:46:56 0|75.62.152.237 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . hfewjwlhf i jewwwwwwwwwwsssssssssssssssssss = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
407561932 407561958 2011-01-12 23:39:44 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . hfewjwlhf i jewwwwwwwwwwsssssssssssssssssss = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
409750750 409807471 2011-01-24 18:58:58 0 days 06:00:34 0|139.142.139.130 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = fuck u {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living
409807471 409807529 2011-01-24 18:59:14 0 days 00:00:16 8596147 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = fuck u {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living
409909679 409986713 2011-01-25 16:06:12 0 days 11:16:15 0|74.93.241.241 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . the soviet powers then took control over the u . k sectors = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
409986713 409986742 2011-01-25 16:06:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . the soviet powers then took control over the u . k sectors = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
417971223 417971513 2011-03-09 15:40:30 0 days 00:02:23 0|65.51.198.66 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . this is an interesting matter . it deserves a funny xtranormal video . jerry ' s revenge is pretty good too . view it at xtranormal . com . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
417971711 417971739 2011-03-09 15:42:27 0 days 00:00:12 6636894 1 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . this is an interesting matter . it deserves a funny xtranormal video . jerry ' s revenge is pretty good too . view it at xtranormal . com . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
435472529 435490653 2011-06-21 17:13:30 0 days 01:58:44 3108116 0 image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by allied forces in the 1980 ' s . ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 1 to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin
444619121 444827910 2011-08-14 17:10:20 1 days 04:20:43 10289486 0 concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost [[ east german mark | ddm ]] 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web |
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 12 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and
503455175 503485036 2012-07-21 20:28:08 0 days 03:51:14 173996 0 be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using to use commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a
508731872 508885202 2012-08-24 05:17:16 1 days 00:04:08 13940542 0 berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 9 = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert |
534109278 534983192 2013-01-26 13:51:29 5 days 09:46:51 9090359 0 [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh ,
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 31 ]] and a high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = "
39 government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of [[ east germany ]] beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at
601584324 602473473 2014-04-02 21:12:35 5 days 20:45:18 10794898 0 german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08
615295062 618841270 2014-07-28 16:55:14 26 days 03:09:29 114091 7 = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert
701431900 702890848 2016-02-02 06:39:23 8 days 15:24:28 13816079 1 met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 8 ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 14 possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ fact }} west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 4 * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border strip . and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 6 ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = = eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv
10 and east berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 0 possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 2 " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 2 the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links once linked from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 & nbsp
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 2 wall - 1804765 . html < / ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the ' ' [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr -
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5174899 5178672 2004-08-13 02:09:23 0 days 05:23:15 37284 0 on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall
1 the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall -
5185219 5185243 2004-08-13 16:27:16 0 days 00:02:03 56563 0 dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of
1 on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ]
5558538 5637404 2004-08-31 05:30:13 1 days 13:54:09 28107 0 border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 3 it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls other installations ( [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left |
7075843 7084538 2004-11-03 13:33:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|194.81.215.15 0 anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations , chamone ! ! ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left
7084538 7241546 2004-11-03 23:05:15 0 days 09:31:34 23616 1 anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations , chamone ! ! ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 30 east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www .
10715762 10721284 2005-03-03 01:52:01 1 days 00:42:42 0|134.173.166.47 0 thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > the wall was over 155 km ( 103 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
10721284 10830075 2005-03-03 05:47:57 0 days 03:55:56 28107 0 thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > the wall was over 155 km ( 96 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
11109328 11181776 2005-03-13 23:12:10 0 days 18:44:02 86545 4 > < td > [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 17 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 15 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
12289902 12310883 2005-04-14 07:47:30 9 days 03:13:52 0|213.236.117.2 2 ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
12869650 12901447 2005-04-27 04:43:24 0 days 00:26:06 84553 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , got o the link below www . hl2 - cheats . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame |
14016061 14016176 2005-05-21 09:45:35 0 days 00:06:49 0|216.27.183.43 0 friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt helmstadt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image
14541749 14541815 2005-06-01 19:19:18 0 days 20:46:26 0|66.30.82.215 3 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
14541815 14704826 2005-06-01 19:21:05 0 days 00:01:47 7891 3 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
14830564 14834006 2005-06-07 04:56:11 0 days 06:28:40 0|81.180.132.3 1 and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
14834006 14943216 2005-06-07 06:53:53 0 days 01:57:42 8780 1 between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in ,
14943216 15046701 2005-06-09 20:01:22 2 days 13:07:29 0|85.81.45.10 0 image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 18 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the
19 : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down
20 fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall "
35 jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along
36 wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one
43 june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 2 , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to
10 barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre metres long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by
20042747 20104674 2005-08-02 09:05:08 0 days 21:35:51 0|83.135.157.10 2 friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstadt helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image
20450326 20486751 2005-08-07 18:01:17 0 days 14:42:46 133515 0 barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metres metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by
23389607 23429984 2005-09-18 02:07:21 0 days 16:55:50 0|67.67.160.254 0 was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created
23429984 23449664 2005-09-18 07:50:01 0 days 05:42:40 76027 0 was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 61 and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
62 = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further
63 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in ,
64 . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 2 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 4 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 4 whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
25690446 25742985 2005-10-17 14:51:36 0 days 16:22:19 0|64.223.182.186 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any and circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east
25742985 25743080 2005-10-17 14:52:59 0 days 00:01:23 0|64.223.182.186 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under and totally circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east
25743080 25804571 2005-10-18 05:37:19 0 days 14:44:20 28107 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under totally any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 0 of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of
31379015 31396532 2005-12-14 23:52:02 0 days 02:08:28 6661 0 fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall "
31572996 31573472 2005-12-16 04:53:57 0 days 00:04:25 0|68.187.31.162 0 was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created
32136740 32304770 2005-12-22 00:56:46 1 days 05:15:12 0|71.0.46.91 0 barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi ! ! ! construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin .
32304770 32304897 2005-12-22 00:57:54 0 days 00:01:08 86765 0 barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi ! ! ! construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin .
34282387 34775887 2006-01-11 17:31:21 3 days 20:07:38 0|164.83.99.83 1 tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : mostly shitty though # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' '
34778137 34778424 2006-01-11 17:52:02 0 days 00:02:29 21397 2 tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : mostly shitty though # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' '
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 5 ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning ,
37710041 37796162 2006-02-02 04:37:22 0 days 09:53:21 21887 1 to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from
38580965 38581150 2006-02-07 06:17:30 0 days 00:02:33 58229 0 west - east connections . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 1 fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its
40007654 40007809 2006-02-17 13:21:28 0 days 00:01:26 0|142.227.187.189 0 widely seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s a pig other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px |
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 4 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; 2 m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined
5 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth
19 and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 55 ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around systemaround 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]]
62 " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further
69 ] . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by
95 traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the
40814314 40816080 2006-02-23 04:56:58 0 days 00:18:12 386031 1 was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstadt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only
2 the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstadt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 32 wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 17 those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it
20 they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as
21 their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
41103735 41103875 2006-02-25 01:47:14 0 days 00:01:03 756170 1 graffiti was exclusively on the western side . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in
44369012 44386223 2006-03-18 18:34:30 0 days 02:26:05 0|84.141.20.24 0 the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song "
1 floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions _ ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom
2 [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 1 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy "
49049560 49133030 2006-04-19 07:51:27 0 days 11:36:25 1242911 0 west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 6 www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref
7 / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http :
8 mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com
14 intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de
15 it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 5 the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe ,
6 and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft ) high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to
7 sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
8 of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult
13 with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 1 those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding
2 were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
52588401 52597660 2006-05-11 02:24:57 0 days 01:08:56 0|141.158.110.210 0 could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift hairlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
52597660 52597833 2006-05-11 02:26:14 0 days 00:01:17 416594 0 could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin hairlift airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s
53141362 53157399 2006-05-14 15:15:22 0 days 02:55:36 0|82.82.185.33 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
53157399 53158185 2006-05-14 15:22:04 0 days 00:06:42 0|202.156.6.54 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
53158185 53168999 2006-05-14 16:51:13 0 days 01:29:09 215504 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall . ! ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
53168999 53179447 2006-05-14 18:07:38 0 days 01:16:25 157842 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = hakki kazanci began the construction of the wall ! ! construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the
68764117 69352457 2006-08-13 07:43:30 3 days 02:10:15 0|203.59.111.242 0 the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in
79723117 79733456 2006-10-05 22:20:53 0 days 00:54:39 0|205.188.117.13 1 : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] sup nikki the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91
79734107 79757994 2006-10-06 00:51:41 0 days 02:27:29 416594 2 berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | hey nikki ! position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] sup nikki the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91
86716477 86725782 2006-11-09 15:23:28 0 days 00:53:56 2148063 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 2 | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 20000000 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses
3 portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 0 berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 200 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses
1 = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
92859051 93317647 2006-12-10 06:24:26 2 days 02:10:44 1841032 0 wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and
94389378 94443968 2006-12-15 04:16:23 0 days 05:06:11 0|71.251.242.195 0 germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones = = = = = = = = ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[
98199588 98226397 2007-01-03 18:47:23 0 days 02:19:08 873891 2 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 0 . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for . there are three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]]
1 | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations sections still standing : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[
2 | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery
14 woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 ,
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 17 : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] lady luck : ) . the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (
19 it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975
20 watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 17 : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] lady luck : ) . the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (
19 clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall
20 . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter . # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) athena . # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) hera . [[ image
105175281 105269225 2007-02-03 05:02:27 0 days 08:18:44 0|63.227.215.63 0 the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom
106894806 107114497 2007-02-10 17:42:40 0 days 22:44:42 0|65.0.50.8 0 crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] cedric green ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
107114497 107114717 2007-02-10 17:43:51 0 days 00:01:11 0|65.0.50.8 0 crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ cedric green ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
107114717 107139149 2007-02-10 19:44:01 0 days 02:00:10 302522 0 crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
111080379 111085937 2007-02-26 15:29:07 0 days 00:34:50 0|62.232.208.34 0 _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 100000000000 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into
111085937 111086584 2007-02-26 15:32:43 0 days 00:03:36 0|62.232.208.34 0 _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 100000000000 km 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
111405157 111405230 2007-02-27 20:30:55 0 days 00:00:17 0|205.126.63.15 0 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses
111405230 111405419 2007-02-27 20:31:41 0 days 00:00:46 0|205.126.63.15 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter ( 656 ft in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
111405427 111405690 2007-02-27 20:32:49 0 days 00:01:07 0|205.126.63.15 0 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter meters ( 656 in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 4 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meters - metre ( 656 in ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses
5 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meters ( 656 in ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of
113464478 113475444 2007-03-08 02:24:08 0 days 00:52:34 0|68.18.0.87 1 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones sectors ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united
113475754 113475882 2007-03-08 02:26:18 0 days 00:00:35 902207 3 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of wwii in europe , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four sectors occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united
124138745 124287643 2007-04-20 05:17:57 0 days 11:27:52 0|68.22.194.40 0 karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
129554566 129554675 2007-05-09 16:36:47 0 days 00:00:27 0|204.129.158.10 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall mat was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 1 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = alex is really dumb = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 = from 1948 onwards , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 0 meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961
133093747 133103809 2007-05-24 04:39:04 0 days 01:10:40 0|68.126.129.225 0 : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km a chicken head ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
133103809 133104135 2007-05-24 04:41:28 0 days 00:02:24 506179 0 : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was a chicken head over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
142342188 142504621 2007-07-04 18:30:34 0 days 19:11:02 1657730 0 set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] — formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal
150879717 150880869 2007-08-13 02:41:42 0 days 00:07:57 400934 0 berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east
3 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks
4 < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 9 references 5 external links and further reading animal species main articles : animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species . researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality and situational sexual behaviour ) and a range of other practices among animals other than humans . related studies have noted diversity in sexed bodies and gendered behaviour , such as intersex and transgender animals . the study of animal sexuality ( and primate sexuality especially ) is a rapidly developing field . it used to be believed that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " jpg | thumb | 250px | right " stimulation ( sight , scent ) . current understanding is that many species believed monogamous have now been proven to be promiscuous or opportunistic in nature , a wide
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69 the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
161213212 161222936 2007-09-30 01:00:18 0 days 01:04:28 0|24.183.55.166 0 difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten .
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 4 injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate with the use to 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten .
161777207 162004162 2007-10-03 13:00:29 1 days 00:11:00 0|216.20.64.1 0 ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of my ass , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall .
162004162 162004219 2007-10-03 13:00:50 0 days 00:00:21 4131122 0 ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of my ass , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall .
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 9 the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http
166354092 166355206 2007-10-22 20:06:01 0 days 00:05:05 716438 6 de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ]] ( [ zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
166736883 166834669 2007-10-24 21:12:29 0 days 08:04:35 100426 1 intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de
2 it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
167284000 167330269 2007-10-27 00:46:38 0 days 04:33:26 50001 1 intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de /
2 make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en /
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 11 ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17
170288054 170290210 2007-11-09 09:01:24 0 days 00:23:50 0|213.221.119.178 0 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 156 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been
177212488 177212791 2007-12-11 14:33:00 0 days 00:01:57 0|65.43.199.227 0 " and continue at the bottom " among this deadly love " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 289 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 ,
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 2 " and continue at the bottom " among this deadly love " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 289 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 ,
180183753 180613804 2007-12-28 14:47:46 2 days 12:30:01 0|213.221.119.178 0 berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are only three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the
1 wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three larger sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[
180613804 180667940 2007-12-28 20:24:50 0 days 05:37:04 400903 1 berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are only three larger sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
186439751 186557391 2008-01-24 09:17:43 0 days 10:53:18 686868 0 make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ fakir ]] beds " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten
188267466 188267848 2008-01-31 23:55:27 0 days 00:01:56 0|96.236.160.187 0 tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : shelby dixon has a nice pussy # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' '
188267848 188267882 2008-01-31 23:55:40 0 days 00:00:13 191149 2 tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : shelby dixon has a nice pussy # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' '
190525831 190526102 2008-02-11 02:23:39 0 days 00:01:31 0|24.91.51.85 1 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up the berlin walll was really a stupid idea cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ) )
191453407 191583874 2008-02-15 04:57:35 0 days 11:31:28 0|71.41.210.146 0 fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 5 > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 1 wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 23 ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee dillnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin ,
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 21 ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ dillnsee döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin ,
199176300 199200035 2008-03-18 22:30:58 0 days 01:29:58 0|68.188.164.133 0 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall wall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a
199200035 199200408 2008-03-18 22:32:31 0 days 00:01:33 0|68.188.164.133 0 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the wall fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a
205709007 205856138 2008-04-15 19:38:21 0 days 16:21:25 3313221 0 . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and
1 restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
205856138 205859140 2008-04-15 19:51:47 0 days 00:13:26 911178 0 . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the was [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which were restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several
2 according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which were restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 1 mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east
2 ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction , in a wooded area to the north of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43
3 had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km
4 [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built
235938341 235999012 2008-09-03 10:08:33 0 days 08:46:05 0|124.189.34.199 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 155 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 36 those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and
44 , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by
45 the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals
46 [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at [[ dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers
47 bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers .
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 22 connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of [[ helmstedt ]] and [[ marienborn ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 1 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 2 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned into four military occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
246474803 246619818 2008-10-21 00:19:35 0 days 13:12:14 736477 1 personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 3 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters
252747077 252776401 2008-11-19 13:48:33 0 days 04:52:56 3131841 0 modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters (
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 0 = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100
1 [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over more than 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further
4 border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second , parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[
5 checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to some 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s
28 - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases versions : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 '
34 ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 0 karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was
5 www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark
6 - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 | m | ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or
7 / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) }} high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3
8 mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638
9 < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 | m | ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 0 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin the republic of dave ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic russian communist headquarters ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west
269853251 269858109 2009-02-10 21:45:42 0 days 00:19:34 5047767 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave from the russian communist headquarters german democratic republic ( in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[
2 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating the republic of dave from the russian communist headquarters ( in berlin gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
276783723 276786967 2009-03-12 17:40:59 0 days 00:16:20 0|167.206.179.131 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation gay zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
276786967 276787142 2009-03-12 17:41:59 0 days 00:01:00 2372780 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four gay occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
277800121 277801434 2009-03-17 04:37:08 0 days 00:10:33 0|72.12.135.231 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between the [[ usa ]] ( and it ' s allies ) and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter -
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation tities zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four tities occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying cock suckers [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]]
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 3 and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly
4 make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not
5 the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german
6 german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn
306538732 306539582 2009-08-07 04:41:52 0 days 00:07:03 6984319 0 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers .
319914673 320139365 2009-10-16 02:25:06 1 days 02:44:15 10688538 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
320139365 320144857 2009-10-16 03:10:47 0 days 00:45:41 506179 2 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 16 begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was
18 , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach
40 next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos (
41 ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police )
42 u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km kilometres ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]]
67 [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 3 the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic people . ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[
324623980 324631707 2009-11-08 11:53:01 0 days 01:20:24 4873973 0 < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 0 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic lol poofders ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 1 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com )
5 to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} )
7 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic lol poofders ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324808994 324812165 2009-11-09 09:27:33 0 days 00:32:19 0|220.239.172.251 2 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four fore occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
324813463 324815104 2009-11-09 09:59:16 0 days 00:18:28 4638533 2 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into fore four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 4 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including
5 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german was built into a brick democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
6 | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
7 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( the gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] .
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 9 caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
10 germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] .
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 2 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 2 the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
325433331 325433430 2009-11-12 13:38:47 0 days 00:01:09 0|190.92.6.182 0 end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones i love germany ! ! ! ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
325433430 325433528 2009-11-12 13:39:38 0 days 00:00:51 0|190.92.6.182 0 end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones i love germany ! ! ! ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 13 helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside
17 > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between [[ checkpoint charlie
18 of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory
328441365 328471283 2009-11-28 23:21:34 0 days 02:50:18 0|24.150.97.216 0 performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] ,
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 3 ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border ; and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory
346309531 346312588 2010-02-25 16:08:16 0 days 00:18:19 6971250 1 " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers
349504407 349560284 2010-03-13 05:37:35 0 days 07:06:56 0|173.25.104.113 0 " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 49 soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 informaworld . com ] * childs , david , ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity )
355978566 355986227 2010-04-14 15:53:35 0 days 00:42:53 0|207.165.159.10 0 and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 196jkkkk1 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' '
355986227 355986426 2010-04-14 15:54:41 0 days 00:01:06 9801177 0 and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 196jkkkk1 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' '
358850281 358877348 2010-04-28 16:59:28 0 days 02:49:40 11496659 0 cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }}
1 offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 )
2 guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth
358877348 358879068 2010-04-28 17:11:00 0 days 00:11:32 10036538 0 cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }}
1 offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 )
2 guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire weiners ( 1961 ) # improved wire weiners ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete weiners wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth
366522148 366794399 2010-06-08 14:22:01 1 days 05:46:00 0|141.210.145.180 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four 17 occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
366794399 366804645 2010-06-08 15:20:20 0 days 00:58:19 96897 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into 17 four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 0 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the
387331317 387770412 2010-09-29 18:29:21 2 days 03:08:18 0|152.121.18.253 0 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic mike johnson ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin
387770412 387772513 2010-09-29 18:41:58 0 days 00:12:37 3308922 0 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the mike johnson german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 3 where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 2 found all around west berlin . the border wall facing towards west - berlin is preserved in three locations : at [ bernauer straße ]] north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way
400293690 400499840 2010-12-04 15:56:28 1 days 05:01:04 0|69.156.45.160 1 fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 2010 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989
400551710 400552075 2010-12-04 21:22:01 0 days 00:02:10 7007500 0 fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 2010 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989
418362137 418362289 2011-03-11 22:02:40 0 days 00:01:03 14143658 0 on 4 november when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or
450027091 452185719 2011-09-24 12:32:59 12 days 03:34:17 10996774 1 / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 0 german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the {{ convert | 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east
2 impassable to most vehicles and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that
4 [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was {{ convert | 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to
5 marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; | km | mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 1 wall stood < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert | 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[
2 stood < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 | m | ft | adj = mid | - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo
564987310 568314024 2013-08-13 05:21:35 24 days 06:11:02 1469567 0 on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref
1 graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{
576012629 576163852 2013-10-07 17:10:28 1 days 00:25:25 18611911 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four five occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
576163852 576167532 2013-10-07 17:34:21 0 days 00:23:53 4358157 0 after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into five four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the five occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] :
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 13 track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }}
686641093 687309257 2015-10-24 18:45:55 4 days 07:49:34 7455639 0 and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }}
1 wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 1 , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]]
702892130 702892497 2016-02-02 06:58:20 0 days 00:04:04 13816079 0 no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{
1 clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' (
2 through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 )
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 13 ] – a comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the | publisher = [[ rundfunk berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall
14 comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall - brandenburg ]] ( 1961 – 1990 ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ]
15 - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 – 1990 rrb ) ] – [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] – a chronicle of
736676388 737235458 2016-09-01 14:39:08 3 days 11:02:58 7903804 1 books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east & source = bl & ots = - cd9vypaag & sig = hgjwnita1hbl1dpcb _ n6jaatqu4 & hl = en & sa = x & ei = w7lavp3rd4ihntotgrao & ved = 0cdwq6aewba # v = onepage & q = visa % 20to % 20visit % 20west % 20germany % 20from % 20east & f = false | accessdate = 5 november 2014 |
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 11 no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' '
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 3 = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its border with austria ]] ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref >
808291388 809350827 2017-11-08 15:47:14 6 days 15:42:09 7136651 7 , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , . 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 , 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 .
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 10 at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 & nbsp ; km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of
11 and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 & nbsp ; km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall
825814813 825815985 2018-02-15 16:08:39 0 days 00:08:17 5946478 0 part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' '
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 63 from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 & nbsp ; km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin
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2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 4 isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center >
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 7 whom were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . < div style = " float : left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961
9 ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / center >
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 0 of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august
9533310 9600309 2005-01-21 15:58:08 0 days 00:01:25 26468 2 of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august
9600309 9600649 2005-01-24 01:43:29 2 days 09:45:21 0|68.19.43.249 0 {st@rt} john long is a peice of shit . louise sucked his weeeneee and he didnt tell his mom . i hope one of his bros see ' s this er somthing so he will get in trouble [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[
9600649 9600691 2005-01-24 01:56:23 0 days 00:12:54 0|67.8.42.105 1 {st@rt} john long is a peice of shit . louise sucked his weeeneee and he didnt tell his mom . i hope one of his bros see ' s this er somthing so he will get in trouble little immature [ / edit ] [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[
9600691 9606703 2005-01-24 01:57:54 0 days 00:01:31 76027 0 {st@rt} [ edit ] these lines removed because some moron is a little immature [ / edit ] [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the
11109328 11181776 2005-03-13 23:12:10 0 days 18:44:02 86545 2 - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] < / td > < /
12289902 12310883 2005-04-14 07:47:30 9 days 03:13:52 0|213.236.117.2 0 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image :
22002656 22024698 2005-08-28 11:59:04 0 days 08:50:21 92511 1 | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin
27831852 27841675 2005-11-09 18:38:39 0 days 01:56:51 0|209.18.49.15 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . emilyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]]
27841675 27841727 2005-11-09 18:39:24 0 days 00:00:45 94147 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . emilyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]]
27841727 27841755 2005-11-09 18:39:37 0 days 00:00:13 0|209.18.49.15 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = mad dumb people look at this website [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december
2 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . emilyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]]
27841755 27841848 2005-11-09 18:40:38 0 days 00:01:01 94147 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = mad dumb people look at this website [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december
2 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . emilyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]]
37108558 37371856 2006-01-30 16:10:54 1 days 20:59:34 0|207.108.154.195 0 alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years walls ears = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire
37371856 37419687 2006-01-30 22:29:34 0 days 06:18:40 8780 0 alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the walls ears wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire
39312783 39387706 2006-02-12 21:05:53 0 days 13:54:16 386031 0 {st@rt} {{ merge | gdr border system }} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin
40008106 40008642 2006-02-17 13:29:16 0 days 00:05:02 386031 0 {st@rt} {{ merge | gdr border system }} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin
40238750 40248977 2006-02-19 05:54:32 0 days 01:40:08 0|203.87.204.114 0 {st@rt} [[ image : example . jpg ]] [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin
40248977 40249035 2006-02-19 05:55:16 0 days 00:00:44 309415 1 {st@rt} [[ image : example . jpg ]] [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin
40459461 40460981 2006-02-20 18:53:30 0 days 00:13:24 478178 0 the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked layout = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
40901025 40902989 2006-02-23 20:03:14 0 days 00:16:09 89179 0 creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 1 decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = aftermath and implications = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away .
2 that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = aftermath = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 4 fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall
41742631 41742704 2006-03-01 12:27:13 0 days 00:01:00 0|212.219.250.36 0 and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts and the like = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo
41742704 41742834 2006-03-01 12:28:40 0 days 00:01:27 0|212.219.250.36 0 and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts and the like = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo
41742909 41746791 2006-03-01 13:16:11 0 days 00:46:41 524922 1 fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border .
42049979 42050092 2006-03-03 13:24:24 0 days 00:01:24 93757 0 , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you
1 fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brüche 1985 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel
42050092 42210957 2006-03-04 16:41:31 1 days 03:17:07 0|67.191.78.161 0 {st@rt} [[ ' ' ' image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall
42210957 42261570 2006-03-04 23:44:23 0 days 07:02:52 583756 1 {st@rt} [[ ' ' ' image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall
42309097 42336641 2006-03-05 13:06:23 0 days 06:06:51 686868 0 , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personal into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , providen they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to used it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to alied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | .
42377886 42382313 2006-03-05 20:29:26 0 days 00:35:54 686868 1 crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb |
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 28 : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 28 image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the
50882966 51140372 2006-05-02 01:33:50 1 days 12:45:20 767514 0 {st@rt} {{ sprotected }} [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
51216413 51216465 2006-05-02 15:39:22 0 days 00:00:31 207227 0 {st@rt} {{ sprotected }} [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 0 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) exclaves . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb |
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 10 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s exclaves [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb |
52173297 52187835 2006-05-08 19:24:40 0 days 01:30:09 0|156.63.113.54 0 ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] this was called the " operation wall of china " [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin
52196151 52214065 2006-05-08 22:00:47 0 days 01:45:20 686868 0 ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] this was called the " operation wall of china " [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin
52734504 52737216 2006-05-11 22:27:35 0 days 00:16:39 157842 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
58814119 58814173 2006-06-15 19:42:28 0 days 00:00:27 0|70.28.201.133 0 berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
58814173 58814260 2006-06-15 19:42:56 0 days 00:00:28 0|70.28.201.133 1 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
58814260 58821996 2006-06-15 20:25:47 0 days 00:42:51 157842 1 wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip "
2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 27 : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 3 s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] - berlin . org / www . wall - [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the
98077156 98077276 2007-01-03 02:02:22 0 days 00:00:36 2113027 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = < br > [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 19 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = < br > [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin
99128386 99129270 2007-01-07 17:49:39 0 days 00:04:36 82835 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = {{ celar }} [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall , which
99378560 99626238 2007-01-09 21:40:17 1 days 02:15:14 0|208.103.161.102 0 of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east eastjavid jelkh is a fag . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] <
99626238 99731391 2007-01-10 09:07:20 0 days 11:27:03 302522 0 of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the eastjavid jelkh is a fag east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] <
99968989 99969068 2007-01-11 11:07:15 0 days 00:00:44 3190289 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = {{ celar }} [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall , which
113385689 113462887 2007-03-08 01:21:56 0 days 05:35:39 0|134.161.77.27 6 [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 5 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 3 japan . svg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]]
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 2 berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech ]] is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] ,
292112571 292153819 2009-05-25 03:54:15 0 days 04:32:31 9086993 0 , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1986 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed
301331614 301720848 2009-07-12 17:27:55 2 days 09:47:29 0|92.1.90.117 1 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall |
306561115 306563005 2009-08-07 08:26:04 0 days 00:18:50 6984319 1 particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall
313610213 313669540 2009-09-13 22:22:26 0 days 04:23:37 0|65.188.151.195 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 1988 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in
313669540 313670259 2009-09-13 22:26:13 0 days 00:03:47 142444 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1988 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1988 ; it would begin to be torn apart in
323401673 323401756 2009-11-02 02:49:54 0 days 00:00:34 0|68.144.85.0 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 2008 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in
323401811 323401873 2009-11-02 02:50:53 0 days 00:00:31 4916882 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 2008 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in
324844080 324845496 2009-11-09 14:47:06 0 days 00:10:31 6971250 0 a thaousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 "
324949378 324949783 2009-11-10 00:36:12 0 days 00:02:23 0|71.112.226.115 0 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " reagan ' s speech = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall |
324949783 324951586 2009-11-10 00:47:14 0 days 00:11:02 8214624 0 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = reagan ' s speech " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall |
328177656 328189152 2009-11-27 10:33:27 0 days 02:03:12 255162 0 ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image file : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 4 [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of november 9 , and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall was torn down quickly [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november
356340188 356433987 2010-04-16 19:02:40 0 days 10:58:36 2862856 0 file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost
365688428 365688576 2010-06-02 19:04:03 0 days 00:00:55 0|198.237.49.215 1 = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
365688576 365688710 2010-06-02 19:04:55 0 days 00:00:52 4459901 1 walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . amoz hickmen is a gay fagit . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 5 {st@rt} {{ infobox building | name = berlin wall | native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous
400152873 400183850 2010-12-02 20:01:38 0 days 02:55:53 0|207.177.214.199 2 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this
400183850 400217192 2010-12-02 23:10:07 0 days 03:08:29 3308922 2 person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this
401679143 401702145 2010-12-11 00:44:02 0 days 02:56:40 0|75.3.1.224 2 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
401702145 401710678 2010-12-11 01:55:35 0 days 01:11:33 5177550 2 person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the wall back up - sn0w ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
423139570 423927215 2011-04-13 21:33:51 4 days 14:30:42 257873 0 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
423927215 423927349 2011-04-13 21:34:39 0 days 00:00:48 257873 0 to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall
424745141 424745844 2011-04-18 20:47:36 0 days 00:04:33 14063214 0 . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . in 1961 , secretary of state dean rusk proclaimed , " the wall certainly ought not to be a permanent feature of the european landscape . i see no reason why the soviet union should think it is - - it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
427753745 428575817 2011-05-11 12:51:55 4 days 22:11:59 10714345 1 little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = " the wall fell in 1982 " : the german artist [[ stephan elsner ]] tore down a huge part of the berlin wall in the year 1982 , installed one of his artworks in the gap and finished it there before the border soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november
428576147 428589131 2011-05-11 14:38:55 0 days 01:44:13 6971250 0 little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . = = = demolition = = = " the wall fell in 1982 " : the german artist [[ stephan elsner ]] tore down a huge part of the berlin wall in the year 1982 , installed one of his artworks in the gap and finished it there before the border soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > " die mauer als muse " by lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ] ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 5 fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more
8 usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ image file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall
14 top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = [[ image file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 .
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 7 why the soviet union should think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " [ http : / / www . upi . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " [[ file : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 1 a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 "
444513279 444513435 2011-08-12 21:54:44 0 days 00:01:07 314721 0 on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall .
445115677 446394338 2011-08-23 22:22:03 7 days 14:29:46 90192 0 charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ see | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to
456253435 456255233 2011-10-18 21:44:29 0 days 00:12:40 5177550 0 thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 plaque . jpg | a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file
465859664 466218868 2011-12-16 21:24:32 2 days 02:49:22 8436524 1 ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file :
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 18 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than
534983192 538062628 2013-02-13 16:08:19 18 days 02:16:50 12799911 0 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 4 seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late
11 = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the
13 it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 .
16 ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer ,
20 joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late
31 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens
549524958 549642343 2013-04-10 07:36:14 0 days 16:06:36 6971250 0 berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 2 . jpg | wall with parked wartburg and trabant cars file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 6 sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 8 sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 6 sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 file
589123834 589252116 2014-01-05 06:40:46 0 days 19:32:52 415269 2 berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 13 bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | at the
14 walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on
15 on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht "
24 the wall . 5 january 1990 file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the
27 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 . file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg |
28 [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 . file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial
30 two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come
33 . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 37 found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 1 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 . file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 . file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg
2 east side gallery ]] , august 2006 . file : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 . file : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial
4 two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] . file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a
6 berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " until we see each other again in the capital of the gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 3 wall . 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) .
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 32 for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary
807562970 808145196 2017-11-01 04:07:12 3 days 08:42:17 31813604 1 in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th
2 and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary
3 historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration
820361257 820363656 2018-01-14 08:40:17 0 days 00:14:39 11104969 1 . file : west and east germans at the brandenburg gate in 1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling
2 top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht
group 25
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13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 2 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country american , british or french sectors of berlin . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989
206604 336906 2002-09-09 17:00:15 0 days 00:45:35 3295 0 ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors of berlin [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 3 ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west - berlin and thereby west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was
10 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin .
12 1961 ]] , in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering [[ west germany ]] . the wall physically divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to
774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 2 westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at helmstedt on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]]
3 , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at helmstedt on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie | charlie ]] (
5 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west - berlin and the rest of west - germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 9 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany )
10 germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall physically divided the city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of
11 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany it was clear from the beginning that this justification served to delude from the fact that control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall
43 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the
44 germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany )
1282616 1282664 2003-08-13 04:46:25 6 days 13:51:34 7918 0 " intended to avoid aggression from the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany should had to be prevented from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the
3 the west . it was clear from the beginning that this justification served as a cover for the fact that the citizens of east germany should be prevented from entering west - berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the wall was over 155 km long
1546609 1554867 2003-10-10 15:08:08 3 days 03:50:24 0|195.157.85.87 0 , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin :
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 1 injured . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
2661588 2729115 2004-03-07 04:57:41 12 days 12:44:58 49486 3 to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 and the attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of a wall around the three western sectors
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 10 allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august
11 to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13
35 states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ;
5185243 5187225 2004-08-13 16:28:40 0 days 00:01:24 56563 0 ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] seperating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it ' s its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after
5203633 5222965 2004-08-14 16:36:40 0 days 02:41:31 12741 0 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13
1 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann ]] leaps to the west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] ,
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 3 was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army
7 claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority of who were leaving , from entering west berlin and thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people
5787740 6045628 2004-09-10 18:39:33 0 days 00:01:03 76027 0 was exclusively on the western side . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut of off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ]
6145464 6145754 2004-09-25 15:56:37 0 days 00:11:16 39716 0 one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]]
1 friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden
7274734 7274837 2004-11-09 22:12:04 0 days 00:01:44 0|84.57.81.84 0 by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent still under allied souvereignity , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all
7274837 7275003 2004-11-09 22:14:41 0 days 00:02:37 0|84.57.81.84 1 between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad
7369764 7466688 2004-11-12 05:56:03 2 days 07:30:17 6661 0 berlin . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to the into [[ west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
8079516 8079542 2004-12-03 12:41:45 0 days 00:01:11 0|62.252.64.12 0 . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers ( this was copied off the internet ) ( fact ) were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[
8079542 8108812 2004-12-03 12:43:10 0 days 00:01:25 17447 1 . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers ( this was copied off the internet ) ( fact ) were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[
8127109 8160484 2004-12-04 22:28:22 0 days 14:35:32 0|62.74.165.139 0 allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied souvereignity sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all
9268476 9300388 2005-01-10 23:50:02 0 days 03:03:49 151197 3 to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin , and the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers
4 west berlin and west germany . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east , as east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 11 . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and [[ germany ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few month after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created
16 , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 27 crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo (
36 [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden )
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 37 by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]]
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 10 was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 56 was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with
57 later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders
10859818 10941618 2005-03-06 11:53:18 0 days 19:30:57 0|144.132.97.121 0 the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement
11639377 11639454 2005-03-29 06:09:12 13 days 03:55:26 0|24.42.224.161 1 for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of labour threatened east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[
3 one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to particularly the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 5 berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 2 largest and covered most of eastern berlin . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the
12585093 12587037 2005-04-20 22:44:28 1 days 22:40:22 0|208.38.64.76 0 german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding ding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the
12587037 12671729 2005-04-20 23:29:42 0 days 00:45:14 8780 0 german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the ding surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the
12728367 12839942 2005-04-23 23:23:03 1 days 04:42:38 58229 0 . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]]
13195082 13195297 2005-05-03 22:51:59 3 days 05:20:56 0|129.67.43.240 0 not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was undertaken by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not
1 fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 5 [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the
14125556 14140365 2005-05-23 20:14:41 1 days 10:42:33 54820 1 ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but
14140365 14260653 2005-05-24 02:16:18 0 days 06:01:37 6661 1 berliner mauer ' ' ) , was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 14 the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] and were , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the capital of west germany in preference
18388981 18389045 2005-07-08 10:33:15 0 days 00:01:31 53921 0 concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german markk mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it
18909779 18969500 2005-07-16 18:43:09 0 days 23:05:13 54820 2 ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities , called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted
23255938 23258570 2005-09-15 02:46:22 0 days 00:49:46 0|64.12.116.198 1 : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' '
2 ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east south germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall
23258570 23258905 2005-09-15 02:52:24 0 days 00:06:02 89675 1 : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' '
2 ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ north berlin ]] from [[ south berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ south east germany ]] . the south german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 2 berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] friedrichstra in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt )
8 | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” '
9 ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' '
10 ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' '
11 mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection
53 and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west
59 border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 9 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin
10 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti - fascist protection wall . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it
52 controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make bonn the seat of government of west germany in
58 the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority
72 berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at friedrichstra [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin .
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 29 the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were and robert wrote another book in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision
39 open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] u . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority
40 east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 s . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled
27817179 27817381 2005-11-09 13:06:39 0 days 00:03:08 287142 0 restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a
27932424 27932542 2005-11-10 16:12:28 0 days 00:01:20 471054 3 . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin .
28350981 28351189 2005-11-15 01:33:53 0 days 00:02:05 6661 0 ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[
28895434 28895803 2005-11-21 09:56:01 0 days 00:10:25 0|212.132.0.10 0 ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , i do the cha , cha like a sissy girl completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany
28895803 28895833 2005-11-21 09:57:06 0 days 00:01:05 44020 0 ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , i do the cha , cha like a sissy girl completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany
30712967 30713122 2005-12-09 14:21:45 0 days 00:01:53 0|162.127.13.4 3 on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans killed jew dolls manufactured by believe it or not the early days of namco . many others crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the
30713435 30713769 2005-12-09 14:31:31 0 days 00:05:16 0|162.127.13.4 1 ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , he ejaculated on the floor by the door . when his barefoot mother walked in to wake him in the morning , she felt something slightly sticky and felt scared that tomhas would do such a thing . also occuring at midnight that morning , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was
30713813 30713899 2005-12-09 14:33:52 0 days 00:01:26 253590 2 on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans killed jew dolls manufactured by believe it or not the early days of namco . many others crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 7 the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built
38011274 38438231 2006-02-06 08:23:48 2 days 16:14:24 58229 0 ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[
39793418 39818227 2006-02-16 01:44:54 0 days 03:14:56 0|68.18.147.5 0 german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ' ( ' ' ' anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 3 west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between [[ east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] .
7 open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june east german uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin .
8 between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] and permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers
9 east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional
10 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; , after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional and skilled workers migrated daily , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 4 of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by [[ autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the
5 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn ]] , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 3 . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstadt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at
4 only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at [[ dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße
5 land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]]
6 in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt )
60 ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many
65 was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet |
77 successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 5 ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ division of germany | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defection ]] s , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between [[ east
14 ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only remained open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june | june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during an [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | east german uprising ]] and permananently closed in [[ 1961 ]] . it was finally reopened in [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently destroyed . from [[ 1949 ]] - [[ 1961 ]] 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin %
41672068 41672131 2006-02-28 23:47:46 0 days 00:00:26 0|69.15.111.135 0 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr
41672131 41672202 2006-02-28 23:48:13 0 days 00:00:27 161478 0 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr
42309097 42336641 2006-03-05 13:06:23 0 days 06:06:51 686868 9 entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful
44251332 44255513 2006-03-17 20:05:59 0 days 00:33:10 97 0 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west
1 be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland ]] , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin
2 used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , [[ czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste
3 for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia ]] , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be
4 transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia , [[ denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported
5 between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia , denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into
44770674 44770960 2006-03-21 05:05:36 0 days 00:02:39 0|202.72.148.102 0 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days
46530181 46947936 2006-04-04 16:54:49 2 days 15:32:33 97676 1 administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the
2 walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east germany ]] , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[
47329140 47397931 2006-04-07 12:40:12 0 days 12:40:23 484982 0 crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personal personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 6 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 5 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings
6 used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened
8 west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin
9 and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be
10 berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 4 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west
5 be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland ]] , czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin
6 used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , [[ czechoslovakia , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste
7 for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia ]] , denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be
8 transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia , [[ denmark , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported
9 between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries poland , czechoslovakia , denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into
53469237 53500500 2006-05-16 13:10:13 0 days 05:20:12 0|204.10.216.173 2 government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both
55133900 55134230 2006-05-25 20:57:13 0 days 00:01:54 207712 0 " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 0 approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[
57880127 58088350 2006-06-11 20:42:36 1 days 05:43:44 0|66.30.211.110 2 august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 4 , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which permanently closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii
63027687 63086213 2006-07-10 18:33:21 0 days 07:22:29 0|141.211.172.204 0 lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than
70265945 70267189 2006-08-17 18:00:43 0 days 00:07:03 130684 0 berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit
1 surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new
70267189 70267284 2006-08-17 18:01:14 0 days 00:00:31 130684 0 germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new
1 and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into
83835783 83837476 2006-10-26 13:23:30 0 days 00:13:08 686868 5 " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany including west berlin . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and
6 if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 6 and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring neighboring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 8 and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighboring neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 1 ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1931 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 1 ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 1 ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
111405419 111405427 2007-02-27 20:31:42 0 days 00:00:01 0|205.126.63.15 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states hi mrs . ramsey = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' '
111407061 111407249 2007-02-27 20:39:40 0 days 00:00:54 0|205.126.72.236 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states dont change this hi mrs ramsay = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' '
113384513 113385689 2007-03-07 19:46:17 0 days 00:05:21 3511275 2 " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] ,
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 1 soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states alex is really dumb = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' '
131295367 131296290 2007-05-16 14:27:34 0 days 00:04:55 2055207 0 - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border betwen between [[ east bet 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]]
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 0 western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been that morning sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory
6 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built
133074678 133074927 2007-05-24 01:32:04 0 days 00:01:22 715870 0 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east
2 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been that morning sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to
140346811 140489919 2007-06-25 10:12:07 0 days 15:57:11 686868 0 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn {{ when }} of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]]
2 austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn {{ when }} of october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[
147039937 147359013 2007-07-27 01:41:42 1 days 07:31:43 4909351 0 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria led by william francis schroeder the iv . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany ,
1 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
147359013 147393203 2007-07-27 05:53:19 0 days 04:11:37 302522 1 border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria led by william francis schroeder the iv . using only a spoon and a dull butter knife , schroeder opened the wall freeing all of his fellow tourists . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
149103755 149424881 2007-08-05 22:30:58 1 days 14:46:20 0|125.238.29.168 0 denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] '
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 39 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]]
40 advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[
43 and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states
45 ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western
46 [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with
160539804 160548666 2007-09-26 20:46:01 0 days 00:42:55 2073927 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was 906 miles long . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu
162484765 162838184 2007-10-07 10:15:05 1 days 17:35:07 0|58.179.236.38 1 {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin tony ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 16 berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 15 berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 4 united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began
172704334 172704821 2007-11-20 14:38:38 0 days 00:02:44 0|204.82.110.113 0 mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the nick flieger likes men [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august
172704821 172706114 2007-11-20 14:45:48 0 days 00:07:10 0|204.82.110.75 1 was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as nick flieger likes men little boys [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august
172706114 172706302 2007-11-20 14:46:54 0 days 00:01:06 0|204.82.110.75 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany as terry - lynch likes little boys [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august
172706302 172709053 2007-11-20 15:03:04 0 days 00:16:10 0|204.82.110.88 0 was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , the berlin wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until
172709053 172709545 2007-11-20 15:05:27 0 days 00:02:23 0|204.82.110.88 0 ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , the berlin wall stretches around the same size as joey blakely . [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it
172765573 172766139 2007-11-20 20:20:51 0 days 00:02:47 0|216.138.75.50 0 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany [[ cold war ]] , ]] . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was
173363844 173368360 2007-11-23 23:08:34 0 days 00:27:40 137113 0 berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
173368360 173368678 2007-11-23 23:10:19 0 days 00:01:45 137113 1 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28
177204310 177209448 2007-12-11 14:11:44 0 days 00:34:51 0|208.108.156.65 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . omg ! ! ! the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
177209448 177209487 2007-12-11 14:11:55 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . omg ! ! ! the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
178067328 178433514 2007-12-17 03:19:52 1 days 14:31:48 0|69.155.140.15 0 discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of ofgermans are such cool pepole } ]] east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the
178433514 178433680 2007-12-17 03:21:02 0 days 00:01:10 1473716 0 discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory ofgermans are such cool pepole } ]] of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east north berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the
7 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east north ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 1 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ south berlin ]] from [[ north east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ north germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the
7 [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the reindeer of the north - south german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ north berlin | north east ]] and [[ south berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during
179105571 179206430 2007-12-20 16:38:18 0 days 13:38:27 0|144.92.120.26 0 and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . it as at least worth noting , that jon hillman was the last person to die attempting to cross the berlin wall in october , 1989 . he tripped into a tangled mass of barbed - wire , badly cutting his scrotum . he bled out over a matter of hours as he screamed for pain and repeatedly deficated in his pants . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
179206430 179206678 2007-12-20 16:39:49 0 days 00:01:31 97951 0 and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . it as at least worth noting , that jon hillman was the last person to die attempting to cross the berlin wall in october , 1989 . he tripped into a tangled mass of barbed - wire , badly cutting his scrotum . he bled out over a matter of hours as he screamed for pain and repeatedly deficated in his pants . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
181439442 181459618 2008-01-01 22:25:14 0 days 01:53:45 0|208.58.34.139 1 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . ' ' ' the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
182012991 182138699 2008-01-04 18:01:55 0 days 16:24:11 0|75.138.94.78 0 " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and
182138699 182408420 2008-01-05 23:37:36 1 days 05:35:41 433328 0 by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government
186294689 186361363 2008-01-23 16:00:06 0 days 09:41:24 686868 0 . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
188178589 188209668 2008-01-31 19:26:33 0 days 02:30:21 0|209.56.64.253 1 the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and was as stupid as a pencil . [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period
188385606 188405306 2008-02-01 16:54:15 0 days 01:52:34 0|71.41.129.70 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] beef ] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east -
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 0 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin
16 actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 3 along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 17 in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged the east germans to " tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
19 along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light
21 ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . basic , initial fortifications the west germans deported him to east germany . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were
24 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built very well by east german construction workers . it was built right outside west berlin . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles ,
197732281 197732484 2008-03-12 15:23:12 0 days 00:01:09 3505251 0 viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens residents of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html
197799039 197872871 2008-03-13 02:03:44 0 days 05:41:57 3554446 1 . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans
2 germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , many west germans wanted to move to east germany . and some east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = =
197872871 197873819 2008-03-13 02:08:59 0 days 00:05:15 3554446 0 ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and
198120276 198121023 2008-03-14 03:55:26 0 days 00:05:14 0|203.19.252.190 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . yatzi is a fun game ! ! ! ! ! = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198121023 198121037 2008-03-14 03:55:31 0 days 00:00:05 4928500 1 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . yatzi is a fun game ! ! ! ! ! = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198121037 198121293 2008-03-14 03:57:58 0 days 00:02:27 0|203.19.252.190 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . lilko was here 08 = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198121293 198121387 2008-03-14 03:58:43 0 days 00:00:45 690391 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . lilko was here 08 = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
198214602 198257388 2008-03-14 19:38:41 0 days 03:32:41 0|128.63.16.15 0 ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 10 east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed
11 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = thw west . on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
12 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
13 from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 3 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 10 east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed
11 from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 3 1 april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav halctav
22 east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany and escape the bad conditions , or to continue their jobs on thw west . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however ,
24 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 3 april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
199068719 199068893 2008-03-18 12:27:44 0 days 00:01:14 0|65.43.198.254 0 > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and andnononononono west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
199069215 199071782 2008-03-18 12:47:15 0 days 00:17:16 686868 0 > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east andnononononono and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
199097590 199097835 2008-03-18 15:12:04 0 days 00:01:12 3505251 1 out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : /
199098162 199158545 2008-03-18 19:51:02 0 days 04:37:18 0|208.108.156.245 0 some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners iesha to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the
199158545 199160653 2008-03-18 19:59:25 0 days 00:08:23 3505251 0 some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west iesha berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the
199352175 199352310 2008-03-19 15:01:19 0 days 00:00:41 0|65.43.197.150 0 east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans [ cack ] from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[
199352310 199352643 2008-03-19 15:03:08 0 days 00:01:49 2372780 1 east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans [ cack ] from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[
201146819 201207548 2008-03-27 01:13:30 0 days 04:15:21 0|41.233.103.133 0 to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201207652 201208461 2008-03-27 01:17:50 0 days 00:03:50 3622922 0 to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201221996 201224300 2008-03-27 02:32:51 0 days 00:11:39 0|70.181.189.103 0 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the ally separated east berlinbitches berlin and [[ west berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
201224300 201227326 2008-03-27 02:47:40 0 days 00:14:49 3622922 1 ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the ally separated east berlin berlin and [[ west berliuoeznfhdhehekfmcjdhhejdjfjnjehsfirifjfjfhfieowkdnfhhshwywieiekdnjxhshhwhwjjejejejeherhuquejsjn ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
201315598 201457792 2008-03-28 00:18:49 0 days 10:53:41 0|76.244.31.154 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201457969 201458661 2008-03-28 00:22:56 0 days 00:03:15 0|76.244.31.154 0 east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . most of the moons atmosphere is surrounded by people in hot costumes . also , a young historian called yuri was the most dominant of his time . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
201675458 201679092 2008-03-28 21:58:53 0 days 00:16:47 0|212.139.105.213 0 germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = =
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 1 soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall so i decided to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany =
2 - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners delete all the text that someone carefully put together to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the
202585021 202716037 2008-04-02 03:27:03 0 days 10:10:24 0|150.101.240.77 0 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = lolololololololololololololololol on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
202719285 202719369 2008-04-02 03:48:22 0 days 00:00:35 0|75.22.78.148 0 east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = lolololololololololololololololol on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 0 west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce davey clark sucks a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 0 - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border gaurds dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url =
1 institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and to kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http :
210264591 210264687 2008-05-05 06:05:12 0 days 00:00:49 911178 1 demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 6 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols ' ' ' soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 7 berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets involved . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn
13 the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving
227630794 227630920 2008-07-24 14:12:35 0 days 00:00:36 6285568 0 an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east
227636388 228703750 2008-07-29 23:28:06 5 days 08:40:26 7362628 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . nazi = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin
228703750 228709022 2008-07-30 00:03:41 0 days 00:35:35 5177550 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . nazi = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 28 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
29 . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov
233916986 234024060 2008-08-24 23:20:03 0 days 11:33:33 0|71.223.119.62 0 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
234024129 234024267 2008-08-24 23:21:19 0 days 00:00:53 0|71.223.119.62 0 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
234024308 234024639 2008-08-24 23:23:29 0 days 00:01:55 0|71.223.119.62 0 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . rocks and and and and and ryan knos nothing about berlin wall including the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet
234024667 234342320 2008-08-26 12:58:37 1 days 13:34:56 0|88.89.69.40 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . fu = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
234342320 234342442 2008-08-26 12:59:19 0 days 00:00:42 0|88.89.69.40 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . fu = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
235938141 235938341 2008-09-03 01:22:28 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.5.221.188 0 germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed
1 from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on 1 april , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
236916475 236982267 2008-09-08 01:47:17 0 days 06:11:13 0|60.234.117.23 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . and also there once was a man who ran down the road because he had no toilet paper = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236982267 236982290 2008-09-08 01:47:22 0 days 00:00:05 2372780 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . and also there once was a man who ran down the road because he had no toilet paper = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236982290 236982477 2008-09-08 01:48:24 0 days 00:01:02 0|60.234.117.23 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
236982477 236982486 2008-09-08 01:48:28 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 3 = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , [[ east germany ]] , named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 7 - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany =
8 style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april
9 ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east people bouncing up and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s
10 the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east down and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of
237637573 237717024 2008-09-11 14:31:11 0 days 11:23:16 0|208.108.156.160 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . ' ' ' lalalalalalalallala ! bored la ! ' ' ' = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
237717789 237718671 2008-09-11 14:40:48 0 days 00:04:48 0|195.137.194.64 0 germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . ' ' ' lalalalalalalallala ! bored la ! ' ' ' = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 13 named ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers
21 the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and
61 < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks ,
65 republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = =
66 while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 10 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 ,
11 [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . inner - german border = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ;
12 , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin
27 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[
30 rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day ,
33 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin
34 , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
240013759 240014029 2008-09-21 15:32:09 0 days 00:01:37 6660588 1 american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 10 authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into and exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic in such
11 crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as entry into and , exit from east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied military traffic in such cases . for
240250311 240440258 2008-09-23 13:55:37 0 days 21:07:55 0|87.38.215.7 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of katie o mahony loves the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
240440258 240441737 2008-09-23 14:04:13 0 days 00:08:36 3048050 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . katie o mahony loves = = = divergence of the berlin wall : d = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 7 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated t trying to get arrested i just got here i sprang with the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe
10 ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize near the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day
248095268 248099439 2008-10-28 00:43:56 0 days 00:22:55 0|76.16.149.66 1 . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure capital of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split ,
252650442 252651691 2008-11-18 21:47:39 0 days 00:06:20 6892131 0 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstartions within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
252652021 252652526 2008-11-18 21:51:49 0 days 00:02:36 6892131 0 german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself which began in october 1989 . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany ,
1 authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
2 on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
252652526 252652689 2008-11-18 21:52:43 0 days 00:00:54 6892131 0 german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself which began in october 1989 . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker
252652689 252747077 2008-11-19 08:55:37 0 days 11:02:54 3131841 1 the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
3 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] ,
252776451 253365461 2008-11-22 10:00:59 2 days 20:12:06 6892131 2 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[
3 september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 1 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall water separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989
2 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany eastital from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was
255210981 255259280 2008-12-01 19:38:59 0 days 04:33:01 0|137.118.202.208 0 ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered
255510724 255707690 2008-12-03 21:07:26 0 days 22:36:05 0|164.116.126.140 5 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . hole the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961
256532179 256677856 2008-12-08 19:41:38 0 days 18:12:35 8205687 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . ya know , california could use one of these to keep out them damn aliens . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
256677856 256679357 2008-12-08 19:50:05 0 days 00:08:27 0|70.90.182.49 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . ya know , california could use one of these to keep out them damn aliens . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
256679357 256681327 2008-12-08 20:01:34 0 days 00:11:29 8205687 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . you know , we could use one of these to keep them damn mexicans out . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
256681327 256683536 2008-12-08 20:13:56 0 days 00:12:22 0|216.87.207.1 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . you know , we could use one of these to keep them damn mexicans out . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
257231828 257283627 2008-12-11 15:12:00 0 days 08:02:47 0|168.184.255.133 0 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east
257283627 257283841 2008-12-11 15:13:34 0 days 00:01:34 7873346 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ eas ' s t berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the
258174101 258203997 2008-12-15 21:27:47 0 days 02:21:00 0|76.217.13.119 2 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 3 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron shit ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day of the shitting began on august 13 , 1961 until
258713332 258713483 2008-12-18 03:12:27 0 days 00:00:48 0|65.34.164.186 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . j the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
258794148 258831184 2008-12-18 19:45:04 0 days 03:57:23 0|90.194.65.163 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . j the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 6 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
262136515 262181371 2009-01-05 22:33:45 0 days 03:47:09 0|67.66.200.233 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the berlin wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it
262181371 262181781 2009-01-05 22:35:41 0 days 00:01:56 911178 0 east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the berlin wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 9 " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some
263696071 263818058 2009-01-13 15:23:31 0 days 15:31:30 0|216.20.70.81 2 separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 1 ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin germany , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks ,
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 1 ref > when the west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west germany berlin , crowds of west germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks ,
267775034 267775661 2009-02-01 05:45:14 0 days 00:05:30 214542 1 < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 2 authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]]
3 the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] ' ' . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a
4 way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . ) the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few
5 . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker
12 that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]]
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 2 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 2 de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid | aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to
269767784 269853148 2009-02-10 21:25:40 0 days 07:23:39 0|76.118.246.211 2 ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr in berlin ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
4 [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9
272118109 272206623 2009-02-21 04:46:11 0 days 09:25:25 9037304 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the first two people to swing the pick axe on the berlin wall were two regular guys named gabe tretenden vogel and chris tigerhai who lead the national wall destruction of berlin or ( nwdb ) . not alot is known about them but we do know that gabe was a mighty lumberjack that lead the revolt on the ussr and owned them in 1985 . chris was a fearless warrior that ate human babies for breakfast . these two men will be forever celebrated as the ultimate in kickassness . word . for further info on gabe and chris look up badass on wikipedia the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened
272206623 272206780 2009-02-21 04:47:28 0 days 00:01:17 911178 0 between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the first two people to swing the pick axe on the berlin wall were two regular guys named gabe tretenden vogel and chris tigerhai who lead the national wall destruction of berlin or ( nwdb ) . not alot is known about them but we do know that gabe was a mighty lumberjack that lead the revolt on the ussr and owned them in 1985 . chris was a fearless warrior that ate human babies for breakfast . these two men will be forever celebrated as the ultimate in kickassness . word . for further info on gabe and chris look up badass on wikipedia the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened
272521062 272589769 2009-02-22 22:26:12 0 days 05:44:56 0|81.224.67.23 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was
272589769 272603029 2009-02-22 23:32:00 0 days 01:05:48 9050933 0 republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west east germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[
272603029 272610872 2009-02-23 00:10:19 0 days 00:38:19 5177550 0 republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ east west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[
272811961 272928280 2009-02-24 09:23:02 0 days 11:42:35 0|122.106.253.141 0 barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east longt and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately
272928280 272928638 2009-02-24 09:25:38 0 days 00:02:36 3190204 0 barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longt longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately
274696419 274698765 2009-03-03 15:20:19 0 days 00:12:04 2372780 1 as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of german testicle border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 7 ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was
276265541 276308584 2009-03-10 17:12:10 0 days 03:42:12 0|71.127.75.223 0 and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 1 and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandry for some eastern bloc stated that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 6 " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totalled totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin
277909503 277910067 2009-03-17 17:50:00 0 days 00:02:39 6984319 2 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] and , ultimately , between the western european [[ allies of world war ii ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall
278131212 278138099 2009-03-18 16:52:35 0 days 00:35:23 6984319 0 bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans emigrants moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . <
1 | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in to west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref name =
278138099 278326099 2009-03-19 13:41:18 0 days 20:48:43 3505251 0 west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
1 bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the emigrants number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 0 > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref
279781081 279820445 2009-03-26 16:14:22 0 days 04:29:22 0|97.113.67.149 0 peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement
283120128 283243378 2009-04-11 21:03:54 0 days 16:01:05 7992897 1 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 2 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 3 and the austro - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro austrian - hungarian border to emigrate to [[ west germany ]] . that event caused popular demonstration and a unreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the
283961086 284228283 2009-04-16 15:48:14 1 days 07:00:13 0|204.185.221.237 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = by by by west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[
284228388 284229554 2009-04-16 15:57:40 0 days 00:08:39 1099776 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . by by by = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[
284918855 284935331 2009-04-20 02:49:29 0 days 01:42:59 9494861 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . penis penis penis penis penis the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on
284935331 284935878 2009-04-20 02:52:53 0 days 00:03:24 1099776 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . penis penis penis penis penis the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened on
300613467 300624419 2009-07-06 16:48:43 0 days 01:04:06 0|78.144.252.75 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . . . . . . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought
300624419 300632026 2009-07-06 17:34:53 0 days 00:46:10 1304569 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . . . . . . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought
300632026 300712885 2009-07-07 01:48:40 0 days 08:13:47 0|66.168.157.214 0 germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s 1650s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
300712885 300713021 2009-07-07 01:49:46 0 days 00:01:06 7801357 0 germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1650s 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority
304771896 304807664 2009-07-29 03:46:57 0 days 04:27:09 6984319 1 a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 14 its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of
17 of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as
20 federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of
21 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany )
31 fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[
43 year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 0 border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 0 were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte /
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 1 in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts
310493613 310513985 2009-08-28 09:10:54 0 days 04:10:29 0|207.38.193.188 0 kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany berlin and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 3 kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall
310535257 310542124 2009-08-28 13:41:55 0 days 00:58:35 0|150.199.203.189 0 west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided brandy is very lazyided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence
310542124 310542185 2009-08-28 13:42:23 0 days 00:00:28 7746361 0 west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west brandy is very lazyided germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence
313255946 313587017 2009-09-13 15:44:01 1 days 18:41:25 0|98.225.37.255 0 small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east north and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and
313587017 313610213 2009-09-13 17:58:49 0 days 02:14:48 3308922 0 small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between north east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 3 marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
133 unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 24 in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area
153 through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 5 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] was built into a brick , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[
6 de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both
8 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany
324203689 324244003 2009-11-06 08:52:13 0 days 06:20:34 6971250 1 sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title =
324251250 324280095 2009-11-06 14:30:34 0 days 04:23:51 492987 3 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 1 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated
2 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border
4 bloc ]] . prior to the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated
324850374 324850598 2009-11-09 15:21:22 0 days 00:01:30 0|38.103.27.10 0 , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were
324912788 324913447 2009-11-09 21:23:45 0 days 00:03:37 0|98.221.128.45 2 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls ,
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 1 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city country of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed
2 | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 1 lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country city of [[ yugoslavia ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a
2 | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the country of [[ yugoslavia west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ north dakota ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large styrofoam walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
325101666 325109373 2009-11-10 20:21:24 0 days 00:40:22 0|173.78.68.123 0 ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many from the gdr by crossing over the border between east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin
1 , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between from east and west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a
2 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped into west germany , many over the border between east and berlin into west berlin . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of
325109943 325110541 2009-11-10 20:27:49 0 days 00:03:13 0|173.78.68.123 0 and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr
1 defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from
325152854 325158877 2009-11-11 01:05:56 0 days 00:38:14 0|72.204.68.174 0 protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the fag west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = =
325158877 325158965 2009-11-11 01:06:32 0 days 00:00:36 10934116 0 protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the fag west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = =
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 10 }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] ( , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later
11 was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating germany separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known
12 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it , from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
13 barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east it germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death
14 ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 13 was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
14 barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325272110 325328825 2009-11-11 22:38:55 0 days 05:22:23 723158 0 - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background
1 fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background =
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
1 concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany berlin wall , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 4 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
325367759 325368253 2009-11-12 02:49:55 0 days 00:03:44 0|202.158.12.194 0 concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany roger jr from tekken , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325368253 325368306 2009-11-12 02:50:15 0 days 00:00:20 6188256 0 concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from roger jr from tekken east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 19 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 2 police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 3 the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13 , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 2 helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo for the allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 4 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
338786950 339044413 2010-01-20 22:47:01 1 days 05:12:50 10593201 5 around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 1 [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were germany ]] had not been fully [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . =
2 fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were [[ fascist de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background
342120568 342120659 2010-02-05 16:38:33 0 days 00:00:44 0|207.35.35.12 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany la minerve , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342120659 342120724 2010-02-05 16:39:01 0 days 00:00:28 634828 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from la minerve east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342120724 342122033 2010-02-05 16:47:53 0 days 00:08:52 0|207.35.35.12 1 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany quebec city , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
342122033 342122084 2010-02-05 16:48:13 0 days 00:00:20 1004750 1 a wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from quebec city east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 4 make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors , divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point
7 obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 , language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date
55 die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west ,
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 10 wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank ]] pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 14 was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher =
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 1 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin .
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 1 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin .
349066774 349189337 2010-03-11 09:56:34 0 days 13:36:58 6971250 0 was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into through east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements — arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units
351723532 352026983 2010-03-25 19:49:45 1 days 13:39:09 12002892 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east the jews and the hebrews they tend to slay each other . germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death
352026983 352027035 2010-03-25 19:50:03 0 days 00:00:18 5499713 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from the jews and the hebrews they tend to slay each other . east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death
356959647 357048960 2010-04-19 19:23:06 0 days 08:34:34 0|131.122.46.127 0 built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because michael porcelli was born on april 20 1989 including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip "
357048960 357049269 2010-04-19 19:24:45 0 days 00:01:39 0|131.122.45.212 0 german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because michael porcelli was born on april 20 1989 including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip "
357189889 357297916 2010-04-20 22:55:47 0 days 10:34:21 0|75.164.161.4 0 barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , came down because ( including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip "
359539163 359840875 2010-05-03 13:21:31 1 days 13:24:39 0|165.155.208.82 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from ( grace ' s mom ! ) east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
359840875 359841081 2010-05-03 13:22:51 0 days 00:01:20 0|165.155.208.82 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from ( grace ' s mom ! ) east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the
361177167 361195850 2010-05-10 02:05:01 0 days 01:43:30 0|98.148.178.135 0 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from east west germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the "
361195850 361201195 2010-05-10 02:41:44 0 days 00:36:43 262550 1 a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ east berlin ]] , separating it from west east germany ( including [[ west berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the "
362026715 362031754 2010-05-14 04:36:58 0 days 00:41:39 0|65.100.196.54 2 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along
362031754 362031860 2010-05-14 04:38:14 0 days 00:01:16 0|65.100.196.54 0 concrete barrier built by the ussr , to prevent citizens from east germany escaping into west germany , that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as
362040150 362054246 2010-05-14 08:19:33 0 days 02:26:14 6971250 1 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the ussr that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it west germany from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as
362923271 363041154 2010-05-19 17:38:21 0 days 16:20:49 0|71.111.55.161 1 {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area (
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 1 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete
2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which
5 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin .
364160963 364239018 2010-05-26 03:49:01 0 days 08:49:20 591174 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , that and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
365327115 365688274 2010-06-02 19:02:08 1 days 18:42:40 0|198.237.49.215 0 the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector ♭the bad part about this is that it was fucking gay hahhahahahah boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the
365688274 365688428 2010-06-02 19:03:08 0 days 00:01:00 4459901 0 the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector ♭the bad part about this is that it was fucking gay hahhahahahah boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the
365795613 365892970 2010-06-03 20:14:53 0 days 11:24:49 0|198.235.178.54 0 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 1962 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet
365892970 365893156 2010-06-03 20:15:56 0 days 00:01:03 0|198.235.178.54 0 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1962 1961 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet
365935108 366083032 2010-06-04 21:09:55 0 days 20:17:25 0|24.20.116.168 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated
366474355 366509890 2010-06-07 06:39:26 0 days 04:43:55 0|124.171.154.106 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 august 13 , completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet -
366509890 366512975 2010-06-07 07:12:08 0 days 00:32:42 6971250 0 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 starting august 13 , completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the
1 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , in 1961 august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 11 the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the , [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had
13 and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] " could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from
14 restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could from where they travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west
27 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] nations . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin
28 circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 1 - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 2014 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls <
3 barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany gays and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www
384586437 384845640 2010-09-14 19:30:09 1 days 05:14:46 0|86.9.7.240 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 november 27th , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
384845640 384846153 2010-09-14 19:33:20 0 days 00:03:11 262550 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting november 27th august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 9 checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed known as the [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 5 " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totaled totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern
34 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague )
50 unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on 1 july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had
61 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls
107 " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless
395570204 395601663 2010-11-08 20:05:29 0 days 03:02:13 0|88.107.151.166 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 13th august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
395601663 395608167 2010-11-08 20:42:26 0 days 00:36:57 3308922 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13th 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
397311377 397346572 2010-11-17 18:23:51 0 days 03:29:49 0|86.136.223.82 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 15 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
397346572 397458363 2010-11-18 07:28:43 0 days 13:04:52 6971250 0 ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 15 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 3 hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de
403665286 404621084 2010-12-28 11:37:15 6 days 04:15:39 13689206 1 construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering fleeing to west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of
2 wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the
405687338 405915858 2011-01-04 17:05:21 1 days 02:50:13 0|72.10.120.200 0 and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s my erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over
405917459 405917577 2011-01-04 17:14:21 0 days 00:00:41 260144 0 and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before my the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 weed smokers million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 103 west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste
104 and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be
108 cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite book | last
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 0 constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : /
1 by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / /
11 }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " >
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 13 freedom cherished = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom
457259952 457313507 2011-10-25 13:22:19 0 days 09:42:19 11498870 0 , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' '
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 1 dowty122 " / > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to
2 > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around bypassing west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border .
492808782 494695297 2012-05-27 23:22:34 11 days 19:43:47 452348 0 allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was
1 train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 1 = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of , often after applying for a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 22 | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 30 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 0 east germany }} < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history allied occupation of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 0 demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin in december 1990 . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 27 zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which . these allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries
28 of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , other west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that
31 germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could not , at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several
32 , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 24 . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , denmark ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were
25 could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , denmark ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to
32 high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " >
590964946 593520854 2014-02-02 02:00:13 16 days 12:22:38 14347385 2 . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s plan to close the intra - berlin borders between east - and west - berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the first step in a plan to close the border
595829165 595829584 2014-02-17 04:49:55 0 days 00:04:16 182902 0 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied germany # british zone of occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these allowed visits by west berliners , other west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin
601584324 602473473 2014-04-02 21:12:35 5 days 20:45:18 10794898 1 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east [[ germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 6 they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days
7 use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of within east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january
13 for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its kept increasing . by early november refugees were finding their way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government .
32 open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and , at the six checkpoints between east and west , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed
38 on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , provided that they use a train that transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[
667114924 667487850 2015-06-18 13:27:35 2 days 14:34:05 24555049 1 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 .
667488103 667488605 2015-06-18 13:34:47 0 days 00:04:41 24555049 0 circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , ; from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref >
1 eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where which they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite
668894661 671419593 2015-07-14 15:56:56 17 days 03:45:50 13791031 0 jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the
693603737 693607098 2015-12-03 17:40:53 0 days 00:26:38 23149456 1 | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper
702891453 702891834 2016-02-02 06:51:07 0 days 00:04:31 13816079 1 march units — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / - east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was {{ convert | 160 | km | mi }} long , and covered {{ convert | 177
707245740 708550214 2016-03-06 06:01:17 7 days 11:17:02 27686184 0 ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 1 | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier ]] that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the
9 ' ' ( in [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier that divided [[ east germany | germany ]] and separated [[ east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 6 | 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact }} the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
16 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ fact }} east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of
22 of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ fact }} citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 5 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 9 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered ) equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by
809997471 810009717 2017-11-12 21:51:49 0 days 01:18:47 96897 1 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication ranking the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) equal to with [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by mayor [[
810072027 810126141 2017-11-13 13:53:41 0 days 08:16:58 6554947 5 to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction in the strip , and ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com /
810990194 811107061 2017-11-19 15:29:48 0 days 18:45:36 6554947 0 democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from virtually all of surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 |
2 east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961
825816787 825818178 2018-02-15 16:22:29 0 days 00:08:28 5946478 0 to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 2 of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 13 , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref name = " in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = "
834027685 836226216 2018-04-13 13:11:08 9 days 21:47:36 29980587 0 flag | east germany }} * [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation history of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display
group 26
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 0 historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first author = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and
1 resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter [[ rory maclean | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]]
2 archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden maclean , rory ]] | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 0 = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 3 = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = {{ main | list of portions of the berlin wall }} = = = museum = = = fifteen hundred years after the fall of the berlin wall ( haha that rhymes ) , a private museum rebuilt a 20000000 metre ( 65648735 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie
108230538 108230972 2007-02-15 02:10:21 0 days 00:02:12 3563780 0 , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall oooorshhhhfssseargshhh ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) ,
108230972 108231602 2007-02-15 02:13:37 0 days 00:03:16 506179 0 , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' oooorshhhhfssseargshhh antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a giant penis [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) ,
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 8 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so
12 ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny
20 tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q fact | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to
21 oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go
22 what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( ]] " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall
62 berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 8 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so
12 ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny
20 tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q fact | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to
21 oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go
22 what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( ]] " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall
62 berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 8 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so
12 ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny
20 . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q fact | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to
21 peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go
22 cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( ]] " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall
53 berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 1 in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
2 , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and
113334424 113384513 2007-03-07 19:40:56 0 days 03:45:50 3511275 0 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' {{ lang | de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany
124840894 124869673 2007-04-22 14:46:41 0 days 03:13:36 0|66.189.65.147 0 wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in the soviet union france and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
124869673 124871938 2007-04-22 14:57:52 0 days 00:11:11 302522 0 wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) , known in france the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin
124943473 124965000 2007-04-22 21:33:01 0 days 01:22:00 0|71.196.40.10 0 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
124965000 125058452 2007-04-23 03:51:10 0 days 06:18:09 345374 2 near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , [[ russian language | russian ]] : ' ' берли́нская стена́ ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart ,
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 0 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , & mdash ; known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 0 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) & mdash ; , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart " & mdash ; was a [[
146909803 146920623 2007-07-25 04:17:32 0 days 01:05:56 0|24.192.16.130 0 , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
158483005 158483110 2007-09-17 12:40:23 0 days 00:00:46 0|86.148.90.145 1 / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] ) }} and [[ east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
158483110 158483244 2007-09-17 12:41:15 0 days 00:00:52 0|86.148.90.145 1 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
3 west germany | west ]] {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} and [[ east germany ]] {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 19 wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} polar terms , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti -
65 + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean this article in other languages العربية বাংলা български català česky dansk eesti esperanto français galego 한국어 bahasa indonesia interlingua italiano עברית kernewek lëtzebuergesch मराठी nederlands 日本語 plattdüütsch polski português русский simple english slovenščina suomi svenska türkçe vèneto 中文 this page was last modified 12 : 24 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }}
71 mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www deductible nonprofit charity . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer .
75 august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http
161773404 161777106 2007-10-02 12:48:39 0 days 00:25:12 0|217.111.20.10 1 ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 4 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and the rest of [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war
5 берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
6 stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
170423035 170518141 2007-11-10 09:41:42 0 days 11:27:35 67221 0 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic
187678853 188026093 2008-01-30 23:10:09 1 days 10:43:02 0|125.254.66.122 0 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was created for the lols and was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' '
188026093 188026301 2008-01-30 23:11:00 0 days 00:00:51 911178 2 art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was created for the lols and was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' '
188588563 188768514 2008-02-03 09:12:54 0 days 20:16:01 5755540 0 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | poster in memory of the fall ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 12 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} . on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
15 before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = ]] ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
24 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | poster in memory of the fall ]] meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in
190526557 190567614 2008-02-11 06:43:37 0 days 04:17:35 2304267 0 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 200px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
191583995 191709609 2008-02-15 20:07:18 0 days 15:08:49 0|207.160.105.110 1 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert hottestmanontheplanet . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink
193766290 193777843 2008-02-24 21:25:31 0 days 00:51:48 0|64.93.160.189 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch ! the wall came down on nov . 9th ! love , jonny = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
193777843 193777881 2008-02-24 21:25:41 0 days 00:00:10 851336 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch ! the wall came down on nov . 9th ! love , jonny = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
193777881 193778312 2008-02-24 21:27:27 0 days 00:01:46 0|64.93.160.189 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch . the wall came on nov . 9th silly . love , jonny . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
193778312 193778475 2008-02-24 21:27:59 0 days 00:00:32 2372780 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . dear spencer , you are a bitch . the wall came on nov . 9th silly . love , jonny . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
197766061 197774595 2008-03-12 18:44:17 0 days 00:36:18 0|208.80.145.23 0 . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . knocked down by jacob pursell the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
197774595 197780474 2008-03-12 19:08:23 0 days 00:24:06 911178 0 . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a knocked down by jacob pursell [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled
203050714 203051174 2008-04-03 14:41:51 0 days 00:02:38 0|76.181.66.248 0 on the wall ' s infamous " bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' '
203051174 203051200 2008-04-03 14:41:57 0 days 00:00:06 6388591 1 on the wall ' s infamous " bananas " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a big fat [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' '
233719779 233803434 2008-08-23 21:13:08 0 days 09:26:36 1224855 0 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' '
240441737 240527783 2008-09-23 20:55:28 0 days 06:51:15 0|142.167.51.128 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . hey peoples = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
240527783 240527995 2008-09-23 20:56:17 0 days 00:00:49 0|142.167.51.128 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . hey peoples = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
240527995 240571674 2008-09-24 00:23:26 0 days 03:27:09 0|67.191.11.141 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical hello kitty [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 6 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer dude who looked like a cop standing there with my name out i ain ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 10 november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions . after nearly a decade , a new movie is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin .
11 / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell
12 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all
13 = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the
82 {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar gd : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy
83 fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn na muppets ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 78 : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 10 november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions . after nearly a decade , a new movie is in the works . disney recently enlisted [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] to create the next muppet movie for the studio . | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin .
11 / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 2430 & cs = 1 & query = muppets ' ' variety ' ' , 3 / 11 / 08 , segel and stoller take on muppets ] < / ref > this will be the first muppet theatrical film since ' ' [[ muppets from space ]] ' ' . = = physical appearance = = a common design for a jim henson muppet is a character with a very wide mouth and large protruding eyes . the puppets are often molded or carved out of [[ foam rubber ]] , and then covered with fleece . muppets may represent humans , [[ anthropomorphism | anthropomorphic ]] animals , realistic animals , robots , extraterrestrial creatures , mythical beings or other unidentified , newly imagined creatures , monsters or abstract characters . muppets are distinguished from [[ ventriloquist ]] " dummies " / " puppets " , which are typically animated only in the head and face , in that their arms or other features are also mobile and expressive . muppets are typically made of softer materials . they are also presented as being independent of the puppeteer , who is usually not visible & mdash ; hidden behind a set or outside of the camera frame . using the camera frame as the " stage " was an innovation of the muppets . < ref > christopher finch ' ' jim henson : the works ' ' 1993 , isbn 0679412034 < / ref > previously on television , there would typically be a stage hiding the performers , as if in a live presentation . = = operation = = the muppeteer typically holds the puppet above his head or in front of his body , with one hand operating the head and mouth and the other manipulating the hands and arms , either with two separate control rods or by " wearing " the hands like gloves . one consequence of this design is that most muppets are left - handed as the puppeteer uses his right hand to operate the head while operating the arm rod with his left hand . there are many other common designs and means of operation . in advanced muppets , several puppeteers may control a single character ; the performer who controls the mouth usually provides the voice for the character . as technology has evolved , the jim henson team and other puppeteers have developed an enormous variety of means to operate puppets for film and television , including the use of suspended rigs , internal motors , remote radio control , and computer enhanced and superimposed images . creative use of a mix of technologies has allowed for scenes in which muppets appear to be riding a bicycle , rowing a boat , and even dancing on - stage with no puppeteer in sight . = = muppets characters = = {{ unreferencedsection | date = june 2008 }} [[ image : fishinvid1024 . jpg | left | thumb | 250px | the muppets in [[ weezer ]] ' s ' [[ keep fishin ]] ' " ]] : ' ' see also : [[ : category : muppet characters ]] ' ' famous muppets from ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and its numerous spin - offs include [[ kermit the frog ]] , [[ miss piggy ]] , [[ fozzie bear ]] , [[ rizzo the rat ]] , [[ gonzo the great ]] , [[ rowlf the dog ]] , [[ dr . bunsen honeydew ]] and [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] , [[ scooter ( muppet ) | scooter ]] , [[ statler and waldorf ]] , the [[ swedish chef ]] , [[ sam the eagle ]] , [[ sweetums ]] , [[ pepe the king prawn ]] , [[ janice ]] , [[ animal ( muppet ) | animal ]] and [[ dr . teeth and the electric mayhem ]] . other well - known muppets include ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters such as [[ big bird ]] , [[ oscar the grouch ]] , [[ elmo ]] , [[ zoe ( sesame street ) | zoe ]] , [[ bert and ernie ]] , [[ cookie monster ]] , [[ grover ]] , [[ abby cadabby ]] and [[ the count ]] , as well as the main characters of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' . the most widely known {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} television shows featuring muppets have been ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ bear in the big blue house ]] ' ' . other series have included ' ' [[ the jim henson hour ]] ' ' , ' ' the ghost of faffner hall ' ' , ' ' [[ dog city ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ secret life of toys ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ muppets tonight ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the wubbulous world of dr . seuss ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] ' ' . a recurring adult - oriented cast of muppets ( in a setting known as [[ snl : season 1 | the land of gorch ]] ) were featured throughout the first season of ' ' [[ saturday night live ]] ' ' . guest stars on some of these programs have occasionally had muppet versions of themselves . 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell
12 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} a regular practice for the first few episodes of ' ' the muppet show ' ' , and [[ zz top ]] , among others , have appeared as muppet versions of themselves on ' ' sesame street . the puppet characters of ' ' [[ farscape ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the storyteller ]] ' ' , ' ' mother goose stories ' ' , ' ' [[ the hoobs ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ construction site ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ dinosaurs ( tv series ) | dinosaurs ]] ' ' , as well as from the films ' ' [[ labyrinth ( film ) | labyrinth ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ teenage mutant ninja turtles ( film ) | teenage mutant ninja turtles ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ buddy ( film ) | buddy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ the country bears ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ the dark crystal ]] ' ' , are not considered muppets {{ fact | date = june 2008 }} , as they were made by [[ jim henson ' s creature shop ]] , rather than by henson ' s muppet workshop . the puppet casts of ' ' [[ puppet up ! ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ tinseltown ]] ' ' are also not considered muppets as they were made by the jim henson company after the sale of the muppets in 2004 . the ' ' [[ star wars ]] ' ' character [[ yoda ]] was voiced by [[ frank oz ]] , one of henson ' s regular performers , and is often referred to as a muppet in media and reference works ; he is not , however , a muppet and henson ' s organization was not involved in the character ' s design . the muppets ' popularity has been so expansive it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all
13 = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both muppet characters have been treated as celebrities in their own right {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . the muppets have presented at the [[ academy awards ]] and [[ emmy awards ]] {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; made [[ cameo role | cameo appearances ]] in such feature films as ' ' [[ rocky iii ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ an american werewolf in london ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ mr . magorium ' s wonder emporium ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the
82 {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar gd : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy
83 fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn na muppets ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 78 : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na
248088801 248089272 2008-10-27 23:49:55 0 days 00:02:21 0|69.131.98.104 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . - - [[ special : contributions / 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 ]] ( [[ user talk : 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | talk ]] ) 23 : 49 , 27 october 2008 ( utc ) = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
248638203 248638514 2008-10-30 16:21:48 0 days 00:01:36 352579 1 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . - - [[ special : contributions / 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 ]] ( [[ user talk : 69 . 131 . 98 . 104 | talk ]] ) 23 : 49 , 27 october 2008 ( utc ) = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away
257065090 257165827 2008-12-11 00:05:45 0 days 08:37:29 0|67.8.35.37 0 , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east
1 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical diva ima ima diva [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
257165827 257165857 2008-12-11 00:05:55 0 days 00:00:10 1395162 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a diva ima ima diva physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
1 , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was for a diva ima ima diva [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) ,
258174101 258203997 2008-12-15 21:27:47 0 days 02:21:00 0|76.217.13.119 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 1 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin shit ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 2 = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ;
3 rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up
263247726 263617505 2009-01-12 17:24:52 1 days 19:42:43 0|86.91.116.102 0 of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) ( 1961 - 1989 ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including
263617505 263617744 2009-01-12 17:26:10 0 days 00:01:18 911178 0 of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) ( 1961 - 1989 ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including
265376378 265412359 2009-01-21 02:49:05 0 days 03:42:53 0|173.32.111.184 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was put up by the russians . it was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
265412359 265415707 2009-01-21 03:13:49 0 days 00:24:44 911178 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was put up by the russians . it was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
267410257 267505535 2009-01-30 23:51:38 0 days 08:52:40 0|99.228.71.49 0 economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection start of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the
267505535 267509654 2009-01-31 00:16:55 0 days 00:25:17 911178 0 economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = start erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the
268042073 268073835 2009-02-02 18:25:08 0 days 03:18:56 0|219.89.250.213 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical phashizzle manizzle [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
268073835 268074198 2009-02-02 18:26:51 0 days 00:01:43 911178 0 with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a phashizzle manizzle physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]]
268961174 269234820 2009-02-08 00:55:12 1 days 06:33:13 0|68.94.13.35 0 ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier aid | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer
269234820 269234850 2009-02-08 00:55:24 0 days 00:00:12 981424 0 ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation aid barrier | aid ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east persia ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 3 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis |
282254554 282598973 2009-04-08 18:13:01 1 days 15:44:39 0|72.141.255.158 0 the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th
284228283 284228388 2009-04-16 15:49:01 0 days 00:00:47 0|204.185.221.237 0 speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f d . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to
284228388 284229554 2009-04-16 15:57:40 0 days 00:08:39 1099776 1 speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john d f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to
284342000 284454003 2009-04-17 17:07:08 0 days 14:29:03 0|69.70.181.106 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation penis erection that took over the world ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
284454003 284454026 2009-04-17 17:07:16 0 days 00:00:08 5026668 0 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical penis erection that took over the world ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the
285306642 285874157 2009-04-24 15:57:31 2 days 19:25:34 4264344 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also known as ynh was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
285874157 285874976 2009-04-24 16:02:16 0 days 00:04:45 1304569 0 berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also known as ynh was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[
291932970 292030037 2009-05-24 15:55:18 0 days 12:57:48 8574593 0 fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور جدار برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská
299564195 299569196 2009-06-30 20:08:18 0 days 00:27:12 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13
300317419 300484953 2009-07-05 22:19:21 0 days 22:43:52 145194 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for {{ about | | the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 139 was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
140 first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 ]] , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony
141 step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , [[ 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no
142 toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 159 toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[
160 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven
161 was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
162 concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s
316671018 316727646 2009-09-28 18:15:06 0 days 05:29:52 8932218 0 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th 21st anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
316789672 317189857 2009-10-01 00:23:54 2 days 00:14:35 1002650 1 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 21st 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
317189857 317191642 2009-10-01 00:35:46 0 days 00:11:52 8932218 1 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th 21st anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
317191642 317216464 2009-10-01 03:30:12 0 days 02:54:26 911178 1 ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 21st 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom "
320965013 320970960 2009-10-20 09:05:52 0 days 01:12:19 0|220.244.220.2 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical physsical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
320970960 320971298 2009-10-20 09:09:39 0 days 00:03:47 8918196 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physsical physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
322275480 322559477 2009-10-28 16:28:57 1 days 13:04:50 0|173.9.15.5 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical part of game called call of duty world at war [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
322561037 322561220 2009-10-28 16:39:22 0 days 00:01:02 0|66.141.186.241 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was part of game called call of duty world at war ( this game owns halo 3 ) [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
323401489 323401564 2009-11-02 02:48:26 0 days 00:00:35 0|68.144.85.0 0 step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 2008 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
323401564 323401673 2009-11-02 02:49:20 0 days 00:00:54 0|68.144.85.0 0 step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 2008 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 0 by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while
10 [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev
324251250 324280095 2009-11-06 14:30:34 0 days 04:23:51 492987 2 > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / /
324382889 324397109 2009-11-07 03:15:39 0 days 02:01:42 0|64.231.186.162 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by craig robertson for sucking cock the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324397109 324397140 2009-11-07 03:15:53 0 days 00:00:14 1469567 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by craig robertson for sucking cock the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]]
324422544 324469466 2009-11-07 15:15:06 0 days 07:49:57 0|173.78.68.123 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east
324838074 324838374 2009-11-09 13:51:27 0 days 00:02:43 8008470 0 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank
324855670 324855849 2009-11-09 15:55:54 0 days 00:01:09 0|217.93.30.219 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier barier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
324855849 324855951 2009-11-09 15:56:40 0 days 00:00:46 5026668 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barier barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
324912788 324913447 2009-11-09 21:23:45 0 days 00:03:37 0|98.221.128.45 1 within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ,
325038462 325038539 2009-11-10 13:09:01 0 days 00:00:42 10001091 0 berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist authorities , implying that the western countries were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background =
325109635 325109943 2009-11-10 20:24:36 0 days 00:01:50 0|173.78.68.123 0 the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 8 despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 10 despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post
325401770 325413025 2009-11-12 10:03:04 0 days 01:55:58 8023653 0 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 ] , 2001 . isbn13 : 9780582315693 , isbn10 : 0582315697 * the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 . isbn 0850582458 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt = hot _ author ] * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 0 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity , longman [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail .
325413509 325413552 2009-11-12 10:08:44 0 days 00:00:30 8023653 0 title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * [[ childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / /
1 = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman [ http : / / www
325479502 325479643 2009-11-12 18:59:16 0 days 00:00:47 7455639 0 berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , although frequently referred to simply as " die mauer " ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating
325480912 325481087 2009-11-12 19:07:45 0 days 00:01:01 8214624 0 berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , although frequently referred to simply as " die mauer " ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating
325491054 325493064 2009-11-12 20:13:50 0 days 00:11:46 0|58.110.138.78 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big one was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it
325493064 325493379 2009-11-12 20:15:42 0 days 00:01:52 0|58.110.138.78 0 soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big one fat hitler ' elephant , was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it
325493379 325493685 2009-11-12 20:17:37 0 days 00:01:55 10519822 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) also refered to as the big fat hitler ' elephant , was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it
329298894 329299391 2009-12-02 19:58:27 0 days 00:03:09 0|164.113.70.248 0 became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate
336546683 336646937 2010-01-08 19:12:55 0 days 13:48:08 0|199.104.215.251 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came
336646937 336647165 2010-01-08 19:14:22 0 days 00:01:27 10519822 1 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came
337291195 337291639 2010-01-12 00:44:20 0 days 00:02:36 11416782 0 entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70
337292211 337292695 2010-01-12 00:50:29 0 days 00:02:45 0|99.155.204.237 1 entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 7 geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071
342118264 342118535 2010-02-05 16:25:39 0 days 00:01:34 0|207.35.35.12 1 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 1 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood concrete barrier built by the quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342120204 342120493 2010-02-05 16:37:22 0 days 00:01:44 0|207.35.35.12 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete plastic barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342120493 342120568 2010-02-05 16:37:49 0 days 00:00:27 1004750 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a plastic concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342120724 342122033 2010-02-05 16:47:53 0 days 00:08:52 0|207.35.35.12 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342122033 342122084 2010-02-05 16:48:13 0 days 00:00:20 1004750 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from quebec city
342982613 342987182 2010-02-09 19:16:14 0 days 00:21:50 0|207.35.35.11 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete wood barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
342987182 342987356 2010-02-09 19:17:12 0 days 00:00:58 3150196 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 0 [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ' ' ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer
11 cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split ,
27 }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank
47 cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were
347523561 347527048 2010-03-03 16:08:11 0 days 00:22:21 0|206.80.29.75 0 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay malfoy ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and
347527048 347527877 2010-03-03 16:13:13 0 days 00:05:02 262550 0 response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius malfoy d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and
347835864 347938339 2010-03-05 17:38:22 0 days 14:44:18 0|168.212.234.210 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} < math > lol + your mom = bow chicka bow wow < / math > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
347938339 347938375 2010-03-05 17:38:33 0 days 00:00:11 5026668 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} < math > lol + your mom = bow chicka bow wow < / math > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
347938375 347939416 2010-03-05 17:44:36 0 days 00:06:03 0|168.212.234.210 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} [[ www . bungie . net ]] = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
347939416 347939480 2010-03-05 17:45:02 0 days 00:00:26 2438920 0 broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} [[ www . bungie . net ]] = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
348982757 348982903 2010-03-10 12:56:28 0 days 00:01:09 0|84.14.123.189 0 " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . they considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
348982903 348982964 2010-03-10 12:56:49 0 days 00:00:21 7852030 0 " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs . west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move . they considered the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 dramatically described the serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junker ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
357297916 357496729 2010-04-21 22:33:18 0 days 23:37:31 0|71.111.55.161 2 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a ( n ) concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east
357496729 357497351 2010-04-21 22:36:29 0 days 00:03:11 0|71.111.55.161 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a ( n ) concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east
358498328 358498578 2010-04-26 21:26:43 0 days 00:01:13 0|138.88.120.190 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany (
358498909 358499716 2010-04-26 21:32:05 0 days 00:03:49 134937 1 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | sean barry }} ) was a big cock concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany (
359062981 359088635 2010-04-29 16:54:10 0 days 02:30:03 0|216.56.16.82 0 hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} j = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
359088635 359097792 2010-04-29 17:45:19 0 days 00:51:09 262550 0 hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} j = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
362658157 362719228 2010-05-18 01:11:44 0 days 06:21:38 0|24.77.65.77 0 became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) michael abbott willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate
362850946 362884229 2010-05-18 21:03:07 0 days 03:04:47 0|74.177.76.63 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including
362884229 362884424 2010-05-18 21:04:16 0 days 00:01:09 0|74.177.76.63 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) " nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]]
1 . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black " by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including
362884424 362885497 2010-05-18 21:10:40 0 days 00:06:24 2309336 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) " nigga are soooooooo awsome because we are black " by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 1 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east jews out of germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included guard towers placed
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 0 is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east
364481851 364487169 2010-05-27 14:38:59 0 days 00:39:30 6971250 0 east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west
366804645 366959970 2010-06-09 09:44:43 0 days 18:24:23 0|122.106.230.43 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the thhhhe german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from
366959970 366962573 2010-06-09 10:15:46 0 days 00:31:03 262550 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by thhhhe the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 0 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating
370027692 370610424 2010-06-28 15:06:03 3 days 11:49:44 0|77.22.20.27 0 [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 56 geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071
378715810 378954266 2010-08-14 23:31:40 1 days 09:23:09 0|72.224.163.217 0 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 7 multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[
387913690 388121668 2010-10-01 16:23:58 1 days 02:43:15 0|64.18.42.201 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier that gave carigan her nice size boobs constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east
388121668 388122216 2010-10-01 16:27:08 0 days 00:03:10 10087585 0 area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier that gave carigan her nice size boobs constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 0 = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin
394469996 394471250 2010-11-02 22:59:55 0 days 00:07:26 0|74.178.248.60 0 period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr gdpr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage
394540940 394543666 2010-11-03 08:30:39 0 days 00:28:50 6971250 0 period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdpr gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage
395608167 395663125 2010-11-09 02:17:48 0 days 05:35:22 0|77.98.156.194 0 was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac .
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 5 wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = < / ref > {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 4 = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ]] ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / / www . pearsoned .
400135808 400152873 2010-12-02 17:05:45 0 days 01:38:16 0|76.79.232.194 2 ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage
400251431 400293690 2010-12-03 10:55:24 0 days 07:39:00 6971250 2 east germany . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage
400552075 400658430 2010-12-05 12:28:18 0 days 15:06:17 11119670 0 complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http
400862028 400927319 2010-12-06 21:33:28 0 days 06:30:45 0|99.145.15.171 0 . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " /
1 < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri
400927319 400927362 2010-12-06 21:33:38 0 days 00:00:10 12666844 1 . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to have nice tits and be well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[
424745844 427362267 2011-05-04 06:17:48 15 days 09:30:12 412521 0 ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text lyrics sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 6 . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} < / ref > if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 3 > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated
17 marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october ,
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 0 defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image file : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view from the west berlin side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 23 / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartment at 48
40 / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 0 berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ file : {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall '
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 1 : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin
34 watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 2 location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | west germany }} border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ history of berlin # the divided city | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions =
529724987 531002642 2013-01-03 00:01:58 8 days 08:25:09 38455 0 * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) |
538916225 539045002 2013-02-19 14:35:21 0 days 19:26:43 6569922 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ be - x - old : бэрлінскі мур ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ bo : པེར་ལིན་ལྕགས་རི། ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley verleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ ku : hêta berlînê ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nah : berlin pāntli ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : pader ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінський мур ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
552093309 552345669 2013-04-26 23:24:06 1 days 14:10:59 9755426 0 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz
2 " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref >
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 3 ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 7 / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 3 ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
561819989 561998312 2013-06-28 17:53:41 1 days 04:43:33 1108424 0 berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] – speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour . the wall violated postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 7 to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to
588262665 588536853 2013-12-31 15:50:04 1 days 18:53:36 8066546 0 }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
597421016 600160165 2014-03-18 14:21:23 18 days 17:57:14 11935096 0 and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west
1 east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier | barrier ]] constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 12 abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * | number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building
621484363 623748474 2014-09-01 19:17:59 16 days 05:53:03 16752040 1 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
623748474 623768119 2014-09-01 21:48:29 0 days 02:30:30 7852030 1 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
623768119 623786249 2014-09-02 00:27:28 0 days 02:38:59 16752040 1 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 0 ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1990 < constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 10 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 a multimedia story comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin
38 chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall
633074293 633082368 2014-11-09 12:29:03 0 days 02:03:34 21488686 0 " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac
634823844 634890619 2014-11-21 22:27:24 0 days 10:00:00 20483999 1 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered at the
641744226 642368255 2015-01-13 22:11:05 4 days 06:12:32 12404882 0 east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided berlin from 1961 to 1989 , < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : /
687970626 688303202 2015-10-31 00:32:15 2 days 04:20:00 9011270 1 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | accessdate = 26 march 2013 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' ( published as '
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 47 marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie | last = wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , that
48 the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " | title = op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , that day was finally
66 = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west
702890979 702891285 2016-02-02 06:44:39 0 days 00:03:39 13816079 0 isolated [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) , willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the
702934174 702934332 2016-02-02 14:09:56 0 days 00:01:36 13816079 1 the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} the fall wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary
702934332 703014660 2016-02-02 23:57:14 0 days 09:47:18 23149456 2 isolated [[ exclave ]] in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) , willy brandt , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 11 / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt
734407317 734407445 2016-08-14 03:27:40 0 days 00:01:45 4977632 0 ( newsreel archives ) | publisher = [[ british pathe ]] | format = [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) | work = multimedia }} * ohter other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 4 border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 1 interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | german ]] , berlin mauer ) was a barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : /
8 map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
761201385 762042542 2017-01-26 08:15:19 4 days 16:23:22 16488383 4 proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ citation needed | date = february 2016 }} < / ref > [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however , he
771798170 772547948 2017-03-27 22:54:22 4 days 07:02:04 25744646 0 and east berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " > {{ cite web | url
774996064 774996115 2017-04-11 23:54:33 0 days 00:00:29 204692 3 to do with the wall ( 1991 ) – imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came
5 imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | title = imdb . com | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by
774999975 776865104 2017-04-23 19:43:05 11 days 19:13:25 1918920 0 the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} august 13 is became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
776886357 779016763 2017-05-06 14:40:43 12 days 16:04:21 558022 0 speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this president ronald reagan ' s speech at the berlin wall . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 1 the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august 13 is became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it
9 three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} august 13 is became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach
779442748 780019390 2017-05-12 12:55:03 3 days 13:36:08 30700819 4 ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed by
782774870 783599634 2017-06-03 11:42:45 5 days 08:46:47 31190988 1 potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 8 : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > ) . nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 6 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin
7 the berlin wall was officially referred to as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that implication ranking the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it
809997471 810009717 2017-11-12 21:51:49 0 days 01:18:47 96897 0 referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication ranking equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) equal to [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it
816937763 817544819 2017-12-29 02:26:28 4 days 05:26:17 202561 0 by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point of view of a group of wild rabbits that inhabited the zone between the two walls * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came
822507011 823238815 2018-01-31 01:46:26 4 days 06:04:21 32940610 3 the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 0 platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = berliner mauerweg = = = a few months after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as
1 the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the opening of the border on 9 november 1989 , the first measures for the dismantling of the berlin wall began , which had become superfluous with the economic and monetary union of both german states on 1 july 1990 and the complete abolition of border controls . in the following years , the barriers were dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' '
2 of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of the berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner
823239462 824080054 2018-02-05 05:13:47 5 days 03:22:54 32940610 0 platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = acquisition of land = = = the broad route between the two former wall lines is called in today ' s language " border strip " or " wall strip " . it is still clearly recognizable in many places today , partly through large fallow areas such as on parts of bernauer straße and between the districts mitte and kreuzberg along kommandantenstraße , alte jakobstraße , stallschreiberstraße , alexandrinenstraße and sebastianstraße . elsewhere in the growing city , however , the borderline is difficult to identify . the whole brutality of the division can be traced nowhere , not even in places where remains of the wall are conserved . in the otherwise densely built - up city center of berlin , the wall strip was usually quickly supplied to municipalities through sale and development . but there are also many other forms of reuse . in the district of prenzlauer berg , a section of mauerpark changed . the inner - city piece on the eastern teltow canal was overbuilt with the route of the federal highway 113 from the berliner stadtring to schönefeld . the dispute over the return of the land is not yet completed . the owners of land on the later wall strip were forcibly appropriated after the wall construction and the inhabitants were relocated . the question of the return and compensation of the persons concerned was not included in the unification treaty signed on 31 august 1990 . it was not until july 15 , 1996 , the law on the sale of wall and frontier lands to the former owners ( wall property act ) that a dispossessed owner would recover his property only if he paid 25 percent of the current market value and the federal government did not to use their own public purposes or to sell them to third parties in the public interest . in this case , the federal government compensates the former owners for 75 percent of the land value . < ref > [ http : / / www . mauerfotos . de / index . php4 ? template = mauerinfos _ de history of berlin wlal ] . < / ref > = = = berliner mauerweg = = = a few months after the opening of the border on 9 november 1989 , the first measures for the dismantling of the berlin
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 15 the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990
17 platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = acquisition of land = = = the broad route between the two former wall lines is called in today ' s language " border strip " or " wall strip " . it is still clearly recognizable in many places today , partly through large fallow areas such as on parts of bernauer straße and between the districts mitte and kreuzberg along kommandantenstraße , alte jakobstraße , stallschreiberstraße , alexandrinenstraße and sebastianstraße . elsewhere in the growing city , however , the borderline is difficult to identify . the whole brutality of the division can be traced nowhere , not even in places where remains of the wall are conserved . in the otherwise densely built - up city center of berlin , the wall strip was usually quickly supplied to municipalities through sale and development . but there are also many other forms of reuse . in the district of prenzlauer berg , a section of mauerpark changed . the inner - city piece on the eastern teltow canal was overbuilt with the route of the federal highway 113 from the berliner stadtring to schönefeld . the dispute over the return of the land is not yet completed . the owners of land on the later wall strip were forcibly appropriated after the wall construction and the inhabitants were relocated . the question of the return and compensation of the persons concerned was not included in the unification treaty signed on 31 august 1990 . it was not until july 15 , 1996 , the law on the sale of wall and frontier lands to the former owners ( wall property act ) that a dispossessed owner would recover his property only if he paid 25 percent of the current market value and the federal government did not to use their own public purposes or to sell them to third parties in the public interest . in this case , the federal government compensates the former owners for 75 percent of the land value . < ref > [ http : / / www . mauerfotos . de / index . php4 ? template = mauerinfos _ de history of berlin wlal ] . < / ref > = = = berliner mauerweg = = = a few months after the opening of the border on 9 november 1989 , the first measures for the dismantling of the berlin wall began , which had become superfluous with the economic and
825804625 825804984 2018-02-15 14:50:22 0 days 00:02:43 5946478 4 that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel ]]
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 9 half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 2 treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = ) " after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 11 jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 189 - 190 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution
825833265 825837217 2018-02-15 18:34:55 0 days 00:25:53 5946478 6 term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the wall
830413321 830738474 2018-03-16 17:09:21 1 days 23:23:44 32932216 3 by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point of view of a group
833879173 834027685 2018-04-03 15:23:32 0 days 18:21:35 10289486 1 developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle
3 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . < ref >
5 seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} by 1960 , the
7 [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ' ' ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }}
9 ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 -
13 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 .
15 in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . < ref name = " mashable . com " / > in 1971 , with
17 }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ' ' ( " we are staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution
19 mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks , with people nicknamed ' ' {{ lang | de | mauerspechte }} ' ' ( wall woodpeckers ) using various tools to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts in the process , and creating several unofficial border crossings . < ref name = "
838895196 838895411 2018-04-29 23:56:38 0 days 00:02:10 19082616 0 history of berlin # west and east germany ( 1945 – 1991 ) | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | coordinates = {{ coord | 52 . 516111 51611 | 13 . 376944 | region : de | display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{
843143798 843144692 2018-05-27 05:26:05 0 days 00:11:06 4626 0 . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev - – kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart '
846508060 847207228 2018-06-23 17:26:18 4 days 11:40:16 363486 0 . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the anti - fascist protection rampart ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) with [[ fascism | fascists ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " , a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] in reference
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794829 794836 2003-04-01 13:39:02 7 days 01:30:38 0|204.218.227.5 0 " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall ( there are dead homosexuals in the wall ) , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians
794836 794852 2003-04-01 13:43:16 0 days 00:04:14 7361 0 " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall ( there are dead homosexuals in the wall ) , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 3 style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors .
2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 2 style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( on november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors .
38771230 38772044 2006-02-08 15:30:16 0 days 00:07:16 92511 0 for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time eventually all walls fall ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 28 [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating
53645846 53689296 2006-05-17 14:45:11 0 days 07:45:45 0|170.158.120.2 3 tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ^ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ^ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ^ furlong , ray ( july 5 , 2005 ) . berlin wall memorial is torn down . bbc news . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ reuters ( september 8 , 2004 ) . one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt . msnbc . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 [ edit ] further reading = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
53689296 53689482 2006-05-17 14:46:28 0 days 00:01:17 157842 1 ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] ^ " berlin wall references - small " . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ^ http
69360441 69463997 2006-08-13 22:17:18 0 days 12:59:56 0|68.203.168.61 0 = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van
82429985 82453547 2006-10-19 17:14:13 0 days 02:20:43 0|81.99.104.254 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave berlingave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right |
82594068 82597586 2006-10-20 09:57:49 0 days 00:42:01 179115 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlingave berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a < s > ' ' [[ clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg |
1 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlingave guards a < s > ' ' [[ clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink =
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way to for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . w . bush ]] , and [[ margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall ,
1 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div - class = " references - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20
7 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > + < div - [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall ,
160893232 160904974 2007-09-28 12:55:47 0 days 01:39:54 3341545 0 prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' {{ cite web | url = licence to kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime
3 shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 10 border breakouts involve women and children , which the traitors have already frequently taken advantage of , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = , " they said . < ref name = " licence to kill " > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 5 defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
181090273 181090361 2007-12-31 00:30:10 0 days 00:00:33 0|208.104.149.90 0 with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe < br > 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg
181090361 181090431 2007-12-31 00:30:38 0 days 00:00:28 0|208.104.149.90 0 effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer
1 the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 9 so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation < font size = 300 > " intolerable " . < / font > < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 13 = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - no more walls . jpg | thumb | 200px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 54 in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 21 kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' '
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 54 in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 21 kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' '
267776359 267776477 2009-02-01 05:52:19 0 days 00:01:01 214542 1 ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http
272476022 272476848 2009-02-22 11:47:09 0 days 00:04:40 0|93.132.133.36 1 {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden / kontra | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year =
274982026 274982274 2009-03-04 19:00:58 0 days 00:01:16 3505251 1 [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref name = " chronik " / chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 1 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 .
5 p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " / ref > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s
277226111 277226458 2009-03-14 18:19:44 0 days 00:02:15 6984319 0 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later calimign that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb } pearson } 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
284340646 284341852 2009-04-17 02:37:04 0 days 00:08:16 0|200.118.239.22 0 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > yo estuve por aquí = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to
284341852 284342000 2009-04-17 02:38:05 0 days 00:01:01 7167267 0 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > yo estuve por aquí = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to
287077460 288317163 2009-05-06 18:40:49 6 days 01:59:42 0|63.133.248.1 0 sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans aliens that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain
288317163 288317903 2009-05-06 18:44:59 0 days 00:04:10 1099776 0 sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million aliens east germans that had landed in the mother ship approximately 20 % of the entire alien population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain
289461792 289778757 2009-05-14 00:04:23 1 days 10:23:53 1233313 0 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared
1 that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = " brain drain " = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in
304813427 304813680 2009-07-29 04:30:02 0 days 00:01:55 6984319 1 the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 16 breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 1 start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < /
3 start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin
315255964 315256021 2009-09-21 08:17:32 0 days 00:00:40 204692 1 was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions :
324471571 324471890 2009-11-07 15:34:27 0 days 00:02:26 0|173.78.68.123 0 rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961
1 footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; most important importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) #
326098834 326098896 2009-11-16 03:28:57 0 days 00:00:31 10772636 0 the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the
326098896 326099540 2009-11-16 03:33:50 0 days 00:04:53 7167267 1 the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the
343773805 343774672 2010-02-13 17:52:53 0 days 00:04:12 5326371 9 percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective .
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 4 = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – ' ' ( journey of the wall took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen
353439052 353501899 2010-04-02 06:23:08 0 days 07:34:21 12056309 0 , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept
1 outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under
364144893 364146556 2010-05-25 17:28:29 0 days 00:09:56 7611264 1 , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate
395750266 395972413 2010-11-10 17:58:56 1 days 03:00:14 0|64.251.50.130 0 stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other
422616275 423139570 2011-04-09 07:03:09 3 days 05:52:53 9366145 0 regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador [[ mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between
428575817 428576147 2011-05-11 12:54:42 0 days 00:02:47 10714345 0 soldiers could detect him . this artwork was part of his famous work - series called " border injuries " ( german : " grenzverletzung " ) . < ref > " die mauer als muse " by lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html "
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 7 border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = =
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 2 historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > < ref name = revolution1989 / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall and at the six checkpoints between east and west , demanding that border guards immediately open the gates .
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 15 / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document /
448907770 449034599 2011-09-08 00:59:47 0 days 16:00:02 10996774 0 wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york
454528682 454720816 2011-10-09 15:36:34 1 days 04:29:43 1469567 0 they forgot that 9 nov . has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " <
460776111 463351419 2011-11-30 20:20:29 15 days 06:28:21 126700 0 among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses to east germany ( and corresponding gain to the west ) has been estimated at $ 7 & nbsp ; billion to $ 9 & nbsp ; billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west
480309454 481848501 2012-03-14 13:39:33 9 days 01:30:40 661572 0 & nbsp ; million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 0 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin ,
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 7 secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 . 376944 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall |
489512475 490220839 2012-05-02 00:52:01 4 days 05:56:18 4604963 0 nothing then would stand in the way of a united communist germany within the bloc . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 19 com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf
561644568 561819989 2013-06-27 13:10:08 1 days 03:44:27 612302 0 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us
574659325 574661610 2013-09-26 21:52:01 0 days 00:20:00 16715243 0 springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv |
574661610 574661815 2013-09-26 21:53:57 0 days 00:01:56 16715243 0 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title2 = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( " i am a berliner " ) speech ( audio ) | description2 = audio - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move
574664891 574665859 2013-09-26 22:30:37 0 days 00:08:36 16715243 1 in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]]
576710951 576711458 2013-10-11 12:06:44 0 days 00:05:22 6971250 0 period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes
577123748 577242287 2013-10-15 07:01:05 0 days 18:42:33 14508071 1 over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed < ref name = " contemporary research " / > . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]]
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 19 detection of trespassers and also enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961
45 note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009
595829584 596246381 2014-02-19 21:59:11 2 days 17:09:16 1728614 0 first step in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached did not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]]
1 in a plan to close the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not reach u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in
633082411 633093439 2014-11-09 14:40:09 0 days 02:10:28 115938 1 period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with an estimated death toll of over 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc
2 100 < ref name = " chronik " / > in and around berlin , although that claim is disputed . < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]]
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 44 " they forgot that 9 november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation cite news | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " <
45 forgot that 9 november has already entered into history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title work = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref
702890848 702890979 2016-02-02 06:41:00 0 days 00:01:37 13816079 0 which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb |
702890979 702891285 2016-02-02 06:44:39 0 days 00:03:39 13816079 2 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us american and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
702934332 703014660 2016-02-02 23:57:14 0 days 09:47:18 23149456 1 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument of communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > american us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
703365386 703417729 2016-02-05 11:43:48 0 days 09:36:49 23149456 0 think it is — it is to their advantage in any way to leave there that monument to communist failure . " < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " / > us united states and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised by how long the east germans took for such a move .
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 3 dailysoft . com | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author author1 = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur .
734407445 734490501 2016-08-14 18:29:44 0 days 15:02:04 17429839 0 west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = = david hasselhoff , 1989 = = = on 31 december 1989 , american tv actor and pop music singer [[ david hasselhoff ]] was the headlining performer for the freedom tour live concert , which was attended by over 500 , 000 people on both sides of the wall . the live concert footage was directed by music video director [[ thomas mignone ]] and aired on broadcast television station zweites deutsches fernsehen [[ zdf ]] throughout europe . during shooting film crew personnel pulled people up from both sides to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . hasselhoff sang his number one hit song " looking for freedom " on a platform at the end of a twenty meter steel crane that swung above and over the wall adjacent to the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title = how mr . hasselhoff tore down this wall | url = http : / / www . npr . org / 2014 / 11 / 09 / 362595983 / how - mr - hasselhoff - tore - down - this - wall | work = npr | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner |
772547948 773210166 2017-04-01 00:36:52 4 days 01:42:30 27823944 0 {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archive - url = https : / / archive . is / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | dead - url = yes | archive - date = 25 june 2009 | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan |
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 40 of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow twitter users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . the chinese government quickly shut down access to the twitter wall after
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 1 | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = " ich bin ein berliner " ' ' and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 15 ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = =
808291388 809350827 2017-11-08 15:47:14 6 days 15:42:09 7136651 6 " | 0 , 5 {{ 0 }} | remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , . 95 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " |
8 | wall - shaped front wall with a height of 3 , 40 & nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 , . 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & quot ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align
9 text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip | - | style = " text - align : right " | 113 , . 85 | limit signal and barrier fence ( gssz ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 127 , 5 {{ 0 }} | contact
825794931 825795679 2018-02-15 13:32:01 0 days 00:06:45 5946478 0 with an estimated death toll ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > in and around berlin . in 1989 a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 4 belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background =
825832314 825832766 2018-02-15 18:05:15 0 days 00:02:56 5946478 1 east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > an important reason that the west berlin border , [[ crossing the inner german border ]] , was not closed earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . construction of a
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 3 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books : | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xxv }} < / ref > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took
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152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 35 * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = bibliography references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title
157472725 157630754 2007-09-13 15:41:43 0 days 17:55:10 0|216.174.135.206 0 of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = hey lola its hannah montana * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the
157630754 157631167 2007-09-13 15:43:49 0 days 00:02:06 4414625 0 of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = hey lola its hannah montana * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the
204489539 204492738 2008-04-09 17:27:30 0 days 00:16:18 137113 0 and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
210365049 210367754 2008-05-05 17:26:55 0 days 00:12:10 0|64.130.204.173 0 korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
210367754 210368676 2008-05-05 17:31:21 0 days 00:04:26 0|64.130.204.173 0 korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} 20 ) in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
210368676 210368707 2008-05-05 17:31:32 0 days 00:00:11 6847637 0 korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} 20 ) in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " he wants u he lives in aumsvile oregon 137 carmal drive by the iga store = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 68 and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 http : / / www = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 107 ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 68 and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 http : / / www = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 107 ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[
277225706 277225789 2009-03-14 18:15:35 0 days 00:00:28 6984319 0 new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 0 ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }}
394472308 394539558 2010-11-03 07:45:49 0 days 08:40:05 0|222.155.189.91 0 and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} = = = = = = = = = = = * {{ cite document | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york
394539558 394540940 2010-11-03 08:01:49 0 days 00:16:00 307602 0 [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} = = = = = = = = = = = * {{ cite document | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 1 wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = < references / > {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 |
2 — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ david childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http :
3 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] ( academic ) | childs , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman , [ http : / /
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 34 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the
117 {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by
456816319 457176613 2011-10-24 17:17:08 2 days 05:16:21 11498870 1 and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
2 east german relations , 1953 – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document journal | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
3 crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 |
4 a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
5 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
6 fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document journal | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
479597706 479685255 2012-03-01 17:59:02 0 days 13:09:10 404531 0 ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = schulte | first = bennet | title = the berlin wall . remains of a lost border . ( die berliner mauer . spuren einer verschwundenen grenze ) | publisher = be . bra verlag , berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = 9783814801858 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 6 website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | longitude = 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall
631868858 631869000 2014-10-31 09:59:30 0 days 00:02:23 9505858 0 ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . svenlittkowski . name / d / fallofthewallbysvenlittkowski . pdf eye witness view of the events of november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 0 eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} }} < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 119 - 148 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > * {{ cite journal | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york
650204750 650204928 2015-03-06 21:47:55 0 days 00:01:15 24044265 0 [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} < ref > * {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 3 wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 119 - 148 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > * [[ david childs ( academic ) | childs , david ]] ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' '
684592433 685909337 2015-10-15 19:25:09 8 days 03:02:36 2425663 0 century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ destroyed heritage }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961
688759360 692779504 2015-11-28 07:11:52 25 days 09:14:36 558022 0 marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 200px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary
699864491 699931497 2016-01-15 09:15:39 0 days 10:22:27 17832782 0 eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin wall }} ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its , even more so since the border basically was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for citizens of west germany or west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from
4 ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering
197873819 198002816 2008-03-13 17:38:46 0 days 15:29:47 3505251 0 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] , and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] , stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 9 the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 1947 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany
15 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov halctav ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ]
17 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has
18 before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 9 the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1947 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany
13 3 april ]] , 1951 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav halctav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ]
15 1963 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has
16 before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a
199097835 199097858 2008-03-18 15:12:11 0 days 00:00:07 0|208.27.127.62 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep
199351875 199352031 2008-03-19 14:59:54 0 days 00:00:47 0|65.43.197.150 0 " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany fuck you niggers became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall
199352031 199352072 2008-03-19 15:00:04 0 days 00:00:10 2372780 0 " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany fuck you niggers became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . and some west germans wanted to move to east germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall
202716386 202717008 2008-04-02 03:33:06 0 days 00:03:51 0|150.101.240.77 0 s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german joe was born and now joe likes having sex with the government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe -
202717008 202717161 2008-04-02 03:34:01 0 days 00:00:55 0|150.101.240.77 0 s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german joe was born and now joe likes having sex with the government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe -
204486644 204488418 2008-04-09 17:05:25 0 days 00:08:51 137113 0 taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a ddr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unneccessary move if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref >
210605542 210686797 2008-05-06 23:31:20 0 days 06:23:04 0|161.130.130.2 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the
210716210 210716844 2008-05-07 02:17:19 0 days 00:03:50 911178 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the
211222812 211222847 2008-05-09 09:25:16 0 days 00:00:19 686868 1 artists , lorry drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of ' ' other east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any )
211225942 211226287 2008-05-09 10:02:08 0 days 00:03:52 686868 1 general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits of east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the same day . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all
211252403 211252560 2008-05-09 13:29:34 0 days 00:00:54 686868 0 western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for tourist visits day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason .
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 4 both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 27 states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union .
86 it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the
87 begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in
127 holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time
231070273 231100032 2008-08-10 21:53:45 0 days 02:49:18 4626 0 " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin - & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 1 = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]]
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 1 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish berlin and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 6 . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii
11 the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which
14 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has
30 the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led
33 eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german by gdr citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans
34 east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans ,
35 berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous
42 by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town towns of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 2 points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at during the christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 with the [[ four power agreement on
19 ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin and exit from east . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets
60 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . > . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
61 souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . please . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
103 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
104 souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 16 west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift run ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[
37 title --> ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure http : / / articles . muppetnewsflash . com / 2008 / 09 / muppets - christmas - letters - to - santa . html a muppets christmas : letters to santa ] < / ref > = = = direct - to - video features = = = : ' ' [[ muppet classic theater ]] ' ' ( 1994 ) : ' ' [[ kermit ' s swamp years ]] ' ' ( 2002 ) = = = internet = = = : ' ' [[ statler and waldorf : from the balcony ]] on [[ movies . com ]] ' ' ( 2005 - 2006 ) : ' ' [[ disney xtreme digital ]] ' ' ( 2008 - present ) : stars & stripes forever ! ( 2008 ) : ode to joy ( 2008 ) : habanera ( 2008 ) : classical chickens ( 2008 ) = = future = = after the consensus was reached that ' ' the muppets ' wizard of oz ' ' failed to deliver critically , the question hung in the air if whether or not another muppet film would be made . {{ fact | date = may 2008 }} a new film has been confirmed by [[ jason segel ]] and [[ nicholas stoller ]] , who both plan to produce the next muppet film . < ref name = " stoller " > fleming , michael . [ http : / / www . variety . com / article / vr1117982291 . html ? categoryid = 1236 & cs = 1 & query = segel + muppet + film " segel and stoller take on muppets . " ] ' ' [[ variety ( magazine ) | variety ]] ' ' . retrieved : [[ april 5 ]] , [[ 2008 ]] < / ref > they have for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets
60 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . > . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
61 souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . please . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
103 [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall
104 souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint
245370107 245417666 2008-10-15 10:41:25 0 days 07:04:30 0|98.181.39.113 0 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided sectioned into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
245417666 245418082 2008-10-15 10:45:36 0 days 00:04:11 0|98.181.39.113 1 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was sectioned divided into four military zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one governed by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers
245491946 245504609 2008-10-15 19:33:55 0 days 01:04:43 0|65.173.65.22 0 deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy blah blah blahhhh grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = =
245504609 245504761 2008-10-15 19:34:39 0 days 00:00:44 1398 0 deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy blah blah blahhhh grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = =
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 0 as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] wall was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii |
250828512 252650442 2008-11-18 21:41:19 8 days 13:56:15 6892131 1 of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the
252652689 252747077 2008-11-19 08:55:37 0 days 11:02:54 3131841 0 the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented
252776451 253365461 2008-11-22 10:00:59 2 days 20:12:06 6892131 1 of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the
255259280 255351460 2008-12-02 03:50:23 0 days 08:11:24 0|68.33.196.243 1 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern
255351460 255351569 2008-12-02 03:51:07 0 days 00:00:44 0|68.33.196.243 2 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : uyfukyfuvj , hvuyv [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 10 in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down were razed and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " .
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 13 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 1955 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 10 , 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1955 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 4 two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western [[ capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government .
9 across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government governmnigger ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 5 across the inigggggggggerrrrrrrrrrnner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian governmnigger ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ent government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans
258720479 258721141 2008-12-18 04:03:40 0 days 00:05:01 0|65.34.164.186 0 ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at
258721141 258721821 2008-12-18 04:08:41 0 days 00:05:01 352579 0 ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight
264154297 264168087 2009-01-15 01:44:07 0 days 01:22:56 0|75.75.179.200 0 democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' suck my nuts town ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
264168087 264168961 2009-01-15 01:48:54 0 days 00:04:47 0|72.70.166.111 0 [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' suck my nuts town ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
264168961 264171111 2009-01-15 02:00:30 0 days 00:11:36 352579 0 [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 4 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda pro da booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
7 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda pro da , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 4 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german pro da propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
8 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of pro da propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 1 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda pro da booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
4 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda pro da , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 1 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german pro da propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators :
5 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of pro da propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
266290464 266355258 2009-01-25 18:30:17 0 days 07:44:36 0|64.180.72.150 1 - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet cowboy - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany
266355258 266356606 2009-01-25 18:36:50 0 days 00:06:33 118722 1 - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a cowboy soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany
267773340 267773611 2009-02-01 05:27:32 0 days 00:02:04 214542 0 the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government
1 two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government .
2 republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner
267773611 267775034 2009-02-01 05:39:44 0 days 00:12:12 214542 1 " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw
267775034 267775661 2009-02-01 05:45:14 0 days 00:05:30 214542 2 , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries
267775871 267776359 2009-02-01 05:51:18 0 days 00:04:09 214542 2 . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces
4 this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 13 we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 4 germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] people organised protests but there was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii |
6 similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]]
9 the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr other side . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
271489755 271560704 2009-02-18 12:43:32 0 days 09:53:57 8675471 0 . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 6 . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of
7 who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 5 1990 . kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 2008 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
274344223 274348982 2009-03-02 04:57:55 0 days 00:27:39 96897 4 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 2001 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 2008 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
277226458 277226599 2009-03-14 18:20:31 0 days 00:00:47 6984319 0 - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty |
277226883 277227209 2009-03-14 18:24:10 0 days 00:02:02 6984319 0 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later calimign caliming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition ,
277228770 277229162 2009-03-14 18:35:02 0 days 00:02:16 6984319 0 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later caliming claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition ,
278326603 278656434 2009-03-21 02:07:52 1 days 12:22:24 0|24.218.250.183 0 the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 4 ref > is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . {{ opinion | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the
280764248 280886430 2009-03-31 16:22:09 0 days 15:34:58 9349949 0 andropov ]] , then the the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , letter to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name =
296788035 296824043 2009-06-16 20:29:38 0 days 03:25:16 8219500 0 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
1 . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii |
296824043 296826843 2009-06-16 20:45:05 0 days 00:15:27 0|68.46.140.162 0 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dymitry kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
296827382 296832081 2009-06-16 21:13:27 0 days 00:25:34 8219500 0 the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dmitriy kotov french army was led some fag eating a cruller . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united
1 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dmitriy kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united
296832081 296836155 2009-06-16 21:36:29 0 days 00:23:02 0|209.252.90.211 0 soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . the french army was led some fag eating a cruller . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
296836155 296857603 2009-06-16 23:48:30 0 days 02:12:01 6984319 3 . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united
4 berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom
299164112 299165691 2009-06-28 19:04:01 0 days 00:10:50 0|75.2.134.42 2 east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit
4 leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany ,
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 2 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9th in german history | 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of
3 author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the
8 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 15 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german
16 the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in may 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states
19 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin germany ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or ' '
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 5 germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as
7 travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers travelers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel
306540083 306540519 2009-08-07 04:51:04 0 days 00:04:35 6984319 0 record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at
307307874 307307907 2009-08-11 05:34:03 0 days 00:00:15 164429 0 published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness
310327705 310493352 2009-08-28 04:57:31 0 days 20:25:38 0|24.4.124.83 1 death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on 9 november , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
312586456 312587103 2009-09-08 13:44:31 0 days 00:05:25 0|194.202.122.223 0 a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' '
312587321 312588680 2009-09-08 13:57:31 0 days 00:10:56 0|194.202.122.223 3 entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an the poor exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' '
8 a reason . in the 1980s the day visa cost 5 dm . one also had to exchange a further 25 dm into east german currency at an exchange rate of only 1 : 1 . all this money had to be spent on the day since it was forbidden to export east german currency . ' ' ' west berliners ' '
312588680 312604952 2009-09-08 15:42:25 0 days 01:44:54 6971250 1 at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa which cost dm 5
313670259 314279419 2009-09-16 05:02:01 2 days 06:35:48 5794239 0 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 0 wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the
1 s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ]] , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area
2 location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , [[ 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within
11 miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of
19 intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well
20 divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 ]] , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90
21 germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , [[ 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 %
23 ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = "
24 then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 ]] , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 "
159 november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and , the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923
176 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration
178 the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom
179 of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 10 kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany like [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful
12 when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration
14 ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and
16 date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom
17 the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] in 1918 . however , the date of the 1923 [[ nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s
22 wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown .
23 location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the
25 ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of [[ february 21 ]] , [[ 1947 ]] . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
32 miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1949 ]] , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited
40 intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60
41 germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on [[ december 11 ]] , [[ 1957 ]] that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well
172 ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ 9 november ]] is also the date of the failure of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , the date of the
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 3 august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions us , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 11 ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . '
13 the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or
19 special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west
21 charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize
22 east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to
321159821 321240166 2009-10-21 18:41:22 0 days 09:53:36 0|204.9.147.124 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . ktjg = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
321240166 321246464 2009-10-21 19:17:49 0 days 00:36:27 8918196 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . ktjg = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 12 record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight
323358471 323393153 2009-11-02 01:53:39 0 days 03:22:26 10834630 4 tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 "
5 superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} <
323393153 323393561 2009-11-02 01:56:17 0 days 00:02:38 10834630 0 visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state essentially eliminated legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of
323501406 323533536 2009-11-02 20:20:54 0 days 03:00:05 0|173.35.95.128 0 = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the chicken sandwhich [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
323533536 323533642 2009-11-02 20:21:24 0 days 00:00:30 4883587 0 = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the chicken sandwhich [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 1 heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / /
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 3 weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of gdr ) ( [[ east germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in
323947532 323947826 2009-11-04 20:02:18 0 days 00:01:29 0|90.212.100.1 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . you mum = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 3 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . you mum = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and
324631707 324643610 2009-11-08 13:43:50 0 days 01:50:49 39515 0 = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration
1 jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 4 eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones watch meatspin ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[
324818231 324820066 2009-11-09 10:53:55 0 days 00:21:40 489436 0 = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] warned thatcher like that a unified germany could make more ground than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009
324850598 324851832 2009-11-09 15:29:08 0 days 00:07:46 0|86.130.17.35 0 world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states
324878252 324879433 2009-11-09 18:20:23 0 days 00:06:47 0|173.84.5.162 0 > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states sucks would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name
324879433 324879493 2009-11-09 18:20:42 0 days 00:00:19 3683078 0 > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states sucks would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east west germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 2 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ west east germany ]] ) that completely encircled the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers
324918158 324919679 2009-11-09 21:58:15 0 days 00:08:41 0|86.42.78.215 1 , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of likes to fuck animals . his favourite is the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }}
324937840 324940062 2009-11-09 23:43:42 0 days 00:11:39 16710 1 | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order
324941032 324941378 2009-11-09 23:50:15 0 days 00:01:51 0|75.186.53.125 1 = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 1961 period it had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} <
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 2 com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 8 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east ' ' berlin wall germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers
9 wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany the german ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 4 weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in
11 berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325190637 325218548 2009-11-11 09:49:27 0 days 04:42:15 13531 1 in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 3 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany tekken ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 8 referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 1 routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can
325445769 325472365 2009-11-12 18:02:47 0 days 02:47:09 505774 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included
325526737 325552397 2009-11-13 02:23:02 0 days 02:58:07 0|63.248.139.15 3 = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war
4 ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement [ ( i ; love pussy ! ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] ,
325552397 325552663 2009-11-13 02:25:05 0 days 00:02:03 8214624 0 , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ the end of gay porn world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the
3 ]] , what remained of [[ skankey nasty ass hary pussy ]] west of the [[ the right pussy flap ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [ ( i ; love pussy ! [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] ,
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 2 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication
328159601 328159849 2009-11-27 05:24:28 0 days 00:02:09 1623918 0 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / boondilexicon . blogspot . com / 2009 / 11 / berlin - wall - dr - ruwan - m - jayatunge . html / an essay on the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display
328161039 328175183 2009-11-27 08:04:52 0 days 02:29:59 0|117.199.145.237 0 > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police
329269841 329298894 2009-12-02 19:55:18 0 days 02:50:46 0|164.113.70.248 0 that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . in his speech he said " ich bin ein berliner " which roughly means i am a jelly donut in german . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which
329337831 329374248 2009-12-03 02:52:36 0 days 03:28:42 0|24.215.242.82 0 that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . in his speech he said " ich bin ein berliner " which roughly means i am a jelly donut in german . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 2 eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of from the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa ,
329424623 330019766 2009-12-06 06:50:22 2 days 21:33:09 49010 0 guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant correspondent of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied "
330959637 330960317 2009-12-10 22:40:34 0 days 00:02:45 0|142.29.101.33 0 with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military militarylizationabiibles and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref >
330960317 330960458 2009-12-10 22:41:07 0 days 00:00:33 7821268 0 with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , militarylizationabiibles military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref >
331723216 331823147 2009-12-15 15:49:41 0 days 14:23:54 0|70.167.36.50 0 world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states
333120077 333200585 2009-12-22 05:32:46 0 days 08:46:35 0|64.41.2.99 0 betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [
1 what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w
333200585 333200951 2009-12-22 05:35:55 0 days 00:03:09 96897 1 our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] ]] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w
333200951 333201260 2009-12-22 05:38:54 0 days 00:02:59 0|64.41.2.99 0 what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junkers junker ]] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [
1 people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [[ junkers ]] s , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w
336546683 336646937 2010-01-08 19:12:55 0 days 13:48:08 0|199.104.215.251 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating
336646937 336647165 2010-01-08 19:14:22 0 days 00:01:27 10519822 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ciilllaaa wass here homeskillet 8 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 1 [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade brigades ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 ,
3 international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had
342377279 342523707 2010-02-07 18:24:32 0 days 19:12:24 0|76.125.156.121 1 channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans
343367241 343531716 2010-02-12 12:15:15 0 days 19:45:50 0|72.160.142.19 0 the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s [[ günter schabowski bmfs ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined
343531716 343535162 2010-02-12 12:50:05 0 days 00:34:50 6971250 1 the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s [[ bmfs günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 13 , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 |
19 wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including
25 soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref >
35 > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 23 , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators
24 the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined dramatically described the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from
25 was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness serious nature of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral
31 his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the
34 , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of east german police shot and killed would - be defectors , later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications =
54 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet
57 was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 16 chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]]
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 0 east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however
14 of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 3 local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by
347221140 347222818 2010-03-02 02:49:23 0 days 00:10:33 6123337 1 from a base where he was deployed and drove it right into the wall . he was fired at and seriously wounded by border guards . but a west german policeman returned fire and rescued him intervened , firing his weapon at the east german border guards . the policeman removed engels from the vehicle , which had become entangled in the barbed wire . < ref > hertle , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall :
349038136 349066462 2010-03-10 20:18:05 0 days 02:18:03 0|97.64.173.60 0 , particularly after east german police shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
349066462 349066774 2010-03-10 20:19:36 0 days 00:01:31 6660588 0 , particularly after east german police shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice and thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek | url = http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by
349066774 349189337 2010-03-11 09:56:34 0 days 13:36:58 6971250 1 wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german police border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of [[ murder ]] by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas =
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 54 first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of
353630554 354353791 2010-04-06 17:17:03 3 days 18:14:17 0|132.177.178.20 0 name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht gunther adler ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / >
354353791 354354516 2010-04-06 17:21:24 0 days 00:04:21 142663 0 name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ gunther adler walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / >
359062465 359062935 2010-04-29 14:23:46 0 days 00:03:19 0|66.109.249.254 0 [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main
359062935 359062981 2010-04-29 14:24:07 0 days 00:00:21 11743424 0 [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and nov its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin wall came down of = = = emigration westward in the early
360445710 360559670 2010-05-06 17:47:06 0 days 14:07:48 0|208.108.162.48 0 . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic hi my name is dylon here i am ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] )
360559670 360559921 2010-05-06 17:48:36 0 days 00:01:30 1909773 0 . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic hi my name is dylon here i am ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] )
362026715 362031754 2010-05-14 04:36:58 0 days 00:41:39 0|65.100.196.54 1 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ to prevent citizens from east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the wall included
362122979 362143454 2010-05-14 19:20:05 0 days 02:09:18 0|78.43.105.45 1 background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the
363210288 363268461 2010-05-20 21:00:57 0 days 05:46:52 0|173.69.9.231 2 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) because hitler loved them . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
363705709 363808496 2010-05-23 22:09:59 0 days 10:54:35 0|65.11.226.59 0 = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied
363808496 363818331 2010-05-23 23:09:58 0 days 00:59:59 262550 1 = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was not divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by two of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 6 border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from between 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{
364628895 364781062 2010-05-29 03:02:56 0 days 19:12:55 45645 1 cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet dominated [[ eastern block bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism
366522148 366794399 2010-06-08 14:22:01 1 days 05:46:00 0|141.210.145.180 1 zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united uniteproxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west
366794399 366804645 2010-06-08 15:20:20 0 days 00:58:19 96897 1 zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the uniteproxy - connection : keep - alive cache - control : max - age = 0 united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west
367161807 367429775 2010-06-11 14:55:18 1 days 06:48:12 0|167.207.128.101 0 have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities , including [[ rice university ]] in [[ houston , texas ]] , and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]]
367429775 367431885 2010-06-11 15:10:47 0 days 00:15:29 7007500 0 have been given to various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities , including [[ rice university ]] in [[ houston , texas ]] , and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]]
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 0 | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 2 right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 7 wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany , however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
17 ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet
18 condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in
19 the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . in 1989 , there were a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes associated with the liberalization ]] of the bloc ' s authoritarian systems . after several weeks of local civil unrest following the erosion of political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby
23 ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off the city of berlin , separating west berlin from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official
368895969 369026140 2010-06-19 17:09:59 0 days 16:54:30 75287 1 demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 ,
369026140 369426506 2010-06-21 20:34:40 2 days 03:24:41 12425613 1 more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out !
372272401 373492661 2010-07-14 19:18:40 6 days 22:52:10 0|87.234.23.202 0 its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany , . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc
379899513 380623034 2010-08-24 02:22:27 3 days 22:29:53 0|99.109.61.22 0 brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 1990 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
380623034 380623738 2010-08-24 02:26:54 0 days 00:04:27 8786164 0 brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1990 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
383513705 383560948 2010-09-08 01:26:37 0 days 05:12:57 12816601 0 on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
387772513 387831168 2010-09-30 01:12:25 0 days 06:30:27 0|71.231.56.253 0 ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman waka flocka [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }}
387831168 387833321 2010-09-30 01:28:23 0 days 00:15:58 911178 0 ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman waka flocka [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }}
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 0 ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along
1 - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans
3 miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had
54 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918
55 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis
62 [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other
113 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of
114 east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9
115 , and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938
392939112 393650061 2010-10-29 18:21:46 3 days 12:40:54 0|205.211.141.243 1 on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed confused that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement
393650061 393650284 2010-10-29 18:23:16 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 1 on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] confused proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement
394823423 395570081 2010-11-08 17:02:34 3 days 23:13:57 0|79.75.31.192 0 wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the
1 ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within
395663125 395750266 2010-11-09 14:58:42 0 days 12:40:54 1849785 3 location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the
397607940 397878109 2010-11-20 15:42:29 1 days 12:56:02 0|79.74.81.116 0 ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = "
1 , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " >
400135808 400152873 2010-12-02 17:05:45 0 days 01:38:16 0|76.79.232.194 1 population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities
400251431 400293690 2010-12-03 10:55:24 0 days 07:39:00 6971250 1 population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) , implying that
406434088 407086611 2011-01-10 15:55:55 3 days 10:26:31 0|74.93.241.241 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . lalalala lalalala it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
407086611 407086637 2011-01-10 15:56:06 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . lalalala lalalala it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 5 , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb |
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 2 = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii on mars ]] , what remained of fun land germany west of the [[ b - 0 oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four hundered occupying [[ allies
6 kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast of elmo ' s place ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the zone controld by elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 "
409992456 409993256 2011-01-25 16:45:49 0 days 00:04:54 6971250 1 around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate
410029373 410140875 2011-01-26 09:58:43 0 days 13:47:55 0|213.150.157.75 0 and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers zones300 , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9
410140875 410141159 2011-01-26 10:01:32 0 days 00:02:49 7007500 1 {st@rt} was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones300 zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border – and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and [[ berlin u - bahn | subway ]] train access still available to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans who had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9
411538405 411650923 2011-02-02 21:11:08 0 days 13:24:16 0|24.238.231.96 0 world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces aroung around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[
411650923 411812536 2011-02-03 17:27:40 0 days 20:16:32 0|206.63.82.92 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . prounounced f - u - c - k - y - o - it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
411812536 411812580 2011-02-03 17:27:52 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . prounounced f - u - c - k - y - o - it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
418752147 419497837 2011-03-18 18:18:18 4 days 09:24:38 9109115 2 attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union |
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 37 international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on 16 august , kennedy had given the order
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 10 losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 & nbsp ; billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s
89 german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 6 nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency the reporters - - by most accounts , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as
19 would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 0 ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 13 they were ordered to find the " more aggressive " people gathered at the gates and stamp their passports with a special stamp that barred them from returning to east germany - - — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " < ref name
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 3 {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the
4 accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in
5 = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in an
13 de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter
446625722 448621897 2011-09-05 18:48:00 11 days 09:31:04 723354 0 elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall also served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii
3 erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the
505248510 505389397 2012-08-02 07:46:43 0 days 19:46:28 1473712 0 permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general generally visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 19 [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one
557702538 558026448 2013-06-02 20:40:42 2 days 04:27:23 1108424 0 largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used portrayed it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts
576012629 576163852 2013-10-07 17:10:28 1 days 00:25:25 18611911 3 > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other three ( france , uk , usa ) occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants
576163852 576167532 2013-10-07 17:34:21 0 days 00:23:53 4358157 3 > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other three ( france , uk , usa ) occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 2 of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( as per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states
6 " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{
13 of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency which that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on august
23 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through easily in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 .
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 19 / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the german democratic republic ( [[ east germany ]] ) was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy .
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 21 down quickly . technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after 9 november , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages attempted repairing damage done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 0 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military officially began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin
1 and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which
11 east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december
633634166 633858023 2014-11-14 21:08:35 1 days 14:36:37 1258165 4 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 8 the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later itself . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for 50 or 100 more years < ref name = " autogenerated2 " / > if the
16 , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , . this was tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow
17 for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement , because of long standing agreements with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east
18 its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government , allowing free travel across their common boarder . however this movement of people grew so large it caused difficulties for both countries . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany ,
665650877 666337026 2015-06-10 13:39:10 4 days 19:24:18 19338611 1 | last = aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november is
667487850 667488103 2015-06-18 13:30:06 0 days 00:02:31 24555049 0 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]]
678905413 681654466 2015-09-18 16:10:47 17 days 05:51:57 204692 1 east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . only this time , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through east germany . this was followed by [[ monday demonstrations in
684146320 684592433 2015-10-07 16:22:33 2 days 18:47:58 15237640 1 of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen , and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 11 east berlin ]] < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . abc .
768011115 768242314 2017-03-02 17:22:33 1 days 10:25:12 17012175 0 name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers ' parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on 28 august 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 10 communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984 .
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 20 western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} allied personnel were restricted by policy when travelling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road :
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 23 = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 ( with western tv crews present ) , and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : /
787408974 787409030 2017-06-25 06:55:15 0 days 00:00:54 31190988 3 ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states " {{ coordinate ( = border guarding station nieder - neuendorf ) . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 0 of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ [[ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[
1 brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]]
6 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states
787409131 787409166 2017-06-25 06:57:14 0 days 00:00:34 31190988 1 [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ at bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding
2 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [[ hennigsdorf ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states .
3 ]] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as
802360146 802360638 2017-09-25 17:52:28 0 days 00:03:46 30928445 0 nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in west german zones occupied by britain france , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since
1 the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in west german zones occupied by britain , france the united kingdom , and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 :
810126141 810127095 2017-11-13 14:01:58 0 days 00:08:17 6554947 1 and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . again , in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by the east german government law enforcement to impose its jurisdiction in the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 0 era , the exact de jure border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep in keeping foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / /
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 6 < / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back
810347455 810347639 2017-11-14 18:41:08 0 days 00:01:22 6554947 0 generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 /
1 - faire attitude toward the strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been chased , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist thierry noir ]] reports having been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr /
810365117 810365760 2017-11-14 20:40:55 0 days 00:04:10 6554947 1 the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] reports has reported having often been perused there by east german soldiers . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / gallery / 2014 / apr /
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 0 location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners outsiders off the outer strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books .
810394251 810574658 2017-11-16 03:18:18 1 days 03:09:57 6554947 2 = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the outer strip , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued there , and even arrested , by east german soldiers . noted graffiti artist [[ thierry noir ]] has reported having
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 17 strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate since 2005 . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans (
18 walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 administration , the wall trail is divided into 14 individual sub - stages , which begin and end near railway or subway stations . if the inner - city border passes over roads , the boundary line is marked by a double row of paving stones embedded in the road surface as a reminder of the earlier border . at various points , information boards indicate the route and remind of events at the respective stations . the path is mainly paved , with both after 2000 , those newly created sections are as well as sections on which still the original covering with appropriate wear is obtained . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' '
19 it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' ' ' . it is part of the initiative by berlin senate since 2005 . only short passages are unpaved . single , also usually shorter , sections are paved . the wall trail is linked to several other long - distance cycle paths . these include the european cycle route r1 , the bike path berlin - copenhagen , the radfernweg berlin - usedom , the havelradweg the spreeradweg or the bike path berlin - leipzig . = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 13 beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer
22 since 2001 every year the berlin wall strides . from 2002 to 2006 , the berlin wall was extended by the initiative of the berlin senate around the city . it had to be created for no longer obtained trails replacement vehicle options . also rebuilt or rebuilt traffic routes separated sections of the way from each other . in the room lichterfelde on the border with teltow 2004 an underpass under the railway line berlin - halle in the course of the customs route to berlin area , after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there is still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 8 press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on 11 december 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . <
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 2 his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled , by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 6 > {{ cite journal | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = =
826083240 826247392 2018-02-18 02:11:01 0 days 23:16:36 32940610 0 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in [[ bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various
847207228 847210589 2018-06-23 17:51:16 0 days 00:24:58 363486 0 population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . < ref name = " cnn . com " > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the anti - fascist protection rampart ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) . the west berlin city government
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 1 | accessdate = 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ' ' ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the latter . in
854965000 855994232 2018-08-22 05:55:57 7 days 05:35:25 817684 2 | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well ]] , the news was broadcast there simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this 9 november is a
855994232 855995255 2018-08-22 06:04:45 0 days 00:08:48 817684 0 germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . as ard and zdf broadcast to [[ tal der ahnungslosen | nearly all of east germany ]] , the news was broadcast there as well simultaneously . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman [[ hanns joachim friedrichs ]] proclaimed , " this 9 november is
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42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 35 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www .
36 = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 35 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary
36 title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 34 | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www .
35 = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 7 = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 | ref = harv | postscript = * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961
9 | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis |
11 last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 | ref = harv | postscript = }} }} * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education |
15 title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 | ref = harv | postscript = }} }} * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press |
20 loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher =
32 | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the
34 photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press
36 | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ citation | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year =
38 last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 -
39 citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall
44 = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press |
46 | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press
48 last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 16 first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 0714654086 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 7 wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis |
11 wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite document | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the
13 = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year
14 | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 -
479597706 479685255 2012-03-01 17:59:02 0 days 13:09:10 404531 1 | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 | ref = harv | postscript = }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 4 cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first
10 first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 – 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 0714654086 0 - 7146 - 5408 - 6 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary
11 dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 0 - 300 - 04498 - 4 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war :
12 | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 1 - 59420 - 062 - 9 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up
13 driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 0 - 691 - 09678 - 3 | ref = harv }} * {{ cite journal | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and
14 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 0 - 19 - 829716 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin '
15 | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 – 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come
16 book | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 0 - 312 - 17407 - 1 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite journal | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title
17 of a lost border . ( die berliner mauer . spuren einer verschwundenen grenze ) | publisher = be . bra verlag , berlin | year = 2011 | isbn = 9783814801858 978 - 3 - 8148 - 0185 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 – 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 *
18 book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 0 - 313 - 32814 - 5 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos )
19 ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 3 - 87584 - 695 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since
20 turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war
21 | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 41 soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80
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41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 2 proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ] ]] but with conditions imposed . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the
43620580 43620636 2006-03-13 20:57:53 0 days 00:00:37 1022601 1 , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo to you govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 9 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 8 there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
9 , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52229625 52229737 2006-05-08 23:42:39 0 days 00:00:40 0|68.35.183.215 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . emily cordova is so fine its unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52229737 52229759 2006-05-08 23:42:45 0 days 00:00:06 1022601 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . emily cordova is so fine its unbelievable ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52245238 52316233 2006-05-09 14:40:56 0 days 13:04:20 0|65.24.197.47 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yunni vanchui says " fuck this wall we have to put it back up sometime in 2006 ! " = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52316233 52316379 2006-05-09 14:42:03 0 days 00:01:07 0|65.24.197.47 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yunni vanchui says " fuck this wall we have to put it back up sometime in 2006 ! " = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52316379 52316505 2006-05-09 14:42:54 0 days 00:00:51 0|65.24.197.47 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . for more infomation go to www . google . com then type in berlin wall . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
52316505 52332523 2006-05-09 16:33:52 0 days 01:50:58 686868 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . for more infomation go to www . google . com then type in berlin wall . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
53329099 53333448 2006-05-15 16:02:11 0 days 00:26:27 0|64.107.141.20 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the fall of the berlin wall was awesome = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
53333448 53334351 2006-05-15 16:07:39 0 days 00:05:28 294180 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the fall of the berlin wall was awesome = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
54987836 54988059 2006-05-25 00:52:05 0 days 00:01:18 0|24.151.45.195 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hairy vagina = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
54988059 54988126 2006-05-25 00:52:33 0 days 00:00:28 509520 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hairy vagina = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56422227 56485920 2006-06-02 12:32:22 0 days 11:03:06 0|142.227.176.250 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56485920 56486266 2006-06-02 12:35:45 0 days 00:03:23 157842 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56635024 56834115 2006-06-04 15:26:18 1 days 07:04:36 0|70.161.45.147 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . m nzxccm . zxnb . nzbvm . jjldgfsjldfgdulhgfljfdglgfuidblgfludfylihgvclg , vcxjglvcjxgkz < jglijegfuigetflilkjibk > lasdgflisdyuflishgedf eif hdslko li = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56834115 56834463 2006-06-04 15:29:10 0 days 00:02:52 0|70.161.45.147 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . m nzxccm . zxnb . nzbvm . jjldgfsjldfgdulhgfljfdglgfuidblgfludfylihgvclg , vcxjglvcjxgkz < jglijegfuigetflilkjibk > lasdgflisdyuflishgedf eif hdslko li = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56834463 56891516 2006-06-04 21:47:58 0 days 06:18:48 0|69.248.248.94 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . i < 3 germanyu = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56891516 56891532 2006-06-04 21:48:05 0 days 00:00:07 1022601 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . i < 3 germanyu = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56891532 56891673 2006-06-04 21:49:06 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.248.248.94 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
56891673 56891744 2006-06-04 21:49:36 0 days 00:00:30 491536 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 6 = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . he bitched them too = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 8 penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but he bitched them too with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
72819207 72833683 2006-08-30 15:28:55 0 days 01:33:59 0|193.219.221.80 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . and so it happened = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
72833683 72842365 2006-08-30 16:23:12 0 days 00:54:17 157842 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . and so it happened = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
76707482 76842969 2006-09-20 19:42:25 0 days 17:52:03 0|70.107.109.75 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . you smell like poop = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
76842969 76843040 2006-09-20 19:42:49 0 days 00:00:24 142444 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . you smell like poop = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961
79283264 79360490 2006-10-04 00:26:58 0 days 06:52:26 0|69.110.32.177 3 berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
79360490 79360549 2006-10-04 00:27:24 0 days 00:00:26 416594 2 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there , they loved each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august
3 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there , they loved to rub boobs govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
85254171 85254386 2006-11-02 14:18:06 0 days 00:01:51 0|204.13.204.162 1 advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
85309538 85456431 2006-11-03 11:59:03 0 days 16:30:16 0|80.140.92.92 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . franz stinkt ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
85456431 85456438 2006-11-03 11:59:07 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . franz stinkt ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[
86725782 86754002 2006-11-09 17:48:19 0 days 02:24:51 0|70.244.100.3 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86754320 86755139 2006-11-09 17:54:17 0 days 00:04:18 0|70.244.100.3 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . in another method of stopping such imoral acts , the german congress instated a law stating that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercorrse . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86755139 86755363 2006-11-09 17:55:31 0 days 00:01:14 0|70.244.100.3 0 that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercorrse intercourse . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in
86755363 86755510 2006-11-09 17:56:12 0 days 00:00:41 572610 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . in another method of stopping such imoral acts , the german congress instated a law stating that inorder for one person to commit sexual acts with another , they most must be of opposite sex and both holding a proper legal pass in order to have sexual intercourse . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86755510 86755902 2006-11-09 17:58:10 0 days 00:01:58 2697466 1 at first of [[ puppies ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . the berlin wall was also an attempt to keep eastern homosexual germans from crossing into straight western germany . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86949737 86977625 2006-11-10 18:10:59 0 days 02:38:29 0|206.158.3.70 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . & hearts ; kt waz here & hearts ; = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . & hearts ; kt waz here & hearts ; = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
86988970 87075291 2006-11-11 03:19:05 0 days 08:06:40 0|210.55.85.150 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . callum david is a homo = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87075291 87075361 2006-11-11 03:19:36 0 days 00:00:31 813560 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . callum david is a homo = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87781220 87781329 2006-11-14 16:27:23 0 days 00:00:34 0|63.253.45.100 1 economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87781329 87781447 2006-11-14 16:28:02 0 days 00:00:39 1792859 1 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]]
2 fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended
3 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot itself with an oozie authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 3 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
87991523 87994645 2006-11-15 15:18:19 0 days 00:19:07 847895 2 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended
3 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = down with the berlin wall = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92185265 92185548 2006-12-05 08:35:49 0 days 00:02:53 0|80.208.142.253 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ahmad sofia tata taia = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92185548 92186033 2006-12-05 08:40:28 0 days 00:04:39 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ahmad sofia tata taia = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92223263 92398419 2006-12-06 05:17:56 0 days 15:02:30 0|24.131.47.128 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yeah dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92401874 92402213 2006-12-06 05:47:41 0 days 00:02:49 2046983 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . yeah dawg = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92647253 92647407 2006-12-07 06:40:31 0 days 00:01:17 0|129.1.208.200 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . update : on their way to korea , nic and rodriguo passed through berlin , and , sorry to say , rodriguo was shot and killed . nic made the journey to korea and is now building the " rodriguo remembrance korean wall . " = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
92647407 92647645 2006-12-07 06:42:41 0 days 00:02:10 1199710 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . update : on their way to korea , nic and rodriguo passed through berlin , and , sorry to say , rodriguo was shot and killed . nic made the journey to korea and is now building the " rodriguo remembrance korean wall . " = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
93429915 93491214 2006-12-11 01:35:37 0 days 04:56:50 2420409 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . omg go america ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
95116131 95161247 2006-12-18 20:41:47 0 days 04:04:21 0|64.105.255.4 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . shana is weird ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
95161247 95161280 2006-12-18 20:41:56 0 days 00:00:09 1574574 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . shana is weird ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an
99737979 99757174 2007-01-10 13:35:33 0 days 03:15:04 0|168.216.41.11 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . frau bailey was also a barrier . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
99757174 99757249 2007-01-10 13:36:09 0 days 00:00:36 128863 2 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . frau bailey was also a barrier . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100676150 100881569 2007-01-15 15:24:20 0 days 22:54:14 0|195.7.41.117 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . they where all gay lords = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100881569 100887174 2007-01-15 15:58:55 0 days 00:34:35 441020 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . they where all gay lords = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 5 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . jesus . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 5 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . jesus . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
104367345 104426170 2007-01-30 22:01:51 0 days 04:22:33 0|139.142.3.123 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . poop ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
104426170 104426285 2007-01-30 22:02:23 0 days 00:00:32 1111943 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . poop ! ! ! ! = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
105035085 105154435 2007-02-02 19:13:09 0 days 12:40:40 3436457 3 nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
105154435 105154508 2007-02-02 19:13:24 0 days 00:00:15 128326 4 ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111392335 111392675 2007-02-27 19:36:10 0 days 00:01:26 0|205.126.63.15 2 europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111392675 111393341 2007-02-27 19:39:19 0 days 00:03:09 911178 2 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one the inernet is [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
3 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one the inernet is the n game four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405046 111405157 2007-02-27 20:30:38 0 days 00:00:29 0|205.126.63.15 1 for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . ramsy = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405690 111405735 2007-02-27 20:33:03 0 days 00:00:14 0|205.126.63.15 1 republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . hi mrs . ramsy = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405735 111405922 2007-02-27 20:33:49 0 days 00:00:46 2875882 2 east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay massive emigration = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
3 ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111405922 111406034 2007-02-27 20:34:17 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.126.63.15 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406152 111406172 2007-02-27 20:34:50 0 days 00:00:05 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406172 111406279 2007-02-27 20:35:15 0 days 00:00:25 0|205.126.72.236 1 which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406279 111406382 2007-02-27 20:35:39 0 days 00:00:24 786651 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = hi mrs ramsay proposed barrier = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
1 the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = hi mrs ramsay = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406382 111406543 2007-02-27 20:36:24 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.126.72.236 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406618 111406676 2007-02-27 20:37:02 0 days 00:00:20 0|205.126.72.236 1 which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
111406676 111406766 2007-02-27 20:37:29 0 days 00:00:27 786651 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = mrs ramsay hi proposed barrier = = = = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started —
1 the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = mrs ramsay hi = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
112711235 112716572 2007-03-05 02:43:59 0 days 00:28:29 0|72.228.70.169 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
112716572 112716989 2007-03-05 02:45:51 0 days 00:01:52 3715895 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117354193 117486747 2007-03-24 09:29:05 0 days 13:48:40 0|81.96.161.134 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117486747 117487278 2007-03-24 09:35:03 0 days 00:05:58 302522 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117565003 117647900 2007-03-25 01:01:30 0 days 06:45:16 0|76.187.22.156 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . miranda is cool . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
117647900 117647947 2007-03-25 01:01:43 0 days 00:00:13 1919481 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . miranda is cool . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
118026860 118145320 2007-03-27 00:42:55 0 days 08:25:30 0|24.16.228.161 1 [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . this web site = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
118145320 118145334 2007-03-27 00:43:00 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 1 need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . please dont let anyone edit the section without user in this web site 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
118145453 118145580 2007-03-27 00:44:12 0 days 00:00:38 0|24.16.228.161 0 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
122272148 122501983 2007-04-13 14:59:43 0 days 21:08:22 0|169.244.28.181 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
122501983 122513682 2007-04-13 15:52:48 0 days 00:53:05 441020 0 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
123914874 123933094 2007-04-18 22:36:19 0 days 01:11:40 0|63.149.134.67 0 which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . is still standing = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
123933094 123946362 2007-04-18 23:36:43 0 days 01:00:24 3647339 1 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall is still standing came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 8 one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
124129045 124129084 2007-04-19 17:12:39 0 days 00:00:10 2092344 7 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter
8 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello . . . . . . my name is ocochobie hehehehehehe . . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
124358508 124368308 2007-04-20 14:51:05 0 days 00:46:21 0|216.255.119.162 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . steve ricciardi was here = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
124368308 124368337 2007-04-20 14:51:13 0 days 00:00:08 2198658 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . steve ricciardi was here = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125903168 125903426 2007-04-25 18:26:58 0 days 00:01:00 0|216.56.26.30 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . colleen is stupid = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125903426 125903775 2007-04-25 18:28:23 0 days 00:01:25 0|216.56.26.30 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . colleen is stupid = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125903775 125906845 2007-04-25 18:41:03 0 days 00:12:40 764861 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125906845 125918703 2007-04-25 19:29:59 0 days 00:48:56 0|216.56.26.30 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . call me = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
125918703 125918809 2007-04-25 19:30:27 0 days 00:00:28 313262 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . call me = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
127626659 127671003 2007-05-02 12:52:18 0 days 05:53:56 0|68.85.23.179 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
127672193 127960159 2007-05-03 14:25:47 1 days 01:26:16 0|170.158.132.51 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . but in the end the americans own every 1 and they kicked ass to no 1 should mess with us = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
127960159 127961923 2007-05-03 14:33:42 0 days 00:07:55 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . but in the end the americans own every 1 and they kicked ass to no 1 should mess with us = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
128924320 128949540 2007-05-07 15:00:35 0 days 01:53:17 0|67.131.1.162 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . white power ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
128949540 128950035 2007-05-07 15:03:06 0 days 00:02:31 302522 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . white power ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129555118 129555699 2007-05-09 16:40:50 0 days 00:02:17 0|204.129.158.10 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129556310 129556614 2007-05-09 16:44:15 0 days 00:01:08 0|204.129.158.10 1 challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129556999 129557916 2007-05-09 16:48:58 0 days 00:03:19 2073927 1 east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are really not even close to being legit ! ! ! ! ! ! no , we really are super legit . . . : d = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129557916 129558680 2007-05-09 16:51:48 0 days 00:02:50 76027 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are super legit ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
129954619 130104891 2007-05-11 15:20:36 0 days 16:40:06 0|164.58.29.130 3 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
130104891 130104907 2007-05-11 15:20:41 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 2 [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site for information on the web creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
3 germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wikipedia is the most unreliable site for information on the web = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[
130125487 130157604 2007-05-11 19:21:30 0 days 02:24:24 0|71.184.4.92 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . haha . see wikipedia is being changed . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
130157604 130157844 2007-05-11 19:22:27 0 days 00:00:57 0|71.184.4.92 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . haha . see wikipedia is being changed . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
131417137 131436491 2007-05-17 01:11:40 0 days 01:39:23 0|71.48.127.221 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
131436491 131436650 2007-05-17 01:12:16 0 days 00:00:36 452564 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
133347493 133410007 2007-05-25 13:23:13 0 days 08:23:44 0|151.199.194.224 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . hi chelsea ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
133410007 133410058 2007-05-25 13:23:28 0 days 00:00:15 2198658 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hi chelsea ! ! ! ! = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
133410058 133410210 2007-05-25 13:24:16 0 days 00:00:48 0|151.199.194.224 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . whoooooo hoooooo ! ! ! ! hi chelsea ! ! ! ! ! lalalalalalal = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
133410210 133410308 2007-05-25 13:24:46 0 days 00:00:30 1749459 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . whoooooo hoooooo ! ! ! ! hi chelsea ! ! ! ! ! lalalalalalal = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
138343035 138718813 2007-06-17 07:32:31 1 days 18:32:41 0|125.238.36.152 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . cock = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
138723953 138725085 2007-06-17 08:35:55 0 days 00:12:29 1400373 1 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . cock = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
151037517 151046095 2007-08-13 22:22:46 0 days 00:48:23 0|70.153.230.83 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht
151309170 151366024 2007-08-15 11:15:15 0 days 08:26:07 433328 0 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter
157464297 157472305 2007-09-12 21:44:36 0 days 00:38:34 0|70.191.233.211 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} i love u = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
157472305 157472725 2007-09-12 21:46:33 0 days 00:01:57 0|70.191.233.211 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} i love u = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
157865984 158397281 2007-09-17 01:08:51 2 days 09:20:11 5344159 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad . ms thurgood is a wicked biatch ! haha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
158397281 158397558 2007-09-17 01:10:16 0 days 00:01:25 5344159 0 fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad . ms thurgood is a wicked biatch ! haha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
158397558 158397610 2007-09-17 01:10:37 0 days 00:00:21 603177 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey tori history elective in the library is uber boring but the berlin wall aint so bad = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
163373226 163412211 2007-10-09 21:03:18 0 days 03:10:18 0|12.214.229.98 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} hey like watz up = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
163412211 163412267 2007-10-09 21:03:37 0 days 00:00:19 4414625 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hey like watz up = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
165900742 166090762 2007-10-21 17:56:01 0 days 22:19:42 0|71.146.84.96 0 construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
166285669 166317359 2007-10-22 17:09:34 0 days 02:37:00 0|65.97.101.229 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
166357408 166496747 2007-10-23 12:31:51 0 days 16:15:59 0|208.108.159.75 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . & & i love taylor and jax sooo much < 3 xox = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
166498828 166499245 2007-10-23 12:49:18 0 days 00:02:53 0|195.110.70.55 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . & & i love taylor and jax sooo much < 3 xox = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
167863048 167863179 2007-10-29 16:11:22 0 days 00:00:46 0|164.113.70.85 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
167863179 167863508 2007-10-29 16:13:20 0 days 00:01:58 0|164.113.70.85 0 time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch , and recent studies proved that the king really wasn ' t gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
167863508 167863816 2007-10-29 16:14:54 0 days 00:01:34 218593 2 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch , and recent studies proved that the king really wasn ' t gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
169018449 169291934 2007-11-05 02:25:04 1 days 05:04:42 0|141.151.18.144 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . heyyyyy andrew ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
169291934 169291974 2007-11-05 02:25:15 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . heyyyyy andrew ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
171606006 171821210 2007-11-16 03:59:58 0 days 22:25:24 0|75.36.45.155 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
171821210 171821331 2007-11-16 04:00:42 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.36.45.155 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hi = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
176928245 177097561 2007-12-10 23:54:47 0 days 19:31:06 0|76.27.136.195 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
177097561 177175244 2007-12-11 09:00:47 0 days 09:06:00 2537811 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181089537 181089717 2007-12-31 00:26:11 0 days 00:01:09 0|208.104.149.90 3 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 17 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181090540 181090839 2007-12-31 00:33:04 0 days 00:01:42 0|208.104.149.90 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < font size = 200 > < font color = purple > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
181090839 181090902 2007-12-31 00:33:25 0 days 00:00:21 2306142 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . < font size = 200 > < font color = purple > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 8 ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
10 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht
188146376 188146488 2008-01-31 13:48:05 0 days 00:00:51 0|208.108.155.115 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hahhahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
188146883 188151005 2008-01-31 14:18:01 0 days 00:27:19 0|89.100.2.123 0 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hahhahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
199071782 199072287 2008-03-18 12:50:14 0 days 00:02:59 0|65.43.196.165 0 a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted restrict . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building
199072287 199087135 2008-03-18 14:18:58 0 days 01:28:44 3622922 0 a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restrict restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 2 formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 9 how they built the berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and down and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german
10 berlin wall . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 10 but there was nothing they could do , the barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way calling the situation " intolerable " . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building
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41674806 41674959 2006-03-01 00:05:47 0 days 00:01:13 0|72.15.91.239 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 2007 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
43706232 43741933 2006-03-14 15:53:30 0 days 06:21:49 0|209.7.107.26 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . you smell ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
43741933 43751003 2006-03-14 17:04:20 0 days 01:10:50 209785 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . you smell ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44739550 44739797 2006-03-21 00:42:31 0 days 00:01:41 0|68.154.38.227 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . do you get it ? ! the same year ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44739797 44746100 2006-03-21 01:34:16 0 days 00:51:45 0|68.82.36.154 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . do you get it ? ! the same year ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44756611 44756764 2006-03-21 03:01:33 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.154.38.227 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . : ) = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
44756764 44761040 2006-03-21 03:36:25 0 days 00:34:52 21887 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . : ) = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy
45851032 46015271 2006-03-29 14:49:03 1 days 01:44:53 154626 0 for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]]
52083549 52169001 2006-05-08 17:26:58 0 days 14:10:33 0|204.14.67.138 0 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year berlin wall rocks . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and
52169542 52169681 2006-05-08 17:31:13 0 days 00:00:52 393959 0 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same berlin wall rocks year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and
53575114 53610363 2006-05-17 01:16:10 0 days 04:00:16 0|205.188.117.13 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
53610363 53610479 2006-05-17 01:16:53 0 days 00:00:43 0|205.188.117.13 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; ( cc ) chicky copyright = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
53610479 53610865 2006-05-17 01:19:41 0 days 00:02:48 1008387 0 union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; ( cc ) chicky copyright = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
53610865 53645846 2006-05-17 06:59:26 0 days 05:39:45 92511 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . & hearts ; = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54043685 54067486 2006-05-19 18:21:48 0 days 02:53:27 0|158.59.210.49 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . it was all approved by a faggot ass mother fucker . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54067486 54067993 2006-05-19 18:25:33 0 days 00:03:45 0|158.59.210.49 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . it was all approved by a faggot ass mother fucker . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < nowiki > < math > [[ image : = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < nowiki > < math > [[ image : = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 18 in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former [[ president ]] ronald reagan , [[ senator ]] [[ john ashcroft ]] and [[ german ]] [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty - four years after her grandfather warned of an
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence and , after all of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 6 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] )
85456438 85490134 2006-11-03 16:13:21 0 days 04:14:14 0|66.44.161.178 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
85490134 85491034 2006-11-03 16:18:17 0 days 00:04:56 0|66.44.161.178 2 the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
85491034 85493361 2006-11-03 16:30:42 0 days 00:12:25 1008387 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . erin ' s better ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92585081 92645291 2006-12-07 06:22:24 0 days 05:44:24 0|129.1.208.200 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . nic taggie nicknamed jay the " korean wall " during a street hockey game when he meant the berlin wall . the nickname stuck and has lasted ever since . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92646910 92647253 2006-12-07 06:39:14 0 days 00:02:56 1199710 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . nic taggie nicknamed jay the " korean wall " during a street hockey game when he meant the berlin wall . the nickname stuck and has lasted ever since . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92647645 92647674 2006-12-07 06:43:01 0 days 00:00:20 0|129.1.208.200 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . wikipedia please stop deleting my work , the world must know about nic and his " korean wall " nickname for jay as a hockey goaltender . after all , the name was brought about because of confusion over the berlin wall . please stop being bitches and let this stay . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
92647674 92647828 2006-12-07 06:44:20 0 days 00:01:19 1199710 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . wikipedia please stop deleting my work , the world must know about nic and his " korean wall " nickname for jay as a hockey goaltender . after all , the name was brought about because of confusion over the berlin wall . please stop being bitches and let this stay . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
93876848 93880292 2006-12-12 19:52:20 0 days 00:14:37 0|72.20.141.105 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . shana is wierd ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
93881175 93881282 2006-12-12 19:57:01 0 days 00:00:31 198194 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . shana is wierd ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
94389378 94443968 2006-12-15 04:16:23 0 days 05:06:11 0|71.251.242.195 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
94443968 94444270 2006-12-15 04:18:30 0 days 00:02:07 0|71.251.242.195 1 which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
94444270 94444428 2006-12-15 04:19:37 0 days 00:01:07 0|71.251.242.195 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = = = = divergence of german states from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " '
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = = = divergence of german states = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
99129756 99137429 2007-01-07 18:28:55 0 days 00:36:37 0|74.117.24.31 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99137429 99152844 2007-01-07 19:42:40 0 days 01:13:45 302522 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99737979 99757174 2007-01-10 13:35:33 0 days 03:15:04 0|168.216.41.11 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . frau bailey quit her job and joined a necromatical sex cult ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
99757174 99757249 2007-01-10 13:36:09 0 days 00:00:36 128863 1 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . frau bailey quit her job and joined a necromatical sex cult ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100000629 100114258 2007-01-12 00:20:16 0 days 09:04:28 0|64.228.195.105 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ass ass ass = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100114258 100114349 2007-01-12 00:20:45 0 days 00:00:29 991086 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ass ass ass = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . jesus . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . jesus . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
111196973 111243428 2007-02-27 03:05:37 0 days 03:27:28 0|71.211.223.181 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . england is far superior to poland . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
111243428 111243489 2007-02-27 03:05:58 0 days 00:00:21 345374 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . england is far superior to poland . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
112716989 112935331 2007-03-05 23:53:50 0 days 21:07:59 0|67.177.105.103 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > insert formula here < / math > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
112935331 112936932 2007-03-06 00:00:49 0 days 00:06:59 2198470 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . < math > insert formula here < / math > = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
113114464 113120365 2007-03-06 19:02:44 0 days 00:24:08 0|206.123.204.226 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . for mor info . on the first albino mexican call 970 - 884 - 2564 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
113120365 113138879 2007-03-06 20:23:39 0 days 01:20:55 1265360 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . for mor info . on the first albino mexican call 970 - 884 - 2564 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
114836126 114852047 2007-03-13 18:17:45 0 days 01:06:46 0|151.188.16.26 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and shannon is the coolest person ever . same with ashna . you ' re just jealous = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
114852047 114856947 2007-03-13 18:40:29 0 days 00:22:44 911178 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and shannon is the coolest person ever . same with ashna . you ' re just jealous = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 17 remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of
123126862 123132996 2007-04-16 01:36:38 0 days 00:25:51 0|69.27.193.215 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123132996 123133290 2007-04-16 01:37:53 0 days 00:01:15 742404 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of nazi germany was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123829798 123830148 2007-04-18 15:41:14 0 days 00:01:23 0|209.66.200.83 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . > > > > > > > > www . chubbybear . com < < < < < < < < < . . . . . for more info . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123830148 123849129 2007-04-18 16:58:40 0 days 01:17:26 302522 2 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . > > > > > > > > www . chubbybear . com < < < < < < < < < . . . . . for more info . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 4 the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city itself lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
127967878 127976135 2007-05-03 15:37:17 0 days 00:35:50 0|68.192.33.121 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu lovee it like whoaa ! so dont yu be playingg mann , cuz ' yu noe it aint right = / tisk tisk . . lmao . . love ya ' ll < 333 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
127976915 127992744 2007-05-03 16:49:37 0 days 01:08:57 0|216.64.169.240 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . yooo wassuppp this is anngiie babiie whoot whoot ! ! this is the fo realliest best site eevvaaa ! ! ya maaann ! ! i love this siite ! ! kk biiie looove yoooh < 333 tiffany was here < 3333333333333333333333333yeah yo fo shizzle heyy yoo ` = ) thisss be mary holleringgg at thiss pagee , , haha . . . best damn information yu can ever gettt mann . . yu noe yuu lovee it like whoaa ! so dont yu be playingg mann , cuz ' yu noe it aint right = / tisk tisk . . lmao . . love ya ' ll < 333 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
127992744 128043670 2007-05-03 20:30:16 0 days 03:40:39 0|69.125.136.170 3 was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . do = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 5 | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the end of the war the germans decided to go make some brownies that they thoguht would be interesting to do be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129354253 129366217 2007-05-08 22:25:05 0 days 00:54:51 0|71.234.214.112 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . germany kicks assss bitchessss = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129366217 129366302 2007-05-08 22:25:31 0 days 00:00:26 2372073 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . germany kicks assss bitchessss = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129949358 129954281 2007-05-10 22:39:14 0 days 00:18:48 0|12.176.89.237 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . this stuff is crap = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
129954281 129954619 2007-05-10 22:40:30 0 days 00:01:16 0|12.176.89.237 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . this stuff is crap = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
132298502 132440511 2007-05-21 14:08:15 0 days 16:48:29 0|69.88.90.2 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' alle die leute leibst meinem schwanze alle die jahr , und tag fur funf jahr . ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
132440511 132450928 2007-05-21 15:05:51 0 days 00:57:36 979695 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' alle die leute leibst meinem schwanze alle die jahr , und tag fur funf jahr . ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138718813 138718856 2007-06-17 07:32:59 0 days 00:00:28 0|125.238.36.152 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . poop = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138723953 138725085 2007-06-17 08:35:55 0 days 00:12:29 1400373 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . poop = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138879702 138934720 2007-06-18 08:20:16 0 days 07:15:27 0|121.72.139.61 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heaps of people eat poos for breakfast lunch and tea . when thirsty they drink some pee . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
138934720 138934785 2007-06-18 08:20:53 0 days 00:00:37 317054 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . heaps of people eat poos for breakfast lunch and tea . when thirsty they drink some pee . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
146124404 146184219 2007-07-21 20:19:25 0 days 06:20:57 4915202 0 excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year , and noone likes you . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
146184219 146184328 2007-07-21 20:20:01 0 days 00:00:36 4915202 0 excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year , and noone likes you . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
155659633 155851144 2007-09-05 15:13:56 0 days 22:11:28 0|207.157.119.20 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . and i like pasta . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
155851144 155853769 2007-09-05 15:29:23 0 days 00:15:27 294180 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . and i like pasta . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
161588251 161588587 2007-10-01 16:31:59 0 days 00:01:55 0|142.25.180.48 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . luke skywalker defeated the nazis with the force . later that day , luke died of aids . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 4 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . luke skywalker defeated the nazis with the force . later that day , luke died of aids . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
166090762 166091165 2007-10-21 17:58:16 0 days 00:02:15 0|71.146.84.96 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( '
167955046 167972708 2007-10-30 00:21:30 0 days 01:19:04 4906799 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = chocolate on a hot day is good for the soul , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a
171393635 171606006 2007-11-15 05:34:34 0 days 21:01:58 0|70.190.181.31 0 formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
178873918 179014417 2007-12-19 19:23:05 0 days 15:40:46 0|71.107.178.35 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . [[ special : contributions / 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 ]] ( [[ user talk : 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | talk ]] ) 19 : 23 , 19 december 2007 ( utc ) = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
179015175 179016000 2007-12-19 19:30:21 0 days 00:04:00 4417781 1 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . [[ special : contributions / 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 ]] ( [[ user talk : 71 . 107 . 178 . 35 | talk ]] ) 19 : 23 , 19 december 2007 ( utc ) = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
181089350 181089537 2007-12-31 00:25:02 0 days 00:01:08 0|208.104.149.90 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . < font color = purple > = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 2 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . < font color = purple > = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
196063376 196351442 2008-03-06 19:41:30 1 days 02:59:30 0|198.203.102.1 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . bitch bitch bitch bitch = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
196351442 196351478 2008-03-06 19:41:36 0 days 00:00:06 1879647 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] bitch bitch bitch bitch after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
199068893 199069199 2008-03-18 12:29:53 0 days 00:02:09 0|208.108.154.93 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . what it do baby boo ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
199069199 199069215 2008-03-18 12:29:59 0 days 00:00:06 4466297 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . what it do baby boo ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
199097835 199097858 2008-03-18 15:12:11 0 days 00:00:07 0|208.27.127.62 1 powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 0 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale
1 image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] tgykrtljy ; tiljoyeipjp ; tyijryoirt ; yjiortjyiotr ; yeiet i love cheese cake . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft
237254375 237419653 2008-09-10 02:32:25 0 days 16:01:58 7823265 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . and then all of the people there sucked micheal jackson until he was glowing = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
237419653 237419774 2008-09-10 02:33:12 0 days 00:00:47 301395 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . and then all of the people there sucked micheal jackson until he was glowing = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 3 formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should go there cause you get laid every night and there is lots of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country
238154941 238325424 2008-09-14 09:16:02 0 days 18:24:11 0|220.236.150.187 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . when the bridge fell and 3 people died . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
238325424 238325456 2008-09-14 09:16:17 0 days 00:00:15 50975 0 the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . when the bridge fell and 3 people died . = = = divergence of german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 6 ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = [[ west germany ]] , named ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with
258204890 258206239 2008-12-15 21:36:56 0 days 00:05:16 0|76.217.13.119 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . americans are the stupidest pieces of crap in the world ! = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 6 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . americans are the stupidest pieces of crap in the world ! = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
274455448 274459456 2009-03-02 16:42:07 0 days 00:17:30 0|70.133.170.228 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
274459456 274460739 2009-03-02 16:47:43 0 days 00:05:36 355538 0 of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany
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732558 773189 2003-03-08 21:25:25 0 days 00:08:13 4388 1 germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously
2 and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured
3800736 3801053 2004-05-31 11:09:48 0 days 00:47:12 26248 0 of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[
1 wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] ,
5187225 5188293 2004-08-13 18:25:16 0 days 01:56:36 0|81.241.199.46 0 to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved .
5188293 5189242 2004-08-13 19:14:28 0 days 00:49:12 36250 1 to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved .
7241546 7264266 2004-11-09 01:33:37 5 days 02:28:22 70975 0 in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters
7583907 7584008 2004-11-17 17:32:32 0 days 00:01:17 0|64.90.246.103 0 whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . supercalifragilexiispalligous = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
7584008 7586970 2004-11-17 17:36:49 0 days 00:04:17 54115 1 whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . supercalifragilexiispalligous = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 31 | left | the ' ' death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 22 the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 68 the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall .
69 additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 30 the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
14830564 14834006 2005-06-07 04:56:11 0 days 06:28:40 0|81.180.132.3 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]]
14834006 14943216 2005-06-07 06:53:53 0 days 01:57:42 8780 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 100
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 48 = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track
18615057 18831061 2005-07-14 18:41:13 3 days 00:16:28 0|212.129.219.9 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello : ) = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
18831061 18833308 2005-07-14 19:12:10 0 days 00:30:57 157530 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello : ) = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
21322221 21572534 2005-08-22 14:08:28 3 days 15:32:21 193733 0 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
22002656 22024698 2005-08-28 11:59:04 0 days 08:50:21 92511 0 alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 65 | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences
66 the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants
67 death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 66 because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 7 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 7 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 9 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 9 government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 31 billie holiday . robert and michael co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 2 city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 4 east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and
31280210 31292225 2005-12-14 05:13:56 0 days 02:17:08 0|203.194.7.88 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello my name is nicloe & i came from canada im 21 n love the wall i will sleep on it tonite = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
31292225 31292308 2005-12-14 05:14:46 0 days 00:00:50 44020 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello my name is nicloe & i came from canada im 21 n love the wall i will sleep on it tonite = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
31379015 31396532 2005-12-14 23:52:02 0 days 02:08:28 6661 1 wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
31396532 31424209 2005-12-15 03:54:07 0 days 04:02:05 0|24.236.223.45 0 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth third generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version
31424209 31569442 2005-12-16 04:11:51 1 days 00:17:44 28107 0 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " third fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version
32108451 32117880 2005-12-20 16:57:51 0 days 01:28:03 0|216.167.223.130 3 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up
32117880 32117997 2005-12-20 16:59:00 0 days 00:01:09 655783 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] the wall was stupid and everyone who liked it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east
36646145 36646475 2006-01-25 14:49:01 0 days 00:02:47 0|216.235.137.59 1 - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 6 - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) penis around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been
37710041 37796162 2006-02-02 04:37:22 0 days 09:53:21 21887 2 border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along .
38580965 38581150 2006-02-07 06:17:30 0 days 00:02:33 58229 1 the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 2 a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections . little is left
40013407 40013833 2006-02-17 14:26:02 0 days 00:03:52 0|66.190.92.129 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . brandon really is a pig though = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s
40459448 40459461 2006-02-20 18:40:06 0 days 00:00:08 478178 2 [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 10 phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years escape attempts = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and
40785084 40814212 2006-02-23 04:37:43 0 days 04:17:05 386031 2 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = seondary response = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in
4 ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 70 . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 7 germans crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built
8 crossed into the west [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] , after 1952 this was almost exclusively through berlin . between 1962 its miles of concrete and 1989 only about 5 , 000 people escaped into west berlin . = = why it was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 0 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles the creation of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between
40907901 40908066 2006-02-23 20:44:09 0 days 00:01:31 89179 1 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] | title = " berlin wall " | date = 2006 - 2 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 68 wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an
69 changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed
70 , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround 1 . 6 km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall .
41675140 41675177 2006-03-01 00:07:21 0 days 00:00:15 0|72.15.91.239 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . northgate rocks ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
41675177 41675215 2006-03-01 00:07:35 0 days 00:00:14 60449 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . northgate rocks ! = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and opportunitistic chances of a financially better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 9 font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] | last = buckley | first = william f . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn
10 size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . (
36 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * {{ cite book | first = peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
37 . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter | last = wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] .
38 * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 17 clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants
18 at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 17 clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated
18 shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
47686586 47796295 2006-04-10 13:08:51 1 days 01:43:05 686868 1 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr announced to open 10 new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 1 in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr announced to open 10 the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 4 attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 4 attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 9 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall /
19 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around
52350811 52351293 2006-05-09 18:36:08 0 days 00:03:12 0|168.212.165.131 0 " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave have a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th
52351586 52351667 2006-05-09 18:38:52 0 days 00:00:36 88149 0 " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] have gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th
52351667 52351749 2006-05-09 18:39:30 0 days 00:00:38 0|168.212.165.131 0 " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave have a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th
52351749 52351902 2006-05-09 18:40:27 0 days 00:00:57 88149 0 " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] have gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th
53469237 53500500 2006-05-16 13:10:13 0 days 05:20:12 0|204.10.216.173 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin
1 the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the 36 > < center > basically this wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however ,
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 0 east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that
55134230 55336076 2006-05-26 23:17:25 1 days 02:20:12 314721 0 fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and
58221342 58406027 2006-06-13 15:37:57 0 days 23:50:02 0|198.187.154.33 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated
60893108 60894512 2006-06-27 20:05:23 0 days 00:08:22 0|86.136.216.81 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
60894512 60894996 2006-06-27 20:08:25 0 days 00:03:02 0|86.136.216.81 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their
1 between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall the russians never went near germany . is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
2 the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . and no niall the russians never went near germany . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and
60894996 60895964 2006-06-27 20:13:57 0 days 00:05:32 0|86.136.216.81 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
60895964 60896018 2006-06-27 20:14:17 0 days 00:00:20 306178 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
60896018 60921964 2006-06-27 22:57:46 0 days 02:43:29 0|81.110.120.61 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . leigh pickering you are wrong and niall is right give him a chocolate bar = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
63319257 63357225 2006-07-12 04:25:03 0 days 04:45:06 0|66.36.138.108 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants
1 berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 , ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated .
73604370 73604617 2006-09-03 17:49:45 0 days 00:01:59 0|69.15.111.135 0 ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
73605029 73605688 2006-09-03 17:57:34 0 days 00:04:49 302522 1 ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
84732374 84732512 2006-10-31 00:15:04 0 days 00:00:44 2617879 3 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with
91645972 91703918 2006-12-03 02:08:58 0 days 05:40:21 0|69.34.58.90 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hitler wins go nazis go ! = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
91703918 91705950 2006-12-03 02:23:37 0 days 00:14:39 241822 0 was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = hitler wins go nazis go ! many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 3 wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section
4 left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer
99129501 99129756 2007-01-07 17:52:18 0 days 00:01:18 82835 0 course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their
1 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 7 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . jesus . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 7 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . jesus . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
108400903 108457024 2007-02-15 22:57:36 0 days 03:12:24 86816 0 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became
108586738 108586831 2007-02-16 12:02:32 0 days 00:00:53 0|217.132.143.214 1 . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 photo gallery of commented photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 56 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 56 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 56 position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching
112464865 112556059 2007-03-04 13:26:25 0 days 11:36:28 0|62.190.226.22 0 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm an account of berlin in 1983 ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ]
112556059 112556126 2007-03-04 13:26:57 0 days 00:00:32 0|62.190.226.22 0 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm an account of berlin in 1983 ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ]
123516541 123516548 2007-04-17 13:05:33 0 days 00:00:02 0|24.73.99.18 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . it was made of stuff like brick , duh . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 2 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . it was made of stuff like brick , duh . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
129554249 129554566 2007-05-09 16:36:20 0 days 00:01:13 0|204.129.158.10 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hello = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 15 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . hello = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
131539503 131601711 2007-05-17 19:08:06 0 days 05:01:05 0|67.80.211.47 0 the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image cacacacacacacacacacacacacacacimage of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 "
131601711 131603145 2007-05-17 19:14:03 0 days 00:05:57 416811 0 the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( cacacacacacacacacacacacacacacimage 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 "
134754471 134826269 2007-05-31 15:15:04 0 days 08:38:02 0|82.32.237.83 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . guch = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
134826269 134829090 2007-05-31 15:30:41 0 days 00:15:37 911178 0 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . guch = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin
142211169 142255967 2007-07-03 16:09:49 0 days 06:21:55 0|137.248.1.11 0 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ]
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 5 / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' license " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have
151601404 152046698 2007-08-18 14:45:41 2 days 01:05:52 2267145 3 to the west . [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
152314634 152803494 2007-08-21 23:56:54 2 days 03:11:07 0|121.73.19.64 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down oranges and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " .
152803494 152803602 2007-08-21 23:57:33 0 days 00:00:39 2407049 0 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , oranges work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and apples please over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 )
1 wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , oranges and apples please their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
158483005 158483110 2007-09-17 12:40:23 0 days 00:00:46 0|86.148.90.145 3 [[ west germany | west ]] ( lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] ) and [[ east germany ]] ( lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] ) }} . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 70 wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo tax - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 5 biological sexes : male , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality west side of biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce offspring through meiosis and fertilization
74 . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today .
75 is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by people like you . please donate today .
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 0 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the rise of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations
6 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
8 the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 5 the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
164330493 165005648 2007-10-16 18:39:29 2 days 23:53:33 0|24.249.110.110 3 of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la
166270489 166285533 2007-10-22 14:31:47 0 days 01:30:10 0|70.182.252.182 0 [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . brad bridges § = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became
166285533 166285669 2007-10-22 14:32:34 0 days 00:00:47 4430313 0 [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . brad bridges § = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became
170288054 170290210 2007-11-09 09:01:24 0 days 00:23:50 0|213.221.119.178 1 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning
186292925 186294689 2008-01-23 06:18:42 0 days 00:15:14 686868 0 left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in
188026301 188145977 2008-01-31 13:44:04 0 days 14:33:04 0|208.108.155.72 1 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . fa = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe
11 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , " ] the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
15 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
191453407 191583874 2008-02-15 04:57:35 0 days 11:31:28 0|71.41.210.146 2 # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - – 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the
193870230 193871493 2008-02-25 06:10:40 0 days 00:11:02 4626 0 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version
201305220 201315450 2008-03-27 13:24:11 0 days 01:06:52 0|66.226.192.60 1 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
201315450 201315598 2008-03-27 13:25:08 0 days 00:00:57 266416 0 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
203261700 203261718 2008-04-04 10:59:08 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 3 reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
205709007 205856138 2008-04-15 19:38:21 0 days 16:21:25 3313221 2 use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was were restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west
205856138 205859140 2008-04-15 19:51:47 0 days 00:13:26 911178 1 west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous were the [[ friedrichstraße ]] subway ( u - bahn ) station and ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which were was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 4 curtain . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [
236569880 236585633 2008-09-06 03:42:08 0 days 01:53:09 7794502 0 fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
238325456 238394797 2008-09-14 17:19:35 0 days 08:03:18 0|75.81.195.4 1 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn so fuck yo couch to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front
238394797 238394911 2008-09-14 17:20:15 0 days 00:00:40 5549726 1 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn so fuck yo couch to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front
239837716 239876423 2008-09-20 22:37:38 0 days 03:23:31 0|71.105.241.106 0 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # black ladies the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
239876423 239876509 2008-09-20 22:38:12 0 days 00:00:34 0|71.105.241.106 0 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # black ladies moat the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
239903193 239907895 2008-09-21 01:43:54 0 days 00:28:11 0|79.97.23.174 0 fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) # panzer tanks # moat the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 56 to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity |
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 51 . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]] ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 2 the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 1 and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 145 berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' " [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit )
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 163 of the wall , which included the final movement of [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' '
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 31 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 17 up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside
43 personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along
68 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 8 up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside
325134416 325134523 2009-11-10 22:42:03 0 days 00:00:34 0|68.187.237.50 0 barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee
1 . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 3 ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 4 the gdr : moscow ' s german ally , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr , longman , 2001 . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern -
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 0 since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * childs , david , ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east
2 * germany in the twentieth century , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the
325444999 325445402 2009-11-12 15:13:03 0 days 00:03:33 6971250 0 of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ citation needed ] = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325445402 325445769 2009-11-12 15:15:38 0 days 00:02:35 6971250 0 of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ {{ citation needed ] = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans
1 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . [ citation needed ] }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer
325566615 325566651 2009-11-13 04:33:30 0 days 00:00:23 0|150.101.251.68 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany postman pat = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
325566651 325566841 2009-11-13 04:35:21 0 days 00:01:51 8214624 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = postman pat post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of the first episode ]] , what remained of [[ cat ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 14 s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with east german police watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the
329299391 329299944 2009-12-02 20:02:01 0 days 00:03:34 0|164.113.70.253 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany bryce is a badass = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
329299944 329300134 2009-12-02 20:03:13 0 days 00:01:12 10519822 0 city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = bryce is a badass post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 5 wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) that was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall ,
44 wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 6 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love ( song ) | looking for love freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate <
355153879 355187838 2010-04-10 19:01:08 0 days 03:28:21 0|91.135.41.61 0 august 1961 , an english - language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) | don ' t fence me in ]] " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 9 ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 4 former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 4 the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 3 north of the city centre , in the context of a designed landscape of memory being created since 2009 ; an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) stretch piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 1 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 2 the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone ( wow that is a vey cool lamb . ) borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and
418362137 418362289 2011-03-11 22:02:40 0 days 00:01:03 14143658 1 a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in
422046414 422046953 2011-04-02 22:19:39 0 days 00:04:19 1426328 0 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = " [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] " speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by [[ john f . kennedy ]] , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 01 . | filename2 = jfk berlin address high
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 111 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]]
125 catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 5 . com / audio / year _ in _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / ] < ref name = " autogenerated1961 " > {{ cite web | url = = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel
17 / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | title = forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a
20 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed .
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 6 ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) }} long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside
8 east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; | km | mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front
9 . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the
518733755 519776360 2012-10-25 15:33:17 5 days 22:20:02 17129401 0 2 sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 30 spy fiction ]] * * [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | t . h . e . hill ]] , ' ' [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend
561998312 563395777 2013-07-08 16:35:22 9 days 22:41:41 14418888 0 & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * * the music video for [[ princess _ x _ ( musician ) | princess x ]] ' s song " free " ( 2013 ) contain video clips of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = princess x - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | stephan elsner }} '
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 6 stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | url = http : / / news | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
13 stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de /
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 37 . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www . shapell . org / manuscript . aspx ? president - ronald - reagan - pictured - at - the - berlin - wall - during - tear - down - this - wall - speech ronald reagan at the berlin wall : tear down this wall ] shapell manuscript foundation * [ http : / / www . thefirstpost . co . uk / 55774 , in - pictures , news - in - pictures , in - pictures - photographs - the - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] – slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wir - waren - so - frei . de / moments in time 1989 / 1990 ] internet archive presenting personal films and photos of the time of the fall of the berlin wall and the german reunification , mostly licenced under cc * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 13 border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds gathered on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 11 million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) the longtime leader of east germany at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the
12 gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] that day . , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague
41 million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin , 07 ) meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through hungary via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague
650204928 650206237 2015-03-06 21:57:41 0 days 00:09:46 24044265 0 # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 129 - 139 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 .
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 1 # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) < ref > {{ cite book | last1 = chaichian | first1 = mohammad | title = empires and walls : globalization , migration , and colonial control | date = 2014 | publisher = haymarket books | location = chicago , il | isbn = 978 - 1608464227 | pages = 129 - 139 | url = http : / / www . amazon . com / empires - walls - globalization - migration - domination / dp / 1608464229 / ref = asap _ bc ? ie = utf8 }} < / ref > the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 .
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 11 = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to
12 museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 & nbsp ; ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they temporarily erected more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
708557629 710470018 2016-03-17 03:45:27 10 days 20:34:11 25794403 0 = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 200px 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war 2 ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on
712353861 713111597 2016-04-02 00:39:36 4 days 08:07:43 593397 1 ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] ' ' in front of the brandenburg gate . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 1989 - 11 - 21
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 4 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - – germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }}
795297023 796184545 2017-08-19 02:20:43 5 days 17:00:51 27823944 0 . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | archive - url = https : / / archive . is / 20130125070351 / http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | dead - url = yes | archive - date = 25 january 2013 | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 11 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 12 berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 & nbsp ; km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 ,
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 5 < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < " / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the wall was reinforced by mesh [[
8 fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the wall was reinforced by mesh [[ fence |
825749968 825750205 2018-02-15 05:27:12 0 days 00:01:58 29164674 0 ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ ipa - de | bɛʁˈliːnɐ ˈmaʊ̯ɐ | pron | de - berliner mauer . ogg }} ) was a guarded concrete [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] that physically and ideologically divided [[ berlin ]] from 1961 to 1989 . < ref name = " chicago
825801993 825804625 2018-02-15 14:47:39 0 days 00:20:47 5946478 2 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the barrier was built inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 64 berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 & nbsp ; km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall ,
81 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > it had the unintended result of drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958
87 divided west and east berlin . < ref > http : / / www . historytoday . com / frederick - taylor / berlin - wall - secret - history < / ref > the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com /
838879438 838895196 2018-04-29 23:54:28 0 days 02:14:24 19082616 1 bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} [[ file : sfp 186 - brandenburger tor . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | brandenburg gate in 1945 , after the end of world war ii ]] following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a group of nations on
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19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 1 and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east
35495922 35656744 2006-01-18 09:25:40 1 days 05:31:09 125821 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' '
46159959 46530181 2006-04-02 01:22:16 2 days 12:19:53 1014314 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]]
1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz
53249521 53249626 2006-05-15 02:38:16 0 days 00:00:49 0|202.37.230.29 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - jon rox 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin
53249664 53249668 2006-05-15 02:38:31 0 days 00:00:02 153365 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - jon rox 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin
58695143 58813816 2006-06-15 19:40:01 0 days 16:59:28 0|70.28.201.133 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall
1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image
58813816 58814119 2006-06-15 19:42:01 0 days 00:02:00 0|70.28.201.133 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]]
1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall
61268904 61388563 2006-06-30 15:45:53 0 days 18:09:51 143396 0 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known
64682848 64683314 2006-07-19 16:13:35 0 days 00:02:48 157842 0 . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster
64693659 64831086 2006-07-20 11:01:48 0 days 17:44:01 283279 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti & death strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
82692252 82749727 2006-10-21 03:07:49 0 days 06:22:02 539606 3 | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
82749727 82826053 2006-10-21 15:48:05 0 days 12:40:16 1652680 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall graffiti % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between
1 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall _ graffiti % 26death strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence
2 | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin wall graffiti % 26death _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
82833738 82835134 2006-10-21 16:48:39 0 days 00:09:25 443684 0 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
84632700 84695253 2006-10-30 21:09:01 0 days 05:35:49 0|64.141.49.2 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin angela wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]]
84695253 84695656 2006-10-30 21:10:57 0 days 00:01:56 35947 0 {st@rt} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : angela berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]]
92647828 92779124 2006-12-07 21:11:24 0 days 14:27:04 0|82.10.207.212 0 the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer
3 " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]]
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
4 the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' '
12 wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no
111355342 111374935 2007-02-27 18:15:45 0 days 01:31:27 0|168.11.47.3 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : my nigga homie . reconizlle berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
111374935 111378516 2007-02-27 18:32:08 0 days 00:16:23 0|168.11.47.3 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : my nigga homie . reconizlle berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 0 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer juan stupid . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
125058452 125193906 2007-04-23 15:24:46 0 days 11:33:36 72441 0 the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 7 . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall animal sexuality and mating system animal sexual behavior takes many different forms , even within the same species . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' '
74 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image :
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 9 off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the " east " , resulting in widespread chaos . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 0 the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 .
8 sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo
16 could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is
17 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 200px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left
202125992 202294334 2008-03-31 14:00:02 0 days 18:00:56 0|72.159.133.157 1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the
202294334 202294554 2008-03-31 14:01:05 0 days 00:01:03 266416 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 1 which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15
230236742 230237099 2008-08-06 17:53:15 0 days 00:01:43 1626379 0 platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 1986 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a
230237099 230237292 2008-08-06 17:54:14 0 days 00:00:59 1626379 0 platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1986 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1982 . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 3 he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp
256069695 256069792 2008-12-05 17:07:45 0 days 00:00:38 0|68.72.100.17 1 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
256069792 256070488 2008-12-05 17:11:55 0 days 00:04:10 5177550 1 - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
268074198 268074790 2009-02-02 18:29:41 0 days 00:02:50 911178 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows - higher - in - sochi ] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip "
269858109 269920151 2009-02-11 03:09:49 0 days 05:24:07 0|72.129.111.121 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' ronald reagan somehow convinced russia to break the wall and convinced east berlin [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip "
269920151 269933512 2009-02-11 04:28:03 0 days 01:18:14 3190204 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' ronald reagan somehow convinced russia to break the wall and convinced east berlin [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip "
272959089 273103201 2009-02-25 02:26:13 0 days 12:29:12 0|76.235.164.36 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image :
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 3 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image :
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 3 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image :
300057708 300312703 2009-07-04 23:02:58 1 days 08:14:41 0|86.163.75.210 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = 1987 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in
300312703 300317419 2009-07-04 23:35:29 0 days 00:32:31 911178 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1987 = = 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in
309828599 310118082 2009-08-26 07:27:25 1 days 12:35:20 0|124.188.144.120 0 - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall in 1232 . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
310118082 310125952 2009-08-26 08:51:03 0 days 01:23:38 3308922 0 - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall in 1232 . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
311905684 311933749 2009-09-05 01:02:20 0 days 03:22:02 6877720 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper ) ) | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip "
311933846 311938724 2009-09-05 01:38:14 0 days 00:34:56 6984319 1 {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip "
315258217 315332296 2009-09-21 17:48:49 0 days 09:05:05 0|83.104.63.97 0 file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin berlii satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image :
315332574 315336961 2009-09-21 18:15:36 0 days 00:25:17 911178 0 file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlii berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image :
324678298 324688472 2009-11-08 18:53:06 0 days 00:58:22 0|97.113.74.253 0 = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in
324879493 324882710 2009-11-09 18:38:45 0 days 00:18:03 0|72.51.84.174 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} - - - - chicken is good and it helps us to work well - - - - [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death
324882710 324882783 2009-11-09 18:39:08 0 days 00:00:23 2794218 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} - - - - chicken is good and it helps us to work well - - - - [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 0 | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the
21 pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two
324937840 324940062 2009-11-09 23:43:42 0 days 00:11:39 16710 0 pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15
2 {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months
328177656 328189152 2009-11-27 10:33:27 0 days 02:03:12 255162 1 these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 5 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ image
351044536 351060308 2010-03-20 22:45:12 0 days 01:42:12 0|81.97.32.153 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} narrnarr big balls [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death
351060308 351060690 2010-03-20 22:47:54 0 days 00:02:42 10141256 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} narrnarr big balls [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image = image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous "
2 | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip
5 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous "
6 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip
407283711 407328184 2011-01-11 19:50:25 0 days 04:22:54 0|208.95.136.149 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} the berlin wall is just a big stupid wall that has no point it also has a huge hole in it [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall '
407328184 407328554 2011-01-11 19:52:37 0 days 00:02:12 9703281 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} the berlin wall is just a big stupid wall that has no point it also has a huge hole in it [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall '
498957428 499054497 2012-06-23 23:05:19 0 days 14:55:22 4905985 1 = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall _ ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august
506391748 507137049 2012-08-13 02:27:51 4 days 12:48:56 11056914 0 , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | deaths at the berlin wall }} ' ' ' or ' ' ' {{ further | list _ of _ deaths _ at _ the _ berlin _ wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | 250px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting
507137049 507237640 2012-08-13 17:25:55 0 days 14:58:04 10377693 1 , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | deaths at the berlin wall }} ' ' ' or ' ' ' {{ further | list _ of _ deaths _ at _ the _ berlin _ wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | 250px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 0 remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file :
1 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . ]] [[ file : berlinwall
576976108 576982734 2013-10-13 12:39:46 0 days 01:14:10 2790592 0 berlin " death strip " of the berlin wall , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1984 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 0 pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more
4 a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the
641609860 641744226 2015-01-09 15:58:33 0 days 21:29:43 12799911 0 side of the wall , here follows the curve of the [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map en . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag |
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 5 a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin
6 smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of berlin wall ]] [[ file : [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than
16 jpg | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > another border crossing to the south may have been
687661190 687970626 2015-10-28 20:12:15 1 days 20:27:38 3035650 0 had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad east german guard - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the
1 submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann flickr - the central intelligence agency ( cropped ) . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall '
820361257 820363656 2018-01-14 08:40:17 0 days 00:14:39 11104969 3 | at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | juggling on the wall on 16 november 1989 . file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) . file : berlin 1989 , fall der mauer , chute du mur
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 99 htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = crossing = = = [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s .
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89081321 89083112 2006-11-20 20:59:28 0 days 00:08:11 2810049 0 june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is retarted ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the
89084377 89084559 2006-11-20 21:06:40 0 days 00:00:49 2810123 0 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is retarted ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the
89084559 89110296 2006-11-20 23:12:12 0 days 02:05:32 126457 0 june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the
107712036 107880414 2007-02-13 19:12:18 0 days 17:43:42 3437172 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - langwithname | de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east
160035322 160247395 2007-09-25 13:46:46 0 days 22:05:59 0|170.185.218.19 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was created because derek didn ' t play halo 3 . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[
160247395 160247787 2007-09-25 13:49:09 0 days 00:02:23 0|170.185.218.19 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was created because derek didn ' t play halo 3 . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 15 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' as the sex of their child ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[
16 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation , and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation , is less well understood as illustrated by the ongoing nature versus nurture debate . unfortunately , because of a lack of focus on this area , studies may use data from research not designed to discern the role of sex . one sample of 432 papers publishing the results of gender - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]]
17 | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} related genetics found that only 66 . 6 % of them had set out to deal with the subject before conducting any research and 87 . 3 % used unsound statistics . [ 12 ] social and psychological issues main article : gender gender discordance see also : transgender and third gender discordance is the term used to describe the extent to which people differ from the usual biological and psychosocial types described above . some discordances are biological , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic
185237754 185252986 2008-01-18 18:49:03 0 days 01:17:48 0|205.119.39.14 0 | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
185253082 185253236 2008-01-18 18:50:11 0 days 00:00:42 4059252 1 | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' american wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
185253236 185253423 2008-01-18 18:51:00 0 days 00:00:49 0|205.119.39.14 0 | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' it is really cool but it had a lot of graffiti from freaks ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
185253423 185253538 2008-01-18 18:51:29 0 days 00:00:29 0|205.119.39.14 0 | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' it is really cool but it had a lot of graffiti from freaks ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
186157668 186162665 2008-01-22 18:39:19 0 days 00:25:17 0|205.119.39.14 0 | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was frickin awesome and it died . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
186162665 186163098 2008-01-22 18:41:20 0 days 00:02:01 0|205.119.39.14 0 west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was frickin awesome and it died it also had a lady who was falling off the wall like huptidu . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the
186163518 186163693 2008-01-22 18:44:19 0 days 00:00:54 3817633 0 | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was frickin awesome and it died it also had a lady who was falling off the wall like humpty dumpty . the ladys name was dog frog ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
193948276 194114269 2008-02-26 06:00:06 0 days 13:44:19 0|203.122.50.220 0 | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a peunt butter and jelly sandwhich . somebody ate it and now its gone . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
194114269 194114628 2008-02-26 06:03:40 0 days 00:03:34 2537811 0 | 250px | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a peunt butter and jelly sandwhich . somebody ate it and now its gone . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200485900 200486190 2008-03-24 07:15:01 0 days 00:02:23 1030541 1 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' or as it was known to the west , the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200509042 200509383 2008-03-24 10:53:10 0 days 00:02:33 2427421 1 wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' anti - fascist protective rampart ' ' ' or as it was known to the west , the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200634168 200634727 2008-03-24 21:12:48 0 days 00:02:19 1030541 1 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' , or as the western world refered to it the berlin wall , ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200634727 200635681 2008-03-24 21:16:41 0 days 00:03:53 266416 1 wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' anti - fascist protective rampart ' ' ' , or as the western world refered to it the berlin wall , ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200857782 200970083 2008-03-26 02:37:34 0 days 07:51:51 0|72.179.142.119 0 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ok ya like do not do this for history day its stinks me n pj n cristina are gonna like fail this k so like dont do it ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200970083 200971557 2008-03-26 02:46:07 0 days 00:08:33 0|66.171.76.161 0 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ok ya like do not do this for history day its stinks me n pj n cristina are gonna like fail this k so like dont do it ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200971557 200990078 2008-03-26 04:42:19 0 days 01:56:12 0|81.129.110.50 0 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ok ya like do not do this for history day its stinks me n pj n cristina are gonna like fail this k so like dont do it ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200990078 200990155 2008-03-26 04:42:52 0 days 00:00:33 0|81.129.110.50 0 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ok ya like do not do this for history day its stinks me n pj n cristina are gonna like fail this k so like dont do it ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
200990155 201077858 2008-03-26 15:55:32 0 days 11:12:40 0|70.130.27.33 0 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is stupid and family guy is awesome ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
201077858 201078484 2008-03-26 15:58:22 0 days 00:02:50 0|70.130.27.33 0 in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is stupid and family guy is awesome and brad franklin is gay ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
201078484 201078876 2008-03-26 16:00:27 0 days 00:02:05 3505251 0 in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is stupid and family guy is awesome and brad franklin is gay ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
201078876 201078931 2008-03-26 16:00:42 0 days 00:00:15 3505251 0 | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is stupid and family guy is awesome ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest
265797894 266166046 2009-01-24 19:39:55 1 days 21:02:00 0|85.107.46.216 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( also known as the shame wall ) ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
266166046 266167021 2009-01-24 19:45:35 0 days 00:05:40 911178 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( also known as the shame wall ) ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
267509654 267606011 2009-01-31 12:16:24 0 days 11:59:29 0|92.23.4.138 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built by george richard bennett who is realy kwl ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
267606011 267606916 2009-01-31 12:23:01 0 days 00:06:37 93027 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was built by george richard bennett who is realy kwl ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
276783338 276783685 2009-03-12 17:24:30 0 days 00:01:41 0|76.74.69.103 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' david ! ! ! ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
276783685 276783723 2009-03-12 17:24:39 0 days 00:00:09 2844657 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' david ! ! ! ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
282237083 282237211 2009-04-07 00:40:58 0 days 00:00:41 0|203.38.204.162 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was where me and your mother first conceived you . . . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
282237211 282237256 2009-04-07 00:41:11 0 days 00:00:13 1304569 0 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was where me and your mother first conceived you . . . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr
317514100 317514277 2009-10-02 19:03:33 0 days 00:01:25 0|198.236.27.40 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is big ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
317514277 317514851 2009-10-02 19:07:36 0 days 00:04:03 4916882 1 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is big ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
318274931 318295640 2009-10-06 18:39:23 0 days 01:57:42 0|198.236.27.40 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is big ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
318295640 318295676 2009-10-06 18:39:36 0 days 00:00:13 1064243 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is big ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
324284253 324295873 2009-11-06 16:18:41 0 days 01:16:15 0|82.10.74.230 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' sucks dick ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin
324295873 324296067 2009-11-06 16:19:55 0 days 00:01:14 0|82.10.74.230 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' sucks dick ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin
324296067 324297343 2009-11-06 16:27:36 0 days 00:07:41 0|119.95.26.66 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' sucks dick ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin
324297343 324297643 2009-11-06 16:29:22 0 days 00:01:46 0|150.147.68.20 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' sucks dick ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin
336304502 336304791 2010-01-07 00:17:21 0 days 00:01:27 0|99.13.65.208 1 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
336304791 336305106 2010-01-07 00:18:55 0 days 00:01:34 7897452 2 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
350242282 350295544 2010-03-16 23:02:16 0 days 05:03:04 0|174.1.74.224 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' delaney coughlan - ford was here and she did this hahahahahahahhaahhahaahhaahahah she goes to a school ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed
350295544 350296557 2010-03-16 23:08:50 0 days 00:06:34 3308922 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' delaney coughlan - ford was here and she did this hahahahahahahhaahhahaahhaahahah she goes to a school ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed
384846153 385062880 2010-09-15 22:36:40 1 days 03:03:20 0|119.224.62.199 0 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' doesnt exist anymore ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 ,
385063705 385064156 2010-09-15 22:45:21 0 days 00:03:13 7852030 1 and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' doesnt exist anymore ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 ,
474175714 474175877 2012-01-31 07:55:10 0 days 00:02:21 6971250 1 eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification |
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 27 the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal
813096804 813824036 2017-12-05 12:23:25 3 days 17:15:48 2126435 0 ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | stephan elsner | de | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series "
827316878 827738473 2018-02-26 13:05:32 2 days 12:00:58 28815689 1 wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > gdr authorities officially referred to the berlin wall as the ' ' ' anti - fascist protection rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , by implication equating the [[ nato ]] countries ( and [[ west germany ]] in particular ) with [[ fascism
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4744244 4779998 2004-07-20 11:49:23 0 days 19:32:13 82928 1 [[ category : cold war ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli
67480936 67997985 2006-08-06 12:21:32 2 days 18:09:41 389639 0 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin
87372959 87694767 2006-11-14 04:28:03 1 days 09:52:56 743015 0 ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok
199635645 199635934 2008-03-20 17:50:41 0 days 00:01:27 0|70.240.178.117 0 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} wow this is gay ; ) - charles {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
199635934 199637820 2008-03-20 17:59:50 0 days 00:09:09 274040 0 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} wow this is gay ; ) - charles {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
204726521 205709007 2008-04-15 03:16:56 4 days 10:24:50 4005189 0 el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 78 . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo sesame street }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]]
79 : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa [[ category : muppets | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski
80 germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 78 . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo sesame street }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]]
79 : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa [[ category : muppets | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski
80 germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid
325035863 325037769 2009-11-10 13:02:13 0 days 00:16:58 0|79.200.123.131 0 [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]]
352335796 352581884 2010-03-28 18:53:38 1 days 04:58:34 7029070 1 [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]]
621484363 623748474 2014-09-01 19:17:59 16 days 05:53:03 16752040 0 clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
623748474 623768119 2014-09-01 21:48:29 0 days 02:30:30 7852030 0 clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }}
623768119 623786249 2014-09-02 00:27:28 0 days 02:38:59 16752040 0 clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} {{ link fa | stq }}
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 1 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[
4 " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and
5 [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 ]] . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french
1092751 1097715 2003-06-29 13:07:28 21 days 00:30:08 0|213.157.9.245 1 : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < i > < br > berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) . < / i > ' ' < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]]
7 : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > ' ' < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of
1744581 1744582 2003-11-15 23:20:13 0 days 00:01:08 2 1 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < br > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a
3 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / cetner > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of
1744582 1744605 2003-11-15 23:20:21 0 days 00:00:08 2 0 " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / cetner center > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section
2953568 2959424 2004-03-28 11:28:20 16 days 07:06:16 6815 0 . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 wall2 . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' berlin wall ( november 16 , 1989 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > after [[
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 5 " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( , june 2003 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere
11109328 11181776 2005-03-13 23:12:10 0 days 18:44:02 86545 0 germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table { | align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which
1 chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = " right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 0 . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | date = 2006 - 2 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 9 . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 3 stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref >
10 reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 22 the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern
52351902 52355175 2006-05-09 19:02:53 0 days 00:22:26 216352 0 ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style class = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink =
1 a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font references - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f .
2 about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
53500500 53500522 2006-05-16 13:10:22 0 days 00:00:09 385115 3 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . < font size = 36 > < center > basically this wall was super stupid yo ! it also messed up most of germay which is also stupid ! = = = secondary response
53645846 53689296 2006-05-17 14:45:11 0 days 07:45:45 0|170.158.120.2 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = ^ " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley
1 a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small berlin wall " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . |
2 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references . encyclopedia britannica . retrieved 2006 - 02 - 23 ^ http : / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley |
4 berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 7 ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 2 film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 4 | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - < / div > - the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or '
91268666 91302593 2006-12-01 03:20:01 0 days 03:19:37 0|68.146.34.146 0 through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley
91302593 91304121 2006-12-01 03:30:00 0 days 00:09:59 416594 0 through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 3 from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' '
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 45 wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may ,
48 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 52 wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de :
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 45 wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may ,
48 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 52 wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . the new regulations were to take effect on = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de :
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 45 wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may ,
48 attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a
111345399 111352020 2007-02-27 16:27:37 0 days 00:34:53 0|205.126.63.15 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 5 and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet mormon ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 5 and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker ]] and approved by [[ mormon soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 4 republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 asshole > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 4 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck conceived by the berlin wall asshole > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]]
5 ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall asshole > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after
6 was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end
7 most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole > . < / ref > > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 8 / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
150868047 150878521 2007-08-13 02:25:11 0 days 01:09:05 1085473 0 firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' license licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended
157116723 157117672 2007-09-11 09:09:11 0 days 00:09:34 0|210.50.16.11 0 naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' '
159172135 159182654 2007-09-20 15:36:21 0 days 00:58:05 0|72.43.0.244 0 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist t protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was
159182654 159184132 2007-09-20 15:44:15 0 days 00:07:54 3704376 0 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - t fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 79 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 22 ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^ whitfield , john ( 2004 ) . " everything you always wanted to know about sexes " . public library of science : biology 2 ( 6 ) . ^ tuatara ^ observations on inheritance in coprinus macrorhizus ( pers . ) rea ^ the pycnidia of the rust fungi ^ the five sexes revisited , sciences , jul / aug2000 , vol . 40 issue 4 , p18 , 6p , 1c , 2bw ^ two sexes are not enough ^ cytoplasmic fusion and the nature of sexes ^ " thickens the brow and upper bridge of the nose " < ref > [ 1 ] ^ [ 2 ] , [ 3 ] ^ nikolaos a . patsopoulos , et al . ( aug 2007 ) . " claims of sex differences :
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 2 catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall building of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 4 catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the building fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 11 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref
181089717 181089981 2007-12-31 00:27:50 0 days 00:01:39 0|208.104.149.90 0 of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] < font color = silver > < big > after < / big > the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four
2 the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . < / font > < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east
181090151 181090273 2007-12-31 00:29:37 0 days 00:00:44 0|208.104.149.90 0 directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 500 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg |
181090273 181090361 2007-12-31 00:30:10 0 days 00:00:33 0|208.104.149.90 1 , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb |
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 8 west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation < font size = 300 > " intolerable " . < / font > < font size = 300 > he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling
12 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font >
13 p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > < b > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
15 impetus for the creation of the berlin wall < / b > came from < i > east german leader < / i > [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by < font color = red > soviet leader < / font > [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 2 . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = " < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]]
3 [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / ref > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 9 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense
231331197 231331673 2008-08-11 23:12:06 0 days 00:03:03 911178 1 --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 125 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths | germany | deutsche welle | 09 . 08 . 2006 ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east
241808916 241809073 2008-09-29 17:16:31 0 days 00:00:39 7966459 1 , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression kept me from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 2 on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time 2008 ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
3 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name cleanup = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe -
20 , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and
21 http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 23 daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com --> ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme
25 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > americans ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
52 ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 2 on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time 2008 ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
3 com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name cleanup = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe -
20 , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and
21 http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme makeover : home edition ]] ' ' and an [[ april fool ' s day ]] edition of ' ' [[ larry king live ]] ' ' {{ fact | date = february 2008 }} ; and the frog has served ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 23 daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com / video / index . jhtml ? videoid = 129336 & title = kermit - the - frog thedailyshow . com --> ] < / ref > guest hosted ' ' [[ the tonight show ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ jimmy kimmel live ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ extreme
25 . com / title / tt1143908 / new year ' s rockin ' eve 2008 ( 2007 ) ( tv ) ] < / ref > americans ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
52 ) = = see also = = {{ portal | muppets }} * [[ jim henson ]] * [[ sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . ]] = = references = = < references / > = = external links = = ] < / ref > miss piggy has appeared as a guest on [[ the late show ]] and kermit the frog appeared on [[ hollywood
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 10 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history
256683536 256850381 2008-12-09 16:11:14 0 days 19:57:18 4634493 2 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol matter of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 ,
3 from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of minutes by aliens on the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 13 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 6 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 10 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 3 wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | s ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html "
265543543 265553126 2009-01-21 20:35:32 0 days 00:47:46 0|76.190.175.181 0 firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all
1 that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 4 the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could
266949918 267068772 2009-01-28 22:44:29 0 days 10:45:43 0|99.228.71.49 2 union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
267068772 267068810 2009-01-28 22:44:37 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 1 memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] the berlin wall is bullshit in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall
2 victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] the berlin wall is bullshit . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to leave . this triggered a similar incident next door in czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
271630409 271630532 2009-02-18 19:12:11 0 days 00:00:33 6163802 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] [ = = http : / / www . example . com link title = = [[ file : [[ media : example . jpg ]] < math > < nowiki > insert formula here < / nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < s > target page name < / s > < br / > < sup > < sub > superscript text < / sub > < small > < gallery > small text < / gallery > < gallery > < blockquote > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " border = " 1 " | < ref > - ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 | - | row 1 , cell 1 | row 1 , cell 2 | row 1 , cell 3 | - | row 2 , cell 1 | row 2 , cell 2 | row 2 , cell 3 < / ref > | } < / gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' = = background = = < math > sjfjfjxdfhkhnkjghnkghfklgh # redirect [[ dhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf ]] < / math > [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb |
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 1 publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' '
274348982 274375997 2009-03-02 08:21:46 0 days 03:23:51 0|84.175.184.115 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . david hasselhoff destroyed the wall in berlin with the song " ive been looking for freedom " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
274375997 274455448 2009-03-02 16:24:37 0 days 08:02:51 96897 0 that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . david hasselhoff destroyed the wall in berlin with the song " ive been looking for freedom " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
274979258 274981620 2009-03-04 18:57:41 0 days 00:11:39 3505251 5 . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 4 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early
277228319 277228598 2009-03-14 18:31:52 0 days 00:01:30 6984319 3 the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 7 in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 339 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 7 germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 331 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 7 in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 339 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 7 germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 331 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für
281323676 281352826 2009-04-02 19:54:58 0 days 02:38:01 0|149.169.138.39 0 was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 1 separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ 9 november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 0 the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in the fall of 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
293533219 294710470 2009-06-06 02:50:18 5 days 10:47:34 593712 1 ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was opened brought down on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 ,
296859862 297273023 2009-06-19 00:59:30 2 days 00:58:11 4562410 0 www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was
299536269 299551518 2009-06-30 18:30:07 0 days 01:29:17 0|171.66.240.162 0 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 3 . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
299552541 299564195 2009-06-30 19:41:06 0 days 01:04:46 3308922 0 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance which is to be performed onsite , via the web and in different theaters . this is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary since the fall of the wall from individuals around the world . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
303065140 303113265 2009-07-20 11:09:31 0 days 07:33:40 0|195.127.17.245 0 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 3 between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the wall included guard towers lining large concrete walls circumscribing a wide death strip containing anti - vehicle trenches , " | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058
20 east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 1 even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling traveling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 .
315255881 315255964 2009-09-21 08:16:52 0 days 00:00:45 204692 2 [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated
3 : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin
4 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 50 f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches /
54 www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was
55 . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th 14 ]] , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
56 . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , [[ 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means
57 de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of
68 ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
69 episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 ]] , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from
70 [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , [[ 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
71 http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 1 zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] 14th , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was
76 / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
77 / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of
89 [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
90 : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from
91 / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
169 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
317979368 317979510 2009-10-05 04:19:39 0 days 00:01:10 1938651 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 4 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ,
321121389 321122011 2009-10-21 02:36:40 0 days 00:05:16 835543 2 ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 33 [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however ,
35 / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall
323548201 323548634 2009-11-02 21:32:57 0 days 00:01:48 6340927 0 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the
1 content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved november 2 , 2009 . < / ref > the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among
323548634 323553877 2009-11-02 21:57:58 0 days 00:25:01 6340927 2 television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate . after hearing the flood . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn /
3 the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . a west german television channel , ard , reporting incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference helped accelerate the flood broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content /
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 2 incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009
324767695 324769101 2009-11-09 02:50:30 0 days 00:09:18 444985 1 where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the
2 / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
324815547 324817567 2009-11-09 10:24:49 0 days 00:21:31 6971250 0 htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 14 millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th . , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 2 > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100
5 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115
8 archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and
14 http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall
21 de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in
324997478 324997562 2009-11-10 05:49:56 0 days 00:00:52 444985 0 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
324998283 325010242 2009-11-10 08:03:46 0 days 02:06:43 6971250 1 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
325010353 325011446 2009-11-10 08:17:19 0 days 00:12:16 67221 1 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
325433622 325433759 2009-11-12 13:41:37 0 days 00:01:11 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} i w / h jujujuju el que lea esto es raro < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 7 president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th 25 . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 5 / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th . 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a
338591345 338591701 2010-01-18 18:25:53 0 days 00:02:10 10141256 1 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 28 zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 42 : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de |
59 ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 6 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start
7 ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start /
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 8 | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . " < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] .
343787074 343787620 2010-02-13 19:00:57 0 days 00:02:26 5326371 2 ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , german production film about the east german stasi , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 4 for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . [[ oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern
5 . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press ]] , 2006 < / ref > on december 11 , 1957 , east germany introduced a new passport law that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany . it
6 educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . [[ cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re
7 < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press ]] , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of
59 global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization
61 . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was
62 prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event
63 could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[
364144893 364146556 2010-05-25 17:28:29 0 days 00:09:56 7611264 0 line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an
373492661 374861638 2010-07-22 14:54:33 7 days 19:35:53 0|76.248.68.144 4 and a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . the allied museum in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the museum held a special exhibition entitled " wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 " which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the western powers to observe the situation along the berlin wall and the fortifications on the [[ east germany | gdr ]] [[ inner german border | border ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 ] < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under berlin ]] , was presented to the museum by david guerra , berlin veteran and webmaster of the site [[ berlin brigade | www . berlinbrigade . com ]] . the stamps splendidly illustrate that even twenty years on , veterans of service in berlin still regard their service there as one of the high points of their lives . < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
374862385 375059882 2010-07-23 16:43:29 1 days 01:43:12 0|156.56.137.240 3 < ref > [ http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[
380775149 381017545 2010-08-26 00:06:29 1 days 04:19:31 0|86.41.107.66 1 ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start
390399626 390478077 2010-10-13 11:22:08 0 days 11:34:11 0|138.162.0.45 0 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement apartment at 48 [[ bernauer strasse ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de /
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 0 elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue ,
1 ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis
2 global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization |
3 hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3861534630 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims of the
391276698 391495052 2010-10-18 19:14:35 1 days 00:32:39 10996774 1 sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 15 de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly
22 ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
76 / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view that the wall was mainly a means of
81 , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 2 a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where
398520724 398753727 2010-11-25 04:28:33 1 days 06:12:17 433328 1 line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 5 , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to
404839330 404940629 2010-12-30 05:00:56 0 days 11:51:01 0|71.239.240.2 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > in celebration of the 20th anniversary , internationally renown [[ choreographer ]] [ http : / / www . ny2dance . com nejla yatkin ] created [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = zz - 7zgxn7su wallstories ] co - commissioned by the [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / us / ney / enindex . htm goethe institut ny ] in [[ new york ]] . wallstories is part of the [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com berlin wall project ] and it premiered at the [[ john f . kennedy center for the performing arts ]] in [[ washington , dc ]] in 2009 to positive reviews in [[ the washington post ]] . the berlin wall project is a triptych movement project : manifesting on the stage - wallstories , on the screen - [ http : / / www . hulu . com / watch / 174408 / dance - on - camera - the - wall the wall ] , and on the streets - [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
404940629 404941337 2010-12-30 05:06:41 0 days 00:05:45 0|71.239.240.2 0 . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] [[ ( new york times ) ]] . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[
404941337 404942015 2010-12-30 05:12:19 0 days 00:05:38 262550 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > in celebration of the 20th anniversary , internationally renown [[ choreographer ]] [ http : / / www . ny2dance . com nejla yatkin ] created [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = zz - 7zgxn7su wallstories ] co - commissioned by the [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / us / ney / enindex . htm goethe institut ny ] in [[ new york ]] . wallstories is part of the [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com berlin wall project ] and it premiered at the [[ john f . kennedy center for the performing arts ]] in [[ washington , dc ]] in 2009 to positive reviews in [[ the washington post ]] . the berlin wall project is a triptych movement project : manifesting on the stage - wallstories , on the screen - [ http : / / www . hulu . com / watch / 174408 / dance - on - camera - the - wall the wall ] , and on the streets - [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2009 / 11 / 11 / arts / dance / 11berlin . html ? _ r = 1 & ref = berlinwall dancing with the berlin wall ] [[ ( new york times ) ]] . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
405923818 405959835 2011-01-04 21:09:52 0 days 03:16:56 0|72.28.10.78 1 = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to germany is amazing i love you continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers ,
405959835 405959866 2011-01-04 21:10:03 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 1 = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to germany is amazing i love you continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers ,
409045868 409131270 2011-01-21 08:54:09 0 days 11:33:30 0|87.102.56.120 0 . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < xxsarahxtronxx / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails |
409131270 409131317 2011-01-21 08:54:44 0 days 00:00:35 818523 0 . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } xxsarahxtronxx the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails |
411101265 411101859 2011-01-31 04:35:01 0 days 00:04:07 11086114 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > geordie huband took down the berlin wall = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411101859 411101883 2011-01-31 04:35:13 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > geordie huband took down the berlin wall = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411101883 411532543 2011-02-02 06:42:03 2 days 02:06:50 13916463 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > < gallery > file : monument _ 46 . jpg | the secret denkmal - the first of twelve stones file : monument _ 41 . jpg | the secret denkmal - one of twelve stones < / gallery > at the time of the celebrations in 2009 , a monument was found in the area of berlin known as " no - man ' s land " - between what used to be east and west berlin . on bernauer street a dozen low - relief carved stones forming a circle around a tree were found by citizens of the mitte neighborhood . the stones included silhouettes of ak - 47s , a soldier with gun , bombs , and text in english about the " present and future " wars . the monument , coined the secret denkmal - using the german word for monument - was reported about by [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , , 5217452 , 00 . html deutsche welle ] . in early 2010 , a small group of concerned citizens [ http : / / timpinault . com / denkmal / viewer . swf moved the secret denkmal ] to another near - by open space , as the site where it lay was planned for demolition . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
411532543 411538405 2011-02-02 07:46:52 0 days 01:04:49 5338638 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > < gallery > file : monument _ 46 . jpg | the secret denkmal - the first of twelve stones file : monument _ 41 . jpg | the secret denkmal - one of twelve stones < / gallery > at the time of the celebrations in 2009 , a monument was found in the area of berlin known as " no - man ' s land " - between what used to be east and west berlin . on bernauer street a dozen low - relief carved stones forming a circle around a tree were found by citizens of the mitte neighborhood . the stones included silhouettes of ak - 47s , a soldier with gun , bombs , and text in english about the " present and future " wars . the monument , coined the secret denkmal - using the german word for monument - was reported about by [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , , 5217452 , 00 . html deutsche welle ] . in early 2010 , a small group of concerned citizens [ http : / / timpinault . com / denkmal / viewer . swf moved the secret denkmal ] to another near - by open space , as the site where it lay was planned for demolition . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
418362289 418686051 2011-03-13 22:31:56 2 days 00:29:16 8436524 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = = media reaction = = = [[ the sun ( united kingdom newspaper ) | the sun ]] newspaper , a [[ united kingdom ]] tabloid , printed the front page headline " it ' s wall over " on 10 november 1989 , to celebrate the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / sunheadlines . blogspot . com / search / label / classics ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
418686051 418752147 2011-03-14 08:53:40 0 days 10:21:44 6971250 0 = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = = media reaction = = = [[ the sun ( united kingdom newspaper ) | the sun ]] newspaper , a [[ united kingdom ]] tabloid , printed the front page headline " it ' s wall over " on 10 november 1989 , to celebrate the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / sunheadlines . blogspot . com / search / label / classics ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 7 / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - – speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 35 content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be
107 , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped
118 / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 2 http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] | title = < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute , though
10 / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut ] | title = < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der
13 / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] | language = german | title = < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing
14 . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document
18 < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths . | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths .
21 . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ,
26 [ http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail < . com ] < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks +
29 [[ west bank ]] pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the
32 the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html klein orkest biography ] | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite
34 / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths .
35 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ,
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 8 percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the soviet union and its then - communist ally east germany . < ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were
443413503 443414712 2011-08-06 22:15:25 0 days 00:09:33 16710 0 on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by colonel glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ david hackworth | hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany through east germany , bound for west berlin .
478048968 479597706 2012-03-01 04:49:52 8 days 18:24:43 508734 0 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . october 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed
2 , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; north sports final edition associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : 23 jun june 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall : she died after she jumped
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 3 title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then .
507237640 507256650 2012-08-13 19:31:32 0 days 02:05:37 16130333 1 the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < " / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 46 todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed 136 deaths
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 3 > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < ref > | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review
5 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' '
590820537 590849769 2014-01-15 18:17:01 0 days 03:44:43 1862829 0 construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film )
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 2 fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would " would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 – 1989 ' ' , london : harper perennial
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 8 naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' '
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 3 construction . < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - imdb ] | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) |
10 marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 view the author ’ s website ] | author = administrator | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' ' , 1984 ( german : ' '
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 7 - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october
633074293 633082368 2014-11-09 12:29:03 0 days 02:03:34 21488686 2 rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification fascism | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf
633189879 633205042 2014-11-10 08:48:37 0 days 03:53:37 15944894 0 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
633632838 633634166 2014-11-13 06:31:58 0 days 00:16:37 15722070 1 : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | the berlin wall : exhibition in destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 4 html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a song by tom
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 26 from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
687970626 688303202 2015-10-31 00:32:15 2 days 04:20:00 9011270 0 the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref > https : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' ' (
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 26 dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post ' ' . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but given no
29 [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night
30 / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref > excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 :
42 title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first = jörg | last = aberger | work = [[ der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the 1918 abdication of
43 debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | first = jörg | last = aberger | work = der spiegel ]] }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the 1918 abdication of kaiser [[
49 {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " }} < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october , that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 2 [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < 13 june / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor
708550214 708557629 2016-03-06 07:11:16 0 days 01:09:59 88026 1 authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . < ref name = " referencea " > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > after
2 }} < / ref > the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return to east germany . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < name = " referencea " / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by
727656922 727810801 2016-07-01 11:28:53 0 days 23:28:04 28626834 0 from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian pike ( using magnetised iron filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | thumb | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 7 has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open wide . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall ,
738877220 747090507 2016-10-31 11:11:18 49 days 19:03:31 27015025 0 berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20160304085918 / http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | archivedate = 4 march 2016 | df = dmy }} < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the
1 html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110718025112 / http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | archivedate = 18 july 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 4 = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = https : / / archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = =
772547948 773210166 2017-04-01 00:36:52 4 days 01:42:30 27823944 1 2009 | first1 = sven felix | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online }} {{ dead link | date = august 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 29 , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ fact }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie
774996064 774996115 2017-04-11 23:54:33 0 days 00:00:29 204692 0 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ fact }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film )
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 7 memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 2014 . < / ref > ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 46 . 84 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border watch tower stresemannstraße | region = de - be }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 0 www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20160304085918 / http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | archivedate = 4 march 2016 | df = dmy - all }} < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > {{ cite web | title = exchanges of territory : lenné - dreieck | url = http : /
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 2 east germany — in effect , revoking their citizenship . however , this still left thousands of people demanding to be let through " as schabowski said we can . " . < ref name = revolution1989 / > it soon became clear that no one among the east german authorities would take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force ,
810009717 810071958 2017-11-13 05:36:10 0 days 07:44:21 19339494 1 bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
2 vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin % 20wall % 20outside % 20maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 89 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present
5 near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] | website = www . kunstfabrik . org }} < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin
6 turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 1 thatcher - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , 30 october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 ,
6 - visits - the - berlin - wall . html mrs . thatcher visits the berlin wall ] , ' ' [[ the new york times ]] ' ' , october 30 , 1982 < / ref > < / small > < / center > = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie
810174887 810185910 2017-11-13 20:34:03 0 days 01:10:23 6554947 2 books }} < / ref > these doors could not be opened by a single person , needing two separate keys in two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > < ref > / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present -
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 4 the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was standing inside the strip while painting defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin
810308903 810309981 2017-11-14 13:50:38 0 days 00:08:41 6554947 0 the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs /
811348758 812015131 2017-11-25 12:29:54 4 days 10:34:38 11193263 0 | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]]
812015131 812456655 2017-11-27 23:08:43 2 days 10:38:49 27015025 1 berlin wall 1961 – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110717064521 / http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp ]] s designed by t . h . e . hill , the author
814764354 815651022 2017-12-16 04:50:35 5 days 08:35:00 6554947 1 thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the area just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of
815651022 815651106 2017-12-16 04:51:30 0 days 00:00:55 6554947 0 top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , is are < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 4 and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 1 of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the areas just outside the wall , including the sidewalk , are < i > ' ' de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb | structure of the berlin wall .
7 , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale .
825799691 825801760 2018-02-15 14:24:54 0 days 00:17:08 5946478 4 of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie
825810334 825810710 2018-02-15 15:32:21 0 days 00:02:28 5946478 0 | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825810710 825811905 2018-02-15 15:40:48 0 days 00:08:27 5946478 5 | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
7 in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 9 . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 5 : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < < ref > / ref > at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august , the border
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 51 border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref name = " mashable . com " / > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central
57 berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < " / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and
60 berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < " / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in [[ bernauer straße ]] and around the mitte district . from
68 came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration
75 / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] ,
109 east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the
829158703 829668315 2018-03-10 01:25:45 3 days 01:04:56 20611691 0 jpg | short section of the berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
845220199 845242425 2018-06-10 12:45:26 0 days 04:16:04 31766667 0 / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 3 id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + „grenzsicherung in berlin“ berlin " ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156 . 4
851056497 851685920 2018-07-23 22:56:52 4 days 03:31:40 27015025 0 freedom without walls | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc | archive - url = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20101228094243 / http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | archive - date = 28 december 2010 | dead - url = yes | df = dmy - all }} < / ref > an international project called ' ' mauerreise ' ' ( journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 2 {st@rt} built in 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on [[ november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] .
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 8 {st@rt} built in [[ berlin ]] on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . the wall divided the city into
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 6 the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the wall ' ' ' was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french sectors
898611 1012031 2003-05-07 19:03:12 36 days 05:00:37 0|168.99.91.146 0 , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun began in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 8 attractiveness of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . from to stop the migration , construction of the berlin wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] , the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' prevented the citizens of east germany from entering
20 removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in november the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[
26 government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was
30 gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel
1776158 1788297 2003-11-20 08:50:12 4 days 09:24:16 7580 0 chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded
1864344 1864936 2003-12-03 16:40:35 0 days 00:20:36 13102 0 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . in [[ 1855 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install eavesdropping equipment . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary
1865423 2144113 2003-12-03 19:09:03 0 days 01:10:13 835 0 ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful ' escapes ' into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . in [[ 1955 ]] , the american [[ central intelligence agency | cia ]] and british intelligence pulled off an intelligence coup by tunneling under the wall in [[ operation gold ]] to install eavesdropping equipment . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 2 austria and in september 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few
3 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 16 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . = = the fall of the wall = = on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , hungary removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary
21 of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 1 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > = = the years of the wall = = the
8 left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > = = the years of the
4160094 4160113 2004-06-18 18:58:20 5 days 09:35:14 12028 0 [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
4217580 4226911 2004-06-22 08:54:23 2 days 00:36:09 51336 0 ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the
1 the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 3 a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail
5637884 5787721 2004-09-03 21:39:12 0 days 00:03:39 49471 4 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had
7034922 7038047 2004-11-01 16:47:39 2 days 17:54:14 0|209.71.11.137 0 replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens
7038047 7053303 2004-11-01 19:57:22 0 days 03:09:43 0|66.152.54.130 0 a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shit shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . tens
7274073 7274103 2004-11-09 21:57:26 0 days 02:25:17 0|83.109.145.235 0 fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000
7274103 7274236 2004-11-09 21:58:06 0 days 00:00:40 0|83.109.145.235 2 - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating and the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than
3 the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event soviet empire . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 ,
7466704 7466728 2004-11-14 23:25:53 0 days 00:00:27 0|69.47.128.99 0 instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' " birthday , ' ' on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the
1 given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' birthday , ' ' " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn
7828097 7944053 2004-11-24 23:25:19 1 days 02:40:23 69801 0 - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war and the soviet empire . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 ,
9112175 9112336 2005-01-05 02:38:45 27 days 00:48:34 0|67.164.50.76 0 west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]]
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 0 - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
6 there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 4 took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys there was little way to hold back these huge numbers of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van
5 banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement and they wanted it to be acted upon . probably the only way to hold the crowds back would have been use of lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which at that point the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
6 on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 5 | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] < / td > < / tr > < / table > . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] between the two barriers
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 6 brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989
9 to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were
10 full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always
11 of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 0 wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped
9 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]]
10 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a
11 through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later
12 demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions
18 - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 79 and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to
80 to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks
81 bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on [[ february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both
111 september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later
112 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic ]] , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel
113 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , [[ erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions
114 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east
121 a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned
10365915 10406521 2005-02-17 20:18:45 0 days 00:42:19 44727 0 berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from was built in [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of
1 berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided
10465172 10473676 2005-02-20 16:23:58 1 days 16:56:07 137616 0 replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv
11082921 11109328 2005-03-13 04:28:08 4 days 03:36:35 6661 0 in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]]
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 2 the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]]
27 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
28 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]]
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 23 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 3 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 3 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 6 reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]]
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 1 wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 1 [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv
15066593 15077566 2005-06-12 13:50:16 0 days 04:48:31 156968 1 col glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into 5 five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt on the west german / east german border , us
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 15 outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men .
23 post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues .
24 war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 ]] , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in
25 four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , [[ 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and
26 powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 ]] and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out
27 agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and [[ december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of
19029093 19029187 2005-07-17 18:24:30 0 days 00:01:24 90467 0 it , section by section . [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | left | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
1 [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
19029587 19041793 2005-07-17 22:11:28 0 days 03:37:56 28830 0 = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 0 a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 2 in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east west germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] ,
8 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 2 in september more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west east germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism .
3 more than 13 , 000 west germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 17 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' '
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 16 its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 5 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 5 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 7 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 7 of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 38 to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ june 17 ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany spies | june 17 uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 13 and her husband , julius , had also passed secrets . another accused conspirator , morton sobell , fled to mexico city , but was later deported to the united states for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs ]] , and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s primary witness , david greenglass , stated that his sister ethel , working as a "
27850846 27851902 2005-11-09 20:43:14 0 days 00:11:23 140548 1 ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 1 , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 7 wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] '
35365337 35365390 2006-01-16 05:51:11 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.166.17.11 1 sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof ]] airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 5 fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
37710041 37796162 2006-02-02 04:37:22 0 days 09:53:21 21887 3 outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 2 berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' '
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 18 jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 14 or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners tunnels , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a
53 chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost
40903227 40903298 2006-02-23 20:05:51 0 days 00:00:37 89179 1 the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = celebrations = = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
40904220 40904306 2006-02-23 20:13:47 0 days 00:00:33 89179 0 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 29 celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” " ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
62 = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
41351748 41471054 2006-02-27 15:56:41 0 days 19:52:39 346341 0 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right |
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 4 of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards tolerated the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 7 , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded for some while afer november
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 2 , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]]
8 july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 13 requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a
14 post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement
15 war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit
16 four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues .
17 ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in
39 . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] ,
42 in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg
43 of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb |
44 western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px |
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 13 was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues .
14 requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 ]] , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in
15 of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , [[ 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and
16 the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 ]] and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out
17 post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and [[ december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of
42 to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px |
43 to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing
44 death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on [[ february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on
58856308 58859317 2006-06-16 00:29:21 0 days 00:22:32 1358576 1 | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from , circa 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than
71159208 71240734 2006-08-22 20:50:27 0 days 08:01:02 2059435 0 restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast broadcasted on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a
71240734 71260410 2006-08-22 22:30:29 0 days 01:40:02 302522 0 restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcasted broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a
74099675 74109426 2006-09-06 10:35:39 0 days 01:42:32 1629275 2 = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , circa 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 ,
79066912 79140455 2006-10-02 23:17:09 0 days 06:11:21 0|69.209.67.170 0 were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built
91640010 91645972 2006-12-02 20:28:37 0 days 00:37:14 2915417 0 = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections in the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000
92398419 92401874 2006-12-06 05:44:52 0 days 00:26:56 1983029 0 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of
94311148 94378908 2006-12-14 22:23:57 0 days 05:22:56 0|24.227.2.106 0 : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall wallpoop , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px |
94378908 94389378 2006-12-14 23:10:12 0 days 00:46:15 302522 0 : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wallpoop wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px |
94446525 94713870 2006-12-16 15:50:39 1 days 11:16:16 984181 0 [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | griffati on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven |
97680129 97683569 2007-01-01 06:59:32 0 days 00:35:05 386031 0 [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | graffiti on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven |
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 0 | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 16 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . amun - ra . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 16 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . amun - ra . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the
107566613 107613173 2007-02-12 18:31:00 0 days 03:41:34 0|87.64.82.114 0 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder
110122222 110123969 2007-02-22 18:55:10 0 days 00:07:37 0|66.160.72.205 0 was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on to stick his dick through a glory hole to have some skandonavion kid suck on his wrinkly old balls [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that
110123969 110131239 2007-02-22 19:27:51 0 days 00:32:41 911178 0 was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on to stick his dick through a glory hole to have some skandonavion kid suck on his wrinkly old balls [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 38 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ * < s > [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
60 directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 43 . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human
65 was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 38 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ * < s > [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
60 directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 43 . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human
65 was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 38 germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ * < s > [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
60 directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 43 . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human
56 was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by the wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic
111406382 111406543 2007-02-27 20:36:24 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.126.72.236 1 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press
111406884 111406932 2007-02-27 20:38:11 0 days 00:00:12 0|205.126.72.236 0 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press
114832623 114833011 2007-03-13 16:57:58 0 days 00:01:40 0|66.18.62.36 0 the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east
114833011 114836126 2007-03-13 17:10:59 0 days 00:13:01 0|66.18.62.36 0 its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin .
115567915 115568150 2007-03-16 15:11:51 0 days 00:01:04 0|170.211.170.126 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = heather is a slut bag skank on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting :
115568150 115570458 2007-03-16 15:23:05 0 days 00:11:14 0|70.189.134.83 0 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = heather is a slut bag skank on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting :
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 1 from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 peter fechter ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing
117516576 117565003 2007-03-24 18:16:14 0 days 04:36:28 0|70.187.198.127 0 ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east
117903581 118025033 2007-03-26 16:09:36 0 days 13:24:07 0|192.160.165.63 0 german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany ( and the original architect of the wall ) , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had
118025033 118026860 2007-03-26 16:17:25 0 days 00:07:49 441020 0 german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany ( and the original architect of the wall ) , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had
128181973 128203778 2007-05-04 13:40:30 0 days 02:43:05 0|65.43.196.223 0 allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : '
1 challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' '
2 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' "
128203778 128208648 2007-05-04 14:05:23 0 days 00:24:53 764861 0 allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international
1 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 6 berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in 1989 . when the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an
7 | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ east german government announced on november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the
21 berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin
22 ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 1 of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest ,
4 berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 0 challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' '
133074114 133074678 2007-05-24 01:30:42 0 days 00:02:52 715870 1 john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans
3 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of
142255967 142335283 2007-07-03 22:40:08 0 days 06:30:19 0|67.177.50.98 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed
142335283 142342188 2007-07-03 23:19:32 0 days 00:39:24 777667 0 east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed
150879717 150880869 2007-08-13 02:41:42 0 days 00:07:57 400934 1 thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 16 ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead
20 arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 04 : 00 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now
21 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ august 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and
59 the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers
73 " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[
156321626 156954834 2007-09-10 16:47:50 2 days 22:10:52 0|86.3.9.126 0 equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on mciecjhrfn5fn5rhf , khfhjkhfrjfhjfhoirfhrhfruyes this is silly [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in
156954834 156963155 2007-09-10 17:30:51 0 days 00:43:01 302522 0 equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on mciecjhrfn5fn5rhf , khfhjkhfrjfhjfhoirfhrhfruyes this is silly [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in
158505369 158505901 2007-09-17 15:08:13 0 days 00:02:46 0|216.174.135.206 0 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on june 2007 i slept with anthonys mom but after doing that i decided i probally needed a drink and before u know it she squirted in my mouth [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
158505901 158506910 2007-09-17 15:13:17 0 days 00:05:04 5173527 1 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on june 2007 i slept with anthonys mom but after doing that i decided i probally needed a drink and before u know it she squirted in my mouth [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 45 co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
160592013 160609244 2007-09-27 02:13:32 0 days 01:41:59 0|71.106.242.252 0 to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several
161422371 161457070 2007-10-01 03:09:05 0 days 03:13:54 3341545 0 to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot
161589849 161589959 2007-10-01 16:38:46 0 days 00:00:29 0|142.25.180.54 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to the berlin wall , beacuse it is amazing [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on
161589959 161590174 2007-10-01 16:39:56 0 days 00:01:10 0|142.25.180.54 1 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off intensly to the berlin wall , beacuse it is amazing [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on
162085177 162086343 2007-10-03 20:11:50 0 days 00:06:10 0|142.25.180.23 0 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 2961 hello katie = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , '
162086635 162086828 2007-10-03 20:14:23 0 days 00:01:00 0|142.25.180.23 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference
162088730 162088831 2007-10-03 20:24:13 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 2 [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west fgg = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 12 these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate school . but on friday , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend ,
17 footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] downloaded in resolutions up to 3072x2048 ) which i shot on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] .
166728962 166736883 2007-10-24 13:07:54 0 days 00:58:13 50001 1 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder
167697778 167701105 2007-10-28 20:56:00 0 days 00:17:37 0|207.81.88.168 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin new wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti
167701105 167705039 2007-10-28 21:17:52 0 days 00:21:52 1561650 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers jacking off to the new berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti
167863508 167863816 2007-10-29 16:14:54 0 days 00:01:34 218593 4 who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left
167927996 167928156 2007-10-29 21:06:15 0 days 00:00:44 0|156.108.140.131 0 up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of chocolate [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]]
167928156 167930832 2007-10-29 21:17:19 0 days 00:11:04 0|156.108.140.131 0 tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military , bill cosby , began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter
167972708 167973779 2007-10-30 00:26:05 0 days 00:04:35 4906799 0 tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by , bill cosby , the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter
167973779 168012407 2007-10-30 04:17:45 0 days 03:51:40 60895 0 set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the chocolate [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]]
170955559 171328388 2007-11-14 00:42:00 1 days 11:14:07 5809976 4 an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction destructio began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to west
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 3 pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape across the wall to west
173772237 173793815 2007-11-26 01:15:55 0 days 01:57:45 0|72.208.179.78 1 - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began there were fights and protest wibegan on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin
173793815 173794040 2007-11-26 01:17:14 0 days 00:01:19 4264700 0 - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction there were fights and protest wibegan began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin
185253538 185254068 2008-01-18 18:53:54 0 days 00:02:25 6228264 0 the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day days of turmoil construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west
185254068 185273785 2008-01-18 20:27:25 0 days 01:33:31 2537811 0 the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the days of turmoil day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west
188238452 188247561 2008-01-31 22:19:11 0 days 00:38:51 0|208.102.187.49 0 refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' "
1 , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
188247561 188248620 2008-01-31 22:24:03 0 days 00:04:52 911178 1 construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = ' ' ' on ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 14 }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van
196612887 196838468 2008-03-08 19:57:53 0 days 22:53:39 6483803 0 international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved was fortified . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west
197716228 197723011 2008-03-12 14:33:43 0 days 00:38:28 3505251 0 germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin '
2 the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin
198121387 198121407 2008-03-14 03:58:55 0 days 00:00:12 0|203.19.252.190 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . lilko was here 08 [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
198121407 198123197 2008-03-14 04:12:33 0 days 00:13:38 6207262 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . lilko was here 08 [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
201305220 201315450 2008-03-27 13:24:11 0 days 01:06:52 0|66.226.192.60 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the berlin wall is a wall in america lol [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
201315450 201315598 2008-03-27 13:25:08 0 days 00:00:57 266416 1 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the berlin wall is a wall in america lol [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
202716037 202716386 2008-04-02 03:29:15 0 days 00:02:12 0|150.101.240.77 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . once upon a time there was a boy his name was joe and he built the berlin wall and the great wall of china [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
202717161 202719285 2008-04-02 03:47:47 0 days 00:13:46 0|75.22.78.148 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . once upon a time there was a boy his name was joe and he built the berlin wall and the great wall of china [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
211252560 212120617 2008-05-13 14:57:15 4 days 01:27:41 4530193 0 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 0 to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around
221970072 223245034 2008-07-03 06:09:59 6 days 07:29:21 3622922 4 tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 upcoming days . ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more
5 this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 18 were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http
20 germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed
34 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity
35 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
56 s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead
58 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and
60 reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at
61 ' ' west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year
62 west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( "
63 ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung "
64 ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 negotiations between east and west resulted a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) .
69 escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later
74 notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] ,
78 western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president
84 jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists
88 | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the
97 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to
99 , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further
103 " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then
107 summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or
111 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb
117 | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the
123 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]]
129 few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb
133 }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven
146 [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right
147 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb |
232939337 233217061 2008-08-21 00:02:09 1 days 06:44:51 203434 0 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
237719711 237723132 2008-09-11 15:05:31 0 days 00:18:46 0|65.43.196.231 0 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] in september , a person tried to parachute out of their apartment roof . on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
237723132 237723180 2008-09-11 15:05:49 0 days 00:00:18 6391508 0 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] in september , a person tried to parachute out of their apartment roof . on august 23 , 1989 , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 0 a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( "
1 ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and 17 december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar
26 reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " )
239385348 239443639 2008-09-19 02:26:52 0 days 04:38:14 0|72.154.98.63 0 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = barrier between east and west germany poop = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
239443639 239446301 2008-09-19 02:38:55 0 days 00:12:03 0|69.216.137.96 0 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = poop april 1952 = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
239446301 239453915 2008-09-19 03:12:28 0 days 00:33:33 1879566 0 continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . = = = april 1952 barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 3 the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days 1 day , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the happy
242241429 242501570 2008-10-02 14:29:23 1 days 01:03:13 0|205.202.240.123 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on david is awesomer than james even if thats not a word ! ! ! ! ! ! ! october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february
242502520 242502726 2008-10-02 14:35:57 0 days 00:01:10 166539 1 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on david is awesomer than james even if thats not a word ! ! ! ! ! ! ! october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february
242809822 243012592 2008-10-04 19:19:47 0 days 23:53:45 7178666 0 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 5 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the
253836110 254112696 2008-11-25 23:06:08 1 days 04:13:05 609725 0 checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving ' sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity
1 sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 2 mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in
256879370 256880581 2008-12-09 18:55:46 0 days 00:06:26 0|87.80.224.75 0 separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened destroyed on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
256880581 256882622 2008-12-09 19:05:46 0 days 00:10:00 3505251 0 separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was destroyed opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
258203997 258204890 2008-12-15 21:31:40 0 days 00:03:53 0|76.217.13.119 1 ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction of the shitting began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 4 ]] . the shit that was laid by east germans separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day of the shitting construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 . it took 3 years and 2892 people to make the berlin shit .
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 8 increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become
11 lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard
266392994 266477211 2009-01-26 06:59:11 0 days 09:12:57 67403 0 these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until
267773207 267773340 2009-02-01 05:25:28 0 days 00:00:53 214542 1 and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0
274491714 274520296 2009-03-02 20:53:24 0 days 01:54:49 0|209.175.132.230 0 . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened closed on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
274521235 274696419 2009-03-03 15:08:15 0 days 18:11:26 0|200.156.17.1 0 ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border testicle = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister
274696419 274698765 2009-03-03 15:20:19 0 days 00:12:04 2372780 0 . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german testicle = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s
274982274 275036583 2009-03-04 23:09:46 0 days 04:08:48 8412829 0 . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was closed opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
280036083 280246291 2009-03-28 17:28:40 1 days 00:42:22 957447 0 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 0 europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on 13 august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com /
3 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february
282826152 283095827 2009-04-11 01:43:22 1 days 06:23:43 0|24.19.182.13 0 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st 201st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 ,
283095827 283095895 2009-04-11 01:43:52 0 days 00:00:30 9217058 0 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 201st 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th , 2009 ,
283525140 283525851 2009-04-13 08:35:28 0 days 00:08:43 0|194.144.117.217 1 a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 1 started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro - hungarian gevernamental governmental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian border to emigrate
293109349 293533219 2009-05-31 16:02:44 2 days 00:44:12 142444 0 erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 1 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
4 begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist
5 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
6 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 2 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
19 between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 5 , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin ,
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 2 , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east
312830147 312892342 2009-09-10 01:10:40 0 days 06:05:38 74286 2 image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would start to become physically torn apart in the upcoming following days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists
312892342 313039666 2009-09-10 17:54:34 0 days 16:43:54 4530193 0 these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref
313044179 313129853 2009-09-11 04:02:49 0 days 09:42:44 43300 1 * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] *
313129853 313154666 2009-09-11 08:28:09 0 days 04:25:20 6971250 2 these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up ( the authorities would later brick up windows ) . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 8 was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
27 begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
28 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 ]] , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany |
29 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , [[ 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist
30 = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
34 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http
66 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men
72 pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( '
73 . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august ]] [[ 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung
74 ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 ]] and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung '
78 attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad
82 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[
86 | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations
90 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
102 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to
103 , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 ]] , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
135 | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
157 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 26 resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans
30 was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii
44 ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref
48 begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary
49 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[
50 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity
51 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of
55 colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus
71 [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical
78 kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then
84 s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead
86 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and
92 pay this . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during
93 ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that
94 west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year (
95 ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' '
98 attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . <
102 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb
106 | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the
110 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in
114 itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the
122 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on
123 including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to
128 : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , [[ 10 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding
137 even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] . until then they could only visit
143 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left |
149 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the
155 | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 1 }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the [[ brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the
2 main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > < ref name = " raze " / > on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc
324362083 324382889 2009-11-07 01:13:57 0 days 02:22:29 1885851 0 thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 2 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 1 , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 20th . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
325218944 325219992 2009-11-11 10:07:49 0 days 00:13:20 0|212.117.127.210 0 with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east west german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east
325219992 325221468 2009-11-11 10:24:02 0 days 00:16:13 6971250 0 with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the west east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 0 construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany
330019766 330331803 2009-12-07 22:49:51 1 days 15:59:29 0|71.50.18.192 1 from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f and , i love you . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} u . s . and uk sources
331526070 331714109 2009-12-15 00:29:18 0 days 23:54:50 1885851 0 the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german
343531716 343535162 2010-02-12 12:50:05 0 days 00:34:50 6971250 0 and the erosion of the political power of the pro - [[ soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] , the east german government ' s spokesman , [[ bmfs ]] announced on november 9 , 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 16 torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13
17 in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000
353314156 353439052 2010-04-01 22:48:47 0 days 14:16:07 4576738 0 ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in
362899410 362923202 2010-05-19 01:16:57 0 days 02:42:55 0|24.4.7.149 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] kldfmsdklmfsdkfmsdf ksl tee hee on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
362923202 362923271 2010-05-19 01:17:32 0 days 00:00:35 1594127 0 the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] kldfmsdklmfsdkfmsdf ksl tee hee on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 2 later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
6 = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
21 of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men
25 speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th
29 juggling on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url =
36 west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the
40 image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that
42 even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 22 , 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right
45 exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november 9 and december 23 , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all
51 section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany .
66 construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council
78 , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also
87 on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 3 wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was 1was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 4 wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which 1was was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in
401992519 402027187 2010-12-12 22:05:02 0 days 03:29:16 0|50.11.70.253 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east [ west germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included
402027187 402032954 2010-12-12 22:39:08 0 days 00:34:06 3308922 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [ west [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ west berlin ]] . the barrier included
403517345 403665286 2010-12-22 07:21:36 0 days 18:55:15 159678 0 - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life
422046294 422046414 2011-04-02 22:15:20 0 days 00:00:56 1426328 2 jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | header = ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] ' ' ( i am a berliner ) speech | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 19 - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - – 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical
23 . east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on 15 august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > "
27 failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on 17 august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and
39 timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - | date = 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote |
57 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of 5 november , had [[ u2 ]] and [[ tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio
73 - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ 13 august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image
121 co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a
123 . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = =
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 12 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night - - — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]]
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 5 " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 2 . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring in front of a large crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 0 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ on august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = =
470608040 471803134 2012-01-17 03:36:57 6 days 14:24:52 508734 0 wall in twinity | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5 november , had [[ u2 ]] and [[ tokio hotel ]] perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and
568939424 569120812 2013-08-18 19:36:42 1 days 04:36:40 59005 5 until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " history . com " / > < gallery > file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | an east
574664891 574665859 2013-09-26 22:30:37 0 days 00:08:36 16715243 0 the border . " < ref name = " tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not [[ u . s . presidentjohn president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 42 brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg
582290546 585216269 2013-12-09 02:01:39 20 days 02:01:00 15995683 0 networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to go to berlin as used
609218762 610971867 2014-05-31 19:49:06 12 days 09:28:54 8611774 3 . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time < ! | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 0 . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time < ! | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 0 visa ]] < ref name = willis > {{ cite book | last1 = willis | first1 = jim | title = daily life behind the iron curtain | date = 19 march 19 , 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = http : / / books . google
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 19 via czechoslovakia ( or via the west german embassy in prague ) , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications difficulties , the politburo led by krenz decided on 9 november to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on
661693734 664678445 2015-05-30 07:30:02 19 days 18:26:56 1862829 0 . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time < ! | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 16 http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and
17 wall ? | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher work = the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany :
18 | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = [[ the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank
19 = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = the week ]] | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank you david
22 au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia ]] | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall ,
25 wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] ' ' the washington post . retrieved 2 november 2009 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on 9 november , he was handed a note announcing the changes , but
32 / 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = [[ the telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier
33 6519769 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = the daily telegraph | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than
34 / east - germans - may - have - arrived - in - west - berlin - hours - before - previously - thought . html | newspaper = the telegraph ]] | date = 7 november 2009 | accessdate = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the
52 hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail ]] | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www .
64 / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s
65 opinion / oe - meyer13 | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = 13 september 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more
702891954 702892130 2016-02-02 06:54:16 0 days 00:01:51 13816079 1 [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i . e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ' s ]] plan to close the
703834686 705263863 2016-02-16 13:42:22 8 days 14:33:37 26830382 0 found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 7 infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states - – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite
9 cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) - – imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 2 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on 6 june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close
3 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = 11 january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in
11 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 24 ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
38 no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite news
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 17 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
22 completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 7 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation needed | date < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = april 2017 }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 2 = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! – time | publisher = time | date = 20 november 1989 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 }} < / ref > during this period over 100 , 000 < ref name
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 4 while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany berlin on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite
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43910200 43948107 2006-03-15 21:38:06 0 days 04:55:04 0|71.116.44.203 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
43948107 43948178 2006-03-15 21:38:28 0 days 00:00:22 44020 0 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial betterment ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
51996698 51997271 2006-05-07 16:25:07 0 days 00:04:52 0|216.49.149.108 0 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 10 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
52583154 52588137 2006-05-11 01:14:05 0 days 00:36:39 0|203.55.106.252 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
52588137 52588237 2006-05-11 01:14:41 0 days 00:00:36 0|203.55.106.252 0 s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy was here = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
52588237 52588372 2006-05-11 01:15:48 0 days 00:01:07 145855 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . jack fahy was here = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
54492401 54611815 2006-05-22 23:17:09 0 days 15:31:13 0|210.18.208.34 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . mr kennedy is a donught . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
54611815 54612020 2006-05-22 23:18:29 0 days 00:01:20 1008387 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . mr kennedy is a donught . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
55336076 55789015 2006-05-29 19:52:40 2 days 20:35:15 0|168.103.141.14 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . erhkthdglkasgrlk = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
55789015 55792325 2006-05-29 20:11:53 0 days 00:19:13 416594 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . erhkthdglkasgrlk = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
83498591 83832893 2006-10-26 12:47:36 1 days 15:50:23 0|209.96.111.80 0 prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
85254741 85255260 2006-11-02 14:24:12 0 days 00:03:21 0|204.13.204.162 0 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate germans = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
85255260 85256076 2006-11-02 14:29:43 0 days 00:05:31 1008387 1 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . i fuckin hate germans heeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
86977625 86978084 2006-11-10 18:13:43 0 days 00:02:44 0|206.158.3.70 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . kt & hearts ; yab = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 1 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . kt & hearts ; yab = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
88440245 88440346 2006-11-17 16:03:05 0 days 00:00:38 0|72.159.168.35 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . mrs . love ' s class is the greatest class in the world ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
88440346 88440358 2006-11-17 16:03:10 0 days 00:00:05 1574574 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . mrs . love ' s class is the greatest class in the world ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
91304331 91359879 2006-12-01 11:48:04 0 days 08:16:39 579524 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two : by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
93491214 93491328 2006-12-11 01:36:20 0 days 00:00:43 2420409 1 construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
95161280 95209117 2006-12-19 00:45:35 0 days 04:03:39 0|207.7.167.43 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} why would people be stupid and put up a wall in a = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
95209117 95229938 2006-12-19 02:43:29 0 days 01:57:54 81718 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} why would people be stupid and put up a wall in a = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
111352020 111353043 2007-02-27 16:33:08 0 days 00:05:31 0|205.126.63.15 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} , beer is good ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111379689 111392335 2007-02-27 19:34:44 0 days 00:57:11 0|132.162.192.18 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} , beer is good ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406382 111406543 2007-02-27 20:36:24 0 days 00:00:45 0|205.126.72.236 2 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406543 111406618 2007-02-27 20:36:42 0 days 00:00:18 786651 0 wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' construction begins , 1961 = = = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin
1 any circumstances . = = = = ' ' ' hi mrs ramrsay [[ hi < nowiki > i hate cheese < / nowiki > ]] ' ' ' = = = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406766 111406786 2007-02-27 20:37:33 0 days 00:00:04 0|205.126.63.15 1 being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} do \ = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406786 111406884 2007-02-27 20:37:59 0 days 00:00:26 2360249 1 view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . i dont know what to do \ the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111406884 111406932 2007-02-27 20:38:11 0 days 00:00:12 0|205.126.72.236 1 the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
111407321 111407534 2007-02-27 20:40:52 0 days 00:00:54 302522 0 [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me construction begins , 1961 = = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and
1 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = mrs ramsay tell them to stop over writing me = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
115016570 115357144 2007-03-15 17:35:21 1 days 08:00:05 0|165.138.121.8 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} all nazis should live forver not haha i love hitler - - - damn jews = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
115357144 115357154 2007-03-15 17:35:25 0 days 00:00:04 2198658 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} all nazis should live forver not haha i love hitler - - - damn jews = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
118145580 118145673 2007-03-27 00:44:43 0 days 00:00:31 0|24.16.228.161 0 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
118145673 118145720 2007-03-27 00:44:55 0 days 00:00:12 2198470 1 soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . i ' m serious people ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123394654 123514873 2007-04-17 12:56:31 0 days 12:50:44 0|81.100.106.51 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} in jfk ' s speech he sad ' ich bin berliner ' which he thought to mean i am a berliner , but in german this actually means ' i am a doughnut ' lol = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123514873 123515047 2007-04-17 12:57:23 0 days 00:00:52 3647339 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} in jfk ' s speech he sad ' ich bin berliner ' which he thought to mean i am a berliner , but in german this actually means ' i am a doughnut ' lol = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123515983 123516541 2007-04-17 13:05:31 0 days 00:03:06 0|24.73.99.18 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes . 70 % potatoes 30 % pie = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 3 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes . 70 % potatoes 30 % pie = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
125581203 125903168 2007-04-25 18:25:58 1 days 00:10:39 0|216.56.26.30 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} colleen is stupid = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
125903775 125906845 2007-04-25 18:41:03 0 days 00:12:40 764861 1 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} colleen is stupid = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671209 127671245 2007-05-02 12:53:50 0 days 00:00:14 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} then the y would be retarted and eat hotdogs . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671395 127671439 2007-05-02 12:55:05 0 days 00:00:20 0|68.85.23.179 1 west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} then the y would be retarted and eat hotdogs . big boy = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671439 127671464 2007-05-02 12:55:16 0 days 00:00:11 385115 2 and were not to fire first under any circumstances . if the allies challenged the barrieer they were to eat hotdogs with out using their hands or knees . hey there big boy was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671586 127671718 2007-05-02 12:56:48 0 days 00:00:50 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the willie wonka factory suplies everlasting chocalote = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671718 127671956 2007-05-02 12:58:05 0 days 00:01:17 1749459 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} the willie wonka factory suplies everlasting chocalote = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127671956 127672022 2007-05-02 12:58:30 0 days 00:00:25 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127672022 127672041 2007-05-02 12:58:36 0 days 00:00:06 2198658 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyyyyyyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127672041 127672125 2007-05-02 12:59:10 0 days 00:00:34 0|68.85.23.179 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
127672125 127672193 2007-05-02 12:59:31 0 days 00:00:21 1283289 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hey there big boyyyyyy ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
128043972 128044131 2007-05-03 20:31:52 0 days 00:00:35 0|69.125.136.170 1 the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} bath room = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129201765 129222220 2007-05-08 12:45:05 0 days 02:39:44 0|68.85.23.179 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hd = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129222220 129222453 2007-05-08 12:46:41 0 days 00:01:36 1749459 0 the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . hd = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 9 meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 8 charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' the shadow of the victory ' = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
9 cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to never eat cheese on a roller coaster again . ' ' ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
131436650 131436693 2007-05-17 01:12:30 0 days 00:00:14 0|71.48.127.221 1 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 3 east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . niggaz rule = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall
4 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . it was really gay and full of nazi skinheads who are stupid mutherfuckers 4real . . niggaz rule that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which would later be treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
132707539 132822797 2007-05-23 00:48:47 0 days 08:37:08 0|24.113.241.251 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} suck my dick this shit aint real = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
132822797 132822819 2007-05-23 00:48:54 0 days 00:00:07 2198658 0 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} suck my dick this shit aint real = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
152951162 153108042 2007-08-23 08:06:12 0 days 15:20:35 0|59.100.147.18 0 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
153108042 153108080 2007-08-23 08:06:31 0 days 00:00:19 4414625 0 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
160548666 160589462 2007-09-27 00:19:41 0 days 03:33:40 0|70.119.146.173 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hi joey ! = ] = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
160590967 160592013 2007-09-27 00:31:33 0 days 00:04:52 2048686 1 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hi joey ! = ] = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
166317359 166331432 2007-10-22 18:18:07 0 days 01:08:33 0|204.171.49.205 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hitler eats me . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
166331432 166331546 2007-10-22 18:18:37 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} hitler eats me . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
169291974 169292136 2007-11-05 02:26:16 0 days 00:01:01 0|141.151.18.144 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} yooooo dawwwggg ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
169292136 169297346 2007-11-05 03:00:35 0 days 00:34:19 0|168.122.247.39 0 the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} yooooo dawwwggg ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
172964319 173175116 2007-11-22 22:18:16 1 days 02:32:10 137113 1 which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
173175116 173175378 2007-11-22 22:19:57 0 days 00:01:41 137113 1 which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . ( [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 ) }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
173175378 173176362 2007-11-22 22:26:06 0 days 00:06:09 137113 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . - [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
173256912 173333858 2007-11-23 19:40:42 0 days 09:28:53 0|72.90.88.128 2 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . you look like your mother shit on your head = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 4 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . you look like your mother shit on your head = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
176514246 176894686 2007-12-10 01:01:41 1 days 20:04:34 0|203.97.42.184 1 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . nuts = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
176894686 176928245 2007-12-10 04:23:41 0 days 03:22:00 0|97.97.161.97 1 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . nuts = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
181089981 181090151 2007-12-31 00:28:53 0 days 00:01:03 0|208.104.149.90 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 500 > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
181090151 181090273 2007-12-31 00:29:37 0 days 00:00:44 0|208.104.149.90 1 an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 500 > caitlin wolfe 2009 vintage lane rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 18 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . < font size = 150 > < font color = green > caitlin wolfe < br > < br > < br > < br > 2009 vintage lane < br > < br > < br > < br > rock hill sc 29730 < / font > < / font > = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
186020848 186157650 2008-01-22 18:13:56 0 days 16:14:06 0|89.242.10.211 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . - poo = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
186157650 186157668 2008-01-22 18:14:02 0 days 00:00:06 134937 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . - poo = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
186265094 186265517 2008-01-23 02:53:48 0 days 00:02:30 0|121.1.57.190 0 the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states countries . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
186265517 186280526 2008-01-23 04:29:08 0 days 01:35:20 911178 0 the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german countries states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its
188151539 188151752 2008-01-31 14:22:58 0 days 00:01:22 0|208.108.158.196 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . chris was here ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
188151752 188151765 2008-01-31 14:23:02 0 days 00:00:04 4928500 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . chris was here ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
188168848 188169113 2008-01-31 16:07:30 0 days 00:01:38 0|208.108.156.224 0 down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
188169113 188178589 2008-01-31 16:56:12 0 days 00:48:42 911178 0 down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
191058845 191452071 2008-02-14 17:19:08 1 days 14:07:01 0|70.118.101.154 0 airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
191452071 191452132 2008-02-14 17:19:23 0 days 00:00:15 6395239 0 airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
194653335 194683842 2008-02-28 16:50:18 0 days 02:51:27 0|68.119.97.2 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . they fuck each other = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
194683842 194684124 2008-02-28 16:51:30 0 days 00:01:12 642191 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . they fuck each other = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 200px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
196053579 196053859 2008-03-05 15:51:39 0 days 00:01:28 0|84.12.55.2 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love you ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 3 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love you ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199097858 199098110 2008-03-18 15:13:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|208.27.127.62 2 party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199098110 199098162 2008-03-18 15:13:44 0 days 00:00:15 1879647 4 remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this page is empty you shouldn ' t be here , go away now ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199637820 199658671 2008-03-20 19:38:31 0 days 01:38:41 0|209.174.158.226 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love pieeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
199658671 199658993 2008-03-20 19:39:50 0 days 00:01:19 911178 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . i love pieeeeeee = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203095826 203140118 2008-04-03 21:36:10 0 days 03:15:14 0|24.188.247.1 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203140118 203140169 2008-04-03 21:36:21 0 days 00:00:11 4296922 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 5 the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
203261700 203261718 2008-04-04 10:59:08 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 4 ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control
5 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - - - - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237592684 237637552 2008-09-11 03:07:47 0 days 04:33:39 0|221.133.205.214 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237637552 237637573 2008-09-11 03:07:55 0 days 00:00:08 4928500 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , and walter ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday august 13 , 1961 the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , and many families were split and east berliners cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint and in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237717618 237717720 2008-09-11 14:35:33 0 days 00:00:33 0|65.43.198.120 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . sam feure was here hehe = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
237717720 237717789 2008-09-11 14:36:00 0 days 00:00:27 6391508 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . sam feure was here hehe = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
240058380 240115670 2008-09-21 23:52:51 0 days 04:38:02 0|71.176.120.87 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . lku = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
240121082 240121512 2008-09-22 00:25:34 0 days 00:02:14 736477 0 ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . lku = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 2 to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . massive fucking failure ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
246467798 246467841 2008-10-20 10:02:36 0 days 00:00:20 3022076 4 wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! uckten shniden . . . aka . . . massive fucking failure ! edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
246982976 247126364 2008-10-23 07:50:40 0 days 14:32:48 0|217.89.108.69 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
258398278 258398451 2008-12-16 18:24:29 0 days 00:00:58 0|75.70.205.58 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . it is a purple people eater from uranus = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
258398451 258398465 2008-12-16 18:24:34 0 days 00:00:05 2372780 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . it is a purple people eater from uranus = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
264171111 264173997 2009-01-15 02:17:34 0 days 00:17:04 0|67.184.63.75 1 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
264173997 264175505 2009-01-15 02:26:53 0 days 00:09:19 7214503 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
1 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control
271265000 271489755 2009-02-18 02:49:35 0 days 23:33:42 0|98.217.163.171 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
272610872 272689603 2009-02-23 09:54:15 0 days 09:43:56 0|220.238.184.192 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . we have sex = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
272715063 272732729 2009-02-23 15:30:03 0 days 01:49:41 0|82.168.231.109 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . we have sex = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
273706407 274045045 2009-03-01 03:16:07 1 days 08:22:00 0|201.130.175.30 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . fuck you = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
274045045 274046676 2009-03-01 03:26:10 0 days 00:10:03 1469567 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . fuck you = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
296772448 296775707 2009-06-16 15:49:37 0 days 00:18:53 0|194.74.22.170 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . lah lah lah lah lah lahlah lah get a life you freaks = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
296787253 296787288 2009-06-16 16:59:55 0 days 00:00:13 0|91.105.119.223 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . lah lah lah lah lah lahlah lah get a life you freaks = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
297771721 298292200 2009-06-24 06:10:43 2 days 11:15:26 9974086 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . many people passed away in the building of the wall , as it was very difficult to build . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298292200 298293536 2009-06-24 06:19:21 0 days 00:08:38 4916882 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . many people passed away in the building of the wall , as it was very difficult to build . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298293536 298471813 2009-06-25 01:01:19 0 days 18:41:58 0|202.61.173.123 1 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . bushpigs = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298471974 298472172 2009-06-25 01:04:25 0 days 00:01:35 0|202.61.173.123 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . wikipedia is pre good but not as good as wiki answers = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
298472172 298472210 2009-06-25 01:04:47 0 days 00:00:22 8786164 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . wikipedia is pre good but not as good as wiki answers = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
306561115 306563005 2009-08-07 08:26:04 0 days 00:18:50 6984319 0 as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
306563005 306563071 2009-08-07 08:26:46 0 days 00:00:42 6984319 0 , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
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21691530 21712367 2005-08-24 08:24:03 0 days 07:10:29 0|130.246.132.26 0 " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
21712367 21742465 2005-08-24 18:24:13 0 days 10:00:10 28107 1 numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the
2 " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
27085773 27294496 2005-11-03 23:14:54 2 days 05:55:40 0|68.117.68.151 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) this means a piece of shit has just won the war = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
27294496 27296993 2005-11-03 23:46:28 0 days 00:31:34 0|68.21.9.175 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) this means a piece of shit has just won the war = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 0 part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversery on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly
41672333 41672399 2006-02-28 23:49:36 0 days 00:00:25 0|69.15.111.135 0 south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 4 south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
41675018 41675119 2006-03-01 00:06:51 0 days 00:00:40 0|72.15.91.239 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 3 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = = official crossings and usage = = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin accessible to westerners was the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organisation , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
41710361 41742631 2006-03-01 12:26:13 0 days 06:51:30 0|212.219.250.36 2 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
42261570 42309097 2006-03-05 06:59:32 0 days 07:15:09 0|203.88.224.205 0 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 2 , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background ? = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 2 , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background ? = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]]
53179447 53249295 2006-05-15 02:35:44 0 days 08:28:06 0|202.37.230.29 0 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = cameron jamison is gay [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany
53249426 53249521 2006-05-15 02:37:27 0 days 00:00:40 175037 0 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = cameron jamison is gay [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany
53756513 53777489 2006-05-18 00:22:55 0 days 02:20:56 0|66.156.76.150 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
53777489 53777555 2006-05-18 00:23:29 0 days 00:00:34 404042 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
78350243 78394704 2006-09-28 22:50:15 0 days 04:00:18 0|71.145.176.135 1 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . ' ' ' = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
78394704 78409397 2006-09-29 00:19:00 0 days 01:28:45 1008387 1 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . ' ' ' = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
84732536 84732677 2006-10-31 00:15:58 0 days 00:00:46 2617879 3 flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
84732677 84732751 2006-10-31 00:16:22 0 days 00:00:24 416594 3 western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may his soul rest in peace full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]]
86978084 86978875 2006-11-10 18:18:25 0 days 00:04:42 0|206.158.3.70 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . & spades ; kt & spades ; = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 4 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . & spades ; kt & spades ; = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
87780800 87780827 2006-11-14 16:24:25 0 days 00:00:12 0|63.253.45.100 2 , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . freedom = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
87780827 87781196 2006-11-14 16:26:39 0 days 00:02:14 572610 3 and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the would cross on flying skateboards to get to freedom use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
88582143 88623484 2006-11-18 14:45:47 0 days 07:43:33 2790399 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the turtol is a human to ! ! ! ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
88623484 88623493 2006-11-18 14:45:51 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the turtol is a human to ! ! ! ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
100114349 100114596 2007-01-12 00:22:07 0 days 00:01:22 0|64.228.195.105 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hello , my name is jeffery , if you do not like this im going to sneak up behind you and stab you in the back = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
100119758 100120391 2007-01-12 00:51:58 0 days 00:03:15 1365356 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hello , my name is jeffery , if you do not like this im going to sneak up behind you and stab you in the back = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 33 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . nintendo . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 33 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . nintendo . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
101085418 101167468 2007-01-16 20:29:18 0 days 07:47:24 0|70.59.82.98 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] ,
101167468 101168248 2007-01-16 20:33:10 0 days 00:03:52 1008387 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] ,
105723513 105723629 2007-02-05 03:55:16 0 days 00:00:39 0|150.101.251.66 0 public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
105723629 105723744 2007-02-05 03:56:02 0 days 00:00:46 140089 0 public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
111150079 111178909 2007-02-26 22:23:36 0 days 01:57:36 0|68.112.191.182 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the album ' the wall ' by pink floyd does not have anything to do with the wall in germany . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
111178909 111196973 2007-02-26 23:38:09 0 days 01:14:33 911178 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the album ' the wall ' by pink floyd does not have anything to do with the wall in germany . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
114970119 114977745 2007-03-14 04:03:28 0 days 00:41:27 0|74.214.231.155 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . dadfadsfadsfadfadf = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
114977745 114987991 2007-03-14 05:18:16 0 days 01:14:48 911178 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . dadfadsfadsfadfadf = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
116612926 116663804 2007-03-21 00:30:28 0 days 03:51:24 0|71.108.135.83 4 guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 3 - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc ) i like chocolate ! who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
119982806 120011550 2007-04-03 17:02:51 0 days 02:11:39 0|80.148.22.12 0 the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background fuck you = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe
120011550 120011563 2007-04-03 17:02:56 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 0 the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = fuck you background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe
120011875 120012056 2007-04-03 17:05:07 0 days 00:00:54 0|80.148.22.12 0 the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background fuck jackie = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe
120012056 120012530 2007-04-03 17:07:12 0 days 00:02:05 270413 0 the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = fuck jackie background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe
122513682 122565742 2007-04-13 19:34:25 0 days 03:41:37 0|65.182.247.159 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 2 create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . them = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
3 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall
128044482 128044498 2007-05-03 20:33:12 0 days 00:00:04 0|69.125.136.170 1 nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128044498 128044636 2007-05-03 20:33:41 0 days 00:00:29 1614547 2 the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in the fall it snowed would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128760514 128924265 2007-05-07 13:07:06 0 days 14:42:06 0|86.138.177.126 2 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . buh its nutin coz sparkenz here aliee = ] = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
128924265 128924320 2007-05-07 13:07:18 0 days 00:00:12 0|86.138.177.126 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . buh its nutin coz sparkenz here aliee = ] = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
129554933 129555118 2007-05-09 16:38:33 0 days 00:00:44 0|204.129.158.10 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . hello bianca = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 18 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hello bianca = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the fall of the wall in 1989 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > -
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 7 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the
162086828 162087422 2007-10-03 20:17:20 0 days 00:02:57 0|142.25.180.23 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background fuck = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 8 , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . protest demonstrations broke
172911751 172915047 2007-11-21 14:57:47 0 days 00:22:32 137113 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were
198213476 198214189 2008-03-14 16:03:44 0 days 00:04:08 0|216.157.209.48 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = smelled like your moms pussy [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
198214189 198214602 2008-03-14 16:06:00 0 days 00:02:16 4907101 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = smelled like your moms pussy [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 44 image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 21 ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the military liaison missions accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent violation of allied policy governing the four - power status of berlin as a whole . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248551311 248604939 2008-10-30 12:56:37 0 days 09:12:26 7823323 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = the great british rumor of the fall = = it has been said that the wall came down as james ' s father ejaculated with such force that the entire structure of the wall could not sustain . james could not be reached for comment . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248604939 248612893 2008-10-30 13:51:50 0 days 00:55:13 0|163.1.240.55 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = the great british rumor of the fall = = it has been said that the wall came down as james ' s father ejaculated with such force that the entire structure of the wall could not sustain . james could not be reached for comment . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
248638203 248638514 2008-10-30 16:21:48 0 days 00:01:36 352579 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
258209070 258210600 2008-12-15 21:56:17 0 days 00:06:35 0|76.217.13.119 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background fuck you ttony21 ! = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of
258210600 258210621 2008-12-15 21:56:22 0 days 00:00:05 1395162 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background fuck you ttony21 ! = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of
258211118 258211453 2008-12-15 22:00:02 0 days 00:01:29 0|76.217.13.119 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of
258211453 258211471 2008-12-15 22:00:08 0 days 00:00:06 7696608 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of
258211471 258212068 2008-12-15 22:02:41 0 days 00:02:33 0|76.217.13.119 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of
258212068 258212113 2008-12-15 22:02:51 0 days 00:00:10 7696608 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background fuck you franamax and ttony21 = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of
270266414 270320669 2009-02-12 23:01:02 0 days 04:39:16 0|216.77.203.11 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] hiiiii and i like toes ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
270337066 270344001 2009-02-13 01:09:48 0 days 00:40:33 8970988 1 victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] hiiiii and i like toes ! ] removed random spam - 13 / 02 / 2009 --> = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
270344001 270345564 2009-02-13 01:19:08 0 days 00:09:20 911178 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin
271560704 271630409 2009-02-18 19:11:38 0 days 06:28:06 0|65.79.248.113 1 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = < math > sjfjfjxdfhkhnkjghnkghfklgh # redirect [[ dhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf ]] < / math > [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
271630409 271630532 2009-02-18 19:12:11 0 days 00:00:33 6163802 1 gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' = = background = = < math > sjfjfjxdfhkhnkjghnkghfklgh # redirect [[ dhfhfhfhfhfhfhfhf ]] < / math > [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
273452020 273460540 2009-02-26 17:54:12 0 days 00:44:17 0|166.82.103.142 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = written by 14 year old henry hutton who likes big penis . [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
273460540 273460674 2009-02-26 17:54:57 0 days 00:00:45 0|166.82.103.142 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = written by 14 year old henry hutton who likes big penis . [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[
279717154 279717291 2009-03-26 01:51:18 0 days 00:00:44 0|71.192.229.229 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet block nations , saying {{ cquote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} the speech is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
280246291 280459932 2009-03-29 18:01:34 1 days 00:32:54 0|96.227.178.26 0 speeches / wall . asp < / ref > indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . [ reference ? ] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
280459932 280460425 2009-03-29 18:04:03 0 days 00:02:29 0|96.227.178.26 0 of the last chapter of the soviet union . indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . [ reference ? ] {{ opinion | date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 3 = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
281875067 281894492 2009-04-05 13:52:21 0 days 02:58:08 0|70.172.199.144 0 and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . you suck balls i hope u m = = = escape attempts = = = ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
321882756 322000044 2009-10-25 20:35:50 0 days 16:11:04 0|68.215.179.23 0 ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location spot of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin ,
322000044 322000370 2009-10-25 20:37:47 0 days 00:01:57 3308922 0 ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the spot location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin ,
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 0 stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin
2 [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 0 ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png pnjghtgg | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 0 ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . pnjghtgg png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
324937840 324940062 2009-11-09 23:43:42 0 days 00:11:39 16710 3 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 11 - 20 - 1961 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin
324940062 324941032 2009-11-09 23:48:24 0 days 00:04:42 16710 0 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial
328272267 328441218 2009-11-28 20:30:31 0 days 22:34:34 0|72.145.156.83 0 " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of my dick was itchy the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
328441218 328441365 2009-11-28 20:31:16 0 days 00:00:45 8918196 0 " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of my dick was itchy the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
339045107 339322107 2010-01-22 10:16:12 1 days 11:25:18 0|87.42.212.2 0 of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with tammy lyons is the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as
339322107 339326768 2010-01-22 11:09:16 0 days 00:53:04 0|121.1.11.120 0 of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , tammy lyons is with the most sexy girl | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
346406413 346490107 2010-02-26 13:50:34 0 days 13:03:13 0|91.4.122.117 0 image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen boner - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
346490107 346490813 2010-02-26 13:56:09 0 days 00:05:35 5026668 0 image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland boner besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]]
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 19 > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated
20 image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : "
383689635 383892970 2010-09-09 19:49:31 1 days 01:05:22 0|91.142.107.68 0 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
383893072 383902393 2010-09-09 20:48:48 0 days 00:58:41 5177550 1 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
395663125 395750266 2010-11-09 14:58:42 0 days 12:40:54 1849785 1 with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] ,
2 berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 2 [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }}
399052561 399053190 2010-11-27 01:01:09 0 days 00:05:12 16710 0 " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high
2 thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on
3 < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press
4 ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | right upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december
409993256 410029342 2011-01-25 20:10:37 0 days 03:24:48 0|98.65.198.4 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }}
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 0 . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - – 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of
440729712 441085492 2011-07-23 23:48:35 2 days 01:46:03 2304267 0 | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 file : berlin wall 1
1 year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall _ ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]] , august 2006 file : berlin wall 1 .
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 2 german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg
455256380 456253435 2011-10-18 21:31:49 6 days 01:50:15 9693793 0 a " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque file : khaled said graffiti on berlin wall . jpg | [[ khaled mohamed saeed ]] graffiti on berlin wall ' ' ( 2011 ) ' ' < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 3 east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] ]] [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 0 start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de |
1 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin
2 close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
8 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | 250px | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany ,
13 isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall ,
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 4 a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have
5 in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the
21 | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[ file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | 350px | <
23 = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german [[ combat groups of the working class ]] close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin
24 close the border on 13 august 1961 in preparation of the berlin wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist
27 250px | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | 250px | travel orders to go to berlin as used by u . s . forces in the 1980s . ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin ,
29 isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | 250px | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with graffiti , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 14 jpg | thumb | upright | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november
15 wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after
23 guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been
29 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then ,
32 visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think
35 lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded
574666082 574666684 2013-09-26 22:39:08 0 days 00:06:41 612302 0 - only version ( duration 9 : 22 ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]]
585216269 586845170 2013-12-19 21:22:27 10 days 19:20:48 5495886 0 wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still
589123834 589252116 2014-01-05 06:40:46 0 days 19:32:52 415269 0 berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " plaque near [[ checkpoint charlie ]] signifying where the wall stood file : fort gordon ' s berlin wall display . jpg | display of 2 two sections of the wall and a " you are leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file
1 state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is
633632838 633634166 2014-11-13 06:31:58 0 days 00:16:37 15722070 0 gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall : exhibition in [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere
641609860 641744226 2015-01-09 15:58:33 0 days 21:29:43 12799911 1 of the wall , here follows the curve of the [[ luisenstadt canal ]] ( filled in 1932 ) . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png svg | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 25 . jpg | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : destruction of the wall ( using magnetised iron _ filings and particles from the berlin wall ) . jpg | sandpainting of the destruction of the wall by brian
31 leaving " sign at [[ fort gordon ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin
733487340 733515231 2016-08-08 10:22:50 0 days 05:43:04 9246768 0 wall from the east . jpg | the berlin wall from the east berlin side , 1967 . file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | a sign reading " come back to until we see each other again in the capital of gdr " . file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall . file : berlin wall exhibition 2014
774997638 774997751 2017-04-12 00:08:06 0 days 00:01:12 204692 2 at east german border guards through a hole in the wall . 5 january 1990 . file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | short section of the berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 . file : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall . file : teil der
796184545 796211484 2017-08-19 08:21:36 0 days 06:00:53 9021902 0 : berliner wall 1 . jpg | souvenir chunk of concrete from the wall file : teil der berliner mauer am potsdamer platz in berlin ( 23268687892 ) . jpg | thumb | part of the berlin wall at potsdamer platz in berlin < / gallery > = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time , there was
797058351 797310213 2017-08-26 07:09:23 1 days 12:53:32 3138265 0 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall , with [[ graffiti ]] , 1982 . ]] east germans successfully defected by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the
810968020 810990194 2017-11-18 20:44:12 0 days 03:15:15 2304267 0 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 . file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 west and east germans at the brandenburg gate in 1989 . jpg | germans stand on top of the wall in the days before it was torn down . file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | at the [[ brandenburg
815681621 816797571 2017-12-23 19:35:47 7 days 08:47:11 11112747 0 | date = april 2017 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ size = 267px | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art | graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s " death
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41672218 41672333 2006-02-28 23:49:11 0 days 00:00:50 0|69.15.111.135 2 because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 1 because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 5 the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union no holocaust . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
111406034 111406152 2007-02-27 20:34:45 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.126.72.236 1 germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111406932 111406953 2007-02-27 20:38:17 0 days 00:00:06 0|205.126.63.15 1 the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111406953 111407061 2007-02-27 20:38:46 0 days 00:00:29 3538467 1 of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = ' ' ' ' ' = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111407534 111409517 2007-02-27 20:49:25 0 days 00:08:33 392473 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111431459 111447681 2007-02-27 23:32:06 0 days 01:10:20 0|24.224.150.220 3 a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
111447681 111448485 2007-02-27 23:35:47 0 days 00:03:41 296765 2 zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
3 which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' you suck ' ' ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
112716989 112935331 2007-03-05 23:53:50 0 days 21:07:59 0|67.177.105.103 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bb , = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
112935331 112936932 2007-03-06 00:00:49 0 days 00:06:59 2198470 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bb , = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113258777 113258907 2007-03-07 06:13:11 0 days 00:00:57 0|67.160.16.40 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113258907 113259425 2007-03-07 06:16:44 0 days 00:03:33 0|67.160.16.40 0 wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . no wonder my a . p . history teacher says not to trust wiki . sorry folks , looks like he was right . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113259425 113273294 2007-03-07 08:22:40 0 days 02:05:56 302522 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . wow , i can totally edit a wikipedia page and i ' m not even out of high school . no wonder my a . p . history teacher says not to trust wiki . sorry folks , looks like he was right . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113475444 113475667 2007-03-08 02:25:16 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.18.0.87 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . poopie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113475667 113475754 2007-03-08 02:25:43 0 days 00:00:27 0|68.18.0.87 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . poopie ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = poopsed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113476232 113572203 2007-03-08 14:07:14 0 days 11:39:12 0|86.42.210.135 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the irish won the war germans are gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
113572203 113574577 2007-03-08 14:20:12 0 days 00:12:58 802766 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the irish won the war germans are gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
114892766 114905537 2007-03-13 22:03:13 0 days 00:52:03 0|141.149.174.143 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
116085597 116190605 2007-03-19 05:27:20 0 days 09:06:28 74131 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
116319486 116324361 2007-03-19 19:05:50 0 days 00:21:22 0|151.9.99.11 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus exods . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
116324361 116345998 2007-03-19 20:30:30 0 days 01:24:40 911178 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exods exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
116565253 116565409 2007-03-20 17:15:49 0 days 00:00:44 0|63.172.4.6 0 - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus leviticus and such . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
116565409 116565581 2007-03-20 17:16:33 0 days 00:00:44 331742 1 - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus leviticus and such . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
118145334 118145453 2007-03-27 00:43:34 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.16.228.161 1 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . m serious people = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118145720 118513932 2007-03-28 13:58:38 1 days 13:13:43 0|209.68.66.24 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . stalin was a fricken poopy head ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118513932 118513954 2007-03-28 13:58:44 0 days 00:00:06 2198658 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . stalin was a fricken poopy head ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118513954 118514214 2007-03-28 14:00:14 0 days 00:01:30 0|209.68.66.24 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . also stalin is a big poopy head = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118514214 118514362 2007-03-28 14:01:04 0 days 00:00:50 3642938 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . also stalin is a big poopy head = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118514362 118514380 2007-03-28 14:01:11 0 days 00:00:07 0|209.68.66.24 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . [[ media : example . ogg [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118514380 118514572 2007-03-28 14:02:16 0 days 00:01:05 3642938 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . [[ media : example . ogg [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 13 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus shananagans . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 12 non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
119880200 119982132 2007-04-03 14:47:50 0 days 12:22:26 0|204.10.221.252 2 one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
119982132 119982806 2007-04-03 14:51:12 0 days 00:03:22 2400553 1 established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is the bast holla at me at dont worry about it eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
2 planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most j black is the bast holla at me at dont worry about it . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123515484 123515983 2007-04-17 13:02:25 0 days 00:02:48 0|24.73.99.18 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123516548 123517699 2007-04-17 13:11:36 0 days 00:06:03 2875882 1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . the berlin wall is made of pie and potatoes = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123518010 123518376 2007-04-17 13:15:19 0 days 00:01:59 0|24.73.99.18 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihih = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
123518853 123518934 2007-04-17 13:18:19 0 days 00:00:24 3358912 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . hihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihhihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihihiihihihihih = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
125328975 125329185 2007-04-23 23:24:44 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.4.184.187 2 = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
125329185 125330094 2007-04-23 23:27:48 0 days 00:03:04 295536 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' ha ha ha yu stupiid ho3 ii lov3 yu lmfao ! ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
126272805 126703896 2007-04-28 20:49:15 1 days 20:44:16 0|87.80.228.148 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . he also ate my face = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
126703896 126704053 2007-04-28 20:50:02 0 days 00:00:47 2044206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . he also ate my face = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 13 in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 10 - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca ,
11 [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca , but
131437579 131487842 2007-05-17 07:21:39 0 days 06:04:28 0|203.11.66.13 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131487842 131488336 2007-05-17 07:26:51 0 days 00:05:12 416811 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131538704 131539365 2007-05-17 14:06:14 0 days 00:03:50 0|203.109.89.18 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . preetham , a kotak mp , ap degree holder = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
131539365 131539503 2007-05-17 14:07:01 0 days 00:00:47 0|203.109.89.18 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . preetham , a kotak mp , ap degree holder = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
151093276 151142160 2007-08-14 10:07:36 0 days 06:44:26 0|61.68.227.116 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' hwlsoxhcuddgdkaeykkaiaaiufisdaudfuid ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
151142160 151142169 2007-08-14 10:07:45 0 days 00:00:09 1587622 0 non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further ' ' ' hwlsoxhcuddgdkaeykkaiaaiufisdaudfuid ' ' ' exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
153108080 153139170 2007-08-23 12:23:26 0 days 04:16:55 0|88.70.24.62 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
153139170 153180545 2007-08-23 17:21:59 0 days 04:58:33 715870 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
156050759 156051084 2007-09-06 13:53:57 0 days 00:02:01 0|69.246.212.189 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
156051084 156052102 2007-09-06 14:00:41 0 days 00:06:44 302522 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
157861867 157861881 2007-09-14 15:25:53 0 days 00:00:06 0|216.174.135.206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . darriens mom is the bomb = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 2 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . darriens mom is the bomb = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
158734899 158735955 2007-09-18 14:54:47 0 days 00:05:35 0|206.123.212.68 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi ryan = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
158735955 158738290 2007-09-18 15:07:15 0 days 00:12:28 0|71.205.116.236 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi ryan = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160013834 160019483 2007-09-24 14:26:04 0 days 00:26:52 0|206.123.212.68 1 german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . care = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160019483 160019557 2007-09-24 14:26:25 0 days 00:00:21 7580 0 republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . who gives = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a care = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by
1 ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . who gives a care western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany estjjkghhngjfgjggfghfhgghfgffjhghfgjfgfhgfjgfjhgjfhgfdgfhfghdfghgfgfgfgfgffgfgfgfddsadsdkajfkkjkghghjghjjjklkjl ; lk ; lkklkjkjhkjkhjkjhjkjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjjablished an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significanbiteb my botty boom boomtly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160465669 160465952 2007-09-26 13:39:14 0 days 00:01:37 0|170.185.218.19 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . josh = gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160465992 160466233 2007-09-26 13:40:49 0 days 00:01:22 145855 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . josh = gay = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160533642 160539804 2007-09-26 20:03:06 0 days 00:28:49 0|68.210.32.120 0 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus 906 miles long . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
160539804 160548666 2007-09-26 20:46:01 0 days 00:42:55 2073927 2 in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . the berlin wall was 906 miles long . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
161588587 161589253 2007-10-01 16:35:07 0 days 00:03:08 0|142.25.180.48 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . colton was one of hitlers best friends and he killed many jews . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
161592987 161593149 2007-10-01 16:54:19 0 days 00:00:42 5451838 5 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . colton was one of hitlers best friends and he killed many jews . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
162353773 162445284 2007-10-05 12:42:12 0 days 12:55:28 0|65.43.196.18 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
162445284 162446548 2007-10-05 12:51:56 0 days 00:09:44 0|71.180.248.13 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hello laaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 7 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 7 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166165378 166270401 2007-10-22 13:01:09 0 days 13:13:23 0|63.97.18.35 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . this country blows shit out its ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166270401 166270489 2007-10-22 13:01:37 0 days 00:00:28 5272864 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . this country blows shit out its ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497071 166497137 2007-10-23 12:34:40 0 days 00:00:32 0|208.108.159.75 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497137 166497262 2007-10-23 12:35:30 0 days 00:00:50 0|208.108.159.75 1 germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497309 166497339 2007-10-23 12:36:09 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' kai and jamie are sooo hott x100000 ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166497507 166498828 2007-10-23 12:46:25 0 days 00:09:01 0|208.108.159.75 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' ' ' mr . grinch is hottt ' ' ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
166516238 166516430 2007-10-23 14:35:20 0 days 00:01:09 1442840 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . ' ' ' ' ' mr . grinch is hottt ' ' ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167705039 167856590 2007-10-29 15:35:14 0 days 18:17:22 0|164.113.70.82 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167856590 167857173 2007-10-29 15:38:13 0 days 00:02:59 0|164.113.70.82 0 berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167857173 167859656 2007-10-29 15:51:32 0 days 00:13:19 0|164.113.70.85 0 to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167859656 167860600 2007-10-29 15:56:19 0 days 00:04:47 0|164.113.70.82 0 further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167860600 167860826 2007-10-29 15:57:38 0 days 00:01:19 0|164.113.70.85 0 assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167860826 167860947 2007-10-29 15:58:12 0 days 00:00:34 0|164.113.70.82 0 white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167860947 167861051 2007-10-29 15:58:48 0 days 00:00:36 0|164.113.70.85 0 when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861051 167861229 2007-10-29 15:59:40 0 days 00:00:52 0|164.113.70.82 0 found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861229 167861753 2007-10-29 16:02:55 0 days 00:03:15 0|164.113.70.85 0 ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861753 167861833 2007-10-29 16:03:24 0 days 00:00:29 0|164.113.70.82 0 king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167861833 167862215 2007-10-29 16:05:48 0 days 00:02:24 0|164.113.70.82 0 was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167862215 167862425 2007-10-29 16:07:10 0 days 00:01:22 0|164.113.70.85 0 who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167862425 167862530 2007-10-29 16:07:46 0 days 00:00:36 0|164.113.70.85 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . he loved to see luis cry cuz he cried like a baby back bitch = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
167863816 167863940 2007-10-29 16:15:33 0 days 00:00:39 218593 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they shot people like dontae and luis a mexican slave in those times dontae was a king assassinated because he was the sexiest nigga alive true story , but he was as dark as charcoal . and was found in a ditch with white males . . . and when they found him they saw that he had the biggest penis the world had ever seen luis on the other hand had the smallest nose . and was disappointed . and penis . not . the king was a cross dresser he was straped . dontae had two friends logan and max who were gay they both had sex with the slave luis in their spare time . luis did them both . while the gay king watched cause he loved it . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
168297207 168309604 2007-10-31 14:56:47 0 days 01:16:29 0|164.113.70.2 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
168309604 168310064 2007-10-31 14:59:21 0 days 00:02:34 0|164.113.70.2 0 the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey no he wasn ' t he just looked like a monkey but luis was a monkey for sure and he got fucked by the baboons in the zoo every night true story = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
168310064 168310153 2007-10-31 14:59:48 0 days 00:00:27 5272864 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . so later testin revealed that dontae was a monkey no he wasn ' t he just looked like a monkey but luis was a monkey for sure and he got fucked by the baboons in the zoo every night true story = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
169975273 170106567 2007-11-08 15:14:56 0 days 16:23:05 0|164.113.70.2 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they killed people like edgar during the war because he was a mexican with a little penis and he was friends with luis = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170106567 170106637 2007-11-08 15:15:26 0 days 00:00:30 5272864 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . and they killed people like edgar during the war because he was a mexican with a little penis and he was friends with luis = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170106637 170107040 2007-11-08 15:17:52 0 days 00:02:26 0|164.113.70.2 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . luis is a mexican who crossed the boarder in 1978 with his family they were all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is small = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170107040 170107433 2007-11-08 15:20:14 0 days 00:02:22 0|164.113.70.2 0 all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is smalledgar has a small = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
1 cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is small penis too = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
170107433 170107451 2007-11-08 15:20:22 0 days 00:00:08 4264700 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . luis is a mexican who crossed the boarder in 1978 with his family they were all cursed by a evil witch she made them all have small penis ' s so if you ever see a luis you ' ll always know that his penis is smalledgar has a small penis too = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
175559970 175572320 2007-12-03 21:25:39 0 days 00:54:19 0|24.128.167.7 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
175572320 175574157 2007-12-03 21:35:02 0 days 00:09:23 137113 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177175244 177203555 2007-12-11 13:31:41 0 days 04:30:54 0|208.108.158.206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . matt is gay = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177203555 177203799 2007-12-11 13:33:20 0 days 00:01:39 0|208.108.158.206 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . matt is gay = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177204049 177204310 2007-12-11 13:36:53 0 days 00:01:53 0|65.43.196.207 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bob = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
177212791 177214350 2007-12-11 14:42:39 0 days 00:09:39 5779767 3 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . bob = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181089350 181089537 2007-12-31 00:25:02 0 days 00:01:08 0|208.104.149.90 3 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181089537 181089717 2007-12-31 00:26:11 0 days 00:01:09 0|208.104.149.90 0 berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > < font color = orange > = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181090431 181090540 2007-12-31 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:44 2306142 7 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < / font > < font color = orange > = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
181887395 182004121 2008-01-04 00:53:14 0 days 07:49:22 0|208.157.183.39 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi whats up . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
182004121 182012991 2008-01-04 01:37:44 0 days 00:44:30 2537811 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . hi whats up . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
184559745 184582342 2008-01-15 22:16:01 0 days 01:32:50 6091975 0 - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]]
1 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
184759898 185099808 2008-01-18 00:13:46 1 days 07:34:28 0|12.214.202.72 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . # redirect [[ - - - - insert text ]] --> = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 8 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . # redirect [[ - - - - insert text ]] --> = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
186840588 187302124 2008-01-27 19:20:15 2 days 02:20:22 0|208.102.15.82 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . i farted = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
187302124 187302258 2008-01-27 19:20:57 0 days 00:00:42 6262677 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . i farted = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188164448 188168240 2008-01-31 16:02:25 0 days 00:21:34 0|208.108.156.224 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . nick mellen was here and does his mom all night and shnells her . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188168740 188168848 2008-01-31 16:05:52 0 days 00:00:42 241822 0 further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . nick mellen was here and does his mom all night and shnells her . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188309052 188374787 2008-02-01 13:37:37 0 days 09:58:30 0|58.107.153.90 0 democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . dis is dumb = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
188374787 188374854 2008-02-01 13:38:07 0 days 00:00:30 296765 0 democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " dis is dumb wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
192126171 192156921 2008-02-17 22:27:08 0 days 02:21:14 0|75.73.185.6 0 calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . : * = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
192156921 192201303 2008-02-18 02:09:23 0 days 03:42:15 2537811 0 calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . : * = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
193213261 193649835 2008-02-24 06:13:11 2 days 00:39:27 0|207.210.11.221 0 calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
193871493 193886900 2008-02-25 08:25:09 0 days 02:14:29 0|59.101.240.75 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . fuck fuck fuckity fuck = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
193886900 193886908 2008-02-25 08:25:13 0 days 00:00:04 1879647 0 into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . fuck fuck fuckity fuck = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
196053252 196053579 2008-03-05 15:50:11 0 days 00:01:42 0|84.12.55.2 0 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 1 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . : - ) = = = proposed barrier = = = gay [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ;
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 6 to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) cross into east germany . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]]
240571674 240572171 2008-09-24 00:25:45 0 days 00:02:19 911178 0 the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a hello kitty physical [[ separation barrier | barr * * * * * * shalalala * * * * * * * ier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic
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35891937 36157718 2006-01-22 01:30:36 2 days 00:00:34 0|24.229.155.136 0 : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall fell on november 16 , 1989
36157718 36157802 2006-01-22 01:31:22 0 days 00:00:46 0|24.229.155.136 0 : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall fell on november 16 , 1989
42050092 42210957 2006-03-04 16:41:31 1 days 03:17:07 0|67.191.78.161 2 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' '
42210957 42261570 2006-03-04 23:44:23 0 days 07:02:52 583756 2 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' '
43488868 43529885 2006-03-13 03:03:42 0 days 05:15:53 0|203.153.231.50 0 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hello peoples
43529885 43529923 2006-03-13 03:04:00 0 days 00:00:18 335672 0 : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hello peoples
52941290 53023677 2006-05-13 17:36:19 0 days 14:52:05 0|12.189.32.39 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] eggs
53023677 53023761 2006-05-13 17:36:53 0 days 00:00:34 1008387 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] eggs
54024401 54043664 2006-05-19 15:28:14 0 days 02:31:52 0|216.226.127.171 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] fuck you ! ! !
54043664 54043685 2006-05-19 15:28:21 0 days 00:00:07 1022601 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] fuck you ! ! !
54774908 54913611 2006-05-24 17:13:08 0 days 20:20:49 0|64.8.191.2 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ~ * ~ ťìffãńŷ ~ * ~
54913611 54913689 2006-05-24 17:13:42 0 days 00:00:34 385328 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ~ * ~ ťìffãńŷ ~ * ~
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 11 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ]]
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 11 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ]]
86489619 86528914 2006-11-08 17:52:28 0 days 03:53:18 0|83.131.136.214 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]]
87778109 87779777 2006-11-14 16:18:04 0 days 00:10:00 0|63.253.45.100 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tensortrucks . com
87781196 87781220 2006-11-14 16:26:49 0 days 00:00:10 1008387 3 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tensortrucks . com
93602012 93640515 2006-12-11 19:59:34 0 days 03:14:05 0|204.184.35.51 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tthis is so gay
93640515 93640592 2006-12-11 19:59:50 0 days 00:00:16 2372166 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] tthis is so gay
95090637 95114711 2006-12-18 16:29:56 0 days 02:28:44 0|24.189.234.214 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] kakakakakakakakakaka
95114711 95116131 2006-12-18 16:37:26 0 days 00:07:30 302522 0 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] kakakakakakakakakaka
101358812 101358927 2007-01-17 16:57:20 0 days 00:00:38 0|207.106.216.11 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the dog was here
101358927 101360999 2007-01-17 17:07:46 0 days 00:10:26 416594 1 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the dog was here
104427508 104446114 2007-01-30 23:29:29 0 days 01:21:32 0|75.47.0.22 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ass
104446114 104446290 2007-01-30 23:30:13 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.47.0.22 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ass
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 4 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] -->
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 5 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] -->
115804866 116025011 2007-03-18 15:18:58 0 days 23:28:08 0|69.249.133.14 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ros _ loves jatish
116025011 116025232 2007-03-18 15:20:13 0 days 00:01:15 0|69.249.133.14 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ros _ loves jatish i love sears < 33
116025232 116026047 2007-03-18 15:24:52 0 days 00:04:39 302522 0 berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] i love sears < 33
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48127680 48497132 2006-04-15 00:19:38 2 days 08:38:22 450465 0 [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]]
138877071 138879702 2007-06-18 01:04:49 0 days 00:17:14 0|58.186.250.2 0 ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
148756413 148786929 2007-08-02 20:04:08 0 days 02:36:53 0|81.182.140.153 0 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 81 fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur muppet ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď
118 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 81 fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur muppet ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď
118 ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs
316356639 316487238 2009-09-27 13:36:51 0 days 17:46:55 5965514 0 ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} 0 [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[
333220733 333525969 2009-12-23 10:56:36 1 days 02:16:23 6986250 0 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | stq }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]]
526071586 529700077 2012-12-25 09:08:16 22 days 11:43:09 8066546 0 }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | sw }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | he }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]]
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238414 238415 2001-09-16 15:09:28 129 days 22:13:31 35 6 1961 in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from leaving the country . it came down on november 9 , 1989 . see [[ berlin ]] . wall - berlin . org /
1250101 1282616 2003-08-06 14:54:51 10 days 20:16:02 18489 0 org / www . wall - berlin . og ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ]
1393212 1534932 2003-09-05 00:59:03 12 days 16:43:23 16445 0 dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ]
1554867 1596399 2003-10-12 06:16:53 1 days 15:08:45 0|216.27.177.24 0 berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ]
2302553 2389072 2004-02-04 20:21:06 20 days 18:36:29 0|82.82.126.150 0 http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall
4016839 4016845 2004-06-10 12:45:25 0 days 00:01:06 0|151.188.16.51 0 wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
4016845 4050087 2004-06-10 12:46:07 0 days 00:00:42 0|151.188.16.51 0 wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 32 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 29 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 73 of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 73 the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at friedrichstra in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line . these quickly ended . other successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 & nbsp ; metre long ( 475 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost stations ]] ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been on vacation as previously noted ) . and at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when this would come into action . he didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to hold the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp ; meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see picture ) , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 9 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 9 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 11 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 11 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
40238750 40248977 2006-02-19 05:54:32 0 days 01:40:08 0|203.87.204.114 1 honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
40248977 40249035 2006-02-19 05:55:16 0 days 00:00:44 309415 0 honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
42744056 42815657 2006-03-08 15:04:26 0 days 12:35:00 0|212.205.252.185 1 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
42815657 42842651 2006-03-08 18:40:06 0 days 03:35:40 292494 1 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
55867956 55920128 2006-05-30 12:50:57 0 days 08:17:49 0|70.91.131.209 0 up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
55920128 55920349 2006-05-30 12:52:38 0 days 00:01:41 1008387 0 up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlinwall aster 2002aug22 lrg . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
62970579 62970664 2006-07-10 01:31:32 0 days 00:00:38 0|144.134.226.244 0 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
62970664 62972351 2006-07-10 01:45:34 0 days 00:14:02 1008387 2 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
62972351 63027662 2006-07-10 11:10:31 0 days 09:24:57 0|67.149.158.118 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
63027662 63027687 2006-07-10 11:10:52 0 days 00:00:21 203358 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
70267284 70291423 2006-08-17 20:23:08 0 days 02:21:54 0|169.139.176.84 0 berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
70291423 70291818 2006-08-17 20:25:22 0 days 00:02:14 1667821 0 berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 6 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo horma ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111077007 111079436 2007-02-26 14:44:18 0 days 00:21:12 0|199.104.209.62 0 wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 52 wall ended up having no long term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . this shit is nothing but lies don ' t believe this crap ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
112425941 112454237 2007-03-04 00:54:45 0 days 02:13:45 0|63.215.27.155 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
112454237 112464865 2007-03-04 01:49:57 0 days 00:55:12 284135 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] = =
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 6 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
120189519 120224643 2007-04-04 13:25:33 0 days 04:16:40 3891047 0 muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 73 " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] people like you . please donate today .
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 76 inc . , a u . s . registered 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) tax - deductible nonprofit charity . privacy policy about wikipedia disclaimers wikipedia is sustained by people like you . please donate today . georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupation ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
164330493 165005648 2007-10-16 18:39:29 2 days 23:53:33 0|24.249.110.110 4 muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] so retarded
165005648 165005884 2007-10-16 18:40:39 0 days 00:01:10 614280 4 administration is not very good a group of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 7 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] |
190370753 190525831 2008-02-11 02:22:08 0 days 14:44:45 0|64.215.123.218 2 ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ) )
190525831 190526102 2008-02-11 02:23:39 0 days 00:01:31 0|24.91.51.85 2 / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up the berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ) ) ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
190526102 190526532 2008-02-11 02:25:54 0 days 00:02:15 0|64.215.123.218 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ana azar + leonardo = l4e ! ! !
190526532 190526557 2008-02-11 02:26:02 0 days 00:00:08 1634654 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] ana azar + leonardo = l4e ! ! ! {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
190901889 191058793 2008-02-13 03:11:47 0 days 12:39:43 0|76.168.218.88 0 / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi
191058793 191058845 2008-02-13 03:12:07 0 days 00:00:20 1839637 0 / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] hi = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
195465346 195675603 2008-03-03 23:34:23 0 days 21:07:21 0|71.218.204.188 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
195675603 195676011 2008-03-03 23:36:10 0 days 00:01:47 732608 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
201724471 201855065 2008-03-29 18:05:49 0 days 15:57:55 0|68.47.21.231 2 http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
201855065 201855908 2008-03-29 18:09:49 0 days 00:04:00 0|68.47.21.231 2 isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] you all need to suck my dick ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! us berliners love sucking dicks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! all you pepole should try it ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
201855908 201855946 2008-03-29 18:10:01 0 days 00:00:12 6475994 2 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | vi }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | eo }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 13 the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the prince of bel air
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 11 7 or 8 and i yelled to the cabbie ' yo homes smell ya later ' i looked at my kingdom i was finally there to sit on my throne as the prince of bel air an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force basically until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition to visit western countries as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by road or rail to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december 1989 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | thumb | right | remains of the wall near potsdamer platz , august 2007 ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed . ]] [[ image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 9 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 9 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
276397704 276398047 2009-03-10 23:50:41 0 days 00:01:38 0|68.81.17.165 2 eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] nerds
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 3 name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is for nerds east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 4 as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 4 as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 6 [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
309336034 309828599 2009-08-24 18:52:05 2 days 19:36:05 8574593 1 [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט מויער ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
311083982 311127689 2009-08-31 18:52:44 0 days 04:33:02 3171782 1 [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער מויער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
324119733 324140282 2009-11-05 20:08:46 0 days 02:06:53 0|90.1.198.206 0 }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]]
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 8 ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{ lang - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ordinary citizens of the western allied powers , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 percent of west germans and 12 percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 6 escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . get drunk and watch meatspin ( www . meatspin . com ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " }} ' ' {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany traveling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin traveling to the east . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ lang | de | neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ quote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' {{ lang | de | notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed improvement and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin , since the prospect of the fall of west berlin after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , could call into question the reliability of the united states in the eyes of its other allies . on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . < ref > see also [[ hackworth ]] , about face < / ref > on sunday morning , u . s . troops marched from west germany into east germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , january 25 , 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' {{ lang | de | geisterbahnhöfe }} , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . in the 1980s , visitors from the western part of the city who wanted to visit the eastern part had to exchange at least dm 25 into east german currency at the poor exchange rate of 1 : 1 . it was forbidden to export east german currency out of the east , but money not spent could be left at the border for possible future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . east berliners and east germans could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing a visa or being required to exchange money . likewise , soviet military patrols could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ; transit between west germany and west berlin : * ' ' ' road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when traveling in this manner . * ' ' ' rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( duty ) trains that traveled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons traveling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by diplomatic personnel of the western allies accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr . this was intended to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , which could jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all berlin . ordinary citizens of the western allied powers , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 , < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german ] < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . guards were told by east german authorities in an october 1973 order later discovered by researchers that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . chicago tribune . chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . usatoday . com / news / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the [[ communist party of the soviet union | communist party ]] of the [[ soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as a symbol of increasing freedom in the [[ eastern bloc ]] : {{ quote | we welcome change and openness ; for we believe that freedom and security go together , that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace . there is one sign the soviets can make that would be unmistakable , that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace . general secretary gorbachev , if you seek [[ peace ]] , if you seek prosperity for the soviet union and [[ eastern europe ]] , if you seek [[ liberalization ]] , come here to this gate . mr . gorbachev , open this gate . mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! < ref name = " text " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080622043537 / http : / / www . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the brandenburg gate , 09 november , 1989 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846 . html " how it went down : the little accident that toppled history " ] washington post . retrieved 2009 - 11 - 02 . < / ref > shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist riccardo ehrman , the berlin correspondant of ansa newsagency , asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " east germany " has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east germans began gathering at the wall , demanding that border guards immediately open its gates . < ref name = " schabowski " / > the surprised and overwhelmed guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel more freely than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = oppositions = = = in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]] pleaded with [[ soviet president ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] not to let the berlin wall fall and confided that she wanted the soviet leader to do what he could to stop it . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " / > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of the whole international situation and could endanger our security . < ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . thehindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > in the united states , the german embassy is coordinating a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign is focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1989 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite news | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 percent of west germans and 12 percent of east germans wished that east and west should be separated again by a " wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population was still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various [[ list of berlin wall portions | institutions around the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ harvard reference | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html freedom without walls : german missions in the united states ] looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in english ) * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original reports and pictures from the times * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] official website berlin . de * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german and englisch ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com / allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] * [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / pok / dos / dos / mau / enindex . htm dossier : the fall of the wall – new perspectives on 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / photogallery . htm gallery at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | hu }} {{ link fa | vi }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fo : berlinmúrurin ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
456255233 456811030 2011-10-22 11:01:12 3 days 13:16:43 14814465 0 : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului
496228492 496328462 2012-06-06 20:16:30 0 days 14:37:38 8066546 0 : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim
522266850 522515322 2012-11-11 18:59:38 1 days 17:14:36 8453292 0 ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна берлінський мур ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war :
638716252 639531492 2014-12-25 00:38:22 5 days 23:42:25 16752040 0 [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] {{ link fa | vi }}
641744226 642368255 2015-01-13 22:11:05 4 days 06:12:32 12404882 1 category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]]
695438983 696790319 2015-12-25 23:10:22 9 days 21:03:18 24426143 0 [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : cold war in popular culture ]]
783600846 783938874 2017-06-05 15:28:47 2 days 03:32:38 19576814 0 category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : cold war in popular culture ]] [[ category : walls ]]
826039698 826083240 2018-02-17 02:54:25 0 days 05:33:02 4626582 0 in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : walls ]]
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3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 22 , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]]
23 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer
4016817 4016827 2004-06-10 12:42:58 0 days 00:01:23 0|151.188.16.51 0 {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall and the rick james ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
4016827 4016839 2004-06-10 12:44:19 0 days 00:01:21 0|151.188.16.51 0 {st@rt} [[ category : cold war ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall and the rick james ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
5185051 5185067 2004-08-13 16:18:57 0 days 06:13:43 56563 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]]
1 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin ]] [[ wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from
2 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ wall ]] isolating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
5193152 5201964 2004-08-14 00:35:33 0 days 00:00:30 7129 0 ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freunde freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]]
9649252 9658614 2005-01-25 19:38:59 1 days 06:21:33 26675 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier
1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[
2 | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' [[ berlin ]] [[ wall ]] ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
9765302 9797902 2005-01-29 15:37:34 0 days 02:41:22 124324 1 . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis ' ' and ' ' wessis [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 %
10252938 10252971 2005-02-14 13:38:52 0 days 00:04:00 0|213.84.119.125 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin tim smelik wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]]
10252971 10253611 2005-02-14 13:40:11 0 days 00:01:19 0|213.84.119.125 0 right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ german language | german latin ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding
10253611 10255890 2005-02-14 14:17:44 0 days 00:37:33 132952 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik ' berlin wall ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin
1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ' ( [[ latin ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
2 right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' tim smelik wall ' ' ( [[ latin german ]] : ' ' timmus mauerus ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
11755198 11755213 2005-04-01 09:38:11 0 days 02:49:11 0|217.68.115.26 0 | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall fuck ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
13036963 13195082 2005-04-30 17:31:03 2 days 15:33:16 82835 0 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
1 thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ' ( [[ german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east
2 | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 1 ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters
15902037 17901887 2005-06-30 16:35:18 3 days 18:44:20 0|84.65.88.110 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall zhe shi wo de mama ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin
1 | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
17901887 17902797 2005-06-30 16:51:30 0 days 00:16:12 26468 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama berlin wall ' ' ' language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[
1 berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
17902797 18119157 2005-07-04 08:34:54 3 days 15:43:24 0|62.171.194.11 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin bumming wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18119315 18119377 2005-07-04 08:41:57 0 days 00:02:09 0|62.171.194.11 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' bumming zhe shi wo de mama wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18119377 18119489 2005-07-04 08:46:14 0 days 00:04:17 7580 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' zhe shi wo de mama bumming wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18119489 18119581 2005-07-04 08:49:33 0 days 00:03:19 7580 0 jpg | thumb | 250px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' bumming berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west
18909779 18969500 2005-07-16 18:43:09 0 days 23:05:13 54820 0 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
1 wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]]
20669087 20890077 2005-08-13 00:15:44 2 days 20:27:38 0|68.160.191.71 0 on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory
23088038 23255157 2005-09-15 01:43:48 2 days 18:36:41 0|207.200.116.136 0 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . was up 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) '
23255241 23255938 2005-09-15 01:56:36 0 days 00:11:35 89675 0 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . was up 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) '
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 1 on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die germandie berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory
24828569 25160186 2005-10-09 23:53:32 4 days 05:42:40 309296 0 the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit )
1 the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' .
28351189 28475786 2005-11-16 04:50:18 1 days 03:16:25 0|164.107.92.199 0 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner berline mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28475786 28483115 2005-11-16 06:58:29 0 days 02:08:11 246113 0 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berline berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
2 east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army
28792082 28792147 2005-11-20 01:05:46 0 days 00:01:16 0|201.252.93.29 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28792147 28792173 2005-11-20 01:06:17 0 days 00:00:31 234192 0 jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation
1 [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' nigger wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die niggerner berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of
28895315 28895370 2005-11-21 09:44:02 0 days 00:01:26 0|212.132.0.10 0 unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin derlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii
28895372 28895434 2005-11-21 09:45:36 0 days 00:01:31 44020 0 unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of derlin berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii
30122085 30233828 2005-12-05 16:40:11 1 days 00:11:43 276745 1 berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' ' ' ' “antifaschistischer schutzwall ” ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961
2 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and
3 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]]
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in
1 wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled
1 near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' ! berlin wall ! ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks
45793588 45807050 2006-03-28 04:07:24 0 days 01:57:14 145855 0 near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent
54612020 54612820 2006-05-22 23:23:58 0 days 00:05:29 0|67.76.205.110 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall bold text ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]]
54612820 54613169 2006-05-22 23:26:29 0 days 00:02:31 1008387 1 of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] ' ' ' bold text berlin wall ' ' ' yo < math > insert formula here < / math > 3x ^ 3áψ conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter
54613169 54759780 2006-05-23 19:21:42 0 days 19:55:13 0|68.14.92.238 0 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy jo " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]]
54759780 54774908 2006-05-23 20:52:19 0 days 01:30:37 157842 0 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " jo joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]]
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 1 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' berlin marielle wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 0 the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] . ]] the ' ' ' marielle berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961
61222332 61268904 2006-06-29 21:36:02 0 days 04:46:15 158241 1 = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi _ % 28east _ ( east germans % 29 | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 4 = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' " grenzgänger " ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }}
11 = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 your mum was a man = = headline text = = = = headline text = = ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore
71157100 71159092 2006-08-22 12:48:33 0 days 00:15:37 0|203.173.25.108 0 of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin poo wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was
71159092 71159208 2006-08-22 12:49:25 0 days 00:00:52 1424804 0 of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin poo wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was
77951130 77998390 2006-09-26 23:04:29 0 days 04:20:56 0|200.118.200.53 0 the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests
1 chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including
79140455 79272904 2006-10-03 16:39:13 0 days 17:22:04 0|64.251.50.130 0 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( it ' s ugly ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic
79272904 79273734 2006-10-03 16:44:25 0 days 00:05:12 0|64.251.50.130 0 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( it ' s ugly hi chris ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
79273734 79274090 2006-10-03 16:46:24 0 days 00:01:59 0|64.251.50.130 0 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( hi chris i hate you ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
79274090 79274417 2006-10-03 16:48:27 0 days 00:02:03 0|64.251.50.130 0 platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( i hate you u will die , watch ur head : ) ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic
79274417 79274618 2006-10-03 16:49:39 0 days 00:01:12 0|64.251.50.130 0 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ( u will die , watch ur head : ) ) ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic
86685844 86716477 2006-11-09 14:29:32 0 days 04:24:10 0|210.6.194.214 0 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language {{ lang - de | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of
1 ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting
2 the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] ,
89150881 89163919 2006-11-21 04:23:44 0 days 01:23:24 0|67.81.36.17 0 potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting
89730172 90181219 2006-11-26 07:20:39 2 days 07:53:59 4236 0 beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[
1 | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert
2 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy naxos 2072038 " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin
3 [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album
6 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' '
95295871 95295938 2006-12-19 12:34:57 0 days 00:00:46 111299 0 [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]]
107712036 107880414 2007-02-13 19:12:18 0 days 17:43:42 3437172 1 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany
108232467 108400903 2007-02-15 19:45:12 0 days 17:27:06 3437172 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | lang - de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the
1 remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ langwithname | de | german | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 0 | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de q | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' ) , known in the soviet union as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[
111412985 111413367 2007-02-27 21:05:30 0 days 00:01:33 0|75.40.131.110 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' brennah was jade were here ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall
111413367 111413485 2007-02-27 21:06:01 0 days 00:00:31 0|75.40.131.110 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' brennah & jade were here ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the
111431459 111447681 2007-02-27 23:32:06 0 days 01:10:20 0|24.224.150.220 0 = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' you suck ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder |
2 = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
113721501 113770907 2007-03-09 05:49:29 0 days 04:33:38 3511275 0 | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall
1 defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall .
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 8 | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin
9 ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " [[ republikflucht ]] " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall .
125328975 125329185 2007-04-23 23:24:44 0 days 00:00:44 0|75.4.184.187 0 ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany ' ' ' iiriis iis a kock suckiin biitch ha ha ha yu stupiid ho3 ii lov3 yu lmfao ! ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german )
126982667 126982862 2007-04-29 23:50:14 0 days 00:00:52 0|71.251.211.21 0 for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [ mary was ohhhhhh soooooooooo ' ' ' hur ' ' ' ' ] this sight rox my = = = = ' ' effin ' ' = = = = ' sox ! ! ! best information yu caaan gettt ! cant deny yu love itt < 333 hahaha [[ ♥ ' ' '
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 8 in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of
131079741 131079788 2007-05-15 17:42:56 0 days 00:00:11 0|69.74.130.15 0 image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall dildo ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the
131079886 131080240 2007-05-15 17:44:41 0 days 00:01:22 1999318 0 image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin dildo wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the
132050129 132298025 2007-05-20 21:17:11 1 days 02:43:43 0|70.143.50.176 0 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a catalogu mj , n mjn m jn mjknm jkn bjk . knbj . dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]]
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 5 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogu mj , n mjn m jn mjknm jkn bjk . knbj . catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]]
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 13 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , or at least shape , the next level . for example , in most people , the presence of a y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' '
14 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall male ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known
163105476 163371605 2007-10-09 17:45:07 1 days 02:32:03 0|82.41.42.114 4 = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale sozial ' ' e marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[
163371605 163373226 2007-10-09 17:53:00 0 days 00:07:53 5451838 4 states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market eco ' ' ' nomy ]] ( ' ' " sozial ' ' e soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[
164038519 164088618 2007-10-12 17:34:13 0 days 04:17:56 0|142.25.180.57 0 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin joshua crawford wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was
164111122 164137420 2007-10-12 21:29:31 0 days 02:06:31 20318 0 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' joshua crawford berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was
173368678 173369211 2007-11-23 23:13:28 0 days 00:03:09 137113 1 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin
173369211 173369297 2007-11-23 23:14:00 0 days 00:00:32 137113 1 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
173369297 173369884 2007-11-23 23:17:45 0 days 00:03:45 137113 1 separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west
185252986 185253082 2008-01-18 18:49:29 0 days 00:00:26 0|205.119.39.14 0 jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin american wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
185253082 185253236 2008-01-18 18:50:11 0 days 00:00:42 4059252 0 jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' american berlin wall ' ' ' was awesome . ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
200485900 200486190 2008-03-24 07:15:01 0 days 00:02:23 1030541 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall anti - fascist protective rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
200509042 200509383 2008-03-24 10:53:10 0 days 00:02:33 2427421 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' anti - fascist protective rampart berlin wall ' ' ' or as it was known to the west , the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier |
200634168 200634727 2008-03-24 21:12:48 0 days 00:02:19 1030541 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall anti - fascist protective rampart ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
200634727 200635681 2008-03-24 21:16:41 0 days 00:03:53 266416 0 berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster in memory of the fall . ( designer : [[ istvan orosz ]] ) ]] the ' ' ' anti - fascist protective rampart berlin wall ' ' ' , or as the western world refered to it the berlin wall , ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier
237758626 237870717 2008-09-12 04:52:17 0 days 10:40:51 0|69.143.253.120 0 friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west east germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at
6 berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however east german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' west east berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december
237870717 237881567 2008-09-12 06:22:52 0 days 01:30:35 5177550 0 friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' east west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' eastern countries ' ' ' could in general visit west germany . usually this involved application of a visa at
6 berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however west german authorities could refuse entry permit without stating a reason . ' ' ' east west berliners ' ' ' could at first not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between august 26 , 1961 and december
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 11 as east germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , and ' ' ' civilian officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could
12 germans , even though there was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and of the allied forces ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west
13 was variation in the applicable exception ( if any ) from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into could enter and exit east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[
16 personnel ' ' ' , officials , and ' ' ' diplomats ' ' ' were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . = = = escape attempts =
239163147 239319359 2008-09-18 16:33:40 0 days 14:49:37 736477 2 manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . ' ' ' * entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie as with military personnel , special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , mostly to prevent inadvertent
239876509 239903193 2008-09-21 01:15:43 0 days 02:37:31 3623436 3 as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four [[ autobahn ]] s connected west berlin to west germany , the most
242557548 242755000 2008-10-03 14:42:47 0 days 19:46:38 7991946 3 jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' t think sow i ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]]
4 | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ll see when i get there i hope they ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 16 | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com
28 and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : strength a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the
29 piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration placate west german of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic
30 ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan french pressure and cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' (
103 ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration
104 the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 16 | date = february 2008 }} ; and have been interviewed on the [[ newsmagazine ]] ' ' [[ 60 minutes ]] ' ' . [[ kermit the frog ]] was interviewed early on in a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ jon stewart ]] ' s run on ' ' [[ the daily show ]] ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / www . thedailyshow . com
28 and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : strength a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the
29 piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration placate west german of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic
30 ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ the tale of the bunny picnic ]] ' ' ( 1986 ) : ' ' [[ a muppet family christmas ]] ' ' ( 1987 ) : ' ' song of the cloud forest ' ' ( 1989 ) : ' ' [[ the muppets at walt disney world ]] ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' the muppets celebrate jim henson ' ' ( 1990 ) : ' ' [[ mr . willowby ' s christmas tree ]] ' ' ( 1995 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ dylan french pressure and cole sprouse ]] ' ' ( 2008 ) : ' ' [[ studio dc : almost live | studio dc ]] hosted by [[ selena gomez ]] ' ' (
103 ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' [[ john denver and the muppets : a christmas together ]] ' ' ( 1979 ) : ' ' the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration
104 the muppets go to the movies ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' of muppets and men ' ' ( 1981 ) : ' ' the fantastic miss piggy show ' ' ( 1982 ) : ' ' rocky mountain holiday with john denver and the muppets ' ' ( 1983 ) : ' ' the muppets : a celebration of 30 years ' ' ( 1985 ) : ' ' [[ the christmas toy ]]
255794738 255794996 2008-12-04 06:19:57 0 days 00:02:18 241887 1 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) ated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 year < nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 150 . 100 . 199 | talk ]] ) 06 : 17 years and 1 day , 4 december 2008 ( utc ) < / nowiki > y construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered
260029692 260620165 2008-12-29 05:09:55 3 days 19:24:26 736477 1 were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' * transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied
265316852 265327769 2009-01-20 18:39:34 0 days 00:59:40 0|207.170.247.18 0 borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west crap germany ' ' ' for more than 25 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989
266290348 266290464 2009-01-25 10:45:41 0 days 00:00:54 119438 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence of the ruy lopez ]] . ' ' [ http : / / www . chess . com / news / the - berlin - wall - grows -
273103201 273103350 2009-02-25 02:27:17 0 days 00:01:04 1469567 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see hitler [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . . . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]]
276398128 276398569 2009-03-10 23:53:18 0 days 00:02:17 0|68.81.17.165 0 as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving know what , fuck this . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west
281686628 281875067 2009-04-05 10:54:13 0 days 22:40:07 0|82.75.216.212 0 east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' or " ' ' frg ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] (
282236589 282236727 2009-04-07 00:38:26 0 days 00:00:42 1304569 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' great berlin wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from
283525851 283525990 2009-04-13 08:36:55 0 days 00:01:27 0|194.144.117.217 0 a reformist government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' ( [[ august 19 ]] ) and the austro austrian - hungarian gevernamental meeting ( [[ august 23 ]] ) . on [[ september 11 ]] thousends of [[ gdr | east germans ]] started to cross the austro - hungarian
284527500 284528364 2009-04-18 00:18:32 0 days 00:05:54 0|122.110.183.192 7 economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik cock suckers ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its
284528364 284529573 2009-04-18 00:27:25 0 days 00:08:53 6984319 6 | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - scrotum incision east germany , known in germany as the ' ' cock suckers deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its
292030037 292112571 2009-05-24 23:21:44 0 days 07:26:26 1322359 2 personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel
300317419 300484953 2009-07-05 22:19:21 0 days 22:43:52 145194 1 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # | berlin defence ]] . ' ' {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale :
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 146 , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' " ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung .
147 ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with . this had the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra
148 | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir
149 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from
170 symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as
171 symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 4 beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ' ' ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text
5 s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had with the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra
165 , ' ' an die freude ' ' ( " [[ ode to joy ]] " ) . this had the word ' ' freude ' ' ( " joy " ) changed to ' ' freiheit ' ' ( " freedom " ) in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom
316592574 316594007 2009-09-28 00:36:35 0 days 00:08:51 5177550 0 west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . ' ' ' prior to andy russell the wall ' s erection ' ' ' , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west
318091580 318274763 2009-10-06 16:40:43 0 days 22:27:51 1476858 1 which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy
7 east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the
321444047 321882716 2009-10-25 04:24:27 2 days 08:11:47 0|70.29.23.160 0 federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft marktwirtschafhbvjkbbgt " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder
321882716 321882756 2009-10-25 04:24:46 0 days 00:00:19 10101378 0 federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschafhbvjkbbgt marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 0 ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year
1 of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder |
2 [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany
3 democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = =
8 eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961
9 mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 ,
26 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 :
27 " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format
28 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web /
39 republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref
44 evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' {{ lang | de | grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11
45 four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 }} ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " (
58 ]] --> protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' " wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " ,
60 the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[
61 ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) |
73 chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german )
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 3 symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and
4 no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude }} ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west
5 ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france ,
6 ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the
324251250 324280095 2009-11-06 14:30:34 0 days 04:23:51 492987 0 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' {{ lang | - de | " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 5 nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format
325016705 325016969 2009-11-10 09:22:03 0 days 00:03:04 0|87.42.135.2 2 www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 2056 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 |
325016969 325017008 2009-11-10 09:22:21 0 days 00:00:18 6513930 0 www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2056 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 |
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 0 historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) : " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 2 for many years after reunification , there still was talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ossis ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as ' ' mauer im kopf ' ' ( the wall in the head
343787074 343787620 2010-02-13 19:00:57 0 days 00:02:26 5326371 1 ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel < br / > ' ' [[ the life of others ]] ' ' , award - winning german production , 2006 < br / > ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a
347116822 347116998 2010-03-01 16:50:46 0 days 00:00:57 0|206.80.30.152 0 of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ off the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) |
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 10 of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ off the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) |
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 1 " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }}
366521234 366522148 2010-06-07 08:36:01 0 days 00:08:43 6971250 0 a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ the tunnel , the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[
1 made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , ( 2001 film ) | the ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain
2 for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ tunnel , the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - superb dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under what else , the wall . film by r . s . richter * [[ iron curtain ]]
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 8 thus they concluded that the possibility of a soviet military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - – 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( {{
443413503 443414712 2011-08-06 22:15:25 0 days 00:09:33 16710 1 , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi new states of germany # culture | ossis ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward ,
3 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward , a crowd
472781538 474160201 2012-01-31 04:52:54 7 days 17:49:16 4973943 0 communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
1 ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]]
2 and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully
474160201 474175714 2012-01-31 07:52:49 0 days 02:59:55 6971250 0 ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist protection wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had
1 germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' anti - fascist ]] protection wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully
2 and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' anti - fascist protection wall rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 4 , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ new states of germany # culture ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through , they were greeted by ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' waiting with flowers and champagne amid wild rejoicing . soon afterward
525466527 526071586 2012-12-02 21:25:07 3 days 20:00:22 2929257 0 wicked dreams of paula schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall
1 schultz ]] ' ' , 1968 – cold war spy farce about an olympic athlete who defects . director [[ george marshall ]] * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , 1981 – a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 13 band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the
14 sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . * * ' ' over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band [[ klein orkest ]] , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall .
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 1 nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / < the boy and the wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title /
2 film broadcast in december 1962 * * ' ' [[ the road to the wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' the boy and the * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : wall ' ' spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb .
586845170 588262665 2013-12-29 20:56:28 9 days 23:34:01 7254364 0 ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ( district ) | havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' '
685909337 686641093 2015-10-20 10:56:21 4 days 15:31:12 3662182 0 the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in
722498372 724165325 2016-06-07 14:47:00 9 days 23:58:28 5288432 0 - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route . * * ' ' [[ the soldier ( 1982 film ) | the soldier ]] ' ' , 1982 - a renegade kgb team put nuclear weapons in saudi arabia to force america to make the israelis pull out of
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 5 / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - – germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its [[ free german youth
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 0 raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 0 ]] | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl interlanguage link multi | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west
1 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur | nl }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period
5 ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill | de | elsner | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 0 and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall protection rampart ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in
26 had marked east germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protective wall ' ' ' " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 1 germany ' s two main news programs that night — at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm p . m . on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' . this , of course , meant that
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 10 {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | ' ' the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five
836314607 837089893 2018-04-18 17:08:36 4 days 16:52:32 10289486 1 . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p =
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 2 detail / id / 593791 / page / 0 bundeszentrale für politische bildung : ' ' ministerium für staatssicherheit der ddr ' ' ] , siehe : ' ' statistiken + „grenzsicherung " grenzsicherung in berlin“ ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156
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170292124 170301356 2007-11-09 10:57:15 0 days 01:36:24 0|195.194.185.41 0 {st@rt} germany suck {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
170301356 170301413 2007-11-09 10:57:57 0 days 00:00:42 214936 0 {st@rt} germany suck {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
173772237 173793815 2007-11-26 01:15:55 0 days 01:57:45 0|72.208.179.78 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ image : bold text ]] = = [[ headline text ]] [ < small > http : / / www . example . com link title < / small > < blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " | - block quote | } < gallery > - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) < nowiki > < math > insert non - formatted text here < / math > [[ media : [[ image : example . ogg ]] ]] < / nowiki > < / gallery > < / blockquote > ] = = ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
173793815 173794040 2007-11-26 01:17:14 0 days 00:01:19 4264700 1 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ image : bold text ]] = = [[ headline text ]] [ < small > http : / / www . example . com link title < / small > < blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " | - block quote | } < gallery > - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ special : contributions / 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 ]] ( [[ user talk : 72 . 208 . 179 . 78 | talk ]] ) 01 : 15 , 26 november 2007 ( utc ) < nowiki > < math > insert non - formatted text here < / math > [[ media : [[ image : example . ogg ]] ]] < / nowiki > < / gallery > < / blockquote > ] = = ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 2 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
175782201 175956882 2007-12-05 17:26:10 0 days 20:22:36 0|66.233.218.242 0 {st@rt} i was here . . . {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
175956882 175957057 2007-12-05 17:26:47 0 days 00:00:37 911178 0 {st@rt} i was here . . . {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
181439442 181459618 2008-01-01 22:25:14 0 days 01:53:45 0|208.58.34.139 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
181459618 181459680 2008-01-01 22:25:34 0 days 00:00:20 961280 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
183428633 183482830 2008-01-10 21:20:57 0 days 04:11:22 0|68.199.50.150 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
183482830 183489735 2008-01-10 21:53:11 0 days 00:32:14 266416 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
189421858 189423549 2008-02-06 03:37:58 0 days 00:09:32 0|68.110.16.246 0 {st@rt} [[ [[ link title ]] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' ' ]] {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the
189423549 189423593 2008-02-06 03:38:11 0 days 00:00:13 556700 0 {st@rt} [[ [[ link title ]] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' ' ]] {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the
198123197 198209412 2008-03-14 15:38:54 0 days 11:26:21 0|216.157.209.48 0 {st@rt} smelled like shit {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
198209412 198209644 2008-03-14 15:40:10 0 days 00:01:16 3150196 0 {st@rt} smelled like shit {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
201078931 201079958 2008-03-26 16:05:32 0 days 00:04:50 0|70.130.27.33 0 {st@rt} anony is gay and stupid < / sup > {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
201079958 201079999 2008-03-26 16:05:43 0 days 00:00:11 143982 0 {st@rt} anony is gay and stupid < / sup > {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
202125992 202294334 2008-03-31 14:00:02 0 days 18:00:56 0|72.159.133.157 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
202294334 202294554 2008-03-31 14:01:05 0 days 00:01:03 266416 1 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ' ' {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinerma ' ' ' < small > bold text < / small > ' ' ' uer . jpg |
203261856 203261930 2008-04-04 11:01:08 0 days 00:00:40 2968397 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson '
1 {st@rt} {{ articleissues lang - de | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets
2 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png
3 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png |
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson '
1 {st@rt} {{ articleissues lang - de | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets
2 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png
3 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png |
296858785 296859862 2009-06-17 00:01:19 0 days 00:06:08 8964326 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image :
336423566 336479720 2010-01-07 21:55:38 0 days 05:10:21 0|99.13.65.208 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} hi me bob sue me chineese me play joke me go pe pe in ur coke hehehehehehehehehe xd xd xd xd xd {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
336479720 336479872 2010-01-07 21:56:19 0 days 00:00:41 712163 0 {st@rt} hi me bob sue me chineese me play joke me go pe pe in ur coke hehehehehehehehehe xd xd xd xd xd {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
360334342 360334542 2010-05-05 18:01:55 0 days 00:01:03 292494 0 {st@rt} jonathan is really cool weege and i built the wall haha this is cooldefence {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the
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4372888 4436401 2004-06-30 19:04:29 1 days 02:30:56 5894 0 [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]]
5222965 5223008 2004-08-15 17:36:52 1 days 01:00:12 76027 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604
8160484 8250476 2004-12-05 22:36:52 1 days 00:08:30 0|217.86.176.6 0 [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & #
10524355 10524422 2005-02-23 21:54:36 2 days 20:57:52 0|80.184.143.219 0 [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos ] photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar :
10524422 10599750 2005-02-23 21:57:05 0 days 00:02:29 0|80.184.143.219 0 photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos ] photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar :
13207835 13221186 2005-05-04 04:58:29 0 days 00:02:47 0|129.67.43.240 0 photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . igor - schestkow . de / en / photos photos of the berlin wall by igor schestkow , 2004 ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar :
14329087 14485555 2005-05-27 20:46:14 1 days 04:00:09 0|131.111.8.103 0 [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm us army website ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af
19067568 19111126 2005-07-18 22:42:07 0 days 14:30:41 0|12.36.31.246 0 [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
24156863 24161301 2005-09-27 14:59:55 0 days 01:26:14 0|84.189.46.165 0 att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
31573472 31751925 2005-12-17 18:19:30 1 days 13:25:33 697368 0 for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwalltours . de guided tours along the former berlin wall ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
31977221 32072733 2005-12-20 06:48:52 0 days 14:47:13 28107 1 ] * [ http : / / http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin and the wall in the early 80 ' s ] 1980s [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
37419687 37559437 2006-01-31 19:54:33 0 days 21:24:59 488078 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures
38769484 38769741 2006-02-08 15:09:30 0 days 00:02:42 0|84.64.190.165 0 . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti
38974751 39112555 2006-02-10 20:20:52 0 days 22:20:54 0|192.68.228.4 0 }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany
40013833 40238138 2006-02-19 04:08:07 1 days 13:42:05 0|68.84.34.145 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
40238670 40238750 2006-02-19 04:14:24 0 days 00:00:51 69412 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 ] : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s * [ http : / / www . webpundit . net / pages / pundits / cp / columns / newberlinwall . htm the new berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category
42744056 42815657 2006-03-08 15:04:26 0 days 12:35:00 0|212.205.252.185 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
42815657 42842651 2006-03-08 18:40:06 0 days 03:35:40 292494 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = [[ 1980 ]] }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
54072062 54072738 2006-05-19 18:58:27 0 days 00:04:45 0|158.59.209.88 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . abdul . com / playboy / anime / dell / shift / mouse / robertbillgates . html ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
54072738 54072783 2006-05-19 18:58:44 0 days 00:00:17 175037 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . abdul . com / playboy / anime / dell / shift / mouse / robertbillgates . html ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
56106564 56422227 2006-06-02 01:29:16 1 days 14:32:11 328895 0 category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : borders ]] [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور
60921964 61222332 2006-06-29 16:49:47 1 days 17:52:01 1215485 0 and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : articles containing fair use images ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category :
64680479 64680926 2006-07-19 15:58:49 0 days 00:02:53 674991 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64680926 64681039 2006-07-19 15:59:34 0 days 00:00:45 674991 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64681039 64681069 2006-07-19 15:59:46 0 days 00:00:12 674991 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
64901261 65187878 2006-07-22 10:08:54 1 days 14:57:18 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance - a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
65187878 65187919 2006-07-22 10:09:18 0 days 00:00:24 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance - a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
65187919 65187954 2006-07-22 10:09:47 0 days 00:00:29 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
65187954 65187980 2006-07-22 10:10:10 0 days 00:00:23 0|86.141.127.26 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
69352457 69360399 2006-08-13 09:16:53 0 days 01:33:23 0|202.141.68.141 2 - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
69360399 69360441 2006-08-13 09:17:22 0 days 00:00:29 303874 2 {st@rt} e a majorof the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
74981139 75288754 2006-09-12 13:38:34 1 days 15:39:20 1114786 0 an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
76707176 76707285 2006-09-20 01:49:10 0 days 00:00:39 0|60.241.22.223 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall www . fuckme . com {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
76707285 76707482 2006-09-20 01:50:22 0 days 00:01:12 57658 1 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall www . fuckme . com {{ cold war }} [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany
80538479 80957838 2006-10-12 05:33:27 2 days 03:08:10 1258165 0 http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category :
82214449 82286839 2006-10-18 21:13:20 0 days 06:41:04 0|216.164.60.172 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category
92781222 92859051 2006-12-08 04:13:42 0 days 06:52:56 20855 0 info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 9 : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]]
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 8 august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
9 pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]]
95977307 96015503 2006-12-23 00:22:37 0 days 03:58:53 508734 0 [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of europe ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 10 : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised unauthorized signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 12 : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorized unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john
104916475 104917460 2007-02-01 20:30:42 0 days 00:04:25 911178 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
105154508 105175281 2007-02-02 20:43:43 0 days 01:30:19 911178 2 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / a large number of colelcted images in the flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 41 : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f
64 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
65 destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa |
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 54 the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
55 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
56 oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
57 end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 41 : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f
64 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
65 destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa |
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 54 the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
55 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
56 oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
57 end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 41 : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f
64 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks
65 destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa |
130123030 130123251 2007-05-11 16:47:08 0 days 00:00:57 0|209.184.226.15 4 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism copmmunism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 4 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - copmmunism communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category
138718856 138723953 2007-06-17 08:23:26 0 days 00:50:27 4281205 0 berlin ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied soviet occupation of europe ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af :
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 77 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
161590174 161591955 2007-10-01 16:48:51 0 days 00:08:55 0|142.25.180.27 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] a monkey is any member of either the new world monkeys or old world monkeys , two of the three groupings of simian primates , the third group being the apes . the new world monkeys are classified within the parvorder platyrrhini , whereas the old world monkeys ( superfamily cercopithecoidea ) form part of the parvorder catarrhini , which also includes the apes . thus , scientifically speaking , monkeys do not form a " natural group " , in that the old world monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the new world species . there are 264 known extant species of monkey . because of their similarity to monkeys , apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called monkeys in informal usage , though biologists do not consider them to be monkeys . conversely , due to its size ( up to 1 m ) the mandrill is often thought to be an ape , but it is actually an old world monkey . also , a few monkey species have the word " ape " in their common name . because they are not a single coherent group , monkeys do not have any particular traits that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians , the apes . {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
161591955 161592987 2007-10-01 16:53:37 0 days 00:04:46 5451838 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] a monkey is any member of either the new world monkeys or old world monkeys , two of the three groupings of simian primates , the third group being the apes . the new world monkeys are classified within the parvorder platyrrhini , whereas the old world monkeys ( superfamily cercopithecoidea ) form part of the parvorder catarrhini , which also includes the apes . thus , scientifically speaking , monkeys do not form a " natural group " , in that the old world monkeys are actually more closely related to the apes than they are to the new world species . there are 264 known extant species of monkey . because of their similarity to monkeys , apes such as chimpanzees and gibbons are often called monkeys in informal usage , though biologists do not consider them to be monkeys . conversely , due to its size ( up to 1 m ) the mandrill is often thought to be an ape , but it is actually an old world monkey . also , a few monkey species have the word " ape " in their common name . because they are not a single coherent group , monkeys do not have any particular traits that they all share and are not shared with the remaining group of simians , the apes . {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
180066130 180183753 2007-12-26 02:17:45 0 days 21:23:37 2013997 0 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings
1 / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and
2 / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings
190370753 190525831 2008-02-11 02:22:08 0 days 14:44:45 0|64.215.123.218 0 a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in whats up the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category
1 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history
191966360 191969270 2008-02-17 01:18:40 0 days 00:15:59 4237501 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] photographer and artist a . m . hanson ' s series made during collapse of the berlin wall including * [ http : / / www . amhanson - photoworks . org / 148 . html " landscape in serial shadow " ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
191969270 191980053 2008-02-17 02:27:48 0 days 01:09:08 1272154 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] photographer and artist a . m . hanson ' s series made during collapse of the berlin wall including * [ http : / / www . amhanson - photoworks . org / 148 . html " landscape in serial shadow " ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
194114628 194427756 2008-02-27 15:29:53 1 days 09:26:13 0|142.227.123.193 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] hi {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
194427756 194429501 2008-02-27 15:39:29 0 days 00:09:36 137113 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] hi {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism
214518903 214793313 2008-05-25 08:38:13 1 days 09:57:55 261435 0 east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : soviet occupations ]] [[ category : 1989
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 35 guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see anti - communist who was known to [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[
77 * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street link fa | eo }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 35 guy ]] ' ' , ' ' [[ robot chicken ]] ' ' and many other television shows and movies have referenced the muppets - for a more comprehensive list , see anti - communist who was known to [[ wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki ]] . they also make an appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[
77 * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street link fa | eo }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet
244846230 244911758 2008-10-13 03:26:39 0 days 06:19:57 1979668 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | germany }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category :
259059250 259263977 2008-12-21 01:22:55 1 days 02:15:45 28010 0 the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | germany 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
1 images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ coord missing | germany }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
324889784 324892029 2009-11-09 19:30:23 0 days 00:12:55 7201063 0 graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] {{ link fa |
339326768 340122205 2010-01-26 12:27:26 4 days 01:18:10 2684294 1 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
340953570 341040429 2010-01-31 05:50:54 0 days 09:51:06 1372173 0 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category :
363069140 363210288 2010-05-20 15:14:05 0 days 18:52:21 433328 1 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
368181715 368895969 2010-06-19 00:15:29 3 days 09:47:46 36352 0 ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : allied occupation
438013830 438034729 2011-07-06 11:15:55 0 days 03:16:14 1644213 0 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category
1 - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[
2 be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category :
471803134 472771510 2012-01-23 09:13:24 6 days 05:36:27 36352 0 category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]]
472771510 472772227 2012-01-23 09:22:00 0 days 00:08:36 6971250 0 category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]]
472772227 472781538 2012-01-23 11:03:38 0 days 01:41:38 7208260 0 category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]]
481923440 481923664 2012-03-14 22:02:01 0 days 00:01:21 1004750 0 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 11 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title blockade }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]]
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 5 wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century
513488454 513559303 2012-09-19 16:50:35 0 days 11:05:47 1644213 0 secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : history of
551475174 551967017 2013-04-24 14:49:33 2 days 22:38:53 1215485 0 category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : revolution landmarks ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] {{ link ga | de }} {{ link fa | eo }} {{ link fa | fr }}
570849977 570854872 2013-08-30 20:10:15 0 days 00:42:55 4919722 0 buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category :
570854872 573618667 2013-09-19 09:59:56 19 days 13:49:41 18663209 0 [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[
596246381 597421016 2014-02-27 20:24:09 7 days 22:24:58 203786 0 bloc ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures in germany ]] [[ category : history of east germany ]] [[ category : inner german border ]] [[ category : walls in germany ]] [[ category : articles containing video clips ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in east germany ]] [[ category : 20th century in berlin ]] [[ category : border barriers
631869000 631992977 2014-11-01 09:37:20 0 days 23:37:50 18865486 5 | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in
633634166 633858023 2014-11-14 21:08:35 1 days 14:36:37 1258165 0 : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism
1 category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and
2 berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[
3 : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 1990 disestablishments ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed
667488963 667873886 2015-06-21 05:01:08 2 days 15:22:57 24420788 0 century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category : 1961 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[
681654466 684146320 2015-10-04 21:34:35 16 days 05:23:48 14965160 0 in military history ]] [[ category : 1961 in politics ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1989 ]] [[ category : buildings and structures demolished in 1990 ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks in germany ]] [[ category : eastern bloc
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102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 5 of the western sectors of berlin to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . the ' ' ' berlin wall was built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in order to stop the citizens of [[ east germany ]] from entering the american , british or french
10 berlin ]] and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections
11 berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . the wall was over 155km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155
206507 206604 2002-09-09 16:14:40 0 days 01:43:38 372 1 where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did a concert in berlin celebrating the the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 14 an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to . the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections
15 wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the " fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at
16 " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of
45 did not control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the
1197814 1250101 2003-07-26 18:38:49 0 days 00:23:07 3399 1 original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] s are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany .
1282616 1282664 2003-08-13 04:46:25 6 days 13:51:34 7918 1 ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000
1596460 1596496 2003-10-20 16:27:26 0 days 00:10:19 26248 1 november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall , the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
1596496 1604480 2003-10-20 16:37:14 0 days 00:09:48 26248 2 with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in on on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3
1608238 1711609 2003-10-22 21:22:46 0 days 00:50:12 26248 1 to the citizens of east germany increased . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and 1961 . to stop the migration , construction of the berlin a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ east berlin ]] . it first consisted of barbed wire , which was
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 9 ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen instead . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations
3355675 3374365 2004-04-27 03:44:36 14 days 22:18:32 0|200.11.95.237 0 | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept concert [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 27 of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because it is also the anniversary of ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' , october 3 was chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over
4242660 4242842 2004-06-23 19:18:02 0 days 22:13:06 0|80.45.179.46 5 s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around 200 were seriously injured . successful escape attempts included 57 people who escaped through a 145 metre long ( 475 feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on augist 17 [[ 1962 ]] . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
4705728 4728651 2004-07-18 08:33:17 5 days 16:18:12 0|203.103.193.193 0 a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on augist august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall .
4780030 5169711 2004-07-22 08:08:47 0 days 00:02:51 0|217.169.121.37 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . also the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km ( 96 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved .
5169825 5169859 2004-08-12 20:44:12 0 days 00:06:25 12741 0 notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
5637884 5787721 2004-09-03 21:39:12 0 days 00:03:39 49471 2 new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the
7264727 7264768 2004-11-09 17:56:20 0 days 00:13:20 0|217.9.29.249 0 shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when
5 . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating
7274837 7275003 2004-11-09 22:14:41 0 days 00:02:37 0|84.57.81.84 2 the border between east and west germany was closed in [[ 1952 ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps to
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 0 gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer entirely represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces )
2 original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was
9112336 9112364 2005-01-05 02:44:12 0 days 00:05:27 0|67.164.50.76 3 wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 0 of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december
10 - wall . jpg | right | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . ]] monkeys took it down with banana guns and banana hammers they decided to pee on the wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 8 around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by built up into the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories
9 western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual full - scale wall . the wall physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east
17 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . was widely seen as being closer to the truth . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with
26 into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s
9614078 9649252 2005-01-24 13:17:26 0 days 03:28:40 55217 2 up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with
9797902 9884311 2005-01-30 17:06:50 1 days 01:29:16 6661 0 it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west german berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east german soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 11 built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and as it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front
23 , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = < table align = right > < tr > < td > [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 1 , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s ultralights across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view
29 murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led
30 reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 60 completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an enclave in east germany . during the construction of the wall national people ' s army | nva and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise
73 , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing ultralights [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the
82 death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 ]] , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and
99 were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly
100 treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the
11639377 11639454 2005-03-29 06:09:12 13 days 03:55:26 0|24.42.224.161 4 ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west soviet union because east germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps
5 , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into
11639454 11652451 2005-03-29 06:12:33 0 days 00:03:21 0|24.42.224.161 0 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[
11652451 11746206 2005-03-29 16:08:13 0 days 09:55:40 28107 0 of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for it ' s its location was around the perimeter of the city . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 0 on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction
9 the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction
11 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and
12 workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
16 closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right
24 the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when
26 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb
29 " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 5 majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . this drain of labour threatened east germany with economic collapse . = = construction of the wall = = whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . the idea for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
8 its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the barrier around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . it was undertaken by east german troops and
9 workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built
13 divided by the wall . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . . = = how the wall worked = = the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second
14 length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations . = = how the wall worked = = { | align = " right " | - | [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot ]] | - | [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] | } = = how the wall worked = = the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel
22 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = in books and movies checkpoint charlie and the wall in general became the scene of various political thrillers . during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . = = the fall of the wall = = on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] ,
25 fell . = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] , also called as ' ' ode to joy ' ' , with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
26 . = = aftermath = = not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ) . of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] the so - called [[ east side gallery
11865420 11885036 2005-04-04 06:48:52 2 days 12:29:17 0|139.168.103.36 1 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . ( right so im so hot and sexy and see you later baby ) over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
11885036 11891869 2005-04-04 20:03:29 0 days 13:14:37 28107 1 totally no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . ( right so im so hot and sexy and see you later baby ) over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
11896685 11902442 2005-04-05 01:20:09 0 days 02:17:19 0|4.239.237.190 1 with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
11902442 12289902 2005-04-05 04:33:38 0 days 03:13:29 28107 1 with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 2 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9
3 which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also
12869650 12901447 2005-04-27 04:43:24 0 days 00:26:06 84553 3 was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . for additional information , got o the link below www . hl2 - cheats the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . tk = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps
12901447 12903778 2005-04-27 21:40:58 0 days 16:57:34 0|24.34.41.161 0 us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed claimeed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany
12903778 12910967 2005-04-27 22:37:33 0 days 00:56:35 8780 0 us government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimeed claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany
13207767 13207835 2005-05-04 04:55:42 0 days 01:03:36 0|129.67.43.240 5 that a challenge would risk open conflict in a city which was probably impossible to defend militarily . a few months after the barbed wire went up , the us government informed would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the
7 four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s creation was due partly to political expediency but largely due to a belief that a challenge would risk open
13838651 13838657 2005-05-17 16:02:47 0 days 00:04:31 67107 0 a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and it completely surrounded west berlin , effectively turning the western sectors into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with
13838657 13839534 2005-05-17 16:03:06 0 days 00:00:19 67107 0 impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and it completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in
14269368 14269487 2005-05-26 16:36:03 0 days 04:31:25 0|164.68.120.3 2 ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated shitty version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1
3 ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the
4 was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks germans had small penises . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[
14269638 14269815 2005-05-26 16:42:04 0 days 00:03:13 0|164.68.120.3 1 a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing sperm into a girls face [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 2 ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most shitty sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and
3 constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east germans had small penises german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[
9 a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew sperm into a girls face fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to
10 ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most shitty version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sea sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east germans had small penises . the top
14485555 14486009 2005-05-31 11:55:14 3 days 15:09:00 0|206.246.197.250 0 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
14486009 14506036 2005-05-31 12:16:48 0 days 00:21:34 26468 0 berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' ode to joy ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe [[ november 9 ]] , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 6 conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls and much to and fro with the guard
19 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 39 ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it
40 most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section
18341759 18388981 2005-07-08 10:31:44 0 days 16:15:16 53921 8 sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german markk | east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced
19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 4 soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin belrin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet
20517225 20652186 2005-08-09 22:56:03 1 days 19:45:33 0|203.166.5.68 0 . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the belrin berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought
20913067 21195696 2005-08-17 04:59:00 3 days 19:42:20 0|69.156.163.80 0 during several tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here there . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to
21742465 21743717 2005-08-24 18:44:35 0 days 00:20:22 0|81.76.91.63 0 tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert
21743717 21766368 2005-08-25 00:30:07 0 days 05:45:32 28107 0 tense standoffs , particularly during the [[ checkpoint charlie | berlin crisis ]] and the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin there . . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to reassert
22000754 22002423 2005-08-28 03:03:42 0 days 00:33:40 0|65.78.102.117 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . hell = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
22002423 22002656 2005-08-28 03:08:43 0 days 00:05:01 21397 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . hell = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
22103054 22154405 2005-08-30 05:20:39 0 days 14:22:27 28107 2 , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = see [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , history of berlin ]] = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 72 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 59 economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for its construction . khrushchev agreed , but imposed strict conditions . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted only if it were composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . construction of the 45 km ( 28 mi . ) barrier around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning , at midnight , the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . many families were split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ july 25 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . but it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . and if west berlin fell , after all the efforts of the [[ berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . so it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 9 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin & mdash ; by autobahn , to demonstrate allied rights . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin and west germany was widely seen as being closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further
71 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 & ndash ; 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in
24173132 24173461 2005-09-27 18:15:40 0 days 00:03:48 0|204.86.170.127 2 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . then micheal jackson rented a house next to a little boy named timmy cag of gorrilas . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the
24470268 24504807 2005-10-01 20:20:04 0 days 10:30:53 0|62.30.35.51 1 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 & nbsp
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 1 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 1 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 2 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
3 closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 2 whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] for
3 closer to the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]]
27631342 27636925 2005-11-07 17:51:57 0 days 01:34:50 0|71.14.47.35 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . cinderella married swiss cheese . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
27641530 27696666 2005-11-08 06:17:27 0 days 11:09:07 28107 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . cinderella married swiss cheese . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
27850846 27851902 2005-11-09 20:43:14 0 days 00:11:23 140548 0 ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] ,
28230173 28350981 2005-11-15 01:31:48 1 days 05:54:07 6661 0 split , many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and chances of a better life , and west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west germans berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 18 the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 17 berlin . the majority of professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east ( for example , on one day the entire of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - subsidized stores , where prices for foodstuffs were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
31042058 31084094 2005-12-12 19:26:03 0 days 06:57:07 549849 7 [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom
32117880 32117997 2005-12-20 16:59:00 0 days 00:01:09 655783 2 east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid and everyone who liked their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was stupid = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps
3 closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . the wall was stupid and everyone who liked it was stupid paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstedt autobahn | berlin - helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] : alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) . = = the wall years = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west
32117997 32118097 2005-12-20 16:59:58 0 days 00:00:58 0|216.167.223.130 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany wenzel is cooler then brittany loosbrock = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32118097 32118174 2005-12-20 17:00:46 0 days 00:00:48 383700 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany wenzel is cooler then brittany loosbrock = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32118174 32118664 2005-12-20 17:05:29 0 days 00:04:43 0|216.167.223.130 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany loosbrock is way cooler then brittany wenzel = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
32118664 32136740 2005-12-20 19:41:34 0 days 02:36:05 21397 0 wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . also kelly vogel is the coolest girl i know , and melissa likes to annoy her , but kelly can beat her up and brittany loosbrock is way cooler then brittany wenzel = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
36649007 36650338 2006-01-25 15:26:01 0 days 00:12:07 0|194.232.85.82 0 with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to poland and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
36650338 36652600 2006-01-25 15:46:06 0 days 00:20:05 0|194.232.85.82 2 any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . the some streets along which the barrier ran were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into
37108530 37108558 2006-01-28 19:11:20 0 days 00:00:16 340905 0 november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' my them are [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the last months of [[ world war ii ]] . thereafter , germany as a country was divided into four occupation " zones " , each controlled by one of the four major allied powers . as the capital , berlin was also divided by the allies into four sectors , although berlin itself was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . thus the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of both the country and the capital city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] prompted the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union and led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . the soviets discontinued the blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted . the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17 june uprising ]] . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the
38619888 38769484 2006-02-08 15:06:48 1 days 00:02:04 0|84.64.190.165 0 | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 4 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as its track area was desperately needed for new west - east connections bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer
40007809 40008106 2006-02-17 13:24:14 0 days 00:02:46 0|142.227.187.189 1 truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s a pig though = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 28 | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = see also = = * [[ gdr border system ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 9 was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 32 the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many
44 other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at came to the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[
56 an underground line previously severed by the wall . little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one an 80 meter section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[
57 wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80 meters near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer one section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , the so - called [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[
40816080 40819190 2006-02-23 05:28:06 0 days 00:31:08 0|71.32.48.96 0 western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the last phase of
40819190 40854169 2006-02-23 12:53:40 0 days 07:25:34 0|210.146.8.103 0 party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gardually gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990
40898814 40900018 2006-02-23 19:38:26 0 days 00:09:50 89179 3 ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . it conceived of by the administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany ' s border was closed in [[ 1952 ]] ,
40902989 40903227 2006-02-23 20:05:14 0 days 00:02:00 89179 0 one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = passage official crossing points and escape attempts = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 3 was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]]
40903474 40904100 2006-02-23 20:12:19 0 days 00:05:05 89179 1 in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossing points and escape attempts usage = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
40904306 40904452 2006-02-23 20:14:54 0 days 00:01:07 89179 1 , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = = during most the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the post -
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 2 just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations
5 after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = = = remains of the wall = = = = little is left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near
40904768 40905200 2006-02-23 20:20:49 0 days 00:03:37 89179 5 [ http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = ] however , its miles of concrete and barbed wire also came to symbolize the differences between life in the east and west , and the wall became a focus of anti - communist reformers between the 1960s and 1990s . political liberalization in the late [[ 1980 ]] s , associated with the decline of
40905200 40905559 2006-02-23 20:23:39 0 days 00:02:50 89179 0 western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 66 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train ]] systemaround
72 left of the wall in berlin . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a second longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third one in the north at [[ bernauer straße
41672639 41672647 2006-02-28 23:51:07 0 days 00:00:05 0|69.15.111.135 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
41672647 41672682 2006-02-28 23:51:23 0 days 00:00:16 800894 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
41710361 41742631 2006-03-01 12:26:13 0 days 06:51:30 0|212.219.250.36 1 image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] ! ! ! ! stop ! ! ! they would shout , meaning you had to stop b4 u crossed like catcha l84 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
41742834 41742909 2006-03-01 12:29:30 0 days 00:00:50 0|212.219.250.36 0 image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] ! ! ! ! stop ! ! ! they would shout , meaning you had to stop b4 u crossed like catcha l84 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 18 john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré
41791823 42049979 2006-03-03 13:23:00 1 days 17:23:32 93757 0 , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brüche 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of
1 . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
2 . = = official crossings and usage = = [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] starkly reminds travellers they are crossing the border . ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of
42049979 42050092 2006-03-03 13:24:24 0 days 00:01:24 93757 2 . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brüche brücke 1985 during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of
3 | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brüche 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin . this was a requirement of the
42382313 42452944 2006-03-06 08:48:18 0 days 12:18:52 0|210.186.42.27 0 on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
42452944 42452968 2006-03-06 08:48:44 0 days 00:00:26 212671 0 on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . because the regulations had only been completed a few hours before the conference they were to take effect the following day , allowing time to inform the border guards first ; however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference ; when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ( english band ) | the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december [[ 1990 ]] . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 29 experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall
30 maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 29 experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in
30 [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin
43620636 43657363 2006-03-14 01:47:32 0 days 04:49:39 6661 0 east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . he honecker had predicted that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to
46949495 46980459 2006-04-04 20:49:17 0 days 03:42:44 686868 0 a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and gradually knocked it down . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] ,
1 celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down guards tolerated the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . =
2 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers and gradually knocked it down . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted west german currency , all border controls ceased . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification of [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
47686586 47796295 2006-04-10 13:08:51 1 days 01:43:05 686868 0 days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr announced to open new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] ,
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 9 about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced
11 constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 12 ft high and 4 ft wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german mark . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal
51999602 52000258 2006-05-07 16:49:40 0 days 00:04:52 0|216.49.149.108 2 east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
52000258 52000362 2006-05-07 16:50:25 0 days 00:00:45 819974 1 , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . =
2 all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inner - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
52367351 52419460 2006-05-10 02:13:47 0 days 05:54:41 0|71.235.38.203 2 into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 1110 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy
52419460 52431775 2006-05-10 03:47:28 0 days 01:33:41 145855 2 into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 1110 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy
55073990 55092382 2006-05-25 16:47:52 0 days 02:01:34 0|169.204.230.186 0 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 320 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy
55092382 55092631 2006-05-25 16:49:23 0 days 00:01:31 0|169.204.230.186 0 ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 320 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy
56891744 57039870 2006-06-05 18:59:19 0 days 21:09:43 0|70.90.104.37 0 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . max likes boys over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
57039870 57040826 2006-06-05 19:05:15 0 days 00:05:56 44020 0 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . max likes boys over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 9 the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on gdr television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became
58859317 59083873 2006-06-17 09:12:35 1 days 08:43:14 0|58.169.79.139 0 ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he was wrong by more than 99
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 28 experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall
29 maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin
63215080 63280868 2006-07-11 19:49:18 0 days 07:13:04 0|158.91.216.219 0 " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most [[ sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < /
1 fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref
63280868 63282560 2006-07-11 19:59:04 0 days 00:09:46 1008387 1 generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most [[ sophisticated ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' ]] ]] version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 4 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight with steve walker because they are dirty commys , but he bitched them too =
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[
4 his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many others . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys
5 george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony many . the piece of the wall became part of the [[ winston churchill ]] memorial library . < ref > [ one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall
64854802 64901261 2006-07-20 19:11:36 0 days 04:49:08 6661 0 of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on gdr east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it
75288754 75548908 2006-09-13 18:23:04 1 days 04:44:30 0|70.244.100.3 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . i was there ! ! ! ! = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college
75548908 75549141 2006-09-13 18:24:20 0 days 00:01:16 145855 0 well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . i was there ! ! ! ! = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 9 these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east
79693278 79723117 2006-10-05 21:26:14 0 days 02:51:54 69060 0 that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , a ridiculous assertion when compared with despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its
80237146 80538105 2006-10-10 02:22:34 1 days 09:21:48 0|71.250.160.186 0 august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]]
1 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and
82597586 82692252 2006-10-20 20:45:47 0 days 10:47:58 1063177 5 guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 0 , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of kid stuff , and take
3 . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of kid stuff , and take pix the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
82879607 82879695 2006-10-21 21:19:03 0 days 00:00:35 2542109 0 wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death health strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 .
82879695 82880299 2006-10-21 21:22:34 0 days 00:03:31 2179786 0 wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " health death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 .
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 3 states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the
6 inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = =
86859769 86949737 2006-11-10 15:32:30 0 days 12:43:04 0|89.51.186.116 1 thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise
86978875 86978923 2006-11-10 18:18:41 0 days 00:00:16 572610 3 leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke ' ' ) 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise
89652535 89680810 2006-11-23 17:51:23 0 days 03:26:13 2829981 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy trivia = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near
89680810 89730172 2006-11-23 23:26:40 0 days 05:35:17 99351 0 was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = trivia legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near
91359879 91359911 2006-12-01 11:48:26 0 days 00:00:22 579524 0 rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two : by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 1 a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened strengthened , turning from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs
2 wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning transformed from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and
3 purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of the socialist east germany from fleeing into normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengtehened , turning from a usual normal wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata
10 of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with the impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting at them in the back . the wall meant : system , that the communists had built , attracted no - one . it pushed away . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | '
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 2 development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting them in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built appealed to no - one . it repelled them . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] |
91705950 91759195 2006-12-03 09:19:05 0 days 06:55:28 2915417 0 fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections in of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august
98028942 98077156 2007-01-03 02:01:46 0 days 03:53:02 2113027 0 months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall plaque . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | plaque where the berlin wall once passed ]] little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 263 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 2 shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' '
98179249 98180019 2007-01-03 14:37:13 0 days 00:04:03 0|168.216.123.149 0 with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at as a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ,
98180019 98180477 2007-01-03 14:40:01 0 days 00:02:48 0|168.216.123.149 0 with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also as at a turn in the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall ,
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 6 oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and
10 both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in moreover , the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum
11 of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . also at a turn in the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall a woman named frau bailey worked the corner . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt
99165555 99378492 2007-01-08 19:24:41 0 days 22:43:14 29695 3 de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of
100620191 100676150 2007-01-14 16:30:06 0 days 08:31:18 0|87.187.74.127 0 jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 .
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 18 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
26 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . unicorn . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 18 offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . your mom . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) zeus . # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) jupiter
26 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . unicorn . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 9 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary temporary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]]
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 11 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temporary temorary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]]
101629964 101649298 2007-01-18 21:59:50 0 days 01:30:59 0|71.219.14.167 0 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary temporary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]]
1 right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary but still stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system
2 | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temorary but stands till today ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1
102300586 102348464 2007-01-22 02:33:41 0 days 04:08:38 18710 0 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . it was supposed to be temporary but still stands today the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 .
104347998 104367345 2007-01-30 17:39:18 0 days 01:38:05 2077184 2 and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men , as he rammed through and its fall was the wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after
105723144 105723229 2007-02-05 03:53:08 0 days 00:00:26 0|150.101.251.66 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = hey wat up homie little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
105723229 105723513 2007-02-05 03:54:37 0 days 00:01:29 140089 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = hey wat up homie little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
107313668 107341843 2007-02-11 16:40:32 0 days 03:10:41 0|207.69.140.35 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = : ) little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
107341843 107344179 2007-02-11 16:53:47 0 days 00:13:15 0|207.69.140.35 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = : ) little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 25 , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel fall of the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed
26 self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to berlin wall = = near the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and
47 migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
54 the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 32 like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of
33 . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = < br > but the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall .
34 culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of more work , ingenuity , money and steel the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later
35 founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near communists allocated to the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted
37 lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed
38 = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the back . the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by
46 tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished
47 and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 25 , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel fall of the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed
26 self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to berlin wall = = near the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and
47 migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
54 the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 32 like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of
33 . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = < br > but the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall .
34 culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of more work , ingenuity , money and steel the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later
35 founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near communists allocated to the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted
37 lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed
38 = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the back . the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by
46 tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished
47 and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 25 , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel fall of the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed
26 self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to berlin wall = = near the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and
47 migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5
54 the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 32 like [[ atlantis ]] or the [[ ussr ]] . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ quotation | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of
33 . these disputes culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = < br > but the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall .
34 culminated in the founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of more work , ingenuity , money and steel the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later
35 founding of [[ bmw ]] . used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near communists allocated to the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted
37 lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed
38 = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed in a section of the back . the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore to all who passed by
46 tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished
47 and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its place . by [[ november 9 ]] 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , the men had successfully demolished the wall and were quite involved in drunken revelry . this lead to another noted characteristic of human males , they half - finished the
111502458 111885825 2007-03-01 19:05:40 1 days 15:00:53 712163 0 en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were
1 fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border
113475444 113475667 2007-03-08 02:25:16 0 days 00:01:08 0|68.18.0.87 1 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed poopsed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113475754 113475882 2007-03-08 02:26:18 0 days 00:00:35 902207 4 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = poopsed proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113475882 113476082 2007-03-08 02:27:18 0 days 00:01:00 0|68.18.0.87 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed pooped barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113476082 113476232 2007-03-08 02:28:02 0 days 00:00:44 2198470 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = pooped proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
113832228 114062117 2007-03-10 14:13:43 0 days 23:56:59 121208 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols
5 funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall . followed shortly by the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany was reunited . [[ image : berlinwallfalls .
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 3 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 2 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 2 crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background =
3 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its so called " fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 9 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 2 crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background =
3 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its so called " fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[
116345998 116369124 2007-03-19 22:04:39 0 days 01:34:09 0|69.134.230.173 0 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . the german legislature then voted to move their capital from bonn to berlin . the transfer is said to take 10 years ! = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
116486220 116509549 2007-03-20 12:18:22 0 days 03:23:27 351312 2 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . the german legislature then voted to move their capital from bonn to berlin . the transfer is said to take 10 years ! = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
117050585 117050800 2007-03-22 15:47:00 0 days 00:01:01 0|70.151.77.127 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed
117050800 117051528 2007-03-22 15:50:23 0 days 00:03:23 302522 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 4 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial hahahahahaindustrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 5 wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next hahahahahaindustrial several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming
117078008 117092475 2007-03-22 18:53:59 0 days 01:04:33 0|168.9.22.104 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = after the war hitler hidin my house the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
117092475 117094380 2007-03-22 19:02:10 0 days 00:08:11 1038313 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = after the war hitler hidin my house the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 0 of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall was chipped away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called "
117647947 117752932 2007-03-25 14:15:09 0 days 13:13:26 1585412 0 had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , inspite in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall
119603839 119603957 2007-04-02 00:05:02 0 days 00:00:35 0|69.110.144.39 0 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little a lot is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer
119603957 119615866 2007-04-02 01:07:47 0 days 01:02:45 911178 1 it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = a lot little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer
123933094 123946362 2007-04-18 23:36:43 0 days 01:00:24 3647339 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall is still standing = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin
127284977 127423646 2007-05-01 14:26:01 0 days 14:27:40 0|74.62.85.206 0 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . bye = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
127423646 127423687 2007-05-01 14:26:09 0 days 00:00:08 241822 0 opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . bye = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 5 united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . [[ image : berlinwallfalls . jpg | thumb
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 0 the truth . = = = secondary response = = = one of the leaders said he had to go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of i dont no why he just didnt ask the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 ,
128044445 128044482 2007-05-03 20:33:08 0 days 00:00:09 1614547 0 western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is cool = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the
1 networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = is cool still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
128044482 128044498 2007-05-03 20:33:12 0 days 00:00:04 0|69.125.136.170 0 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after in the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of
128044498 128044636 2007-05-03 20:33:41 0 days 00:00:29 1614547 0 while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = in [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall it snowed = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " <
128649435 128649564 2007-05-06 14:21:34 0 days 00:00:50 0|70.144.11.235 1 " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ pictionary ]] and scrable west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
128704499 128759187 2007-05-06 22:18:52 0 days 03:51:06 0|71.240.172.25 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west east berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
128759187 128760514 2007-05-06 22:25:00 0 days 00:06:08 911178 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded east west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
129954619 130104891 2007-05-11 15:20:36 0 days 16:40:06 0|164.58.29.130 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = wikipedia is the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
1 the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus most unreliable site for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed .
131537931 131538175 2007-05-17 13:59:30 0 days 00:01:27 0|203.109.89.18 0 the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders this false . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
131538175 131538407 2007-05-17 14:00:45 0 days 00:01:15 0|203.109.89.18 1 february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham the best archeologist and surveyer cinsiders this false wronf but many were left unsatisfied . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg
131840168 131841026 2007-05-18 19:16:02 0 days 00:04:01 0|24.56.168.165 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = . . . ryan tentis has a small penis . . . the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
131841026 131841083 2007-05-18 19:16:22 0 days 00:00:20 224287 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = . . . ryan tentis has a small penis . . . the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
132862693 132890457 2007-05-23 09:02:39 0 days 04:06:54 0|211.27.234.229 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . all in all , the allies won , [[ lol ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
132890457 132910594 2007-05-23 11:52:00 0 days 02:49:21 441020 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . all in all , the allies won , [[ lol ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 13 the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached climbed onto and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away
15 permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall "
28 german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a
133074927 133075428 2007-05-24 01:35:04 0 days 00:03:00 715870 0 inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = =
133939978 133975864 2007-05-28 01:15:43 0 days 03:17:16 0|65.43.37.60 0 entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . the cheese was amazing at that time . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest
133975864 133979794 2007-05-28 01:37:14 0 days 00:21:31 1718065 0 entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . the cheese was amazing at that time . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest
141857927 142202722 2007-07-03 08:35:32 1 days 12:53:04 4564493 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . actor david hasselhoff also participated in the destruction of the wall . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
142202722 142211169 2007-07-03 09:47:54 0 days 01:12:22 686868 0 by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . actor david hasselhoff also participated in the destruction of the wall . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
147662514 147691605 2007-07-28 17:19:48 0 days 03:26:44 4126605 0 ]] [[ image : piece _ of _ berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | piece of berlin wall with the certificate of authenticity . i ( the image creator ) broke out that piece of the wall from east berlin side in middle of april of 1990 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 .
147750401 148039010 2007-07-30 12:14:43 1 days 12:25:36 961397 0 [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols
148074488 148086639 2007-07-30 17:37:32 0 days 01:08:00 302522 0 the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | the zaa will pervale in my butt holeeeeee50px the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de |
148099732 148145763 2007-07-30 22:38:39 0 days 03:51:02 226573 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : cuwall _ 115 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6
150060455 150230613 2007-08-09 18:55:29 0 days 20:58:46 0|71.139.42.198 0 wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country , : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the blackmarket was now largely eliminated and the economy in the east grew . however ,
150831974 150832838 2007-08-12 21:28:09 0 days 00:05:10 0|83.31.88.33 1 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : cuwall _ 115 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 10 firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it said . source : http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2734598 , 00 . html = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
152314634 152803494 2007-08-21 23:56:54 2 days 03:11:07 0|121.73.19.64 1 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . apples please over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 18 covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading
19 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 5 running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 1 running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . everyone thought it was a piece of shit . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national
160247787 160249046 2007-09-25 13:56:32 0 days 00:07:23 0|170.185.218.19 0 [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death shank strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg
160249046 160281991 2007-09-25 16:59:42 0 days 03:03:10 0|150.135.169.11 2 the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of graffiti art on the wall ' s development , the " shank strip " between josh and bear was horrible bloody and deadthly . [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 4 workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side male and female duality of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of
53 . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] 2003 , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 1 hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the rise of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
6 east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
162838184 162853255 2007-10-07 12:35:47 0 days 02:20:42 0|81.101.130.198 2 стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ lauren ]] from [[ tony ]] and the rest of [[ tony east germany ]] . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from
163098190 163101280 2007-10-08 14:53:00 0 days 00:15:10 0|216.237.254.146 0 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year christina is a whore that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 10 30pm in 1989 ) , a gdr passport served as a free ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . the fall of the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in
11 ticket for public transport , and in general there were more exceptions than rules in those days . of course , berlin was in the focal point of these changes . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall , which will always be used as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the
167930832 167931253 2007-10-29 21:19:08 0 days 00:01:49 0|156.108.140.131 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little bill cosbey is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
168012407 168029950 2007-10-30 06:57:41 0 days 02:39:56 0|141.217.226.66 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] bill cosbey little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft )
169001506 169018449 2007-11-03 21:20:22 0 days 01:28:34 0|86.145.172.179 0 atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990
171328388 171330844 2007-11-14 00:55:02 0 days 00:13:02 0|83.24.232.6 4 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ civil war of monkeies in balerina outfits eating pancakes going up the pyrimid of wakawakadoodooyeah ]] , the wall joined forces with mars and neptune [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 97549375683254 years , from the day destructio began on
173333858 173353310 2007-11-23 21:37:46 0 days 01:57:04 137113 2 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[
173361813 173363844 2007-11-23 22:40:54 0 days 00:12:24 137113 0 erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 13 the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east north germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
24 that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed barbi - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the
25 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west north berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 13 the north german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrestification , that entering south berlin would be permitted , crowds of north east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by south germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall
24 that it did not encockroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbi barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded north berlin . during the
186281600 186292925 2008-01-23 06:03:28 0 days 01:26:37 686868 0 [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the
186292925 186294689 2008-01-23 06:18:42 0 days 00:15:14 686868 1 which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] ,
3 oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of
186361363 186363285 2008-01-23 16:10:06 0 days 00:10:00 686868 0 ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . obstacles preventing civilians from crossing it included anti - car ditches , tank barriers , dogs on long lines and " fakir beds " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall
188146519 188146702 2008-01-31 13:49:35 0 days 00:01:15 0|208.108.155.72 1 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . toonty ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! w0efgbhjldasfasgnkfghjbj , a foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course ,
188146702 188146718 2008-01-31 13:49:39 0 days 00:00:04 1879647 2 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . toonty ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! w0efgbhjldasfasgnkfghjbj , a foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course ,
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 2 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners tadpole and chrisforeigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 0 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . tadpole and chrisforeigners foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always
188267882 188292941 2008-02-01 02:03:28 0 days 02:07:48 0|71.223.128.231 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west east berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
188292941 188309052 2008-02-01 03:39:07 0 days 01:35:39 1718065 0 vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded east west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood
188528811 188588109 2008-02-02 12:52:44 0 days 09:22:19 4469495 2 date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ 1923 ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]]
189423593 189482624 2008-02-06 12:20:05 0 days 08:41:54 0|201.240.182.230 0 solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the its fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley
191452792 191453257 2008-02-14 17:25:14 0 days 00:02:38 0|70.118.101.154 0 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers
191453299 191453321 2008-02-14 17:25:39 0 days 00:00:07 3369647 1 ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 265px | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 150px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers
194824371 194824648 2008-02-29 03:57:25 0 days 00:01:45 3622922 1 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] kissing . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive " and continue at the bottom " among this deadly love " ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 14 : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . and also , east german soldiers allowed west berliners and west germans to defect to the east german state . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings
15 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] the east germans to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 15 acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged the east germans [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the
28 : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . and also , east german soldiers allowed west berliners and west germans to defect to the east german state . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings
197723532 197732281 2008-03-12 15:22:03 0 days 00:45:35 3505251 5 ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall it , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the
7 aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however ,
199352643 199635620 2008-03-20 17:49:07 1 days 02:45:59 0|70.240.178.117 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . fuck u all ! ! ! the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background
199635620 199635645 2008-03-20 17:49:14 0 days 00:00:07 1879647 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . fuck u all ! ! ! the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 2 and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , east berliners were cut off from their jobs and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 3 did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]]
210362448 210365010 2008-05-05 17:14:33 0 days 00:12:20 0|168.184.224.4 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . reagan is best known to the world for his one - liners , the most famous of them was addressed to mikhail gorbachev in 1987 . " mister gorbachev , tear down this wall " said reagan standing in front of the berlin wall . that call made an impact on the course of human history . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background
210365010 210365049 2008-05-05 17:14:45 0 days 00:00:12 6847637 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . reagan is best known to the world for his one - liners , the most famous of them was addressed to mikhail gorbachev in 1987 . " mister gorbachev , tear down this wall " said reagan standing in front of the berlin wall . that call made an impact on the course of human history . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background
214991201 215551281 2008-05-28 18:27:39 2 days 12:19:20 355538 10 them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city first concrete elements and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class |
11 to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in
15 ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national
16 running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[
228709022 229166509 2008-08-01 04:21:54 2 days 04:18:13 89777 0 a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and as fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 101 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip
102 allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs ,
124 " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day
125 gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany
232402597 232464684 2008-08-17 09:31:07 0 days 09:15:29 0|144.138.73.137 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . but did little did any one know that this stuff is boring 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[
232464684 232470905 2008-08-17 10:38:36 0 days 01:07:29 0|92.226.201.206 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . but did little did any one know that this stuff is boring 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for < < thats a true story . . btu little did any one knw [[ german reunification ]] , which was
236302681 236563607 2008-09-06 01:05:55 1 days 05:10:07 0|69.14.36.41 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] i have too much pubic hair on my face . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at
236563607 236569880 2008-09-06 01:48:59 0 days 00:43:04 852522 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] i have too much pubic hair on my face . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 1 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side territories east of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
237717440 237717618 2008-09-11 14:35:00 0 days 00:01:17 0|65.43.196.58 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . omg whats up i was here ! hehe haha the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[
237718950 237719164 2008-09-11 14:43:32 0 days 00:01:17 4164433 0 parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . omg whats up i was here ! hehe haha the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 31 over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 3 ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in
239456748 239564841 2008-09-19 13:58:32 0 days 10:31:31 0|209.174.67.217 2 visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . many died from falling off the wall in their attempt to climb over . many were pushed by other germans trying to reach their loved ones . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 9 visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . many died from falling off the wall in their attempt to climb over . many were pushed by other germans trying to reach their loved ones . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all
240240944 240242156 2008-09-22 15:58:49 0 days 00:07:42 736477 1 the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 64 not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . not consistent . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
102 world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 64 not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . not consistent . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall
102 world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously ,
245504761 245586319 2008-10-16 02:40:23 0 days 07:05:44 292168 0 : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 8 ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 4 were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin great wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen -
248618478 248619037 2008-10-30 14:29:35 0 days 00:03:40 0|217.42.107.75 0 were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the great berlin wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 4 were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 4 ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of
289779731 289801827 2009-05-14 02:31:14 0 days 02:21:01 6984319 0 checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 1 | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] to escape into west germany , many over the border between east and west berlin . from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , to 1989 , the wall stopped most such emigration and separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : /
310493478 310493613 2009-08-28 05:00:25 0 days 00:01:32 0|24.4.124.83 0 . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . =
311620727 311806027 2009-09-04 09:31:28 1 days 01:04:00 0|217.34.202.189 0 . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . =
2 the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = =
312604952 312612312 2009-09-08 16:29:46 0 days 00:47:21 10069869 2 = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation realized after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de /
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 44 not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers
45 on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in
111 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs ,
112 and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy
130 peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 ]] , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german
131 " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , [[ 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency
132 . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency ,
160 of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary date of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 65 not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]]
66 west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on [[ august 15 ]] . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in
131 the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs
132 allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy
150 " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany
151 gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the
322559477 322559727 2009-10-28 16:30:25 0 days 00:01:28 0|173.9.15.5 0 } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was part of game called call of duty world at war ( this game owns halo 3 ) [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 2 chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . democratic republic ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter
324105954 324119733 2009-11-05 18:01:53 0 days 01:22:11 0|12.165.250.13 3 wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{ quote | we
324146953 324158162 2009-11-05 21:48:15 0 days 01:00:28 0|76.93.177.233 1 berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of shit berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders
324471890 324478288 2009-11-07 16:19:25 0 days 00:44:58 0|173.78.68.123 0 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape circumventing over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]]
324842902 324843477 2009-11-09 14:31:09 0 days 00:04:20 6971250 2 : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 a thaousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image :
324845643 324847851 2009-11-09 15:02:45 0 days 00:14:37 0|84.55.65.130 0 . jpg | remains of the wall adjacent to the [[ topography of terror ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over a thaousand thousand crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed file :
324899185 324899230 2009-11-09 20:09:13 0 days 00:00:14 0|86.44.251.71 0 locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 10 encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 1 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall will be were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / /
325110541 325134416 2009-11-10 22:41:29 0 days 02:13:40 0|68.187.237.50 1 263 ft ) piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters half way between checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side
325137398 325147847 2009-11-10 23:57:34 0 days 00:59:36 0|118.210.222.46 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . hello = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325147847 325148147 2009-11-10 23:59:17 0 days 00:01:43 4916882 0 benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . hello = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 3 chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germany was built into a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 5 they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www
325342880 325352400 2009-11-12 00:58:29 0 days 00:59:53 0|202.27.129.10 0 west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 4 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the roger jr wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]]
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 7 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the roger jr wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]]
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 5 encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood
20 encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 3 on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 , 1961 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 4 on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 , 1961 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
327723781 327795862 2009-11-25 03:22:30 0 days 07:06:45 0|87.11.82.60 0 s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying fasfdasfsdfffdsfsffdfdsfdsftrying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the
327795862 327805035 2009-11-25 04:33:44 0 days 01:11:14 7269746 0 s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died fasfdasfsdfffdsfsffdfdsfdsftrying trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 3 the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : /
337292088 337292211 2010-01-12 00:47:44 0 days 00:00:48 11416782 1 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is inportant ] the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] .
342982454 342982613 2010-02-09 18:54:24 0 days 00:00:43 0|142.59.231.59 0 > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 9 the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 22 deutschland : normales leben in berlin }} , august 14 , 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and . the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet
33 spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after
45 divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall ,
46 east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 2 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall , or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum
13 line , but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border
343781933 343782709 2010-02-13 18:35:30 0 days 00:04:59 5326371 3 > [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | memorial to the victims with graffiti , 1982 ]] later successful escape attempts used east germans successfully escaped by a variety of methods : digging long tunnels under the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 2 fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls
343784856 343787074 2010-02-13 18:58:31 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 4 ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with
5 and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments . fsragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a
343787620 343988676 2010-02-14 09:28:37 0 days 14:27:40 1285828 1 over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background
344092620 344168111 2010-02-15 07:24:20 0 days 09:20:34 0|97.127.12.241 0 a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fsragments fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are
344168111 344187198 2010-02-15 10:55:18 0 days 03:30:58 6971250 2 a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove almost most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background
345286812 345793921 2010-02-23 02:23:39 2 days 05:00:39 393711 0 when it made contact with the beam . they lay flat and kept driving forward . the east germans then built zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . the sewer system preceded predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne
346183823 346309252 2010-02-25 15:48:21 0 days 16:39:59 150129 3 wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to
5 image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically , the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some
6 allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 1 agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners united kingdom ]] , [[ the man whores ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
347167732 347168405 2010-03-01 21:33:00 0 days 00:03:10 0|71.28.105.141 1 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . it was made in 1990 but tore down in 1999 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 3 > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . it was made in 1990 but tore down in 1999 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 0 berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin
1 }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall
12 points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ " rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a
30 ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref
360333645 360334342 2010-05-05 18:00:52 0 days 00:03:30 0|199.197.101.239 0 {st@rt} jonathan is really cool wiggie weege and i built the wall haha this is cooldefence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
362093204 362093344 2010-05-14 13:55:43 0 days 00:00:54 0|208.108.154.247 1 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
362093344 362094029 2010-05-14 14:00:38 0 days 00:04:55 334792 2 " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . ' ' ' both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist
362094029 362122734 2010-05-14 17:09:13 0 days 03:08:35 0|209.181.40.252 0 east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public tonto and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the
362122734 362122979 2010-05-14 17:10:47 0 days 00:01:34 0|209.181.40.252 0 east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public tonto and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the
363922912 364011539 2010-05-24 22:54:04 0 days 09:03:26 591174 7 east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to and 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news
364628895 364781062 2010-05-29 03:02:56 0 days 19:12:55 45645 0 , and completely cut off the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern block ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in
366083032 366099790 2010-06-04 23:09:49 0 days 01:59:54 0|93.220.100.2 0 including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] two area codes . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
2 . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters the who chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[
366099790 366102397 2010-06-04 23:28:49 0 days 00:19:00 262550 0 including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the official version promulgated by the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] was that the wall was erected to protect its population from two area codes [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscized a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti -
2 . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , the who a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the who later used industrial guitars to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[
378954266 378954496 2010-08-14 23:33:43 0 days 00:02:03 0|72.224.163.217 5 germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 3 a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays east germany and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage
4 barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos east berlin ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles
5 , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006
379192505 379212179 2010-08-16 12:59:13 0 days 02:54:24 0|80.254.147.156 0 was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the proper wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army
379212179 379213340 2010-08-16 13:09:49 0 days 00:10:36 6971250 0 and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall ,
1 was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . later it was built up into the wall proper wall , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army
379213340 379465324 2010-08-17 20:43:38 1 days 07:33:49 0|140.194.192.30 0 on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 3 * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . [[ roland suso richter * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] '
4 the tunnel ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 - dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by r . s . richter ]] * some novels specifically about the berlin wall : * * [[ john le carré ]] , ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' '
387039407 387096525 2010-09-26 09:41:09 0 days 08:32:03 7178666 0 around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 feet tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center were toppled in stages , converging in front of the brandenburg gate .
389131965 389132726 2010-10-06 17:04:20 0 days 00:04:42 0|204.81.225.153 0 | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall penis fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the
389132750 389329152 2010-10-07 14:59:01 0 days 21:54:30 0|141.43.69.1 5 wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a
6 at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer third section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section
7 [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that
15 side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city berlin - wall - map . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around
16 [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments
17 of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 4 the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third longer section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the
5 former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the second ( easternmost ) wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation
7 long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . ; and a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system at
16 topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a
391570615 391649621 2010-10-19 14:37:32 0 days 11:45:06 3055250 1 }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 11 encroach on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda
72 on west berlin at any point . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 17 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers
106 wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency
399052561 399053190 2010-11-27 01:01:09 0 days 00:05:12 16710 5 ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ paradigm shift ]] * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ removal of hungary
400135808 400152873 2010-12-02 17:05:45 0 days 01:38:16 0|76.79.232.194 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism |
400251431 400293690 2010-12-03 10:55:24 0 days 07:39:00 6971250 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism |
403665286 404621084 2010-12-28 11:37:15 6 days 04:15:39 13689206 0 neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . the view most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german [[ socialist unity party
405959866 406120287 2011-01-05 18:07:27 0 days 20:57:24 7609840 2 defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map
406433716 406434088 2011-01-07 05:29:24 0 days 00:02:32 1655427 1 berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book |
409992456 409993256 2011-01-25 16:45:49 0 days 00:04:54 6971250 0 various institutions around the world . they can be found , for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including and in public spaces aroung the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border
411812580 411997999 2011-02-04 16:42:23 0 days 23:14:31 0|70.60.134.66 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * * ' ' a new muli - player map in [ call of duty : black ops ] is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
411997999 411998374 2011-02-04 16:45:00 0 days 00:02:37 732608 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * * ' ' a new muli - player map in [ call of duty : black ops ] is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
411998374 411998401 2011-02-04 16:45:09 0 days 00:00:09 0|70.60.134.66 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * a new muli - player map in ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
411998401 411998597 2011-02-04 16:46:19 0 days 00:01:10 1798612 0 [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * a new muli - player map in ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' is named and made after the berlin wall * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 18 | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 - – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} <
21 > * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1965 - – cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' [[ funeral
25 officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel underneath the wall as a rescue route * * ' ' [[ something to do with the wall ]] ' ' , 1991 - – documentary shot just before and after the wall came down , by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine * * ' ' [[ the innocent ( 1993 film ) |
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 29 ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident ,
110 , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 6 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ berlin wall graffiti art ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]]
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 6 lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc
14 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ inner german border
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 7 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
444591376 444619121 2011-08-13 12:49:37 0 days 05:02:08 9243491 0 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation
446625722 448621897 2011-09-05 18:48:00 11 days 09:31:04 723354 1 later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a
489433249 489512208 2012-04-27 18:53:47 0 days 12:07:39 6730078 3 < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - metre ( 263 & nbsp ; ft ) long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie
499193849 499242068 2012-06-25 06:18:31 0 days 08:23:34 16789323 0 the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 12 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
519776360 522222611 2012-11-09 19:33:25 15 days 04:00:08 1723027 2 / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]]
529724987 531002642 2013-01-03 00:01:58 8 days 08:25:09 38455 1 * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 5 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 removes a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989
25 late november 1989 . ]] [[ file : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | upright | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 5 sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 ,
9 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 5 sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 ,
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 5 sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 ,
11 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening
574659325 574661610 2013-09-26 21:52:01 0 days 00:20:00 16715243 2 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on june 26 , 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand years ago , the proudest boast was ' ' [[ civis romanus sum ]] ' ' [ " i am a roman citizen " ] . today , in the world of freedom , the proudest boast is ' ' " ich bin ein berliner ! " ' ' . . . all free men , wherever they may live , are citizens of berlin , and therefore , as a free man , i take pride in the words " ich bin ein berliner ! " }} the message was aimed as much at the soviets as it was at berliners and was a clear statement of u . s . policy in the wake of the construction of the berlin wall . the speech is considered one of kennedy ' s best , both a notable moment of the [[ cold war ]] and a high point of the [[ new frontier ]] . it was a great morale boost for west berliners , who lived in an [[ exclave ]] deep inside [[ east germany ]] and feared a possible east german occupation . in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http :
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 3 britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade
11 been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground /
12 used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom that the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _
48 ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 0 publisher = german world | date = 13 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * some documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 7 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
610979419 613835077 2014-06-21 17:55:33 20 days 21:06:01 15420856 0 atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest what was left . the physical wall itself was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on
631869000 631992977 2014-11-01 09:37:20 0 days 23:37:50 18865486 0 next few weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical destruction of the wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 .
1 weeks , euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed itself began in 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background =
2 and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in [[ summer 1990 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = =
3 souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > http : / / www . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = =
4 hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the physical wall was primarily destroyed in 1990 . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 12 index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm {{ fr icon }} photos of the berlin wall
633066096 633074293 2014-11-09 10:25:29 0 days 01:56:33 115938 4 ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that it was from khrushchev that the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 0 > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . = = = demolition = = = the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to
15 including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at to cheer the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " ,
16 locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts that tore down portions of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely
18 [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling of the while the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 1 person to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on 8 march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident ,
645406707 647586466 2015-02-17 18:36:14 14 days 14:20:44 12830815 0 crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , euphoric public people and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall '
650206237 650207536 2015-03-06 22:07:12 0 days 00:09:31 24044265 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . in his book ' ' ' ' ' empires and walls ' ' ' ' ' , chaichian ( 2014 : chapters 4 - 5 ) provides a comprehensive historical background to the events that led to the walls ' construction , as well as a detailed account of its architecture and design . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall (
650210446 650219949 2015-03-06 23:43:55 0 days 01:14:21 84417 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . in his book ' ' ' ' ' empires and walls ' ' ' ' ' , chaichian ( 2014 : chapters 4 - 5 ) provides a comprehensive historical background to the events that led to the walls ' construction , as well as a detailed account of its architecture and design . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall (
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 10 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the years of the wall , around 5 , 000 people successfully defected to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall ,
665650877 666337026 2015-06-10 13:39:10 4 days 19:24:18 19338611 0 abdication of kaiser [[ wilhelm ii ]] and declaration of the [[ weimar republic ]] , the first german republic . however , 9 november is also the anniversary of the execution of [[ robert blum ]] in following the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the austrian empire | 1848 vienna revolts ]] , the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of the nazis in 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel
671583896 672416246 2015-07-21 12:08:59 5 days 18:54:52 574532 0 : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | an exhibition dedicated to the 25th anniversary to the berlin wall destruction was located at [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden . file : tracé du mur de berlin près de potsdamer platz , 2015 . jpg | line indicating where the wall once stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
693603737 693607098 2015-12-03 17:40:53 0 days 00:26:38 23149456 0 west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . generally , the wall was only slightly inside east berlin , but in a few places it was some distance from the legal border , most notably at [[ berlin potsdamer bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , it was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august . during the construction of the
693607098 693645737 2015-12-03 22:41:24 0 days 05:00:31 23149456 0 zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html # lenne < / ref > that is now much of the [[ potsdamer platz ]] development . later , it the initial barrier was built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on 17 august . during the construction of the wall , [[
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 1 the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city < ref > http : / / berlin - wall - map . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around
2 north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . com / < / ref > . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers . fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }}
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 3 name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy
735645810 735821858 2016-08-23 09:35:28 1 days 05:21:37 937705 0 to stand and celebrate on top of the wall . hasselhoff sang his number one hit song " looking for freedom " on a platform at the end of a twenty - meter steel crane that swung above and over the wall adjacent to the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . < ref name = " npr20141109 " > {{ cite web | title
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 8 , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open . " < ref name = revolution1989 / > < ref name = " schabowski " / > after hearing the broadcast , east
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 12 most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 8 km | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ fact }} the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin in
9 every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ fact }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert
30 = 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . {{ fact }} = = = demolition = = = the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued
34 the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ fact }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution
774996200 774996645 2017-04-11 23:58:49 0 days 00:03:40 204692 9 tracé du mur de berlin près de potsdamer platz , 2015 . jpg | line indicating where the wall once stood , just off [[ potsdamer platz ]] , in 2015 . < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
774996645 774997638 2017-04-12 00:06:54 0 days 00:08:05 204692 0 trozo del muro de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] . ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 8 months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to
29 german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 0 ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and
7 inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * * ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin
13 german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 2 | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] on 26 june 1963 , 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f
783600048 783600846 2017-06-03 11:56:09 0 days 00:08:12 31190988 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 km of the frontier were in built , 32 km in wooded and 22 . 65 km in open terrain and 37 . 95 km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 december 1989 . observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till april 1990 . dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( [[ berlin wall # demolition | demolition ]] . some of them were sold for scrap including the anti - tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) *
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 8 permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states . * the former management station at bergfelde , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - — the tower is located in an already reforested area of the border strip and is used together with surrounding terrain as a nature protection tower by the deutschen waldjugend . *
10 duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list div col | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] ( october 1961
19 ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] ( october 1961 ) *
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 2 " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the [[ eastern bloc ]] claimed that portrayed the wall was erected to protect its population from fascist elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in
19 by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin ; from which they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine /
809521520 809536560 2017-11-09 19:22:04 0 days 01:53:53 15367593 0 nbsp ; m | - | style = " text - align : right " | 68 . 42 | expanded metal fence with a height of 2 . 90 & quot nbsp ; m as a " front barrier " | - | style = " text - align : right " | 161 {{ 0 }} {{ 0 }} | light strip
809972169 809973970 2017-11-12 17:48:06 0 days 00:12:59 6554947 0 territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to paint over graffiti and perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its
1 was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose its jurisdiction
2 of gdr territory was left outside the wall , but unlike the inner german border , this strip was never more than about four meters wide . the strip was used only to perform maintenance on the outside of the wall by workers who accessed it through concealed doors or ladders . little interest was shown by the east german government to impose
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 3 one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip while painting the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east
810222160 810225119 2017-11-14 01:14:33 0 days 00:20:34 6554947 0 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a strip of gdr east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 3 / ref > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch , who . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of unlawfully crossing the de jure border . < ref > https : / / www . upi
810310105 810311833 2017-11-14 14:06:28 0 days 00:14:48 6554947 0 arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] frontier border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign -
810320431 810341648 2017-11-14 17:57:15 0 days 02:38:21 6554947 0 > one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch was apprehended while and three other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall and was later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the strip . < ref >
810341648 810344262 2017-11-14 18:16:34 0 days 00:19:19 6554947 0 one notable exception to the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and three four other defectors were standing inside the strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 2 into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on outside the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign -
4 other defectors were standing inside the outer strip defacing the wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer
814620671 814621118 2017-12-09 22:55:25 0 days 00:03:24 6554947 0 foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . the area just outside the wall is < i > de jure < / i > eastern bloc territory . 1984 . ]] [[ file : structure of berlin wall . svg | thumb
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 0 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . <
2 the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard , so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 3 2009 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref name = " berlin wall 2009 " > ' ' rise and fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd
822507011 823238815 2018-01-31 01:46:26 4 days 06:04:21 32940610 2 gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation
824097451 824236669 2018-02-06 03:32:45 0 days 18:46:15 30782622 0 and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 4 was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped death strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of using it as a green belt
14 bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble was produced . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ citation
18 . php4 ? template = mauerinfos _ de history of berlin wlal ] . < / ref > = = = berliner mauerweg = = = a few months after the opening of the border on 9 november 1989 , the first measures for the dismantling of the berlin wall began , which had become superfluous with the economic and monetary union of both german states on 1 july 1990 and the complete abolition of border controls . in the following years , the barriers were dismantled almost the entire length . the along the wall running postweg the gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg
20 gdr border troops was then freely accessible on almost the entire length . soon after the fall of the berlin wall there were initiatives by environmentalists and cycling associations to preserve and renaturate the open spaces on the undeveloped strip of the berlin wall . the postenweg should become a hiking and cycling path around berlin . tree planting campaigns symbolized the idea of
23 after before an interruption of the way at this point had been feared . at the intersection with the dresdener bahn near lichtenrade , on the other hand , there is still no possibility of crossing , so that a longer detour over partially paved roads is necessary . the german railways justified the lack of crossing possibility with the words : " this wall is not a legally established way , which we have to consider as a crossing . " in 2012 , the landtag of brandenburg , decided up to 250 , 000 euros for the construction of an underpass under the railway in this area to provide , however , their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 1 ]] , it came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . ref > before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected
12 km | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin in
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 7 the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 9 the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ citation needed | date < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 = april 2017 }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october
10 ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 < / ref > }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the
826247392 826247448 2018-02-18 02:11:36 0 days 00:00:35 32940610 0 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 58 all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title name = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location
119 the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 189 - 190 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution
837089893 837372486 2018-04-20 12:27:41 1 days 19:19:05 27577674 0 ; < ref name = " ineuropa " / > it offered no cover ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . about 45 . 1 kilometres of the wall are at the centre strips of berlin , and 112 . 7 kilometres crossing through the berlin outer circle . 63 . 8 & nbsp ; km of the frontier were in built , 32 & nbsp ; km in wooded and 22 . 65 & nbsp ; km in open terrain and 37 . 95 & nbsp ; km of the boundary lay in or on rivers , lakes and canals . most of them were dismantled beginning with the wall peckers as souvenirs from 11 november 1989 , then dismantling the metal mesh fence along the death strip all the way until 22 december 1989 . observation towers began to be dismantled all the way till april 1990 . dismantling of the wall is shown at the below mentioned section ( [[ berlin wall # demolition | demolition ]] . some of them were sold for scrap including the anti - tank wall , normal walls were sent to storage area in the southern part of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : < ref name = " thoughtco . com " > https : / / www . thoughtco . com
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 8 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | date = 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 10 / ref > = = ' ' " ich bin ein berliner " ' ' and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy
11 de berlín en fátima ( 4592089636 ) . jpg | thumb | segment of the berlin wall in the [[ sanctuary of fátima ]] , [[ portugal ]] ]] {{ main article | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have been given to various
847210589 847250702 2018-06-23 23:42:01 0 days 05:50:45 7611264 0 ]] , it came to symbolize physically the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] during the [[ cold war ]] . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > < ref name = " cnn . com " > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected
849362847 851056229 2018-07-19 19:22:47 11 days 06:07:12 6726022 0 and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall was produced by the demolition . unofficially , the demolition of the [[ bornholmer straße ]] began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and -
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40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 8 scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] s , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty
22 it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ]] s , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 3 < / ref > < ref > {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date
6 by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 -
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 19 as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980
20 stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] ,
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 19 as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , <
20 " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref
44901085 45389421 2006-03-25 07:45:29 3 days 03:46:51 433328 0 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
2 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 2 as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980
11 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
16 scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref
17 . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty
18 reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 21 transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways useable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ;
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 24 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of illegal emigration ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > [[ < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http :
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 15 as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980
16 stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] ,
73605688 73698506 2006-09-04 04:46:59 0 days 10:49:25 170745 0 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top
1 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
74099174 74099675 2006-09-06 08:53:07 0 days 00:04:31 169140 0 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of
86760196 86761110 2006-11-09 18:26:16 0 days 00:04:44 0|206.158.3.70 4 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . it was demolished because it was soooooooo boring and no one wanted to go see it and they rather go like eat some food or drink beer and stuff . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > <
86761963 86762343 2006-11-09 18:32:46 0 days 00:01:53 441020 5 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . it was demolished because it was soooooooo boring and no one wanted to go see it and they rather go like eat some food or drink beer and stuff . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > <
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 9 ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate =
12 berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23
13 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , ]] [[ 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < /
14 ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref
128044131 128044281 2007-05-03 20:32:24 0 days 00:00:32 0|69.125.136.170 1 go to the bath room = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed sarge about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from
129555771 129555882 2007-05-09 16:41:30 0 days 00:00:24 0|204.129.158.10 6 all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons a roller coaster again . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 0 html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm |
153248597 153250129 2007-08-23 23:56:14 0 days 00:09:30 0|130.126.39.142 0 berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , . " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a mythical [[
153250129 153257087 2007-08-24 00:36:34 0 days 00:40:20 715870 0 berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart . , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > an iconic symbol of
153326548 153394593 2007-08-24 18:14:49 0 days 08:46:02 715870 0 day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ]
158397610 158482373 2007-09-17 12:35:28 0 days 11:24:51 0|193.164.114.4 0 ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective proctive rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a
158482373 158482428 2007-09-17 12:35:53 0 days 00:00:25 4286360 0 ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist proctive protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 21 , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart sterling , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[
22 stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily criticized , her idea demonstrates the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations . social and legal considerations main article : sociology of gender forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism . notably , some businesses , public institutions , and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another , or they may require different sexes to be physically separated . recently , western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality . see also look up sex in wiktionary , the free dictionary . evolution of sex human sexuality list of gender names mammalian gestation sexual differentiation sexual dysfunction sex ratio sexual intercourse age of consent references ^ evolution with three sexes . university of british columbia . retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 4 and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was
10 the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 3 and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was
10 and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall
12 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]]
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 1 = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed who died trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref
2 = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http :
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 1 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]]
186663944 186732530 2008-01-25 02:35:38 0 days 05:40:34 0|71.223.167.1 0 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 5 " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall ref > / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb
226438015 227057942 2008-07-21 19:49:08 3 days 06:59:12 6085301 0 orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials have denied exist . < ref name = kill " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm |
1 when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill " autogenerated1 " / > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm |
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 150 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm |
152 berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02
153 {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref
230777585 231070132 2008-08-10 19:03:42 1 days 09:57:22 0|68.223.184.198 0 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to taylor official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 .
231070132 231070273 2008-08-10 19:04:27 0 days 00:00:45 2306142 0 bot generated title --> ] < / ref > during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to taylor official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 .
231330152 231331197 2008-08-11 23:09:03 0 days 00:06:17 911178 0 " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id /
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 5 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron happy curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 5 days , from the day construction began on august 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the happy iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 1 west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . contradict < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom !
4 , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] ' ' ' the muppets ' ' ' are a group of [[ puppet ]] characters created by [[ jim henson ]] . individually , a muppet is one of the puppets made by jim henson or his [[ the jim henson company | company ' s workshop ]] . although the term is often used erroneously to refer to any [[ puppet ]] that resembles the distinctive style of ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters , the term is both an informal name and legal [[ trademark ]] linked to the characters created by henson . the word " muppet " itself was said by henson to have been created by combining the words " [[ marionette ]] " and " puppet " ; however , henson was also known to have stated that it was just something he liked the sound of , and he made up the " marionette / puppet " story while talking to a journalist because it sounded plausible . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics -
5 wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east {{ cite web | url = http : / / muppet . wikicities . com / wiki / marionette _ and _ puppet | title = marionette and puppet | publisher = muppet wiki }} < / ref > after earlier unsuccessful attempts , [[ the walt disney company ]] bought the muppets in 2004 . < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html
19 after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be not defended except with nuclear weapons . videoid = 129336 & < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961
51 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
191453299 191453321 2008-02-14 17:25:39 0 days 00:00:07 3369647 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 250px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers
195987434 196053252 2008-03-05 15:48:29 0 days 08:59:18 0|84.12.55.2 1 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . ¬¬¬ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196053859 196054243 2008-03-05 15:53:39 0 days 00:02:00 6227797 2 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . ¬¬¬ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196351478 196444249 2008-03-07 02:36:10 0 days 06:54:34 0|76.168.218.88 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . hiu = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196444249 196444310 2008-03-07 02:36:27 0 days 00:00:17 2766867 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hiu = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . according to ' ' documents on berlin , 1943 - 1963 ' ' , between 1949 and the end of 1960 , over 2 . 66 million east germans had fled to the west ( pg . 361 ) . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 11 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197298614 197711528 2008-03-12 13:27:26 1 days 18:03:11 0|208.32.18.243 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > i farted = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197711528 197716228 2008-03-12 13:55:15 0 days 00:27:49 5717 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > i farted = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
197716228 197723011 2008-03-12 14:33:43 0 days 00:38:28 3505251 1 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although travel between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
199057868 199068712 2008-03-18 12:26:26 0 days 01:25:30 0|208.108.154.93 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . hi ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
199068712 199068719 2008-03-18 12:26:30 0 days 00:00:04 4928500 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . hi ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
201207548 201207652 2008-03-27 01:14:00 0 days 00:00:30 0|41.233.103.133 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
201207652 201208461 2008-03-27 01:17:50 0 days 00:03:50 3622922 1 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
201855946 202125951 2008-03-30 19:58:57 1 days 01:48:56 0|76.104.54.6 4 to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 3 [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202719369 202722337 2008-04-02 04:07:44 0 days 00:19:22 0|75.157.50.81 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . wogi bogi = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202722337 202724227 2008-04-02 04:21:42 0 days 00:13:58 3622922 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . wogi bogi = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202724324 202757101 2008-04-02 08:12:33 0 days 03:50:18 0|58.166.89.66 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
202757101 202827564 2008-04-02 16:17:17 0 days 08:04:44 3622922 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203166714 203166894 2008-04-03 23:29:40 0 days 00:00:54 0|74.75.94.117 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fucking chuffa = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203166894 203166960 2008-04-03 23:29:56 0 days 00:00:16 6401397 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . fucking chuffa = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203166960 203167170 2008-04-03 23:30:56 0 days 00:01:00 0|74.75.94.117 3 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 4 fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203261340 203261588 2008-04-04 10:58:01 0 days 00:01:46 0|87.33.62.141 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203261718 203261801 2008-04-04 11:00:00 0 days 00:00:52 0|87.33.62.141 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fat cunt = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
203261801 203261815 2008-04-04 11:00:11 0 days 00:00:11 4015543 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . fat cunt = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210368707 210598916 2008-05-06 16:37:44 0 days 23:06:12 0|204.186.234.250 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . i love my mommy = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210598916 210598950 2008-05-06 16:37:52 0 days 00:00:08 5792322 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . i love my mommy = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210598950 210599301 2008-05-06 16:39:38 0 days 00:01:46 0|204.186.234.250 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . sjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii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= = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
210599301 210599324 2008-05-06 16:39:45 0 days 00:00:07 4928500 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . sjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiisjfiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii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= = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237252350 237254360 2008-09-09 10:30:20 0 days 00:15:52 0|219.90.228.180 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237254360 237254375 2008-09-09 10:30:27 0 days 00:00:07 1395162 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237419988 237420560 2008-09-10 02:38:55 0 days 00:03:53 7823276 2 - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east german government constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 3 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 11 agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . erosion = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 11 . alsothe berlin wall is falling apart now and it is sad to see it all crumbled even parts of it are completely gone from people bouncing up and down and erosion west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237592256 237592653 2008-09-10 22:33:57 0 days 00:02:15 0|76.101.200.188 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . suck a wee - wee ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237592653 237592684 2008-09-10 22:34:08 0 days 00:00:11 1395162 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . suck a wee - wee ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237717024 237717240 2008-09-11 14:32:29 0 days 00:01:18 0|65.43.198.120 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . sam was here ~ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
237727651 237730525 2008-09-11 15:42:56 0 days 00:14:24 0|163.1.149.137 0 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . sam was here ~ = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 17 - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
246467287 246467509 2008-10-20 10:00:00 0 days 00:01:51 0|58.107.178.14 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . phail ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
246467841 246474655 2008-10-20 11:06:02 0 days 01:03:26 0|124.191.9.47 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
246474655 246474803 2008-10-20 11:07:21 0 days 00:01:19 1398 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248212563 248232882 2008-10-28 17:44:08 0 days 01:49:26 0|92.235.242.94 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . a kid searched this and din ' t understand it isn ' t that good ! x = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248232882 248235009 2008-10-28 17:55:20 0 days 00:11:12 5177550 1 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . a kid searched this and din ' t understand it isn ' t that good ! x = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248235009 248312085 2008-10-29 00:25:31 0 days 06:30:11 0|67.8.76.107 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . this is gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248312085 248312104 2008-10-29 00:25:40 0 days 00:00:09 1667683 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . this is gay = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248423012 248550123 2008-10-30 03:35:04 0 days 11:37:02 0|71.129.38.195 1 . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
248550123 248551311 2008-10-30 03:44:11 0 days 00:09:07 3689445 3 it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was pretty ! ! ! ! ! ! divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258364484 258372679 2008-12-16 15:55:23 0 days 00:54:04 0|75.70.205.58 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . hi people = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258372679 258372702 2008-12-16 15:55:37 0 days 00:00:14 7566789 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . hi people = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258398465 258399078 2008-12-16 18:27:46 0 days 00:03:12 8440996 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1989 the berlin wall colapsed which helped cause a flat world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
258399078 258399099 2008-12-16 18:27:53 0 days 00:00:07 2372780 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1989 the berlin wall colapsed which helped cause a flat world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
265707979 265792339 2009-01-22 22:11:08 0 days 07:29:19 0|38.116.202.94 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 12 the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 11 barrier was closed . guards were under strict orders to shoot anyone trying to get over to the other side . , over 200 innocent people were killed this way . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
273103350 273165762 2009-02-25 10:48:59 0 days 08:21:42 0|193.172.26.226 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . joden ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
273165762 273165768 2009-02-25 10:49:05 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . joden ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275036583 275070666 2009-03-05 01:56:17 0 days 02:46:31 0|99.145.18.73 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275070666 275070764 2009-03-05 01:56:48 0 days 00:00:31 97951 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . . . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275173185 275204500 2009-03-05 17:31:56 0 days 02:41:24 0|216.14.228.38 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . kevin loves weiner ! ! ! and some sloppy jalopy , and some thunda strap = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
275204500 275204795 2009-03-05 17:33:48 0 days 00:01:52 3190204 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . kevin loves weiner ! ! ! and some sloppy jalopy , and some thunda strap = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
276379143 276379297 2009-03-10 22:21:08 0 days 00:00:42 0|202.150.99.134 0 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . i love you montell i love you montell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
276379297 276379329 2009-03-10 22:21:16 0 days 00:00:08 1879647 1 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . i love you montell i love you montell = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 2 germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets passed a law transferring control over civilian access in berlin to east germany , which officially abdicated them for direct responsibility of matters therein , while passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > when large numbers of east germans then defected under the guise of " visits " , the new east german state essentially eliminated all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving easter germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which east bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totalled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
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10365915 10406521 2005-02-17 20:18:45 0 days 00:42:19 44727 2 the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four
51848752 51927725 2006-05-07 03:30:21 0 days 10:40:35 0|134.48.165.202 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . united states president ronald regan played a humungous role in the " fall of the berlin wall " . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
51927725 51928692 2006-05-07 03:38:24 0 days 00:08:03 767514 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . united states president ronald regan played a humungous role in the " fall of the berlin wall " . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
77998390 78107608 2006-09-27 14:33:25 0 days 15:28:56 0|204.122.253.240 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = riddle = = what if a baby is born on the berlin wall ? where is it from ? = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
78107608 78107896 2006-09-27 14:35:15 0 days 00:01:50 142220 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = riddle = = what if a baby is born on the berlin wall ? where is it from ? = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . jesus . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . jesus . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
104156137 104347998 2007-01-30 16:01:13 0 days 19:49:57 3399845 3 were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] wall with his head . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
104347998 104367345 2007-01-30 17:39:18 0 days 01:38:05 2077184 3 , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by juggernaut from the x - men , as he rammed through the wall with his head first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
113273294 113334386 2007-03-07 15:54:57 0 days 07:32:17 0|65.1.6.32 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . [ img ] http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg [ / img ] = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113334386 113334424 2007-03-07 15:55:06 0 days 00:00:09 2654847 1 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . [ img ] http : / / i175 . photobucket . com / albums / w142 / aswnut / peanut . jpg [ / img ] = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113700927 113720783 2007-03-09 01:12:20 0 days 01:28:40 0|24.251.130.168 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was one of japan ' s worst things that ever happended to them . the japanese all died . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
113720783 113721501 2007-03-09 01:15:51 0 days 00:03:31 2198470 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the berlin wall was one of japan ' s worst things that ever happended to them . the japanese all died . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
121573836 121815930 2007-04-10 23:58:00 0 days 22:34:01 0|71.251.78.138 5 service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . > = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
121815930 121816065 2007-04-10 23:58:38 0 days 00:00:38 1587622 8 prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . jauan is a dumbass fuck the berlin wall asshole > > > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war
131436845 131436990 2007-05-17 01:14:01 0 days 00:00:39 0|71.48.127.221 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas .
131437128 131437212 2007-05-17 01:15:13 0 days 00:00:29 302522 5 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . black power = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] niggaz rule muthafuckas .
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 8 to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]]
142514453 144205776 2007-07-12 16:14:10 7 days 20:53:32 0|71.247.128.158 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end
144205776 144205863 2007-07-12 16:14:45 0 days 00:00:35 0|71.247.128.158 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end
154511088 155319953 2007-09-03 01:14:47 3 days 23:07:00 0|71.122.210.90 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . sex = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
155319953 155368689 2007-09-03 07:34:14 0 days 06:19:27 0|142.165.77.7 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . sex = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world
183023808 183108189 2008-01-09 03:50:28 0 days 07:05:57 0|72.70.120.222 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 march 15 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 1988 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183108189 183108939 2008-01-09 03:55:28 0 days 00:05:00 0|71.232.128.61 1 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ march 15 october 3 ]] [[ 1988 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
2 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ march 15 ]] [[ 1988 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183108939 183109311 2008-01-09 03:58:10 0 days 00:02:42 0|72.70.120.222 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 january 9 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 1965 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109311 183109422 2008-01-09 03:58:53 0 days 00:00:43 0|72.70.120.222 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 ]] [[ 1965 1955 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109422 183109767 2008-01-09 04:01:15 0 days 00:02:22 162210 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 october 3 ]] [[ 1955 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ january 9 ]] [[ 1955 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109767 183109949 2008-01-09 04:02:27 0 days 00:01:12 0|72.70.120.222 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 francesca ' s ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
1 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 gay ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
183109949 183110157 2008-01-09 04:03:46 0 days 00:01:19 162210 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ francesca ' s october 3 ]] [[ gay ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof
1 the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ francesca ' s ]] [[ gay 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain ,
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 7 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 5 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 7 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 5 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 2 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ , 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
22 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as
23 the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
233812027 233916638 2008-08-24 11:43:29 0 days 13:36:43 7706949 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . an alternative story to the creation of the berlin wall that is not very well known and has been dismissed by numerous scholars is that the berlin wall was created during an epic battle of [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / tron _ ( film ) tron ] between adolf hitler and alun king . the berlin wall was the wall that king shat out of his vehicle , and the brandenburg gate marks the place of impact for hitler and his ultimate demise . this is how hitler actually died , engaged in a heated tron battle . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
233916638 233916986 2008-08-24 11:46:30 0 days 00:03:01 377396 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . an alternative story to the creation of the berlin wall that is not very well known and has been dismissed by numerous scholars is that the berlin wall was created during an epic battle of [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / tron _ ( film ) tron ] between adolf hitler and alun king . the berlin wall was the wall that king shat out of his vehicle , and the brandenburg gate marks the place of impact for hitler and his ultimate demise . this is how hitler actually died , engaged in a heated tron battle . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
240572171 240734559 2008-09-24 19:49:47 0 days 19:24:02 0|67.191.11.141 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 4 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
240734559 240735201 2008-09-24 19:53:18 0 days 00:03:31 911178 0 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 4 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1946 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 6 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
248618478 248619037 2008-10-30 14:29:35 0 days 00:03:40 0|217.42.107.75 1 rest of it . the fall of the great wall of china paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 6 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 34 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 11 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 7 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
12 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 8 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 7 3 , 1991 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
9 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 7 , 1991 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1955 .
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 2 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 2009 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 2 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 2009 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
271560704 271630409 2009-02-18 19:11:38 0 days 06:28:06 0|65.79.248.113 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . ' ' ' [[ bold text ]] [ = = http : / / www . example . com link title = = [[ file : [[ media : example . jpg ]] < math > < nowiki > insert formula here < / nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - - # redirect [[ < s > target page name < / s > < br / > < sup > < sub > superscript text < / sub > < small > < gallery > small text < / gallery > < gallery > < blockquote > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / blockquote > { | class = " wikitable " border = " 1 " | < ref > - ! header 1 ! header 2 ! header 3 | - | row 1 , cell 1 | row 1 , cell 2 | row 1 , cell 3 | - | row 2 , cell 1 | row 2 , cell 2 | row 2 , cell 3 < / ref > | } < / gallery > < / small > < / sup > ]] < / math > ]] ] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
273667722 273674256 2009-02-27 15:56:35 0 days 00:34:13 9091630 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
273674565 273674705 2009-02-27 15:59:03 0 days 00:00:44 4666642 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by santa vii , who resided in hampshire , uk . he was a gay man who liked to eat dead , mutilated animals . in the 1950 ' s it was used by retards who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
274315302 274322212 2009-03-02 02:37:47 0 days 00:30:41 0|71.217.202.193 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
274322212 274328124 2009-03-02 03:04:29 0 days 00:26:42 0|64.92.142.206 3 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . 2067 kkk = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
274331907 274344223 2009-03-02 04:30:16 0 days 01:07:26 0|67.165.36.36 0 almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 2067 kkk 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 2001 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 2008 . the
277119282 277132095 2009-03-14 05:57:04 0 days 01:33:48 0|58.172.9.133 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = the background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east
277132095 277132148 2009-03-14 05:57:30 0 days 00:00:26 0|58.172.9.133 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = the background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east
280576244 280625910 2009-03-30 11:26:09 0 days 07:02:28 0|87.38.134.112 3 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 2009 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
280625910 280626722 2009-03-30 11:32:07 0 days 00:05:58 3505251 2 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 2009 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 8 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947
296787393 296787974 2009-06-16 17:03:57 0 days 00:03:26 0|71.187.249.58 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 33 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
1 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 2099 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
296787974 296788035 2009-06-16 17:04:22 0 days 00:00:25 6681090 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 33 3 october 2099 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 ,
1 remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 33 october 2099 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
306233278 306295438 2009-08-05 22:49:30 0 days 06:10:55 9487683 0 all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer schutzwall }} ) . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the
306295438 306295642 2009-08-05 22:50:42 0 days 00:01:12 9487683 0 referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 .
310493352 310493478 2009-08-28 04:58:53 0 days 00:01:22 0|24.4.124.83 0 used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21
1 to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947
311620727 311806027 2009-09-04 09:31:28 1 days 01:04:00 0|217.34.202.189 1 was later used to remove almost the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 9 used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , ]] , [[ 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 0 to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ , 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 63 used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained
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15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 47 . ) = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] as
19932121 19932234 2005-07-30 18:02:27 0 days 00:02:01 0|84.166.136.157 0 communist bloc and particularly the soviet union , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ bild image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 450px | position and course of the belrin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]]
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 17 soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
40785084 40814212 2006-02-23 04:37:43 0 days 04:17:05 386031 0 the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = construction berlin is seperated = = = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
1 wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = immediate response = = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989
40900572 40901025 2006-02-23 19:47:05 0 days 00:03:54 89179 0 ]] . if the allies challenged the barbed - wire barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = berlin is seperated construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 425px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints
40965017 40975096 2006-02-24 05:36:33 0 days 01:40:53 304316 1 | east ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge
2 ]] and west berlin for a period of twenty - eight years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history _ of _ germany _ since _ 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of
65633547 66079192 2006-07-27 02:02:21 2 days 04:22:24 0|202.89.36.170 9 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . xxxxxxxx [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
66079192 66079583 2006-07-27 02:05:14 0 days 00:02:53 416594 12 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . xxxxxxxx [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
71739362 71923272 2006-08-26 01:36:47 0 days 21:56:24 0|218.101.123.90 0 failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city citys . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963
71923272 71923367 2006-08-26 01:37:32 0 days 00:00:45 0|218.101.123.90 0 failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the citys city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963
82692252 82749727 2006-10-21 03:07:49 0 days 06:22:02 539606 2 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti & death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip
85506823 85507378 2006-11-03 17:48:19 0 days 00:03:07 0|84.177.194.94 2 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267368 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall
92184997 92185265 2006-12-05 08:32:56 0 days 00:03:06 0|80.208.142.253 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . ahmad sofia ta ta taia [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
92185548 92186033 2006-12-05 08:40:28 0 days 00:04:39 302522 2 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . ahmad sofia ta ta taia [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 8 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . jesus . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 8 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . jesus . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
109896077 110013620 2007-02-22 06:34:31 0 days 09:48:04 0|71.131.32.207 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
110013620 110029529 2007-02-22 08:56:30 0 days 02:21:59 302522 0 of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]]
111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 8 . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was
11 berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " '
146920623 146972230 2007-07-25 11:34:29 0 days 07:16:57 1624237 2 paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially
194824075 194824371 2008-02-29 03:55:40 0 days 00:01:46 3622922 0 communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - west side graffiti ; " eventually every wall falls " . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall .
214855602 214991201 2008-05-26 06:08:19 0 days 13:45:18 1022055 2 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 8 after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the
9 under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of
336829512 336831441 2010-01-09 17:49:45 0 days 00:11:53 10141256 4 sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]]
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 8 police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance through residential areas in berlin : {{ convert | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[
9 }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e km | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments
10 cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall distance : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * column track distance : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]]
506362125 506391596 2012-08-08 13:37:36 0 days 04:59:17 1749498 0 on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall ,
515867543 518733755 2012-10-19 17:13:15 15 days 18:52:54 2705932 1 ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long - terminated [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . | image _ map = berlin - wall - map . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall ,
575032069 575047845 2013-09-29 20:48:17 0 days 02:18:48 1108424 0 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip "
1 s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 1 treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of
12 | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s
13 berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth (
16 ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top
17 teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the
27 berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied -
28 you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _
577726713 578192175 2013-10-22 00:51:09 3 days 08:58:25 13799985 3 file : west and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner
580957869 581167329 2013-11-11 10:59:15 1 days 12:38:46 1469567 0 and east berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} )
3 american sector ]] [[ file : road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between
4 file : road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 0 ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east
700030765 700067540 2016-01-16 05:21:17 0 days 06:00:32 14508071 4 - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song
5 - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 3 of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title }} | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | border length
group 54
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13553729 13625838 2005-05-11 12:12:18 0 days 14:49:30 224194 0 # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 12 # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; & # 3591 ; & # 3648 ; & # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
33943074 34051471 2006-01-06 01:33:23 0 days 19:04:47 271058 0 zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
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49652318 50456210 2006-04-27 18:18:03 4 days 20:53:53 735354 0 berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
97153866 97468702 2006-12-31 03:48:27 1 days 11:28:31 575307 0 berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
113088171 113088445 2007-03-06 16:38:20 0 days 00:03:15 0|206.123.204.226 2 ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh
151366024 151601404 2007-08-16 13:39:49 1 days 02:24:34 1225654 0 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[
234445357 234566811 2008-08-27 14:04:20 0 days 15:55:44 6986250 0 зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 91 : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri muppetit ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[
92 : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]]
119 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 91 ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna berlinmuren ]]
92 ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 91 : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri muppetit ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[
92 : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]]
119 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 91 ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna berlinmuren ]]
92 ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
311083982 311127689 2009-08-31 18:52:44 0 days 04:33:02 3171782 0 múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur
496328462 496565758 2012-06-08 08:33:04 1 days 12:16:34 5570079 0 szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding pader ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı
group 55
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58814173 58814260 2006-06-15 19:42:56 0 days 00:00:28 0|70.28.201.133 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 - 1961 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
58814260 58821996 2006-06-15 20:25:47 0 days 00:42:51 157842 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 - 11 - 20 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development
113088445 113088743 2007-03-06 16:40:46 0 days 00:02:26 0|206.123.204.226 1 berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 i hate you keaton | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 2 [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] hi keaton ! ! ! | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 i hate you keaton | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book
114856947 114892736 2007-03-13 21:11:02 0 days 02:30:33 0|204.187.23.125 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] * more german pictures [ http : / / www . tubgirl . com ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold
114892736 114892766 2007-03-13 21:11:10 0 days 00:00:08 2654847 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] * more german pictures [ http : / / www . tubgirl . com ] - - - - {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold
123830148 123849129 2007-04-18 16:58:40 0 days 01:17:26 302522 0 respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - 9468 - 4 = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 0 [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = alex is really dumb = divergence of german states = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 (
9 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - - = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader mat wood approved by soviet leader bainca
19 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 : 37 , 9 may 2007 ( utc ) = = alex is really dumb = = - - [[ user : 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 | 204 . 129 . 158 . 10 ]] 16 :
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 1 ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . < ref name = kill bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} <
2 cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref
7 web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc news | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 80 = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first =
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 53 news stories from wikinews learning resources from wikiversity francoeur , robert t . ( ed . ) , the international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , {{ fact | date = august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality
54 atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the night of [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic sabotage caused by dual currency and the black market was largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . {{ cquote | on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a totalitarianist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the totalitarians had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinead o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , and fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . moreover , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by
55 full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = {{ weasel words }} even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university
203261588 203261700 2008-04-04 10:59:02 0 days 00:01:01 0|87.33.62.141 0 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[
203261700 203261718 2008-04-04 10:59:08 0 days 00:00:06 4928500 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . = = = barrier between east and west germany = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and west berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the eastern and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - - - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall
1 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - 11 - - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and
2 german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . willy willy washer ( o ) ( o ) ( oo ) - - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 miles ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - - - = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 5 = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | right | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the
254999894 255064232 2008-11-30 21:29:49 0 days 06:39:11 7903804 0 title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id isbn = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the
2 the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall
272476022 272476848 2009-02-22 11:47:09 0 days 00:04:40 0|93.132.133.36 0 ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }}
2 http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | year = 2004 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 24 cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that
25 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist
321105598 321121389 2009-10-21 02:31:24 0 days 01:56:15 835543 0 , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < / ref > [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint
322274629 322275480 2009-10-27 03:24:07 0 days 00:06:32 82982 0 of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }}
1 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < /
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 1 ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow green ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 1 ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in green yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories
325433528 325433622 2009-11-12 13:40:26 0 days 00:00:48 0|190.92.6.182 0 - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] ' ' ' | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east
344187198 344485310 2010-02-16 21:49:11 1 days 10:53:53 3171782 0 : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 71 = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford
355187838 355500810 2010-04-12 08:25:16 1 days 13:24:08 487310 0 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ image file : berlinwall - brandenburggate - 1989 - nov - 09 . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] on
360919529 361094254 2010-05-09 15:16:56 0 days 23:13:34 0|173.2.218.46 0 ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert aslx ; vjosd ; uopgfsdjvgofordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < /
361094254 361098453 2010-05-09 15:48:18 0 days 00:31:22 262550 0 ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , aslx ; vjosd ; uopgfsdjvgofordert as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ bon jovi ]] , [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < /
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 14 / world / 2007 - 06 - 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 13 . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin
20 = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 12 august 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit
21 http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - | accessdate = 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to -
30 12 - reagan - speech _ n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]]
36 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = "
38 . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{
42 co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > =
46 / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 26 november 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the
49 www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the
54 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 9 april 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref
56 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november
59 / en / 4 _ 2 . php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - – 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} <
60 php ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 23 july 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of
65 / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 13 june 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary
95 http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall
128 . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 11 / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " the wall street journal . < / ref > [[ image file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[
16 the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 22 december 1989 . [[ image file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east
498957428 499054497 2012-06-23 23:05:19 0 days 14:55:22 4905985 0 | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin _ wall _ ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] called [[ east side gallery ]]
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 6 world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | publisher agency = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url
7 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | publisher = ap associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 3 - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 30 may 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building
5 berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the
9 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 9 april 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe .
17 / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant
19 berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main
54 marks - 50th - anniversary - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / /
55 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history .
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 6 visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . [[ file : berlin wall 1990 . file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at
27 it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 6 com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 19 april 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds '
633040519 633043240 2014-11-09 02:46:03 0 days 00:30:07 10340692 0 multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from ( 1961 to 1990 ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a
1 media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to - 1990 ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of
2 of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle of the
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 22 wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | almost all of the remaining sections were rapidly chipped away . december 1990 . file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | west germans peer at east german border guards through
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 6 {{ cite book | last = crozier | first = brian | date = 1999 | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | page pages = 170 - 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{
7 | last = crozier | first = brian | date = 1999 | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = forum | page = 170 - – 171 | isbn = 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ wiktionary | berlin
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 15 media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall ( 1961 - – 1990 ) ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] - a chronicle
774997751 774997908 2017-04-12 00:09:36 0 days 00:01:30 204692 1 21 / entertainment / ca - 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = la los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]]
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 5 413 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 21 november 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
7 / uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 6 february 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]]
782699210 782774870 2017-05-29 02:55:58 0 days 10:24:10 30707369 0 freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , {{ isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons
1 elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn | 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside
3 < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , {{ isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to
4 ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn | 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin
6 the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , {{ isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany
7 global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn | 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]]
9 proved particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild
10 particularly useful . < ref > crozier , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183
12 , hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . {{ isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb |
13 hans - hermann ( 2008 ) . ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn | 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | |
15 , [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . {{ isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow '
16 [ http : / / www . pearsoned . co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn | 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s
18 . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , {{ isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 ,
19 uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first
21 david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) {{ isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the
22 , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn | 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall
23 ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 }} , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman
24 s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , {{ isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman .
25 german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn | 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn
27 isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . {{ isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history /
28 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp
30 ( 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . {{ isbn 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m /
31 1991 ) ' ' germany in the twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn | 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east
33 / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . {{ isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org /
34 ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn | 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search
35 _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 }} , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a %
36 the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , {{ isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs
37 _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn | 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs %
39 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . {{ isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books
40 none --> }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn | 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books ,
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 2 / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 11 november 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file :
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 53 of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - – 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 -
66 wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " / > | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency ,
112 | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east
115 | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began
118 opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency ,
851685920 851852657 2018-07-25 01:13:29 1 days 02:16:37 558022 0 . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : aerial view of divided berlin . webm | thumb | right | 200px | aerial footage of the wall as filmed by the [[ cia ]] in 1961 ]] [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb | east german [[ combat groups of the
group 56
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 2 di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
7790644 7828097 2004-11-23 20:44:56 3 days 08:03:49 116385 4 : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & #
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 3 ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531
23449664 23670283 2005-09-21 11:45:42 3 days 03:55:41 271058 0 gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru
69484267 69872409 2006-08-15 19:57:34 1 days 19:27:28 0|62.168.181.251 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 67 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 58 . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
59 that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
60 also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 67 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 58 . that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
59 that too . = = see also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ category : history of germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] {{ link fa | de }} {{ link fa | fr }} {{ link fa | el }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
60 also = = * < s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 67 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro :
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 85 बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin החבובות ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt :
86 mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur muppets ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 83 saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet muro di berlino ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the
84 muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi :
85 muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv :
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 85 बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin החבובות ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt :
86 mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur muppets ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 83 saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet muro di berlino ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the
84 muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi :
85 muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv :
522225975 522266850 2012-11-10 01:45:02 0 days 05:47:38 11020855 0 ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nah : berlin pāntli ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur de berlin ]] [[ pnb :
group 57
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774894 794829 2003-03-25 12:08:24 0 days 15:45:48 0|62.253.64.7 0 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically
1 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners , at friedrichstrasse ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 9 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east - germany and the main part of west - germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 4 people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . also additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( [[ ddr border system ]] ) . = = the years
7053303 7075809 2004-11-02 10:04:22 0 days 14:07:00 0|62.214.27.246 4 orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences and walls ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . bmp | thumb | 250px | left | the
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 18 orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 25 [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]] on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named [[ phonetic
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 39 ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 41 west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in 1952 , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 15 west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely among all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed , movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open . around 2
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 11 guard ' s superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it eventually became clear that there was little way to hold back these huge numbers crowd of east german citizens as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back
15066593 15077566 2005-06-12 13:50:16 0 days 04:48:31 156968 2 491 vehicles and trailers containing 1500 men , divided into 5 march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to helmstadt [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 100 miles long , and covered 110 miles from marienborn to berlin
22753298 22800912 2005-09-07 22:29:07 0 days 16:45:32 36204 0 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every wall falls down ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 4 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 4 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 6 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 6 one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit
40378504 40459448 2006-02-20 18:39:58 0 days 14:44:59 386031 1 was a long [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain remained open . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany |
2 barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east germany ]] . germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , and only in berlin did the border remain open in [[ berlin ]] . the border between east and west berlin was temporarily sealed on [[ 17 june ]] , [[ 1953 ]] during the [[ uprising of 1953 in east germany | 17
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 67 mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released & mdash ; for a price & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations where
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 14 work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . one of the locations location where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 3 in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards tolerated became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes more and more . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall
57040826 57243206 2006-06-06 21:05:19 1 days 02:00:04 300188 6 and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there used to be were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 6 market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of
71084944 71157100 2006-08-22 12:32:56 0 days 10:37:45 416054 0 ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for
86763704 86797563 2006-11-09 21:19:44 0 days 02:40:20 429625 0 soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while
1 " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany
89073664 89081321 2006-11-20 20:51:17 0 days 00:39:42 0|209.189.130.41 0 citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east down under germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration
89164714 89217707 2006-11-21 12:10:19 0 days 07:41:07 617480 0 citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to down under germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration
92402213 92580978 2006-12-07 00:18:00 0 days 18:30:19 0|65.1.22.233 0 , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west east berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = =
92580978 92585081 2006-12-07 00:38:00 0 days 00:20:00 1008387 0 , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via east west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i
93817040 93876815 2006-12-12 19:37:36 0 days 04:55:33 0|158.123.252.2 4 / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on because the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr
95349461 95481558 2006-12-20 08:21:44 0 days 13:51:07 0|84.64.31.22 1 mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]]
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 24 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chuck e . cheese . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
27 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . nymphs . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 24 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chuck e . cheese . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
27 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . nymphs . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 13 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s -
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 6 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
115804646 115804866 2007-03-17 15:50:50 0 days 00:01:10 54809 13 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s -
118635394 118639947 2007-03-28 23:11:07 0 days 00:19:40 0|65.24.114.248 11 of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west northern berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed
12 to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the
118654236 118657778 2007-03-29 00:33:26 0 days 00:17:42 911178 10 significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern west berlin led to germany destroying the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = = = proposed
11 freedoms and economic prosperity . ( removal of inaccurate racist rubbish ) the flight of growing numbers of northwestern germans to non - democratic countries via northern berlin led to germany destroying erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further shananagans . = = = proposed barrier = = = the
123170811 123238927 2007-04-16 13:17:16 0 days 08:22:23 0|24.73.99.18 1 its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin potatoes led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier
123239534 123239676 2007-04-16 13:21:00 0 days 00:00:43 238308 3 its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west potatoes berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier
123951114 124129045 2007-04-19 17:12:29 0 days 17:13:20 0|72.243.172.178 6 capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became
129554675 129554933 2007-05-09 16:37:49 0 days 00:01:02 0|204.129.158.10 12 ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest
138934785 139463187 2007-06-20 17:10:36 2 days 08:49:43 0|86.142.151.103 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139463187 139467792 2007-06-20 17:34:12 0 days 00:23:36 715870 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139467792 139476567 2007-06-20 18:17:17 0 days 00:43:05 0|86.142.151.103 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139476567 139479910 2007-06-20 18:33:51 0 days 00:16:34 715870 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139479910 139482243 2007-06-20 18:45:56 0 days 00:12:05 0|86.142.151.103 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139482243 139505351 2007-06-20 20:36:13 0 days 01:50:17 715870 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139545848 139683366 2007-06-21 15:22:04 0 days 15:09:06 0|217.41.217.22 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages ( do not change please ) = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139683366 139683829 2007-06-21 15:24:30 0 days 00:02:26 302522 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages ( do not change please ) usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139683829 139684114 2007-06-21 15:26:01 0 days 00:01:31 0|217.41.217.22 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages ( do not change please ) : ) : ) : ) : ) = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139684114 139684549 2007-06-21 15:28:10 0 days 00:02:09 302522 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages ( do not change please ) : ) : ) : ) : ) usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139684549 139684960 2007-06-21 15:30:17 0 days 00:02:07 0|217.41.217.22 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage usages = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
139684960 139707296 2007-06-21 17:21:35 0 days 01:51:18 715870 0 berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usages usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 9 nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]]
157861460 157861519 2007-09-14 15:23:47 0 days 00:00:17 0|216.174.135.206 1 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . brenen is the best several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
157863537 157865984 2007-09-14 15:48:40 0 days 00:13:50 302522 4 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . brenen is the best several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 18 careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 17 careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 0 sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ the 9th of november , 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to
13 " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]]
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 0 sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways ,
168892585 169001506 2007-11-03 19:51:48 0 days 14:20:18 0|71.41.210.146 0 ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr inner german border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = =
1 [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ gdr border system | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate
173368360 173368678 2007-11-23 23:10:19 0 days 00:01:45 137113 0 }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[
186439751 186557391 2008-01-24 09:17:43 0 days 10:53:18 686868 1 ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . obstacles preventing civilians from crossing it included anti - car ditches , tank barriers , dogs on long lines and " fakir beds " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 0 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chris chris chris tadpole ! ! ! several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
3 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . chris and tadpole westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 1 , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . chris chris chris tadpole ! ! ! several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners
3 section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . chris and tadpole westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
193886908 193895994 2008-02-25 09:55:01 0 days 01:29:48 0|84.164.204.109 0 looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / /
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 1 style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led move to east germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http :
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 4 s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted to be with family , while others favored east germany to west germany . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 25 city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , east german soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . however , several west germans defected to the east during this time . some wanted to be with family , while others favored east germany to west germany . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 11 ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the
211251752 211252403 2008-05-09 13:28:40 0 days 00:03:50 686868 0 border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ berlin border crossings ]] ' ' there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 40 the border and erect a wall . at midnight the army , police , and units of the east german army began to close the border and by morning on sunday [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] the border to west berlin had been shut . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the barrier to
237419774 237419923 2008-09-10 02:34:25 0 days 00:01:13 7823265 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > and your mum is very hot and i want her in the pants consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and
237419923 237419988 2008-09-10 02:35:02 0 days 00:00:37 2372780 0 soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > and your mum is very hot and i want her in the pants consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and west germany ]] was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between east and
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 38 west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west
71 portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 28 from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the remainder of the border between [[ east germany | east ]] and [[ west germany ]] . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german
239876509 239903193 2008-09-21 01:15:43 0 days 02:37:31 3623436 1 aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ | berlin border crossings ]] ' ' there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel
2 had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = : ' ' see also main article [[ berlin border crossings ]] ' ' }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well
240014029 240058346 2008-09-21 19:14:39 0 days 03:42:30 0|71.180.214.228 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . asdasdasdsa = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
240058346 240058380 2008-09-21 19:14:49 0 days 00:00:10 358536 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . asdasdasdsa = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
240250311 240440258 2008-09-23 13:55:37 0 days 21:07:55 0|87.38.215.7 1 berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . berlin wall : d = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
240440258 240441737 2008-09-23 14:04:13 0 days 00:08:36 3048050 1 west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . katie o mahony loves the berlin wall : d two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
241970745 242241429 2008-10-01 13:26:10 1 days 04:25:43 0|198.110.209.235 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by
243043238 244846230 2008-10-12 21:06:42 7 days 23:06:51 82982 1 the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern
247126364 247200918 2008-10-23 16:43:51 0 days 08:53:11 0|142.163.250.18 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection jerken off of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions
247200918 247201275 2008-10-23 16:45:34 0 days 00:01:43 643982 0 economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = jerken off erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions
255351633 255510581 2008-12-02 22:30:35 0 days 18:39:06 0|66.204.137.171 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none of this mess is true . . . dont copy . . im serious im saving ur tyme . . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
255510581 255510724 2008-12-02 22:31:21 0 days 00:00:46 1469567 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . none of this mess is true . . . dont copy . . im serious im saving ur tyme . . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
257231828 257283627 2008-12-11 15:12:00 0 days 08:02:47 0|168.184.255.133 1 was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east eas ' s t berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]]
257283627 257283841 2008-12-11 15:13:34 0 days 00:01:34 7873346 0 | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the single bitches and hoes bouncing on german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ eas ' s t east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]]
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 11 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 13 economy grew and the standard of living continually ' ' ' improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . ]] = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow
259288175 259372387 2008-12-21 17:33:38 0 days 13:08:38 0|67.246.17.107 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . the berlin wall did not exist . [[ burnt hills magazine ]] . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
259372387 259372596 2008-12-21 17:35:03 0 days 00:01:25 7801357 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . the berlin wall did not exist . [[ burnt hills magazine ]] . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 3 death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[
264008204 264154274 2009-01-15 00:21:01 0 days 14:00:26 0|209.183.34.47 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . bisdhophh . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
264154274 264154297 2009-01-15 00:21:11 0 days 00:00:10 1395162 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . bisdhophh . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
264816330 265314372 2009-01-20 17:22:19 2 days 11:36:14 0|81.230.242.34 0 logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = quriuosa = = a swedish woman from [[ sundsvall ]] called [[ wall winter ]] is married with the berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
265314372 265315033 2009-01-20 17:26:32 0 days 00:04:13 3505251 0 logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = quriuosa = = a swedish woman from [[ sundsvall ]] called [[ wall winter ]] is married with the berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
265415707 265543543 2009-01-21 19:47:46 0 days 16:33:57 0|92.9.239.248 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . : ) = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
265553126 265706760 2009-01-22 14:35:11 0 days 17:59:39 0|87.194.34.71 0 germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany {{ fact | date = october 2008 }} . : ) = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
267775034 267775661 2009-02-01 05:45:14 0 days 00:05:30 214542 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by
272516025 272521062 2009-02-22 16:41:16 0 days 00:26:26 96897 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie ' ' [[ octopussy ]] ' ' . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . in keeping with the tradition of adding pro - western graffiti to the wall , they used spray paint to create a copy of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode of the 1980s revival of ' ' [[ mission : impossible ]] ' ' . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
272750101 272810390 2009-02-23 21:33:56 0 days 04:33:20 0|72.36.50.3 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . ha ha ha = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
272810390 272811961 2009-02-23 21:40:27 0 days 00:06:31 0|72.36.50.3 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . ha ha ha = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
274521235 274696419 2009-03-03 15:08:15 0 days 18:11:26 0|200.156.17.1 1 . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s
275903826 276188699 2009-03-10 03:26:16 1 days 04:56:59 0|203.24.163.5 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight eighte border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
276188699 276189319 2009-03-10 03:30:38 0 days 00:04:22 5989171 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eighte eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
276308584 276379143 2009-03-10 22:20:26 0 days 05:08:16 0|202.150.99.134 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . miss coxx suxz bolos = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
276379297 276379329 2009-03-10 22:21:16 0 days 00:00:08 1879647 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . miss coxx suxz bolos = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
276398128 276398569 2009-03-10 23:53:18 0 days 00:02:17 0|68.81.17.165 2 geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
276398569 276398619 2009-03-10 23:53:29 0 days 00:00:11 850418 3 the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this . wikipedia is for nerds those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through czechoslovakia , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . [[ image : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | walking through checkpoint charlie , 10 november 1989 ]] tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 22 , 1989 . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting december 23 . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > . besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution [[ schicksalstag | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of " liberty plaza " on the campus of [[ chapman university ]] in the united states image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006 image : berlin wall 1 . jpg | remains of the wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2007 image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | a memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died trying to cross . the memorial stood for ten months in 2004 and 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece of the " first ( westernmost ) wall " at the site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarter half way between checkpoint charlie and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the " second ( easternmost ) wall " along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section with hints of the full installation , but partly reconstructed , in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while the wall was guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti appeared only on the western side . along the tourist areas of the city centre , the city government has marked the location of the former wall by a row of cobblestones in the street . in most places only the " first " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to checkpoint charlie , although not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " / > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in
277226599 277226883 2009-03-14 18:22:08 0 days 00:01:37 6984319 1 " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] was
278027755 278109644 2009-03-18 14:29:11 0 days 10:56:07 3505251 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
278110418 278128071 2009-03-18 16:00:43 0 days 01:27:07 6984319 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the late 1940s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people moved westward from soviet - occupied eastern european countries in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in the just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 2 > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural - - — especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116
289853946 289860859 2009-05-14 11:32:19 0 days 00:51:41 686868 0 dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin '
299857477 299857557 2009-07-02 09:36:51 0 days 00:00:55 0|222.154.103.86 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > ghdfukl ; zu gurios ; z trieoshv gudiruhgf furi fjruf rueoemf = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
299857557 299857601 2009-07-02 09:37:25 0 days 00:00:34 1879566 0 style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . ghdfukl ; zu gurios ; z trieoshv gudiruhgf furi fjruf rueoemf = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
300962838 301331614 2009-07-10 07:40:26 1 days 21:40:09 10069548 0 restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially between where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} <
303768537 303768713 2009-07-23 17:06:35 0 days 00:00:51 0|212.58.193.36 0 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner - german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting
303769141 303769382 2009-07-23 17:10:33 0 days 00:01:39 0|212.58.193.36 0 name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the
305113464 305129017 2009-07-30 19:09:17 0 days 01:31:41 0|130.218.10.1 0 made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
309060752 309335785 2009-08-21 23:14:07 1 days 10:06:24 0|76.93.184.45 0 wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also annnddd = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west
309335785 309336034 2009-08-21 23:16:00 0 days 00:01:53 911178 0 wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = annnddd see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west
311806027 311847139 2009-09-04 15:25:25 0 days 05:53:57 5812172 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = = communism = = = {{ quotation | " to berliners , the wall seems to be something that forcibly tore their people in two . to americans , it seems more to symbolize the failure of [[ communism ]] . in regard to communism , berliners choose to think about the fall of the wall in a different way . statues of proletariat workers still stand across from a red city hall . the famous german - communist author [[ bertolt brecht ]] has a statue next to a theater where his plays are still performed . and an entire little park surrounds larger - than - life statues of [[ karl marx ]] and [[ friedrich engels ]] , the german writers of ' ' [[ the communist manifesto ]] . ' ' in addition to the statues , many streets are named after german communists like käthe niederkircher , [[ karl liebknecht ]] and [[ rosa luxemburg ]] . after the reunification of germany in 1990 , the people of berlin eventually chose not to erase the marks of communism . it seems that berlin , in some small way , recognizes that it was the u . s . s . r . that fell and not necessarily the ideals of communism . " | ' ' [[ indiana daily student | the indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 2009 < ref > [ http : / / www . idsnews . com / news / story . aspx ? id = 69584 fall of the wall : 20 years later ] by the ' ' [[ indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 30 2009 < / ref > }} = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
311847139 311905684 2009-09-04 21:40:18 0 days 06:14:53 6984319 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = = communism = = = {{ quotation | " to berliners , the wall seems to be something that forcibly tore their people in two . to americans , it seems more to symbolize the failure of [[ communism ]] . in regard to communism , berliners choose to think about the fall of the wall in a different way . statues of proletariat workers still stand across from a red city hall . the famous german - communist author [[ bertolt brecht ]] has a statue next to a theater where his plays are still performed . and an entire little park surrounds larger - than - life statues of [[ karl marx ]] and [[ friedrich engels ]] , the german writers of ' ' [[ the communist manifesto ]] . ' ' in addition to the statues , many streets are named after german communists like käthe niederkircher , [[ karl liebknecht ]] and [[ rosa luxemburg ]] . after the reunification of germany in 1990 , the people of berlin eventually chose not to erase the marks of communism . it seems that berlin , in some small way , recognizes that it was the u . s . s . r . that fell and not necessarily the ideals of communism . " | ' ' [[ indiana daily student | the indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 2009 < ref > [ http : / / www . idsnews . com / news / story . aspx ? id = 69584 fall of the wall : 20 years later ] by the ' ' [[ indiana daily student ]] ' ' , august 30 2009 < / ref > }} = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 62 to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , [[ 13 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to
319653447 319687206 2009-10-13 20:27:39 0 days 03:11:21 0|122.111.76.188 0 name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = this is not true {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] ,
319687206 319687238 2009-10-13 20:27:49 0 days 00:00:10 1732752 0 name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = this is not true {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] ,
323393561 323394672 2009-11-02 02:02:57 0 days 00:06:40 6509701 1 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > boobs dude = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
323394672 323394727 2009-11-02 02:03:18 0 days 00:00:21 7167267 1 rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . germans are hot massive boobs dude " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
323401873 323432547 2009-11-02 07:13:32 0 days 04:22:39 8694237 0 gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner - german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the
1 [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc
323432547 323501406 2009-11-02 17:20:49 0 days 10:07:17 1051513 0 gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner - german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western
324812165 324812241 2009-11-09 09:28:10 0 days 00:00:37 0|76.179.160.225 0 portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . < ref name = " ineuropa
324817690 324817873 2009-11-09 10:28:16 0 days 00:02:01 0|68.62.159.89 0 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated divided the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]]
324817873 324817912 2009-11-09 10:28:47 0 days 00:00:31 6971250 0 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) divided demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]]
324906773 324911705 2009-11-09 21:14:15 0 days 00:25:41 10978948 0 . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
324941378 324942089 2009-11-09 23:53:57 0 days 00:03:42 8214624 3 germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the berlin during the 1961 period it had so many homosexuals having sex on it fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325097548 325099167 2009-11-10 19:28:29 0 days 00:07:48 0|83.71.107.106 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325099167 325100875 2009-11-10 19:37:06 0 days 00:08:37 2378092 0 grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325109373 325109635 2009-11-10 20:22:46 0 days 00:01:22 0|173.78.68.123 0 the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , emigrants could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 7 link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 4 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
5 later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in the [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 4 " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between
325435700 325436492 2009-11-12 14:04:13 0 days 00:06:15 10965359 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > pupu = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325436492 325436542 2009-11-12 14:04:39 0 days 00:00:26 118722 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . pupu = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 2 = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations penises on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 3 penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled
325940817 326098834 2009-11-16 03:28:26 0 days 20:03:11 10772636 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
326098896 326099540 2009-11-16 03:33:50 0 days 00:04:53 7167267 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
328971606 329010716 2009-12-01 11:22:16 0 days 06:15:05 0|137.222.210.123 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . it was better known as " the wall of doom . " the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
329010716 329016614 2009-12-01 12:09:53 0 days 00:47:37 10519822 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . it was better known as " the wall of doom . " the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
331714109 331722183 2009-12-15 01:19:38 0 days 00:50:20 0|76.174.34.173 0 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin was there there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331722183 331722212 2009-12-15 01:19:49 0 days 00:00:11 10003852 1 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin was there there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331722212 331722884 2009-12-15 01:23:48 0 days 00:03:59 0|76.174.34.173 0 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin had seen it all there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331722884 331723216 2009-12-15 01:25:47 0 days 00:01:59 2378092 0 , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} jasmin had seen it all there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
331884759 332313114 2009-12-17 15:43:42 1 days 17:51:41 0|67.153.36.178 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
332313114 332313949 2009-12-17 15:48:12 0 days 00:04:30 10519822 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs with a secret treaty accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
337289445 337291195 2010-01-12 00:41:44 0 days 00:10:22 11416782 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nailsand other defenses . . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
337291639 337292088 2010-01-12 00:46:56 0 days 00:02:36 11416782 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is inportant ] the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
337292088 337292211 2010-01-12 00:47:44 0 days 00:00:48 11416782 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } . the berlin wall is inportant ] important the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
337292211 337292695 2010-01-12 00:50:29 0 days 00:02:45 0|99.155.204.237 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
346309252 346309531 2010-02-25 15:49:57 0 days 00:01:36 150129 0 the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after
346490813 346769100 2010-02-27 23:01:03 1 days 09:04:54 0|68.57.126.209 2 before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr fbi , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western
346769100 346776955 2010-02-27 23:47:20 0 days 00:46:17 3308922 2 wall ' s recreation , 3 . 5 million east germans had tried to dance [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the fbi gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western
355563986 355970305 2010-04-14 14:19:41 1 days 21:50:13 0|98.23.105.178 0 | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits
357049269 357049473 2010-04-19 19:25:52 0 days 00:01:07 0|131.122.46.127 0 }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
357049703 357055327 2010-04-19 19:57:39 0 days 00:30:33 3308922 1 }} | - | {{ history of francis }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
359267987 359268235 2010-04-30 15:23:19 0 days 00:01:26 0|169.204.165.157 0 < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
359268235 359268680 2010-04-30 15:25:56 0 days 00:02:37 0|169.204.164.80 0 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german erection for naivn ' s border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement ,
2 < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
359268680 359268782 2010-04-30 15:26:35 0 days 00:00:39 11386456 1 = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = the inner german erection for naivn ' s border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
359268782 359268892 2010-04-30 15:27:15 0 days 00:00:40 7007500 1 < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border fuck you = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
361098453 361169935 2010-05-09 23:34:33 0 days 07:46:15 0|91.46.248.24 0 instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = = replicas = = = [[ file : berlin wall tropicana . jpg | thumb | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raria , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] ,
361195850 361201195 2010-05-10 02:41:44 0 days 00:36:43 262550 3 instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = = replicas = = = [[ file : berlin wall tropicana . jpg | thumb | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raffia , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] ,
362054246 362093204 2010-05-14 13:54:49 0 days 05:35:16 0|208.108.154.247 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate mariah justice is awesome and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron
363268461 363268864 2010-05-20 21:02:57 0 days 00:02:00 5026668 2 not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of germany because hitler loved them ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of west berlin , separating it from east germany ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize
3 the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' kept the jews out of germany because hitler loved them . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 8 was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascistic ]] elements conspiring to prevent the will of the people in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the
9 vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) along with demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc
25 contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[
387913228 387913331 2010-09-30 13:38:04 0 days 00:00:50 0|72.21.110.176 0 infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin hamsterjelly wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
387913500 387913690 2010-09-30 13:40:43 0 days 00:01:25 0|72.21.110.176 0 infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the hamsterjelly berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of
390224187 390399577 2010-10-12 23:47:36 0 days 16:49:19 0|67.235.135.235 0 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border boner = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
390399577 390399626 2010-10-12 23:47:57 0 days 00:00:21 2372780 0 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german boner border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration
392860812 392939112 2010-10-26 05:40:52 0 days 08:35:25 10089744 0 hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , including the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 2 | * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] ,
394543666 394786086 2010-11-04 13:56:42 1 days 05:26:03 0|173.11.40.209 1 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
394786086 394786114 2010-11-04 13:56:55 0 days 00:00:13 10902791 0 to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . chocolate cows are taking = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet
1 rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . chocolate cows are taking over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach
448750565 448751555 2011-09-06 14:09:31 0 days 00:08:17 723354 6 berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the eastern bloc , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 1 = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see further | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting emigration , was emulated by most
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 0 latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 20 ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of his actions he even
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 28 the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1990 - 0105 - 029 , berlin , loch in mauer am reichstag . jpg | thumb | upright | west germans curiously peer at east german border guards through a hole in the wall ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december .
575048330 575076831 2013-09-30 01:13:44 0 days 04:20:55 1108424 1 }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector . ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin ,
575076831 575077055 2013-09-30 01:16:18 0 days 00:02:34 1108424 0 }} [[ file : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 0 ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " that separated western europe and the [[ eastern
615295062 618841270 2014-07-28 16:55:14 26 days 03:09:29 114091 0 latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 0 | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west berlin and east germany : {{
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 9 topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of announcing ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] ,
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 5 throughout the berlin area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg brandenberg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections (
659612103 660351082 2015-05-02 01:50:09 3 days 22:10:38 11963162 1 e . the outflow of east - germans via berlin . on 9 august 1961 , the nsa intercepted an advance warning information of the east german communist party ' s ]] plan to close the intra - berlin border between east and west berlin completely for foot traffic . the interagency intelligence watch committee assessed that this intercept " might be the
702890848 702890979 2016-02-02 06:41:00 0 days 00:01:37 13816079 1 democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref >
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 12 allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ fact }} non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 11 ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 4 [[ checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 * [[ dissolution of the soviet union ]] , ( 1991 * [[ inner german border ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[
14 ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ history of solidarity ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 22 reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 1 | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence with austria | dismantling the barbed - wire fence along its border with austria ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east
2 = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = in june 1989 the hungarian government began dismantling the barbed - wire electrified fence along its border with austria ( with western tv crews present ) , and then , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary
787409030 787409131 2017-06-25 06:56:40 0 days 00:01:25 31190988 2 border installations between the two german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a an already reforested area of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt
3 german states . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the
810127095 810174887 2017-11-13 19:23:40 0 days 05:21:42 6554947 0 however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast to the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 2 border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the de jure border appears to have been undemarcated unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west
810227691 810229030 2017-11-14 01:44:18 0 days 00:10:08 6554947 0 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > as was the case with the inner german border , a an unfortified strip of east german territory was left outside the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was never more than about four meters wide ,
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 1 was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact location of the actual border in many places appears to have been unmarked marked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west
822507011 823238815 2018-01-31 01:46:26 4 days 06:04:21 32940610 0 beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that
1 in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . unofficially , the demolition of the bornholmer straße began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 24 distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal dispute between the city of potsdam and the owners . in 2013 , a section of the there on the former postenweg running mauerweg in the community schönefeld was closed by the private owner , so there had to be set up other route guidance . the mauerweg is a total of about 160 kilometers long , of which run about 50 kilometers along the inner city border in the city of berlin and about 110 kilometers on the border of west berlin to the surrounding area . on the pages of the senate administration , the wall trail is divided into 14
825807680 825810334 2018-02-15 15:29:53 0 days 00:18:34 5946478 3 german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | last = goodman | first = micah | publisher = cornell international law journal | year = 1996 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | article = 3 | pages = 728 | < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right " | + the wall
825815985 825816472 2018-02-15 16:11:57 0 days 00:03:18 5946478 0 allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected
825837217 825837597 2018-02-15 18:37:11 0 days 00:02:16 5946478 0 mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the berlin wall and the intra - germa german border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon | publisher = osprey publishing | year = 2008 | location = oxford uk | pages = 29 |
826083240 826247392 2018-02-18 02:11:01 0 days 23:16:36 32940610 2 beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december 1990 . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that
3 in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin until that december . according to estimates by the border troops , a total of around 1 . 7 million tonnes of building rubble wasfall . unofficially , the demolition of the [[ bornholmer straße ]] began because of construction work on the railway . this involved a total of 300 gdr border guards and - after 3 october 1990 - 600 pioneers of the bundeswehr . these were equipped with 175 trucks , 65 cranes , 55 excavators and 13 bulldozers . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 61 that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 & nbsp ; km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved
62 berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 & nbsp ; km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various
851989261 854069066 2018-08-08 19:11:24 13 days 21:30:45 3563616 0 all but hasch escaped back into the western sector . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the ' ' [[ de jure ]] border outside the wall . < ref > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign
854069066 854070499 2018-08-08 19:24:22 0 days 00:12:58 3563616 0 chronik der mauer | accessdate = 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( ' ' [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as " shoot to kill " orders . gdr officials denied issuing the
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 39 the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
6698144 6698178 2004-10-19 10:33:42 0 days 11:17:38 0|217.231.158.148 0 / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html / personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
14774041 14774055 2005-06-06 03:18:29 0 days 19:50:57 0|67.163.164.93 0 the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = wtfbbq * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www .
14774055 14805404 2005-06-06 03:18:48 0 days 00:00:19 140548 0 the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = wtfbbq * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www .
64266709 64277967 2006-07-17 12:53:08 0 days 01:56:02 53117 0 story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die
68486767 68703823 2006-08-09 22:23:19 1 days 00:21:42 0|217.88.158.5 0 location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . de / the berlin wall - www . the - berlin - wall . de will assist you in your journey through the history of the berlin wall and help you to discover the last remaining pieces of this most visible embodiment of the cold war , commentated routes , east side gallery . ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
68703898 68764117 2006-08-10 05:33:15 0 days 07:09:34 157842 0 location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . de / the berlin wall - www . the - berlin - wall . de will assist you in your journey through the history of the berlin wall and help you to discover the last remaining pieces of this most visible embodiment of the cold war , commentated routes , east side gallery . ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die
89358931 89531736 2006-11-22 22:04:55 0 days 19:56:13 0|85.178.123.221 0 across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 0 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : /
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 69 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ muppetcentral * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
111 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
112 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 69 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ muppetcentral * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
111 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
112 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall in german * [
281069184 281085471 2009-04-01 14:52:19 0 days 01:49:55 0|63.242.177.139 0 = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission in the united states * [ http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / system / topicroot / the _ berlin _ wall / the berlin wall ] original
314413450 314764222 2009-09-18 18:35:09 1 days 21:59:41 10586423 0 / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba - ac3c - d7af - 5b98808a1ebd6b9e the cwihp collection on the rise and fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle
321122011 321159821 2009-10-21 08:47:46 0 days 06:11:06 0|80.254.146.68 0 the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 10 _ _ press _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus /
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 0 stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 2 stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . redtube . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from
324838374 324838628 2009-11-09 13:53:17 0 days 00:01:50 0|213.64.19.23 0 the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html ] deutsche welle , the berlin wall in detail , animeted video * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview & categoryid = be949eba
326127754 326393226 2009-11-17 19:21:27 1 days 11:09:57 8179044 0 the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video
332313949 332477899 2009-12-18 12:02:04 0 days 20:13:52 0|84.111.55.153 0 philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / ein - hod . info / article / wall / index . html a section of the wall placed at ein hod artists ' village , israel ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
332477899 332489251 2009-12-18 13:46:39 0 days 01:44:35 6971250 0 philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / ein - hod . info / article / wall / index . html a section of the wall placed at ein hod artists ' village , israel ] * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
581369678 581987398 2013-11-17 00:44:35 4 days 05:45:37 4561669 0 wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] *
629624465 631868858 2014-10-31 09:57:07 16 days 13:07:37 448012 0 ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . svenlittkowski . name / d / fallofthewallbysvenlittkowski . pdf eye witness view of the events of november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / popups / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _
632819951 632911058 2014-11-08 03:18:25 0 days 14:50:53 10340692 0 eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 2 berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} ]] and [[ wikipedia * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
22 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ wikiquote }} {{ commons }} {{ external links | date = november 2014 }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www
group 59
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41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 2 http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url
44 : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ web reference | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http
55867521 55867659 2006-05-30 04:30:57 0 days 00:01:08 0|71.106.32.31 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > buttsex = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
55867659 55867956 2006-05-30 04:33:08 0 days 00:02:11 767514 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > buttsex = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
57243206 57484284 2006-06-08 05:08:45 1 days 08:03:26 0|205.188.117.13 0 berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > we wanked off at the berlin wall it was lotsa fun however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
57484284 57484319 2006-06-08 05:09:04 0 days 00:00:19 6284 0 berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > we wanked off at the berlin wall it was lotsa fun however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 5 query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref reffer > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 4 query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / reffer ref > however , the marielle of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what
86589815 86591385 2006-11-08 22:56:46 0 days 00:07:14 128695 0 / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans
87777029 87778109 2006-11-14 16:08:04 0 days 00:06:35 0|63.253.45.100 0 list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > www . midget . com tensortrucks . com nicks _ g ' s _ pants . org = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
87781196 87781220 2006-11-14 16:26:49 0 days 00:00:10 1008387 2 list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > www . midget . com tensortrucks . com nicks _ g ' s _ pants . org = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . ,
89073575 89073664 2006-11-20 20:11:35 0 days 00:00:25 64669 0 portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title
113009009 113086947 2007-03-06 16:26:30 0 days 09:40:47 0|206.123.204.226 0 [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > germans rock ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 0 [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > germans rock ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
125193906 125283341 2007-04-23 20:46:20 0 days 05:21:34 0|169.204.104.173 0 [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > the berlin wall needed to be burned down , it was horrible and was blown up by the atomic bomb in 2004 thanks to the help of osama bin laden . = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
125283341 125298667 2007-04-23 21:37:18 0 days 00:50:58 1718065 0 [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > the berlin wall needed to be burned down , it was horrible and was blown up by the atomic bomb in 2004 thanks to the help of osama bin laden . = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
130122861 130123030 2007-05-11 16:46:11 0 days 00:00:45 0|209.184.226.15 0 [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > see also your mom = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
130123251 130124262 2007-05-11 16:51:40 0 days 00:04:32 2073927 5 [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > see also your mom = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
146399312 146423187 2007-07-23 00:40:24 0 days 02:28:29 715870 0 of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references bibliography = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title
159184233 159403003 2007-09-21 15:08:45 0 days 23:23:59 0|24.229.177.226 1 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
159403003 159458827 2007-09-21 19:54:05 0 days 04:45:20 2073927 1 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
184372239 184393331 2008-01-15 02:01:08 0 days 01:47:31 0|75.24.244.245 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures {{ who ? }} have called these numbers " alarming . " {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a
185099808 185099823 2008-01-18 00:13:49 0 days 00:00:03 1879647 4 [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall
5 [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started
6 media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] ]] ]] = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started ,
7 : [[ media : example . ogg ]] = = = = headline text = = = = < br / > headline text = = = = ]] ]] ]] ]] ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in
188168240 188168740 2008-01-31 16:05:10 0 days 00:02:45 0|208.108.156.224 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} samantha somogyi was here . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
188168740 188168848 2008-01-31 16:05:52 0 days 00:00:42 241822 1 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} samantha somogyi was here . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
227630920 227636388 2008-07-24 14:47:40 0 days 00:35:05 6285568 0 , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all
232326761 232402354 2008-08-17 00:13:37 0 days 08:30:22 0|87.17.152.225 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = territory = = out of citizen territory of [[ berlin ]] , the wall passed around the limits of 14 municipalities of [[ brandenburg ]] , including [[ potsdam ]] , bordering with [[ west berlin ]] . here is reported the list of bordering municipalities , subdivided for district , starting from north and proceding to south . * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
237717240 237717440 2008-09-11 14:33:43 0 days 00:01:14 0|65.43.198.120 1 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} sam f was here hehehehe ! ! ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
237719427 237719525 2008-09-11 14:45:33 0 days 00:00:29 4164433 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} sam f was here hehehehe ! ! ! = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
256157274 256305388 2008-12-06 22:22:01 0 days 20:21:33 0|74.243.98.83 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} well actllay a few days ago was the anniversary of th fall of the berlin wall . also get of the computer you are spose to be spnding time with your family = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
256305388 256306859 2008-12-06 22:29:51 0 days 00:07:50 352579 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} well actllay a few days ago was the anniversary of th fall of the berlin wall . also get of the computer you are spose to be spnding time with your family = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
262225961 262389806 2009-01-06 21:52:48 0 days 19:12:07 0|63.118.13.131 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which [[ roger waters ]] of [[ pink floyd ]] performed selections from the album , " [[ the wall ]] " . * it is rumored that stunt cyclist [[ evel knievel ]] proposed a stunt cycle jump over the berlin wall , but changed his mind when it was suggested that he would be shot down in midair by soldiers . * the checkpoints between east and west germany were the site of a pivotal scene in the [[ james bond ]] movie , [[ octopussy ]] . * television talk show host [[ david letterman ]] once received a photograph from a group of high school students who had journeyed to berlin for a school trip . in keeping with the tradition of adding pro - western graffitti to the wall , they used spray paint to create a copy of the [[ late night with david letterman ]] logo . * a daring escape through a fictional tunnel inside the berlin wall was part of a plotline in an episode the 1980s revival of [[ mission impossible ]] . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] '
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 10 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural ural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 11 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = ural cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 7 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural ural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 8 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = ural cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
269718055 269767784 2009-02-10 14:02:01 0 days 07:28:08 681579 0 url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri = = = one of the most unique pieces of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] . the college was the site of the famous ' iron curtain ' speech given by winston churchill near the beginning of the cold war . a piece of artwork made out of a section of the wall was created by the granddaughter of churchill and placed on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = in popular culture = = = * the partially torn - down berlin wall was the site of a mega - concert celebrating the event , at which
272950002 272958977 2009-02-24 13:56:12 0 days 01:12:51 0|206.131.56.160 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} im a cool cat . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
272958977 272959089 2009-02-24 13:57:01 0 days 00:00:49 2372780 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} im a cool cat . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
278128071 278128838 2009-03-18 16:04:36 0 days 00:03:53 3505251 0 independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people moved westward from soviet - occupied eastern european countries in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953
278128838 278130591 2009-03-18 16:14:03 0 days 00:09:27 6984319 0 independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > before 1950 , over 15 million people in soviet - occupied eastern european countries moved westward in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953
278130591 278130870 2009-03-18 16:15:32 0 days 00:01:29 6984319 0 world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern europeans moving westward in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331
279717789 279717857 2009-03-26 01:54:53 0 days 00:00:30 6984319 0 . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union .
1 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} the speech ]] is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . < ref
281321501 281322387 2009-04-02 17:09:36 0 days 00:04:47 0|91.45.99.171 0 . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} [[ tear down this wall | the speech ]] < ref > http : / / www . reaganlibrary . com / reagan / speeches / wall . asp < / ref > is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . {{ fact | date = march 2009 }} indeed , two and a half years later , german citizens physically broke down the barrier separating east and west berlin . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it
285286386 285289634 2009-04-21 19:04:36 0 days 00:18:00 0|66.99.126.132 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} and bitches 2 = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
285289634 285289733 2009-04-21 19:05:02 0 days 00:00:26 9454468 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} and bitches 2 = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
296640805 296772448 2009-06-16 15:30:44 0 days 16:39:46 0|194.74.22.170 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} you ate my cat now die but munch = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
296787288 296787393 2009-06-16 17:00:31 0 days 00:00:36 0|91.105.119.223 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} you ate my cat now die but munch = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it
298293536 298471813 2009-06-25 01:01:19 0 days 18:41:58 0|202.61.173.123 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building kill the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first
298471813 298471958 2009-06-25 01:02:40 0 days 00:01:21 0|202.61.173.123 0 imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en st . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140
298471958 298471974 2009-06-25 01:02:50 0 days 00:00:10 64463 0 of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the bushpigs st . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west
1 soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > kill the bushpigs st berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , august 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . george illawara dragon fuck melbourne storm = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the
306953410 306954476 2009-08-09 10:28:44 0 days 00:09:41 72905 2 removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 0 : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = fulton , missouri wall segments around the world = = = a unique piece of the wall is in the small town of [[ fulton , missouri ]] at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] .
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 15 be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
16 crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that
17 in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , [[ 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
18 most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east
98 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the
99 mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of
173 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / /
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 9 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of the political opposition in east germany < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de
11 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 werner schulz ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) ,
36 be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[
37 in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on [[ april 1 ]] , [[ 1952 ]] , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
118 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile
119 | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by [[ november 4 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of
170 | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > , whether [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful
316789672 317189857 2009-10-01 00:23:54 2 days 00:14:35 1002650 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated berlin demonstraters urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide '
317189857 317191642 2009-10-01 00:35:46 0 days 00:11:52 8932218 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berlin demonstraters berliners demonstrated urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide '
317191642 317216464 2009-10-01 03:30:12 0 days 02:54:26 911178 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated demonstraters in berlin urged the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide '
317216464 317216603 2009-10-01 03:31:23 0 days 00:01:11 911178 0 large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 demonstraters in berlin urged berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' '
317478524 317514100 2009-10-02 19:02:08 0 days 04:16:44 0|198.236.27.40 0 [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , - 1949 following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
317514277 317514851 2009-10-02 19:07:36 0 days 00:04:03 4916882 0 [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 - 1949 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
319858118 319912104 2009-10-14 23:25:19 0 days 04:51:55 0|124.168.171.149 0 smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhchoooooooooo following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
319912104 319914673 2009-10-14 23:40:51 0 days 00:15:32 9698266 0 smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , ahhhhhhhhhhhhhhchoooooooooo following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]]
323566540 323747300 2009-11-03 19:26:17 0 days 20:27:34 0|78.146.228.243 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within wthin two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self -
323747300 323760074 2009-11-03 20:35:58 0 days 01:09:41 3308922 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > wthin within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self -
324140282 324146953 2009-11-05 20:47:47 0 days 00:39:01 6999039 0 ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = }} < / ref > < ref name = " raze " / > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general
324280095 324283750 2009-11-06 14:58:34 0 days 00:28:00 6971250 2 msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in the october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated however that only about a tenth of the population where still unhappy with the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans also make similar distinctions between north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have
324677923 324678298 2009-11-08 17:54:44 0 days 00:01:53 216103 1 it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until
2 " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3
324721869 324735230 2009-11-08 23:27:36 0 days 01:21:33 0|97.113.74.253 0 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s
324735230 324735970 2009-11-08 23:31:46 0 days 00:04:10 0|97.113.74.253 0 accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref >
1 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite
324817912 324818143 2009-11-09 10:31:19 0 days 00:02:32 7861398 0 london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[ françois mitterrand ]] warned thatcher like that a unified germany could make more ground than [[ adolf hitler ]] ever had and that europe would have to bear the consequences . < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 10 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . timesonline . co . uk / tol / news / world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
324833961 324836146 2009-11-09 13:32:15 0 days 00:17:42 0|69.74.82.146 0 told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > boooooobs < 3 = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
324836146 324836187 2009-11-09 13:32:29 0 days 00:00:14 118722 0 told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times }} < / ref > boooooobs < 3 = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
324847851 324850374 2009-11-09 15:19:52 0 days 00:17:07 0|216.135.54.194 0 / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[ friedrichshain ]] , august 2006
324851832 324852165 2009-11-09 15:31:23 0 days 00:02:15 6971250 0 wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on the brandenburg
324855461 324855604 2009-11-09 15:54:16 0 days 00:01:00 0|217.93.30.219 0 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry industrey was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324855604 324855670 2009-11-09 15:54:45 0 days 00:00:29 4630363 0 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industrey industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324855670 324855849 2009-11-09 15:55:54 0 days 00:01:09 0|217.93.30.219 1 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry industrey was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324855849 324855951 2009-11-09 15:56:40 0 days 00:00:46 5026668 1 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industrey industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
324998283 325010242 2009-11-10 08:03:46 0 days 02:06:43 6971250 0 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg
325010353 325011446 2009-11-10 08:17:19 0 days 00:12:16 67221 0 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg
325011446 325013038 2009-11-10 08:35:27 0 days 00:18:08 6971250 1 = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards | european music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg
325067793 325068326 2009-11-10 16:34:02 0 days 00:03:13 0|190.92.6.182 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > alan es un mono in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[
325068529 325068590 2009-11-10 16:35:46 0 days 00:00:24 634828 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > alan es un mono in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[
325185245 325185447 2009-11-11 04:20:10 0 days 00:01:25 694729 0 . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . ten percent of people surveyed thought berlin residents built it themselves . six percent said western powers built it and four percent thought it was a " bilateral initiative " of the [[ soviet union ]] and the west . fifty - eight percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the soviet union and its then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were ground up as the wall was being torn down . many segments have
325479643 325480642 2009-11-12 19:05:09 0 days 00:05:53 11003532 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted impted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} <
325480642 325480912 2009-11-12 19:06:44 0 days 00:01:35 8214624 0 including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > impted in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} <
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 4 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry penis was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 5 of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and penis industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 1 = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz
327584421 327684036 2009-11-24 16:11:18 0 days 14:20:24 11089768 0 generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 2 date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , november 9 is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states |
331714109 331722183 2009-12-15 01:19:38 0 days 00:50:20 0|76.174.34.173 1 foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed poped between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for
331722183 331722212 2009-12-15 01:19:49 0 days 00:00:11 10003852 0 foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings poped existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for
331823147 331882811 2009-12-15 21:41:39 0 days 05:51:58 0|75.68.159.254 0 was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 1946 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 .
331882811 331884759 2009-12-15 21:52:01 0 days 00:10:22 137600 0 was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1946 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 .
332955731 333119511 2009-12-21 20:43:04 0 days 19:35:32 0|24.35.84.118 0 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = ' ' ' headline text ' ' ' - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | talk ]] ) 20 : 42 , 21 december 2009 ( utc ) aly scott = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
333119511 333120077 2009-12-21 20:46:11 0 days 00:03:07 3210133 0 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = ' ' ' headline text ' ' ' - - [[ special : contributions / 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 ]] ( [[ user talk : 24 . 35 . 84 . 118 | talk ]] ) 20 : 42 , 21 december 2009 ( utc ) aly scott = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
337710206 337745969 2010-01-14 05:38:12 0 days 04:38:53 11317167 0 soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 1848 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin
337745969 337746147 2010-01-14 05:39:31 0 days 00:01:19 11317167 0 soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1848 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin
1 of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 800 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east
337746147 337757819 2010-01-14 07:28:57 0 days 01:49:26 6971250 0 of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 800 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east
341918847 342118264 2010-02-05 16:24:05 0 days 23:18:25 0|207.35.35.12 0 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
342118535 342118914 2010-02-05 16:27:52 0 days 00:02:13 0|207.35.35.12 0 agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
342118914 342119150 2010-02-05 16:29:13 0 days 00:01:21 0|207.35.35.12 0 s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce mais tes un pas propre mon criss . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 3 ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} aussi dofus ca suce mais tes un pas propre mon criss . = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general
343221538 343273921 2010-02-11 02:24:15 0 days 05:14:05 0|24.150.126.46 0 city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref rfjfjdoahdoahoghs9edth0ay9gy호호호호호호호홓ef > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
343273921 343281262 2010-02-11 03:19:02 0 days 00:54:47 0|68.91.195.43 0 city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / rfjfjdoahdoahoghs9edth0ay9gy호호호호호호호홓ef ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
348983351 349037490 2010-03-10 17:56:43 0 days 04:57:28 0|204.39.61.253 0 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} hey im tryin to do a school project and this is lettin me tlk bout it on here ! lmao = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
349037712 349038136 2010-03-10 18:00:02 0 days 00:02:09 3308922 1 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} hey im tryin to do a school project and this is lettin me tlk bout it on here ! lmao = = the fall = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to
351162178 351194927 2010-03-21 17:53:22 0 days 03:40:34 0|65.188.39.230 0 agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} < s > - - - - strike - through texti agree with the nation of the us that hitler was a baby < / s > = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
351194927 351202892 2010-03-21 18:41:14 0 days 00:47:52 3308922 0 agitators }} ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} < s > - - - - strike - through texti agree with the nation of the us that hitler was a baby < / s > = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy
355153543 355153697 2010-04-10 15:31:28 0 days 00:00:54 0|84.77.74.198 1 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two three years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
355153697 355153879 2010-04-10 15:32:47 0 days 00:01:19 11743424 1 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within three two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making pre - war germany self
359097792 359099672 2010-04-29 17:55:11 0 days 00:09:52 0|158.59.195.92 0 were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > hahahahaha . you picked the berlin wall as your topic . you should have picked the kgb like hernry nye . property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western
359099672 359099839 2010-04-29 17:56:08 0 days 00:00:57 1004750 0 were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > hahahahaha . you picked the berlin wall as your topic . you should have picked the kgb like hernry nye . property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western
360559921 360584163 2010-05-06 20:03:20 0 days 02:14:44 0|207.177.70.185 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within adolf hitler has a very tiny penis , and im pretty sure he loved penis way up in his asswithin two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
360584163 360584362 2010-05-06 20:04:15 0 days 00:00:55 0|70.144.221.105 0 deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > adolf hitler has a very tiny penis , and im pretty sure he loved penis way up in his asswithin within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany
365278672 365283276 2010-05-31 20:24:17 0 days 00:25:41 0|71.82.76.109 0 freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially
365283276 365286784 2010-05-31 20:41:19 0 days 00:17:02 3308922 0 freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially
367995322 368038978 2010-06-14 20:42:05 0 days 04:10:54 262550 0 the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ image file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin to be torn apart in the following days .
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 15 freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection then , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was
379656612 379899340 2010-08-20 03:51:09 1 days 06:28:14 9136297 0 welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different another explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time
1 www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of
379899340 379899513 2010-08-20 03:52:34 0 days 00:01:25 9136297 0 www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] }} < / ref > yet another explanation was the eastern german government also claimed that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . east germans and others greeted such statements with skepticism , as most of the time , the
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 4 be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on 1 april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]]
27 turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin <
33 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 )
65 easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the
84 turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary
85 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | general secretary ]] of the
91 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile
392939112 393650061 2010-10-29 18:21:46 3 days 12:40:54 0|205.211.141.243 0 between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 1863 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty
393650061 393650284 2010-10-29 18:23:16 0 days 00:01:30 7209796 0 between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1863 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 3 were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 4 , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political
398520724 398753727 2010-11-25 04:28:33 1 days 06:12:17 433328 2 as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate
400135595 400135757 2010-12-02 15:27:10 0 days 00:01:05 0|94.30.12.205 0 ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in ben hilton berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main
400135757 400135808 2010-12-02 15:27:29 0 days 00:00:19 118722 0 ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in ben hilton berlin remained considerably more accessible then because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main
401119682 401615969 2010-12-10 13:50:37 2 days 17:00:01 1343284 0 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ cquote quote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability
404706835 404839126 2010-12-29 17:08:27 0 days 19:29:37 0|24.73.214.82 0 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two 777 years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
2 under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task douche of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were
404839294 404839330 2010-12-29 17:09:55 0 days 00:00:09 13286072 1 inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within 777 two years , political fattys increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the cock suckers refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
4 under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major douche task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 7 the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 8 elmo of corse . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two thousand years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying super [[ file : [[ file : example . jpg ]] [[ file : example . jpg ]] ]]
410170917 410343760 2011-01-27 10:21:30 0 days 19:59:20 1852573 0 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that because such a development would undermine the stability of
417972599 418362137 2011-03-11 22:01:37 2 days 06:12:12 14143658 0 = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07
1 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 )
2 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by 4 november , the protests had swelled significantly , with when half a million people gathered that day at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile , the wave of refugees leaving east germany
433468803 435294058 2011-06-20 16:08:04 10 days 16:45:35 14732560 1 php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to freedom in west germany on august 24 , 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to - kill orders to prevent anyone from escaping . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 363 - 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 48 sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ 9 november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[
127 felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 3 s notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ ref improve section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 2 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ( [[ east germany ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy .
444827910 445092140 2011-08-16 03:34:43 1 days 10:24:23 9243491 0 : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 0 news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . = = = on august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the
9 . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall . , ten percent of people surveyed thought berlin residents built it themselves . six percent said western powers built it and four percent thought it was a " bilateral initiative " of
503454620 503455175 2012-07-21 16:36:54 0 days 00:04:52 1464875 0 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj _ jnway ' ' , a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ]] . * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former
549642343 549885004 2013-04-11 18:28:01 1 days 10:51:47 18730792 0 . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010 ' s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off
563395777 564456970 2013-07-16 04:11:42 7 days 11:36:20 14644224 0 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 5 in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > east germany and its fdj youth organization were worried they were losing an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 50 author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such
580857229 580930170 2013-11-09 18:30:33 0 days 12:13:30 4783993 3 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s . president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union ]] , to tear down the wall as
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 8 berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < ref > {{
605164623 606205619 2014-04-28 17:30:58 7 days 01:27:01 19907598 0 nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ r | wiegrefe20100929 }} {{ rquote | right | i love germany so much that i prefer to see two of them . | prime minister of italy [[ giulio andreotti ]] < ref > http : / / mobile . ilsole24ore . com / solemobile / main ? fn = srchfd & id = search / news24 / abguvhth < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
606205619 606293854 2014-04-29 07:22:14 0 days 13:51:16 6971250 0 nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ r | wiegrefe20100929 }} {{ rquote | right | i love germany so much that i prefer to see two of them . | prime minister of italy [[ giulio andreotti ]] < ref > http : / / mobile . ilsole24ore . com / solemobile / main ? fn = srchfd & id = search / news24 / abguvhth < / ref > }} = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig
609218762 610971867 2014-05-31 19:49:06 12 days 09:28:54 8611774 1 . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the [[ west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the
610971867 610979419 2014-05-31 20:49:32 0 days 01:00:26 3308922 1 homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > or suggesting that [[ capitalism ]] was somehow related to [[ fascism ]] . the [[ west berlin ]] city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]]
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 7 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = =
632215818 632216051 2014-11-03 00:39:37 0 days 00:02:19 18865486 1 the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > < / ref > , constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 6 the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > , constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin
8 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = =
9 the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 8 history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 2013 }} < / ref > on 9 november was soon followed by the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 3 - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' " chippin ' away , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - chippin ' away }} < / ref > a
635851215 636736384 2014-12-05 09:55:06 6 days 06:44:14 18865486 3 archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 28 publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > he read the note been given , out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref
34 = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria
660351082 661693734 2015-05-10 13:03:06 8 days 11:12:57 12634201 0 publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert
666337026 667114924 2015-06-15 22:53:30 5 days 09:14:20 7226930 0 june 2008 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} the fall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped
688492814 688759360 2015-11-02 21:57:16 1 days 13:24:56 17417424 1 publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > schabowski read the note , he had been given , out loud at the end of the press conference . one of the reporters , [[ agenzia nazionale stampa associata | ansa ]] ' s [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , < ref >
699008752 699308560 2016-01-11 15:45:19 1 days 21:54:11 23149456 0 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6th june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was accompanied with violent rioting in east berlin . according to tobias ruther , these protests in east berlin were the first in the sequence of riots that led to those of november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | title = did bowie bring down the berlin wall ? | url = http : / / www . theweek . co . uk / 25027 / did - bowie - bring - down - berlin - wall | publisher = the week | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 15 december 2008 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | title = germany : thank you david bowie for helping bring down the berlin wall | url = http : / / www . businessinsider . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > on his death , the german foreign office tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes . thank you for helping to bring down the # wall . " < ref > {{ cite web | title = good - bye , david bowie . | url = https : / / twitter . com / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e
699308679 699406529 2016-01-12 03:29:27 0 days 11:43:07 111277 0 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = western concerts and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie concert 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to
1 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = david bowie concert , 1987 = = having earlier lived and recorded in west berlin , on 6 june 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] played a concert close to the wall . this was
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 0 / germanydiplo / status / 686498183669743616 | publisher = german foreign office | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall – = bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a
699409408 699437997 2016-01-12 09:16:52 0 days 05:19:52 23149456 0 = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western concerts and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] ,
1 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = western concerts artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier
699459916 699461131 2016-01-12 13:31:42 0 days 00:13:07 23149456 1 - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of the wall , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }} < / ref > on his death , the [[ foreign office ( germany ) | german foreign office ]] tweeted " good - bye , david bowie . you are now among # heroes
702934174 702934332 2016-02-02 14:09:56 0 days 00:01:36 13816079 0 at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the fall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 5 rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 11 the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until government officials opened it in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = https : / / archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www . thejournal . ie
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 5 the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = =
774996115 774996200 2017-04-11 23:55:09 0 days 00:00:36 204692 0 php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = related media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]]
1 / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 28 | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 0 - wall | work = npr | publisher = national public radio | accessdate = 9 november 2014 | date = 9 november 2014 }} < / ref > = = ' ' " ich bin ein berliner " and " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main article | ich bin ein berliner | tear down
782774870 783599634 2017-06-03 11:42:45 5 days 08:46:47 31190988 0 url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > none nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall documentation center . < ref > {{ cite
802359764 802360146 2017-09-25 17:48:42 0 days 00:02:49 30928445 0 and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain france , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to
1 already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france the united kingdom , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and to approve the
810344262 810347455 2017-11-14 18:39:46 0 days 00:23:12 6554947 0 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > one notable exception to despite the east german government ' s generally laissez - faire attitude toward the strip was the arrest of defector and political activist wolfram hasch . hasch and four other defectors were
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 0 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > the this outer strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : /
810365117 810365760 2017-11-14 20:40:55 0 days 00:04:10 6554947 0 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , however , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested
810365760 810394251 2017-11-15 00:08:21 0 days 03:27:26 6554947 4 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > however , despite the east german government ' s general policy of benign neglect of the area , graffiti artists were not unknown to have been persued , and even arrested , by
815651106 815681621 2017-12-16 10:48:36 0 days 05:57:06 506179 0 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} [ ] < / ref > [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 - 8 - 2006 ) . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]]
822504643 822507011 2018-01-26 19:42:05 0 days 00:17:32 5841175 1 bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam ]] has confirmed at least 140 deaths . <
841828828 841850873 2018-05-18 13:51:49 0 days 03:38:34 33790789 0 empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . {{ isbn | 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = = how khrushchev - kennedy relations affected the construction of the wall = = = < p > in april 1961 , khrushchev gained an impression that kennedy ' ' is not very smart ' ' when he saw washington supporting the failed invasion of cuba by anti - communist exiles which were than left to their fate . khrushchev decided to alarm rather than appease the president . he soon revealed his intention of signing the separate peace treaty with east germany that would abolish allied rights in west berlin . one of his intentions was therefore to get whole of the berlin . however , this action had risks behind it . ' ' the risks that we are taking is justified . if we look at it in the terms of a percentage , there is more than a 95 % chance that there will be no war ' ' < ref > {{ cite journal | last = afanasenko | first = e . i . | date = 1964 - 03 - 01 | title = the decisions of the june plenary meeting of the cpsu central committee and the tasks of public education bodies | url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 2753 / res1060 - 939306053 | journal = russian education & society | volume = 6 | issue = 5 | pages = 3 – 13 | doi = 10 . 2753 / res1060 - 939306053 | issn = 1060 - 9393 }} < / ref > . it meant that 5 % was an actual chance of having a war . khrushchev ' s assumptions about kennedy were false . he made clear that the chance of having a war was bigger that 5 % . he showed the unpredictability of us ' s policy . all though soviet forces were not on high alert , the plans were nonetheless changed to deal with the consequences of the kennedy ' s actions . it was then decided to block the access of the west berlin from the east . that is when the construction of the wall started < ref > {{ cite journal | date = 2010 | editor - last = leffler | editor - first = melvyn p . | editor2 - last = westad | editor2 - first = odd arne | title = the cambridge history of the cold war | url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > . < / p > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 8 url = http : / / dx . doi . org / 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 | doi = 10 . 1017 / chol9780521837200 }} < / ref > . < / p > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin , mauerbau , kampfgruppen am brandenburger tor . jpg | thumb
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41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 5 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url =
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 10 effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query
11 illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin
12 ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 8 | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query =
9 communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 ]] and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin
10 bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and [[ 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin %
11 ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 8 - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query
9 ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin
10 republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall
91268666 91302593 2006-12-01 03:20:01 0 days 03:19:37 0|68.146.34.146 1 schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f .
91302593 91304121 2006-12-01 03:30:00 0 days 00:09:59 416594 1 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f .
93333338 93425196 2006-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 11:22:40 0|165.29.91.1 0 incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
93425196 93425465 2006-12-10 20:17:06 0 days 00:01:31 0|165.29.91.1 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
93425465 93429915 2006-12-10 20:38:47 0 days 00:21:41 28438 0 com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
98181831 98182048 2007-01-03 14:49:30 0 days 00:01:16 0|168.216.125.69 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . frau bailey joined an evil necromanical sex cult . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 ,
98182048 98199588 2007-01-03 16:28:15 0 days 01:38:45 441020 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . frau bailey joined an evil necromanical sex cult . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 ,
98470052 99124385 2007-01-07 17:25:25 2 days 22:04:09 0|72.205.252.110 1 west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 never happened072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title
99124385 99124607 2007-01-07 17:26:35 0 days 00:01:10 1574574 0 {st@rt} no < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall _ graffiti _ and _ death _ strip . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the former [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , began to be built on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . it decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . 23 feb . 2006 < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the communist bloc . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this never happened072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code =
1 {st@rt} no this never happened072038 drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' and . . . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie sign . jpg | thumb | . . . ' ' you are entering ' ' at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no _ more _ walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no - one within the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the escalating crowd the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 6 html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 .
150865465 150865545 2007-08-13 00:57:58 0 days 00:00:37 158051 0 [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > {{ reflist | 2 }} = = bibliography = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
155853769 156050532 2007-09-06 13:50:20 0 days 22:20:57 0|69.246.212.189 2 [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
156050532 156050670 2007-09-06 13:51:20 0 days 00:01:00 0|69.246.212.189 0 * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] the berlin wall was = = bad = = the berlin wall was a baddddd thing ! ! ! ! = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
166355206 166357408 2007-10-22 20:15:52 0 days 00:09:51 716438 0 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = [[ july
205859140 209942770 2008-05-03 18:05:52 17 days 22:14:05 3136084 4 german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave orders to [[ schießbefehl | shoot and kill ]] attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe
210367754 210368676 2008-05-05 17:31:21 0 days 00:04:26 0|64.130.204.173 1 of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} in conclusion of these events " andy is gay " he wants u he lives in aumsvile oregon 137 carmal drive by the iga store = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
225402367 225461510 2008-07-13 20:36:04 0 days 06:15:02 203434 0 in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 .
1 by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 65 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . external links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july
66 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
107 not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july
108 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
110 www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 6 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] ' ' ' the muppets ' ' ' are a group of [[ puppet ]] characters created by [[ jim henson ]] . individually , a muppet is one of the puppets made by jim henson or his [[ the jim henson company | company ' s workshop ]] . although the term is often used erroneously to refer to any [[ puppet ]] that resembles the distinctive style of ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters , the term is both an informal name and legal [[ trademark ]] linked to the characters created by henson . the word " muppet " itself was said by henson to have been created by combining the words " [[ marionette ]] " and " puppet " ; however , henson was also known to have stated that it was just something he liked the sound of , and he made up the " marionette / puppet " story while talking to a journalist because it sounded plausible . 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / muppet . wikicities . com / wiki / marionette _ and _ puppet | title = marionette and
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 65 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . external links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july
66 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
107 not in the location of the original wall . they also raised more than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july
108 than 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 |
110 www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 6 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]] ' ' ' the muppets ' ' ' are a group of [[ puppet ]] characters created by [[ jim henson ]] . individually , a muppet is one of the puppets made by jim henson or his [[ the jim henson company | company ' s workshop ]] . although the term is often used erroneously to refer to any [[ puppet ]] that resembles the distinctive style of ' ' [[ the muppet show ]] ' ' and ' ' [[ sesame street ]] ' ' characters , the term is both an informal name and legal [[ trademark ]] linked to the characters created by henson . the word " muppet " itself was said by henson to have been created by combining the words " [[ marionette ]] " and " puppet " ; however , henson was also known to have stated that it was just something he liked the sound of , and he made up the " marionette / puppet " story while talking to a journalist because it sounded plausible . 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / muppet . wikicities . com / wiki / marionette _ and _ puppet | title = marionette and
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 4 . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = gthe unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location =
277228002 277228319 2009-03-14 18:30:22 0 days 00:01:43 6984319 1 typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher =
283867455 283924987 2009-04-15 03:21:38 0 days 05:44:54 67403 0 on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students , and students at over 20 universities will participate in " freedom without walls " events in the fall of late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate =
310513985 310535257 2009-08-28 12:43:20 0 days 03:32:26 6971250 1 head ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin a " wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september
2 a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east berlin and west berlin were again separated by the berlin wall " . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 154 online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ , whether [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
155 / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] november 9 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 ,
156 | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > would have made a suitable german national holiday . because , that date is also known as the ' ' [[ schicksalstag ]] ' ' ( fateful day ) , when several important events have taken place in german history - and some of them are infamous . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00
174 = welt online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
175 online }} < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 ,
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 1 whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany like such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . spiegel . de / kultur / gesellschaft / 0 , 1518
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 3 european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of roger jr a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 6 european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of roger jr a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 0 looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 +
3 ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9
366962573 367011049 2010-06-09 16:36:07 0 days 06:20:21 12536139 2 promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over 20 universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html freedom without walls speaking contest ] robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls | title = freedom without walls | accessdate = 2009 -
368038978 368159388 2010-06-15 11:54:05 0 days 15:12:00 6971250 4 ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 30 [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 2 on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary jizz from head to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 15 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _
444619121 444827910 2011-08-14 17:10:20 1 days 04:20:43 10289486 3 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 18 . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 8699626
446394338 446494769 2011-08-24 14:38:18 0 days 16:16:15 506179 0 the unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between [[ northern germany | north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date =
1 unification ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north ]] and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5
2 ( 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north and [[ southern germany | south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 november
3 8 percent in the east ; 12 percent in the west ) . although differences are still perceived between east and west , germans make similar distinctions between north and south ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 november 2009
446494769 446625722 2011-08-25 09:16:56 0 days 18:38:38 156106 0 on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa
474175877 476209082 2012-02-11 00:44:21 10 days 16:49:11 10996774 12 telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = london }} < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on -
13 construction of the berlin wall | publisher = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < / ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 1 more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . < ref name = " autogenerated2 " > {{ cite web | title = sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / /
507237640 507256650 2012-08-13 19:31:32 0 days 02:05:37 16130333 0 be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 4 ” “i ' ve come to play rock ' n ' roll for you in the hope that one day all the barriers will be torn down . ” < ref name = " tl20130709 " > {{ cite web | title = did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de /
580038585 580857229 2013-11-09 06:17:03 5 days 11:33:41 850119 0 everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for artists , intellectuals and young people to tackle the 「wall」 " wall " phenomenon . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm |
581211476 581369678 2013-11-12 18:58:58 1 days 01:00:59 13652280 0 | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in the year 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | first = heiko | last = burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history
619750670 621484363 2014-08-16 13:24:56 12 days 12:04:28 525927 0 ' s eve 1989 , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " while standing atop the partly - demolished wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / uk _ news
631993537 632215818 2014-11-03 00:37:18 1 days 14:51:48 18865486 1 ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] . title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > < / ref > , < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : /
4 of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths -
8 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of what was left . the destruction of the wall itself began in [[ summer 1990 ]] and lasted until 1992 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct -
632215818 632216051 2014-11-03 00:39:37 0 days 00:02:19 18865486 0 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1990 < ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin -
632340179 632389254 2014-11-04 07:32:40 0 days 09:03:37 14508071 0 ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ border barrier | barrier ]] that existed between 1961 and 1990 , < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin -
2 equipment to remove most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until summer 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chicagotribune . com / news / opinion / commentary / ct - myths - berlin -
632911058 632912474 2014-11-08 03:39:03 0 days 00:20:38 10340692 5 / / www . guardian . co . uk / wall / photographs of time of the fall as well as updates on the current situation in germany ] * [ http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * {{ wayback | date = 20060219134229 | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html | title
635851215 636736384 2014-12-05 09:55:06 6 days 06:44:14 18865486 2 1961 , that completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http
640243071 641499497 2015-01-08 00:05:29 8 days 09:29:01 2705932 27 only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards — however , nobody had informed schabowski . he < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last = sebetsyen | first = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher
668121251 668610901 2015-06-25 12:58:28 2 days 22:52:33 8839503 0 | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in the year 1975 < ref > {{ cite web | first = heiko | last = burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 40 = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = [[ die welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de :
60 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off ( by land ) [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding [[ east germany ]] and from [[ east berlin ]] until it was opened in november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url
760657011 760659000 2017-01-18 08:54:05 0 days 00:25:49 29937011 0 also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . abc . es / archivo / 20141109 / abci - historia - muro - berlin - preguntas - 201411072038 _ 2 . html | title = la historia del muro de berlín , en ocho preguntas | last = abc | newspaper = abc . es | language = es | access - date = 2017 - 01 - 18 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www . thejournal . ie
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 2 most of what was left . contrary to popular belief the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . date = 31 october 2014 | < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www . thejournal . ie
12 < nowiki / > from [[ east berlin | west berlin ]] . also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . abc . es / archivo / 20141109 / abci - historia - muro - berlin
13 also part of the german democratic republic ( gdr ) of 13 august 1961 to 9 november 1989 . this wall is the most famous symbol of the cold war . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . abc . es / archivo / 20141109 / abci - historia - muro - berlin - preguntas - 201411072038 _ 2 . html | title = la historia del muro de berlín , en ocho preguntas | last = abc | newspaper = abc . es | language = es | access - date = 2017 - 01 - 18 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www . thejournal . ie
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 2 - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists wall of shame ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert .
3 }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that the [[ nato ]] countries and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " , a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] in reference to the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf |
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 0 which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . other isolated fragments , lampposts , other elements , and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . * the former leadership in the schlesischen busch in the vicinity of the puschkinallee - the listed , twelve - meter high watchtower stands in a piece of the wall strip , which has been turned into a park , near the [[ lohmühleninsel ]] ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 27 / 2 . 4 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | - be }} ) . < ref > [ http : / / www . kunstfabrik . org / # lue kunstfabrik am flutgraben e . & nbsp ; v . ] < / ref > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin - spandau schifffahrtskanal - the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . it houses a memorial site named after the wallopfer [[ günter litfin ]] , who was shot at [[ humboldthafen ]] in august 1961 . the memorial site , which is run by the initiative of his brother jürgen liftin , can be viewed after registration ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 22 / 9 . 48 / e | type = landmark | dim = 10 | name = border guard kieler straße | region = de - be }} ) . * the former management office [[ nieder neuendorf # bauwerke | nieder neuendorf ]] , in the district of [ hennigsdorf ] of the same name - here is the permanent exhibition on the history of the border installations between the two german states " {{ coordinate ( = border guarding station nieder - neuendorf ) . * the former management station [[ bergfelde ]] , today the district of [[ hohen neuendorf ]] - the tower is located in a already reforested area of ​​the border strip . the [[ german forest jungle | german forestry youth ]] ( {{ coordinate | text = dms | ns = 52 / 39 / 36 . 2 / n | ew = 13 / 17 / 59 . 4 / e | type = landmark | de - be }} ) . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of ​​the potsdamer platz in planning < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 2 = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 11 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 }} {{ dead link | date = july 2017 | bot = internetarchivebot | fix - attempted = yes }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years -
795297023 796184545 2017-08-19 02:20:43 5 days 17:00:51 27823944 1 = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 11 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 }} {{ dead link | date = july 2017 | bot = internetarchivebot | fix - attempted = yes }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years -
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 0 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and was completed finished in 1992 . < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www .
810185910 810187128 2017-11-13 20:42:43 0 days 00:08:40 6554947 1 wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 1 german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
2 | first = gordon l . | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg =
5 in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets not infrequently ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg =
810314862 810320431 2017-11-14 15:18:54 0 days 00:44:25 6554947 1 inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the strip ; even the sidewalks of west berlin streets ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg = pt61 & dq = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & source = bl & ots = e1vx - kbsf4 & sig = vzusis2injtqnywsqt9wjcxjdf0 & hl = en & sa = x & ved = 0ahukewjsvstlxbnxahvtzgmkhuuiclyq6aeitdaj # v = onepage & q = berlin + wall + outside + maintenance & f = false | title = the berlin wall < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg =
3 | via = google books }} < / ref > the strip was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall and was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall | last = rottman | date = 20 october 2012 | publisher = bloomsbury publishing | via = google books }} < / ref > . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg
814621118 814764354 2017-12-10 20:15:35 0 days 21:20:10 6554947 2 in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping outsiders off the outer strip ; even sidewalks of west berlin streets even ran inside it . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg =
825750205 825791052 2018-02-15 12:48:39 0 days 07:21:27 5946478 1 . they can be found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around in different countries of the world . < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566
825967396 826039698 2018-02-16 21:21:23 0 days 08:37:03 17299381 2 facts / index . html < / ref > the fact that this is an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " cannot be lost when we look on the significance of the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher
826083240 826247392 2018-02-18 02:11:01 0 days 23:16:36 32940610 4 1991 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . in berlin alone , 184 km of wall , 154 km border fence , 144 km signal systems and 87 km barrier ditches were removed . what remained were six sections that were to be preserved as a memorial . various military units dismantled the berlin / brandenberg border wall , completing the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher =
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 54 isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . name = " sarotte 2014 xx - xxi " > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 0 | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref > its demolition officially began on 13 june 1990 and finished in 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > < ref > {{ cite news | title = in photos : 25 years ago todaythe berlin wall fell | url = http : / / www . thejournal . ie
854964841 854965000 2018-08-15 00:20:32 0 days 00:01:47 5839510 1 erecting a wall ! ) . " it was the first time the colloquial term {{ lang | de | mauer }} ( wall ) had been used in this context " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the berlin wall and the intra - german border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon |
group 61
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
722501 732239 2003-03-05 07:37:51 23 days 13:00:02 3808 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
732239 732530 2003-03-08 18:33:30 3 days 10:55:39 6815 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] < div style = " float : right " > [[ image : berlin - wall3 . jpg ]] < / div > < div align = " right " > ' ' berlin wall , on november 16 , 1989 . ' ' < / div > after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the russians , americans , british and french each had a portion of the city
1184497 1197737 2003-07-23 12:29:08 22 days 12:07:35 0|218.221.231.218 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; &
6806505 6969433 2004-10-23 20:30:02 4 days 09:54:38 28622 0 & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
7642354 7685743 2004-11-19 10:33:55 1 days 15:00:20 0|212.86.16.151 0 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
10830075 10859818 2005-03-05 16:22:21 2 days 10:34:24 0|212.124.161.203 0 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
13261937 13271695 2005-05-05 11:29:56 0 days 18:19:59 228773 0 & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & #
13625838 13630178 2005-05-12 21:12:11 1 days 08:59:53 102531 0 & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ;
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 2 & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di
8 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1072 ; & # 1103 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; берлинская стена ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083
11 # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1089 ; & # 1082 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1079 ; & # 1080 ; & # 1076 ; ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : & # 3585 ; & # 3635 ; & # 3649 ; & # 3614 ; &
19932234 20042747 2005-08-01 11:29:17 1 days 17:26:50 271058 1 muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ nb : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh
22800912 23087892 2005-09-12 07:03:09 4 days 08:34:02 156674 0 former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] {{ list fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin
23087892 23088038 2005-09-12 07:07:07 0 days 00:03:58 156674 0 buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] {{ list link fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[
23361590 23389607 2005-09-17 09:11:31 0 days 12:12:41 271058 0 de : berliner mauer ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]]
23800360 23988638 2005-09-25 11:46:04 2 days 09:27:45 271058 0 berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko nn : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl
1 ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 berlinmuren ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur
43981878 44017927 2006-03-16 07:30:34 0 days 05:25:41 271058 0 ]] {{ link fa | de }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ he : חומת
44153741 44178144 2006-03-17 07:04:08 0 days 04:04:40 271058 0 [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]]
48907639 48935289 2006-04-18 02:07:04 0 days 03:31:33 228773 0 ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[
59248468 60675338 2006-06-26 16:03:09 8 days 07:03:13 219754 0 berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[
61388563 61679517 2006-07-02 12:25:06 1 days 20:39:13 271058 0 [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de
64317216 64519108 2006-07-18 19:12:51 1 days 01:39:42 271058 0 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
70805788 70888588 2006-08-21 03:14:11 0 days 08:24:58 259798 0 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no
84695656 84720496 2006-10-30 23:10:44 0 days 01:59:47 1044828 0 [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro
100259657 100540454 2007-01-13 23:27:50 1 days 05:32:54 18899 0 [[ ar : سور برلين ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]]
109202413 109820921 2007-02-21 15:00:14 2 days 13:06:22 3171782 0 es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 61 s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 61 s > [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
113088171 113088445 2007-03-06 16:38:20 0 days 00:03:15 0|206.123.204.226 0 ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi :
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 5 ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th
7 berlinski zid ]] why is there stuff here ? [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] i hate you keaton [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] you suck [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ zh
119196685 119325203 2007-03-31 19:39:53 0 days 16:02:45 1827275 0 fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[
119325203 119386632 2007-04-01 01:12:31 0 days 05:32:38 3891047 0 ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין
120621117 120761222 2007-04-06 16:14:17 0 days 15:30:01 2844817 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
122237677 122272148 2007-04-12 17:51:21 0 days 02:28:19 3787467 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
148786929 148787140 2007-08-02 20:05:13 0 days 00:01:05 0|81.182.140.153 0 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
160494968 160533642 2007-09-26 19:34:17 0 days 03:11:47 553296 0 [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin
173369884 173588740 2007-11-25 00:34:06 1 days 01:16:21 4005189 0 ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[
185273785 185660901 2008-01-20 16:17:40 1 days 19:50:15 5849026 0 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] {{ link fa | eo }} [[ eu : berlingo harresia ]] [[ fa : دیوار برلین ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ fy : berlynske muorre ]] [[ gv : boalley dy berleen
199658993 200431328 2008-03-24 01:35:50 3 days 05:56:00 6241646 0 ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]] [[ cs : berlínská zeď ]] [[ cy : mur berlin ]] [[ da : berlinmuren ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ et : berliini müür ]] [[ el : τείχος του βερολίνου ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ eu : berlingo harresia
219002173 219229365 2008-06-14 05:29:31 1 days 01:57:53 3096998 0 [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur
241809182 241970745 2008-09-30 09:00:27 0 days 15:43:29 2450100 0 ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 89 ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure os muppets ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]]
90 muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid the muppets ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 89 muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
90 ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 89 ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure os muppets ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]]
90 muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid the muppets ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 89 muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
90 ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
250406098 250828512 2008-11-10 07:45:04 1 days 22:27:00 8092303 0 [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[
262389806 262390357 2009-01-06 21:55:15 0 days 00:02:27 8453292 0 [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur
299443524 299532247 2009-06-30 16:37:05 0 days 12:43:21 0|80.192.216.96 2 [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi te : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
3 : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
316652688 316671018 2009-09-28 12:45:14 0 days 02:57:50 3171782 0 [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]] [[ lt : berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 6 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน กำแพjgyงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 6 : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพjgyงเบอร์ลิน กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường
324923936 324925080 2009-11-09 22:26:16 0 days 00:05:39 6986250 0 berlyno siena ]] [[ li : moeër ( berlien ) ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن
324951586 324951791 2009-11-10 00:48:28 0 days 00:01:14 10286712 0 ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ tt : берлин дивары ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec
325082430 325097548 2009-11-10 19:20:41 0 days 01:23:56 8066546 0 sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ szl : berliński mur ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[
362143454 362328765 2010-05-15 21:49:53 1 days 02:29:48 8066546 0 hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mk : берлински ѕид ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن
490220839 490859654 2012-05-05 22:33:53 3 days 21:41:52 8066546 0 کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului berliner mauer ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di
490859654 490948661 2012-05-06 08:11:21 0 days 09:37:28 16038205 0 کند ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ km : ជញ្ជាំង ប៊ែរឡាំង ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : berliner mauer zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di
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4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 0 rest of west germany ) . < div style = " float : left ; width : 350px ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' | thumb | 350px | left | east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div >
4160113 4160126 2004-06-18 18:59:22 0 days 00:01:02 12028 1 thereby west germany ( east germany did not completely control traffic between west berlin and the rest of west germany ) . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | 350px | left | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] = = the years of the wall =
4352446 4353152 2004-06-29 15:58:10 5 days 15:27:22 3295 0 city ; as it completely surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | thumb | left right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall
4353152 4372888 2004-06-29 16:33:33 0 days 00:35:23 30200 0 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard conrad schumann leaps to freedom over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 2 [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = the years of the wall = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | the ' ' " death strip ' ' | the ' ' death strip ' ' ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 103 miles ) long . after the initial construction , it
19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 3 subsidized by the soviet government . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map 450px | position and course of the berlin wall , showing crossing points ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the
23670283 23800298 2005-09-23 02:17:16 1 days 14:31:34 0|129.15.210.172 0 u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “sometime every “every wall falls down ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin
25689796 25690446 2005-10-16 22:29:17 0 days 00:09:11 0|12.221.139.214 0 u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “every “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " every wall falls some time ” ]] one of the locations where westerners could cross the border was at friedrichstraße station , in east berlin . when the wall was erected ,
27932542 27961254 2005-11-10 21:55:35 0 days 05:43:07 0|67.38.154.248 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 1 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]]
29161462 29161539 2005-11-24 21:34:03 0 days 00:01:02 231595 0 / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | 1 , 000 crosses ]] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the
35317181 35317828 2006-01-15 21:57:08 0 days 00:04:56 25568 0 bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses ]] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the
38772044 38772210 2006-02-08 15:31:51 0 days 00:01:35 92511 0 [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | in the latest last phase of the wall , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east .
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 27 concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | “irgendwann " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]]
42842651 42982893 2006-03-09 16:00:20 0 days 21:20:14 677067 0 those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 ,
1 mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful
58856308 58859317 2006-06-16 00:29:21 0 days 00:22:32 1358576 0 - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | this famous the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] from 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria
64682848 64683314 2006-07-19 16:13:35 0 days 00:02:48 157842 1 wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college
82833738 82835134 2006-10-21 16:48:39 0 days 00:09:25 443684 3 , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four
86528914 86589748 2006-11-08 22:49:12 0 days 04:56:44 128695 1 the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion list of portions of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college
95578776 95977307 2006-12-22 20:23:44 2 days 00:14:53 25886 0 irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] [[ image : berlinwall madness . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | griffati graffiti on the wall ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[
100620191 100676150 2007-01-14 16:30:06 0 days 08:31:18 0|87.187.74.127 1 remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 3 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | hinomaru ! ]] < / small > < / sub > < / sup > < / s > ]] < / nowiki > < / math > ]] ]] = = ]] ] ' ' ' ' '
124942899 124943473 2007-04-22 20:11:01 0 days 00:02:13 506179 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] c ' ' ' c ' ' c [[ c [ c = = c [[ image : c [[ media : c < math > c < nowiki > c - - ~ ~ ~ ~ c - - - - c # redirect [[ c < s > c < br / > c < sup > c < sub > c < small > c < / small > < / sub > < / sup > < / s > ]] < / nowiki > < / math > ]] ]] = = ]] ] ' ' ' ' '
129366302 129366363 2007-05-08 22:25:48 0 days 00:00:17 0|71.234.214.112 0 {st@rt} germany kicks ass bitches [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
129366363 129366546 2007-05-08 22:26:39 0 days 00:00:51 505356 0 {st@rt} germany kicks ass bitches [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
129771459 129949256 2007-05-10 22:20:02 0 days 14:13:05 0|70.100.200.75 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' stupid > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
129949256 129949358 2007-05-10 22:20:26 0 days 00:00:24 3332050 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' stupid > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
131296290 131415022 2007-05-16 23:22:14 0 days 08:54:40 0|67.173.148.39 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi this is jenn how are you im fine im canadian isnt that cool yayayayayay lol haha hi hi whoever reads this hope you have a good day ! yayayayayayay isnt that cool i can wrtite on wiki ! yayayay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ user : 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 | 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 ]] i like squigly lines xd
131415022 131415338 2007-05-16 23:23:40 0 days 00:01:26 92511 0 ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi this is jenn how are you im fine im canadian isnt that cool yayayayayay lol haha hi hi whoever reads this hope you have a good day ! yayayayayayay isnt that cool i can wrtite on wiki ! yayayay ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! [[ user : 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 | 67 . 173 . 148 . 39 ]] i like squigly lines xd
131603145 131729256 2007-05-18 07:34:57 0 days 12:20:54 0|204.218.240.69 0 {st@rt} hi hitler was a bad # # # $ $ # $ % ^ & * * * * * person and was gay did you know that his wife was a lesbo [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
131729256 131729416 2007-05-18 07:36:34 0 days 00:01:37 416811 0 {st@rt} hi hitler was a bad # # # $ $ # $ % ^ & * * * * * person and was gay did you know that his wife was a lesbo [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
132841291 132862693 2007-05-23 04:55:45 0 days 02:23:51 1840527 0 {st@rt} {{ more sources }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 18 {st@rt} {{ more sources }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november
133267024 133267759 2007-05-24 21:39:02 0 days 00:03:19 0|206.78.115.109 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] taut monster
133267759 133269284 2007-05-24 21:46:34 0 days 00:07:32 302522 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] taut monster [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
134910148 134910322 2007-05-31 20:49:09 0 days 00:00:39 145855 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
135934772 135963280 2007-06-05 03:50:37 0 days 02:36:24 681110 0 ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
137155691 138343035 2007-06-15 12:59:50 5 days 11:37:29 1310918 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
138876703 138876812 2007-06-18 00:45:49 0 days 00:00:45 0|67.189.129.217 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near fuck you ear ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru |
138876812 138876830 2007-06-18 00:45:55 0 days 00:00:06 224287 0 {st@rt} fuck you ear [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru |
138876830 138877059 2007-06-18 00:47:31 0 days 00:01:36 0|67.189.129.217 1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from
138877059 138877071 2007-06-18 00:47:35 0 days 00:00:04 2198658 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . is full of nazis and i hate those bastards so fuck you nazis you fucking fag ass holes fuck germans those dick heads all the ladies have big cunts
148787140 148831096 2007-08-03 00:14:01 0 days 04:08:48 0|203.1.203.4 0 {st@rt} dear jessy trengove . you are my bestie . i am about to escape to west germany in a tunnel . farewell my dear friend , if i never see you again , goodbye . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
148831322 148832356 2007-08-03 00:21:30 0 days 00:06:02 4436820 0 {st@rt} dear jessy trengove . you are my bestie . i am about to escape to west germany in a tunnel . farewell my dear friend , if i never see you again , goodbye . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
148832459 148835582 2007-08-03 00:42:21 0 days 00:20:11 0|203.1.203.4 0 {st@rt} kiz . this is the berlin wall . you love it . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
148835712 148852119 2007-08-03 02:34:48 0 days 01:51:41 1453634 0 {st@rt} kiz . this is the berlin wall . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
150997375 151036673 2007-08-13 21:29:49 0 days 03:30:30 0|202.124.104.21 0 {st@rt} laura oakley is gay like chrystal [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
151036673 151037517 2007-08-13 21:34:23 0 days 00:04:34 400934 0 {st@rt} laura oakley is gay like chrystal [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
157449148 157463122 2007-09-12 21:00:39 0 days 01:06:09 0|90.196.98.69 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent asasasdsd dsa daaent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] ,
157463122 157464297 2007-09-12 21:06:02 0 days 00:05:23 3150292 0 {st@rt} asasasdsd dsa daaent [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] ,
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 0 {st@rt} [[ image this article is about biological sexes : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 0 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes [[ image : male , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and
168029950 168158740 2007-10-30 20:48:21 0 days 13:50:40 5388617 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
168158740 168159990 2007-10-30 20:54:18 0 days 00:05:57 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november
169317962 169452172 2007-11-05 20:57:26 0 days 15:34:33 0|137.90.130.186 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building monkeys built the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side
169452172 169452240 2007-11-05 20:57:45 0 days 00:00:19 4158767 0 {st@rt} monkeys built {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / /
169684483 169684876 2007-11-06 21:21:59 0 days 00:01:54 0|137.90.130.186 0 {st@rt} your momto make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed
1 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name =
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 {st@rt} your momto {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed
186825343 186825645 2008-01-25 15:38:27 0 days 00:01:39 6283973 0 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes =
186825645 186825748 2008-01-25 15:39:05 0 days 00:00:38 6283973 0 october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = =
186825748 186825868 2008-01-25 15:39:42 0 days 00:00:37 6283973 0 october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [ [[ tear down this wall ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes =
188374854 188378371 2008-02-01 14:07:42 0 days 00:29:35 0|63.135.227.70 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little
188378371 188378405 2008-02-01 14:07:59 0 days 00:00:17 4928500 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . the longer ' ' ' ' [[ inner german border ]] ' ' ' ' demarked the remainder of the east - west german border between the two states . both borders were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | left | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while east germany became rich , at least by the standards for countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the much wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in [[ moscow ]] ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at [[ döllnsee ]] , formerly the hunting grounds of [[ hermann göring ]] . construction of 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin , of which 43 km ( 27 mi . ) actually divided west berlin and east berlin . the zonal boundary had been sealed that morning by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split and berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was really a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted as being the truth . however , to describe the wall as simply a barrier to stop ' refugees ' escaping would be to ignore its other functions . as was noted with the original discussions with the soviet leadership , a [[ separation barrier ]] was needed to curtail western [[ espionage ]] and insertion of agents into east berlin / gdr territory and other [[ warsaw pact ]] nations . the wall also marked the frontier in the cold war which would likely play a major role in hostilities or the start of a ' [[ third world war ]] ' . the gdr and ussr considered the new west germany to be largely a militarized [[ puppet state ]] which had not been properly [[ denazification | denazified ]] ( hence the wall ' s official name ) . the wall was a very important move against the [[ economic | economic ]] power of the capitalist sphere , the [[ eurodollar ]] , and of course the ' [[ brain drain ]] ' of key workers to the rapidly expanding and well - financed federal republic . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the east grew . however , the wall proved a propaganda disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 meters ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 meters ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , and all pensioners were able to travel to the west freely . the border section in [[ potsdam ]] was where the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . westerners could cross the border at friedrichstraße station in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by [[ grepo | east german border guards ]] . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan graffitied on one of the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little
201581751 201581807 2008-03-28 14:34:47 0 days 00:00:18 0|205.235.34.66 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the dalton is so kool west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster
201581901 201581932 2008-03-28 14:35:23 0 days 00:00:08 301395 0 {st@rt} dalton is so kool {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . . jpg | thumb | wall ' s poster
210273682 210360936 2008-05-05 16:55:48 0 days 09:20:14 0|64.130.204.173 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] if u read this you are gay
210360936 210361149 2008-05-05 16:56:39 0 days 00:00:51 5947179 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] if u read this you are gay
210361149 210361429 2008-05-05 16:57:52 0 days 00:01:13 0|64.130.204.173 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] andy is gay
210361429 210361516 2008-05-05 16:58:15 0 days 00:00:23 4374215 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] andy is gay
242755000 242755785 2008-10-03 14:46:42 0 days 00:03:55 0|66.28.221.133 0 {st@rt} now , this is a story all about how my life got flipped - turned upside down and i liked to take a minute just sit right there i ' ll tell you how i became the prince of a town called bel air in west philadelphia born and raised on the playground was where i spent most of my days chillin ' out maxin ' relaxin ' all cool and all shootin some b - ball outside of the school when a couple of guys who were up to no good startin making trouble in my neighborhood i got in one little fight and my mom got scared she said ' you ' re movin ' with your auntie and uncle in bel air ' i begged and pleaded with her day after day but she packed my suite case and send me on my way she gave me a kiss and then she gave me my ticket [[ image : berlinermauer . i put my walkman on and said , ' i might as well kick it ' . first class , yo this is bad drinking orange juice out of a
255210981 255259280 2008-12-01 19:38:59 0 days 04:33:01 0|137.118.202.208 2 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] < math > < math > insert formula here < / math > [[ media : ' ' ' example . ogg ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ]] < / math >
255510724 255707690 2008-12-03 21:07:26 0 days 22:36:05 0|164.116.126.140 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg
255707690 255707707 2008-12-03 21:07:31 0 days 00:00:05 4678253 0 {st@rt} this is a wall that is the guinness book of world records for the most people having sex [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in it ! though most of them die from the scorching heat of this wall ! when u have sex with someone stick the dickin the hole the wall separated east
256851003 256879370 2008-12-09 18:49:20 0 days 02:34:26 2125120 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] < math > < math > insert formula here < / math > [[ media : ' ' ' example . ogg ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' ]] < / math >
258372702 258398241 2008-12-16 18:23:19 0 days 02:27:42 0|75.70.205.58 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] that is a purple people eater who is from uranus
258398241 258398278 2008-12-16 18:23:31 0 days 00:00:12 981424 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] that is a purple people eater who is from uranus
261502761 262136422 2009-01-05 18:46:03 2 days 23:19:18 0|209.189.130.83 4 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages .
268296039 268460479 2009-02-04 12:49:55 0 days 18:15:26 0|83.19.127.126 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] dupa maryny to roch rooyens
268460479 268462140 2009-02-04 13:04:46 0 days 00:14:51 247593 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] dupa maryny to roch rooyens
271232481 271264503 2009-02-17 03:12:41 0 days 02:57:03 0|71.215.207.209 0 {st@rt} < math > fghfgh < / math > : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
271264503 271265000 2009-02-17 03:15:53 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.148.51.9 0 {st@rt} < math > fghfgh < / math > : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] hi world . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 0 {st@rt} hi world : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] dalton . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
276265514 276265541 2009-03-10 13:29:58 0 days 00:00:11 634828 0 {st@rt} : dalton ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 1 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous "
279835916 279835940 2009-03-26 17:43:03 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . larrystm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order
280512918 280575575 2009-03-30 04:18:39 0 days 06:00:11 0|70.176.82.246 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www .
280575575 280576244 2009-03-30 04:23:41 0 days 00:05:02 6984319 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www .
280886598 280931872 2009-03-31 20:18:46 0 days 03:55:44 0|38.116.202.19 0 {st@rt} = = ' ' ' garbadge wed site . [[ ' ' ' garbadge wed site . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < ref > ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < / ref > ' ' ' ' ' ]] = = : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
280931872 280931932 2009-03-31 20:19:03 0 days 00:00:17 1879566 0 {st@rt} = = ' ' ' garbadge wed site . [[ ' ' ' garbadge wed site . ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < ref > ' ' ' garbadge wed site . < / ref > ' ' ' ' ' ]] = = : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
281436189 281470855 2009-04-03 09:35:17 0 days 05:35:25 0|192.87.100.46 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ 3iekb ]]
281470855 281475066 2009-04-03 10:17:08 0 days 00:41:51 1718065 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ 3iekb ]]
283682122 283752103 2009-04-14 09:56:28 0 days 09:37:14 146263 0 ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]]
285306573 285306642 2009-04-21 20:31:57 0 days 00:00:21 1891004 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
288317903 288319667 2009-05-06 18:55:10 0 days 00:10:11 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
289279325 289279638 2009-05-11 16:39:23 0 days 00:01:55 0|75.133.78.162 0 {st@rt} it went boom : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
289279638 289279765 2009-05-11 16:40:03 0 days 00:00:40 7167267 0 {st@rt} it went boom : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
289369943 289370073 2009-05-12 01:16:37 0 days 00:00:46 2853673 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
296390210 296407548 2009-06-14 19:56:02 0 days 01:46:14 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
296836155 296857603 2009-06-16 23:48:30 0 days 02:12:01 6984319 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - vandalism | small = yes }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view
299443524 299532247 2009-06-30 16:37:05 0 days 12:43:21 0|80.192.216.96 0 ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec ta : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]]
1 te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆
5 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 0 ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ ta vec : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was
5 برلن ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
312093201 312093344 2009-09-05 23:33:57 0 days 00:00:59 0|69.126.11.224 0 {st@rt} i love julian {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
312093344 312093418 2009-09-05 23:34:31 0 days 00:00:34 97951 0 {st@rt} i love julian {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
320978520 321098233 2009-10-20 23:46:50 0 days 13:14:43 8066546 0 [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[
322561590 322947708 2009-10-30 16:43:43 2 days 00:02:10 0|163.153.124.1 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is one of the most largest barrier basic facts ( at the time of july 31 , 1989 ) total border lenght around west berlin : 96 mi / 155 km border between east and west berlin : 27 mi / 43 . 1 km border between west berlin and east germany : 69 mi / 111 . 9 km border through residential areas in berlin : 23 mi / 37 km concrete segment wall : 3 . 6m ( 11 . 81 ft . ) high , 66 mi / 106 km wire mesh fencing : 41 mi / 66 . 5 km anti - vehicle trenches : 65 mi / 105 . 5 km contact or signal fence : 79 mi / 127 . 5 km column track : 6 - 7 m ( 7 . 33 yd ) wide , 77 mi / 124 . 3 km number of watch towers : 302 number of bunkers : 20 persons killed on the berlin wall : 192 persons injured by shooting : ca . 200 bibliogaphy : the wall , press and information office of land berlin 2000 / 2001 bilanz der todesopfer , checkpoint charlie museum , 1999 die berliner mauer , flemming / koch , 1999 die grenze , lapp / ritter , 1999 {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
322947708 322959932 2009-10-30 17:57:24 0 days 01:13:41 3308922 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is one of the most largest barrier basic facts ( at the time of july 31 , 1989 ) total border lenght around west berlin : 96 mi / 155 km border between east and west berlin : 27 mi / 43 . 1 km border between west berlin and east germany : 69 mi / 111 . 9 km border through residential areas in berlin : 23 mi / 37 km concrete segment wall : 3 . 6m ( 11 . 81 ft . ) high , 66 mi / 106 km wire mesh fencing : 41 mi / 66 . 5 km anti - vehicle trenches : 65 mi / 105 . 5 km contact or signal fence : 79 mi / 127 . 5 km column track : 6 - 7 m ( 7 . 33 yd ) wide , 77 mi / 124 . 3 km number of watch towers : 302 number of bunkers : 20 persons killed on the berlin wall : 192 persons injured by shooting : ca . 200 bibliogaphy : the wall , press and information office of land berlin 2000 / 2001 bilanz der todesopfer , checkpoint charlie museum , 1999 die berliner mauer , flemming / koch , 1999 die grenze , lapp / ritter , 1999 {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323840518 323945811 2009-11-04 19:50:58 0 days 14:49:16 0|173.11.40.209 0 {st@rt} the berline wall was blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323947826 323948489 2009-11-04 20:05:49 0 days 00:03:31 10519822 1 {st@rt} the berline wall was blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323950472 323974643 2009-11-04 22:26:35 0 days 02:09:41 0|66.60.203.62 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
323974643 323974711 2009-11-04 22:26:57 0 days 00:00:22 8960419 0 {st@rt} the berlin wall is blue . your mom . {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
324146953 324158162 2009-11-05 21:48:15 0 days 01:00:28 0|76.93.177.233 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side stuppid wall full of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file :
324158162 324158226 2009-11-05 21:48:34 0 days 00:00:19 1675595 0 {st@rt} stuppid wall full {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of shit berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation
324954599 324957326 2009-11-10 01:19:12 0 days 00:13:38 6986250 0 [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure ]] [[ sq : muri i berlinit ]] [[ scn : muru di birlinu ]] [[ simple : berlin wall ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]]
325016151 325016390 2009-11-10 09:14:58 0 days 00:03:08 0|87.42.135.2 0 {st@rt} < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ < / nowiki > < / nowiki > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325016390 325016697 2009-11-10 09:18:51 0 days 00:03:53 2977850 0 {st@rt} < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ < / nowiki > < / nowiki > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325035321 325035678 2009-11-10 12:43:22 0 days 00:03:10 10297792 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | for the wall pink floyd album | the wall ( album ) }} {{ otheruses4 | | the sex position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325035719 325035863 2009-11-10 12:45:15 0 days 00:01:27 8918196 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | for the wall pink floyd album | the wall ( album ) }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325038539 325042851 2009-11-10 13:40:40 0 days 00:31:39 0|213.106.225.81 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom
325042851 325045421 2009-11-10 14:00:06 0 days 00:19:26 10001091 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom . om nom nom
325048650 325066967 2009-11-10 16:25:35 0 days 02:02:48 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} clarissaaa laaa mejorrr ! ! ! ! ! {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325066967 325067000 2009-11-10 16:25:47 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 0 {st@rt} clarissaaa laaa mejorrr ! ! ! ! ! {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325068326 325068529 2009-11-10 16:35:22 0 days 00:01:20 0|190.92.6.182 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] alan es mono
325068529 325068590 2009-11-10 16:35:46 0 days 00:00:24 634828 1 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] alan es mono
325079592 325082380 2009-11-10 17:56:22 0 days 00:15:47 0|86.42.77.205 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] cillian bisset was here heil !
325082380 325082430 2009-11-10 17:56:45 0 days 00:00:23 118722 0 [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] cillian bisset was here heil !
325135734 325136551 2009-11-10 22:53:34 0 days 00:04:30 0|122.107.135.244 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = bum crap i like men after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was
325136551 325136586 2009-11-10 22:53:45 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and escaped from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > after its erection , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that the western countries controlling west berlin were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per from the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defence with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20th . , 1961 . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , august 12th . , 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , august 13th . , 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15th . . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript < / ref > that the united states could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was
325424993 325433179 2009-11-12 13:36:08 0 days 01:22:23 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325433759 325433837 2009-11-12 13:42:21 0 days 00:00:44 295080 0 {st@rt} i w / h jujujuju el que lea esto es raro < blockquote > block quote < / blockquote > {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325433837 325434036 2009-11-12 13:44:01 0 days 00:01:40 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' bowassuupp ! ! ld text ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325434036 325434095 2009-11-12 13:44:30 0 days 00:00:29 295080 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' bowassuupp ! ! ld text ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325434095 325435667 2009-11-12 13:57:39 0 days 00:13:09 0|190.92.6.182 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' i love you ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325435667 325435700 2009-11-12 13:57:58 0 days 00:00:19 118722 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' i love you ' ' ' {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
325567665 325567787 2009-11-13 04:43:15 0 days 00:01:03 2306142 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess variation | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
327055239 327266196 2009-11-22 10:18:32 1 days 06:03:15 6999039 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px |
328919797 328942854 2009-12-01 02:25:17 0 days 02:02:54 0|66.212.203.253 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the aboboob chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
328942854 328971606 2009-12-01 05:07:11 0 days 02:41:54 10519822 0 {st@rt} {{ aboboob about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
336231595 336304502 2010-01-07 00:15:54 0 days 06:33:16 0|99.13.65.208 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | ' ' ' ' ' ' the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb
2 [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] = = headline text = =
336304502 336304791 2010-01-07 00:17:21 0 days 00:01:27 0|99.13.65.208 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp -
336304791 336305106 2010-01-07 00:18:55 0 days 00:01:34 7897452 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ about | | the berlin wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' . . . . . . . sara '
3 [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] = = headline text = =
338517464 338591345 2010-01-18 18:23:43 0 days 10:38:40 0|92.3.231.154 0 {st@rt} [[ file : example . jpg ]] {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
338591345 338591701 2010-01-18 18:25:53 0 days 00:02:10 10141256 0 {st@rt} [[ file : example . jpg ]] {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
349560284 350071952 2010-03-15 20:41:20 2 days 15:03:45 0|81.141.47.51 1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]]
350395896 350436271 2010-03-17 17:42:33 0 days 04:03:53 4905985 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]]
351061663 351127386 2010-03-21 08:01:17 0 days 09:06:33 10477943 0 {st@rt} {{ dead end | date = march 2010 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
351160581 351162178 2010-03-21 14:12:48 0 days 00:13:41 2590656 0 {st@rt} {{ dead end | date = march 2010 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
352057834 352269328 2010-03-27 02:30:47 1 days 03:43:40 0|71.125.39.147 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] m v u
352269328 352269379 2010-03-27 02:31:08 0 days 00:00:21 9801177 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] m v u
353242365 353313537 2010-04-01 08:24:59 0 days 09:29:51 0|137.163.16.202 0 {st@rt} fagg and proud ; ) {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
353313537 353314156 2010-04-01 08:32:40 0 days 00:07:41 329633 0 {st@rt} fagg and proud ; ) {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
356218953 356249720 2010-04-15 21:02:51 0 days 02:47:14 0|24.163.70.153 0 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = bold text = = i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' '
356249720 356250524 2010-04-15 21:07:43 0 days 00:04:52 0|24.163.70.153 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' [[ [[ i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ]] ]] ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
356250740 356252869 2010-04-15 21:21:25 0 days 00:12:22 262550 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = bold text = = i warn that this page could at any time be edited by the public and the information may not be valid ' ' '
358424098 358477517 2010-04-26 19:50:25 0 days 04:11:50 0|190.12.39.253 0 {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
358477517 358479681 2010-04-26 20:00:49 0 days 00:10:24 262550 1 {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > <
359983575 360333358 2010-05-05 17:55:53 1 days 15:02:58 0|199.197.102.119 0 {st@rt} {{ { hi weggie its jack tj built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
360333358 360333645 2010-05-05 17:57:22 0 days 00:01:29 0|199.197.103.35 0 {st@rt} { hi weggie its jack tj jonathan is really cool wiggie and i built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[
365700612 365763238 2010-06-03 03:24:03 0 days 07:04:01 0|75.62.4.255 0 {st@rt} {{ about ab ' ' ' out | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg
2 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' '
365763238 365768478 2010-06-03 04:13:10 0 days 00:49:07 10721057 0 {st@rt} {{ ab ' ' ' out about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image
2 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' '
366102397 366473744 2010-06-07 01:51:09 2 days 02:22:20 0|74.109.24.193 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' '
366473744 366474355 2010-06-07 01:55:31 0 days 00:04:22 10141256 0 {st@rt} ' ' ' {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
1 [[ war : bungbong han berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' '
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 0 {st@rt} {{ infobox building | name = berlin wall | native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
379465324 379655969 2010-08-18 21:19:38 1 days 00:36:00 0|209.82.164.34 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} i c wiener | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
379655969 379656612 2010-08-18 21:22:55 0 days 00:03:17 3683078 0 {st@rt} {{ i c wiener about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
385639836 385936888 2010-09-20 16:41:44 1 days 15:12:36 13107813 0 {st@rt} it is 166km long bilt in 1961 eaten in mad land {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
385936888 385937197 2010-09-20 16:43:46 0 days 00:02:02 2483182 0 {st@rt} it is 166km long bilt in 1961 eaten in mad land {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
387833321 387912954 2010-09-30 13:35:12 0 days 12:06:49 0|72.21.118.21 0 {st@rt} boobies {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
387912954 387913008 2010-09-30 13:35:37 0 days 00:00:25 13102546 0 {st@rt} boobies {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
391228576 391276457 2010-10-17 18:40:42 0 days 05:53:58 0|86.132.75.29 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
391276457 391276698 2010-10-17 18:41:56 0 days 00:01:14 7007500 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities
397267310 397310835 2010-11-17 14:50:04 0 days 06:45:09 0|217.207.245.34 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of barney hoyt rocks { f the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
397310835 397311008 2010-11-17 14:51:22 0 days 00:01:18 2483182 0 {st@rt} barney hoyt rocks { f {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg |
397311008 397311333 2010-11-17 14:53:44 0 days 00:02:22 0|217.207.245.34 0 {st@rt} {{ barney rocks { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
397311333 397311377 2010-11-17 14:54:02 0 days 00:00:18 11795830 0 {st@rt} barney rocks { {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
398276932 398276983 2010-11-22 17:17:34 0 days 00:00:18 6149938 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb |
400217192 400251407 2010-12-03 03:16:12 0 days 04:06:05 0|67.11.7.6 0 {st@rt} {{ frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer .
400251407 400251431 2010-12-03 03:16:24 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 {st@rt} frances rodriguez did this editing because she is retarted and now you dont know {{ about the berlin wall you know about my ugly nasty sister and you should arrest her because this might be illigal ! ! ! | } the ' ' ' berlin
409993256 410029342 2011-01-25 20:10:37 0 days 03:24:48 0|98.65.198.4 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite
410029342 410029373 2011-01-25 20:10:48 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall is stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001
410029373 410140875 2011-01-26 09:58:43 0 days 13:47:55 0|213.150.157.75 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied
410140875 410141159 2011-01-26 10:01:32 0 days 00:02:49 7007500 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view , from the west berlin side , of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones300 ,
412002387 412002545 2011-02-04 17:10:31 0 days 00:00:48 1004750 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
414875848 417326916 2011-03-05 22:32:58 13 days 21:13:26 10808929 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417971513 417971711 2011-03-09 15:42:15 0 days 00:01:45 0|65.51.198.66 0 {st@rt} its kew jonny and lorry and the piglett are kew . . . . . . . . . right ? {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417971711 417971739 2011-03-09 15:42:27 0 days 00:00:12 6636894 0 {st@rt} its kew jonny and lorry and the piglett are kew . . . . . . . . . right ? {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417971739 417972277 2011-03-09 15:46:29 0 days 00:04:02 14155608 0 {st@rt} kew kats lorry and jonny are kew just like the piglett . . . . right ? kewwwwww {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417972277 417972355 2011-03-09 15:47:17 0 days 00:00:48 1004750 0 {st@rt} kew kats lorry and jonny are kew just like the piglett . . . . right ? kewwwwww {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
417972559 417972599 2011-03-09 15:49:25 0 days 00:00:22 1004750 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 0 {st@rt} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }}
499137099 499177879 2012-06-24 19:40:20 0 days 05:36:49 11292982 0 mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ml : ബെർലിൻ മതിൽ ]] [[ mr : बर्लिनची भिंत ]] [[ xmf : ბერლინიშ კიდა ]] [[ arz : سور برلين ]] [[ mzn : برلین دیوار ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ oc : mur
551472710 551472920 2013-04-21 15:53:19 0 days 00:01:26 1108424 0 {st@rt} {{ leadtoolong }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates |
551472920 551475174 2013-04-21 16:10:40 0 days 00:17:21 17003997 0 {st@rt} {{ leadtoolong lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 0 {st@rt} {{ about | distinguish2 | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 0 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = --> * [ http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / index . en . html the berlin wall ] – {{ official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / berlin wall memorial ] *
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp -
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = april 2017 }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp
839289662 840547834 2018-05-10 16:16:26 8 days 02:24:23 29463730 0 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 distinguish | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]]
1 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | text = the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }}
856004544 858448093 2018-09-07 07:51:25 16 days 00:16:21 15622650 0 {st@rt} {{ very long | date = september 2018 }} {{ distinguish | text = the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6
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86668 97004 2002-06-06 13:36:28 0 days 00:35:44 0|210.49.193.178 4 guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd , [[ 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
5 access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 ]] . see [[ berlin ]] ; http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
773189 774894 2003-03-24 20:22:36 15 days 22:57:11 108 0 part of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and [[ checkpoint charlie ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] )
1 of west - germany and dreilinden on the south border of west berlin . the checkpoints were named phonetically alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and charlie | charlie ]] ( friedrichstrasse ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) .
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 38 few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : [[ berlin ]] 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 37 checkpoints were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically ]] alpha ( helmstedt ) , bravo ( dreilinden ) , and , most famously , [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( friedrichstraße ) ( see [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / carte07 . htm map of berlin with crossings ] ) . during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 ,
22624244 22650963 2005-09-05 22:13:52 0 days 07:16:01 28107 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
22687707 22698966 2005-09-06 14:26:01 0 days 04:33:04 0|213.86.60.3 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
22698966 22741071 2005-09-07 01:48:34 0 days 11:22:33 28107 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
23258905 23281713 2005-09-15 12:45:24 0 days 09:53:00 0|80.43.15.110 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
23281713 23327917 2005-09-16 06:15:04 0 days 17:29:40 28107 1 : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war
36216676 36359497 2006-01-23 14:19:21 1 days 00:38:59 0|84.190.219.68 0 * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . usarmygermany . com / units / berlin % 20brigade / usareur _ berlin % 20brigade . htm u . s . army website ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 97 in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 8 public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it [ . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down
69352457 69360399 2006-08-13 09:16:53 0 days 01:33:23 0|202.141.68.141 1 | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the berlin wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers between east and west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which had political and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led to relaxed border restrictions in east germany , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . when a government statement that crossing of the border would be permitted was broadcast on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was subsequently destroyed by a euphoric public over a period of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built a little way inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government would inform the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanies . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark ]] s . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits of east german citizens into west berlin , provided they held the necessary permit . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into east germany ' s next door countries [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in south - western berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would typically run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] the captured u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ vilyam genrikhovich fisher | rudolf abel ]] . one location where westerners could cross the border was friedrichstraße station in east berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . [[ image : peterfechter2 . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | [[ peter fechter ]] lies dying after being shot by east german border guards . this photo achieved international notoriety , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : 62411752 8021f8180a . jpg | thumb | right | 250px | the sign from [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , circa 2005 ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . he would be wrong by more than 99 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier , and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls with their superiors , but it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army with lethal force , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for regular duty . the guards and the east berlin government were not willing to use lethal force , so in face of the escalating crowd safety issues the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere , and the bars near the wall spontaneously gave out [[ free beer ]] . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit east germany and east berlin at the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually all walls fall " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including the [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] [[ image : checkpoint charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | a temporary memorial of over 1 , 000 crosses and a segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall in berlin , which was destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : an 80 meter ( 300 ft ) section near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , a longer section along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] nicknamed [[ east side gallery ]] , and a third section in the north at [[ bernauer straße ]] , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . even the parts that are left standing no longer accurately represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today [[ graffiti ]] is prevalent on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . fragments of the wall both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] are a staple on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops and are found on mantlepieces and desktops throughout the world . even people in the us and china wanted a fragment of this time period . = = = portion of wall at westminster college = = = [[ image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > one year after the fall of the berlin wall , artist [[ edwina sandys ]] , granddaughter of winston churchill , proposed the idea of placing a piece of the wall at the westminster college campus . with the support of westminster college , sandys and her husband , richard kaplan , met with officials in [[ east berlin ]] in february 1990 . upon arrival in berlin , the couple realized their plans to secure large portions of the wall would be costly , as 4 - foot - wide sections were selling at a cost of $ 60 , 000 to $ 200 , 000 . this obstacle , however , was solved when officials , impressed by the idea of a berlin wall monument being erected near the site of churchill ' s 1946 " iron curtain " speech , allowed sandys to choose eight sections as a gift to the college . sandys chose her sections from an area near the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , frequented by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " untrue " , also appealed to her . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill memorial and library . joined by former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom in eastern europe . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing majorof the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / /
70719583 70805687 2006-08-20 18:48:42 0 days 12:38:01 0|88.134.153.65 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . ferienwohnung - forum . de berlin holiday appartments ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
82205348 82210317 2006-10-18 14:07:16 0 days 00:31:24 0|216.164.60.172 0 [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories1 . html / berlin wall portal of the german embassy to the usa ] * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
87789653 87939085 2006-11-15 07:06:40 0 days 13:51:13 0|84.58.138.143 1 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
89358931 89531736 2006-11-22 22:04:55 0 days 19:56:13 0|85.178.123.221 1 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 10 < ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , ]] [[ 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02
11 > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | year = july 5 , 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 -
102792502 102975056 2007-01-24 20:24:05 0 days 20:01:01 0|64.14.248.62 1 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
104916475 104917460 2007-02-01 20:30:42 0 days 00:04:25 911178 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall
108457024 108586738 2007-02-16 12:01:39 0 days 13:04:03 0|217.132.143.214 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 0 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . < p > < [[ image : img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain . jpg " border = "
134637473 134754471 2007-05-31 06:37:02 0 days 10:49:15 957447 0 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall ] * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall
147393203 147504639 2007-07-27 18:51:54 0 days 12:58:35 0|85.178.21.141 2 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
147504639 147504728 2007-07-27 18:52:19 0 days 00:00:25 0|85.178.21.141 0 * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / berlin / checkpointcharlie / index . html virtual e - tour checkpoint charlie ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
149947858 150060455 2007-08-08 21:56:43 0 days 11:55:05 0|88.254.140.54 0 ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
157815087 157857452 2007-09-14 15:00:03 0 days 05:30:43 0|216.174.135.206 0 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required hnrequired * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
157857452 157857703 2007-09-14 15:01:38 0 days 00:01:35 302522 0 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player hnrequired required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : /
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 61 . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create
160893232 160904974 2007-09-28 12:55:47 0 days 01:39:54 3341545 2 [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . kill " http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
4 firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " they said . < ref name = kill > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 0 prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > {{ cite web | url = [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
162446548 162484247 2007-10-05 16:36:59 0 days 03:45:03 0|216.124.56.20 0 [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * [ htt * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
7 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
162484247 162484765 2007-10-05 16:39:58 0 days 00:02:59 82432 4 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall
5 * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
164330493 165005648 2007-10-16 18:39:29 2 days 23:53:33 0|24.249.110.110 1 and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of people got csr for the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave
170313046 170423035 2007-11-09 22:14:07 0 days 09:25:19 1581958 1 regime gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill goethe - institut " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill '
2 [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]]
4 shoot and kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]]
196608741 196612887 2008-03-07 21:04:14 0 days 00:18:19 0|79.0.146.173 1 ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of
204485065 204485312 2008-04-09 16:49:34 0 days 00:01:14 137113 0 wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] <
212120617 214518903 2008-05-23 22:40:18 10 days 07:43:03 7025534 1 , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : name = " cgqmzv " / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down
225295527 225402367 2008-07-13 14:21:02 0 days 15:14:57 5299643 0 [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk / images of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin :
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 15 ref > {{ cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ , 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 -
151 cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = [[ july 5 ]] [[ 2005 ]] | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 -
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 4 wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 42 youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets on sunday morning , lead elements arranged . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the
45 these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www http : . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ http : / / www
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 42 youtube = = a number of youtube videos have been made featuring the muppets and become viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets on sunday morning , lead elements arranged . com ) : * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the
45 these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : * [ http : / / www http : . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) * [ http : / / www
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 3 today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " (
255351569 255351633 2008-12-02 03:51:29 0 days 00:00:22 7801357 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : ulfdu deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , fvc , jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up
1 berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : ulfdu , fvc 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , jhv ; opjpojlkmni / nin / lkn / inddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border
256069695 256069792 2008-12-05 17:07:45 0 days 00:00:38 0|68.72.100.17 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from the beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc
256069792 256070488 2008-12-05 17:11:55 0 days 00:04:10 5177550 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc
274163078 274232751 2009-03-01 20:42:47 0 days 04:49:33 0|71.238.71.152 0 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 9 for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] <
276265514 276265541 2009-03-10 13:29:58 0 days 00:00:11 634828 14 {st@rt} : dalton . . . . . . . . . . . . . dude . cmon really ? ? ? de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]]
281090935 281109932 2009-04-01 17:12:18 0 days 01:48:07 9358984 1 _ _ facts / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / _ _ main _ _ s . html ] freedom without walls : german mission missions in the united states * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id
300713021 300962838 2009-07-08 10:00:17 1 days 08:10:31 10069869 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / cyber - city berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , mixed reality installation after the fall of the berlin wall by media artists monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
305129751 305130153 2009-07-30 19:15:32 0 days 00:01:56 0|130.218.10.1 1 [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }} http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ]
2 www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ]
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 11 vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . and prior official figures listed 98 as being killed http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
25 schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 75 www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , [[ august 14 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 12 the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories - personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff
15 / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * [ of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of
24 cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der
32 - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of
321121389 321122011 2009-10-21 02:36:40 0 days 00:05:16 835543 0 " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] < /
321400884 321435832 2009-10-22 19:30:08 0 days 03:25:18 2740078 2 = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on guardian video series on the berlin wall : 20 years on ] * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter . org / index . cfm ? topic _ id = 1409 & fuseaction = topics . categoryview
324297643 324361293 2009-11-06 22:46:16 0 days 06:16:54 0|38.107.109.130 0 . info / withoutwalls freedom without walls , 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = owqstzgkbiy ] how the wall worked . 3d virtual realization * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : /
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 6 of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , divisions occurred between the soviets and the other occupying powers , including the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction to germany . < ref name = " miller18 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 18 - 23 }} < / ref > < ref name = " turner23 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 23 }} < / ref > = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of marxism - leninism became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . an elaborate political police apparatus kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change and communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 , within which the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy , with an unlimited soviet exercise of the occupation regime and soviet penetration of administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn = 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember
325413116 325413366 2009-11-12 10:06:37 0 days 00:02:38 8023653 7 . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 ] * the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge , 2000 . [ http : / / www . informaworld . com / smpp / title ~ db = all ~ content = t732627883 ] * germany in
325413366 325413509 2009-11-12 10:08:14 0 days 00:01:37 8023653 3 - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition , 1991 . isbn 0 713467959 * east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit , 1987 .
333200585 333200951 2009-12-22 05:35:55 0 days 00:03:09 96897 0 betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , [ [[ junkers ] [ http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / junker ] , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 17 / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a soviet http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg
40 august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 35 [[ west bank ]] pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html ] < / ref > = = legacy = =
37 percent said they did not know who built it , with just 24 percent correctly naming the soviet union and its then - communist ally east germany . < ref > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough < / ref > = = = wall segments around
77 berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff -
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 1 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www articles . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date
367995322 368038978 2010-06-14 20:42:05 0 days 04:10:54 262550 1 [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defenses with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ {{ cite web | url = http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date =
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 3 clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations links to other sources . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin
385938027 386053284 2010-09-21 05:51:05 0 days 13:01:45 5812172 0 ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www . thefirstpost . co . uk / 55774 , in - pictures , news - in - pictures , in - pictures - photographs - the - berlin - wall - my - part - in - its - fall - by - roland - pietsch - germany fall of the wall : my school trip ] - slideshow by ' ' [[ the first post ]] ' ' * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : /
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 10 , known as the [[ east side gallery ]] . a comprehensive documentation of all the remnants of the berlin wall , including its extensive infrastructure , is available in the shape of a web - based geographical information system north at http : / / www . berlin - wall - map . com fragments of the wall were taken and some were sold around the world . appearing both with
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 37 had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref name = " schabowski " > sarotte , mary elise ( 1 nov 1 , 2009 ) [ http : / / www . washingtonpost . com / wp - dyn / content / article / 2009 / 10 / 30 / ar2009103001846
39 questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 oct 21 , 2009 ) [ http : / / online . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann
398787758 398858085 2010-11-25 20:48:26 0 days 10:28:08 12323565 0 about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 0 valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin
14 batsford , third edition . isbn 0 713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s ] the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 -
17 up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [ http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / commons / 6 / 6f / map - germany - 1945 . svg map - germany - 1945 ] berlin
19 de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 6 german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0713467959 * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' east germany to the 1990s can it resist glasnost ? ] http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q =
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 10 resist glasnost ? ' ' , < ref > [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _ 1990s east germany to the 1990s ( open library ) ] < / ref > the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , 9780850582451 . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q =
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 15 web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - – beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 |
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 12 < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html {{ de icon }} < ref > {{ cite web | url = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 ] < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it .
492573792 492640902 2012-05-15 04:29:52 0 days 08:32:31 14405583 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = august 13 , 1961 | building _ type = blockade [[ separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 8 / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html freedom without walls speaking contest ] ]] < ref > http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls
543449478 545358277 2013-03-19 05:11:08 7 days 12:34:11 1609140 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545358277 545361184 2013-03-19 05:32:47 0 days 00:21:39 7868001 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545361184 545373409 2013-03-19 06:54:43 0 days 01:21:56 210954 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545373409 545381105 2013-03-19 07:46:16 0 days 00:51:33 18079202 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall separation barrier ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
545381105 545455691 2013-03-19 16:10:59 0 days 08:24:43 145394 0 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ separation barrier wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]]
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 9 = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building
15 of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon '
26 cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale , 1984 .
35 ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation
577726713 578192175 2013-10-22 00:51:09 3 days 08:58:25 13799985 1 and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the
2 berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [ http : / / sharemap . org / public / west _ and _ east _ berlin interactive map ] ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic
580957869 581167329 2013-11-11 10:59:15 1 days 12:38:46 1469567 2 svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed
5 road sign delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these
6 delimiting british zone of occupation in berlin 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone of occupation ]] in berlin , 1984 . photo by george garrigues ]] there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin . these allowed visits
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 16 : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow
17 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = [[ wall ]] }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 1 _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states - home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 2 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge _ of _ spies _ ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as
700030765 700067540 2016-01-16 05:21:17 0 days 06:00:32 14508071 6 - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > : see also [[ berlin _ wall # david _ bowie . 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 0 web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac .
6 . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | archivedate = 20 september 2011 medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined
748208128 748537843 2016-11-08 18:55:46 1 days 18:26:11 274535 0 map en . svg | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ plainlist | * {{ flag | east germany }} < br > [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]]
750161040 750685196 2016-11-21 07:09:13 3 days 03:38:31 27446209 2 [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = : de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km |
6 of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = {{ bulleted list | border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr =
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 12 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate accrssdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr
13 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = 22 may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it
810174887 810185910 2017-11-13 20:34:03 0 days 01:10:23 6554947 3 two separate keyholes to unlock . < ref > https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? time _ continue = 275 & v = owqstzgkbiy < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of
812015131 812456655 2017-11-27 23:08:43 2 days 10:38:49 27015025 0 [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] {{ webarchive | url = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080829173505 / http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml | date = 29 august 2008 }} " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , october 2006 . < / ref > accompanied by
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97004 102788 2002-06-17 01:57:46 10 days 12:21:18 0|217.168.172.202 0 it was regularly improved up the fourth generation wall , built from 1975 . this wall was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 seperate separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 14 out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and , anti - vehicle trenches as well as barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse ,
15 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . there was also mesh fencing , signal fencing and anti - vehicle trenches as well as , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers and thirty bunkers . at first there was only one crossing point for westerners at friedrichstrasse , the western powers opened two further checkpoints
732530 732537 2003-03-08 21:13:53 0 days 02:40:23 4388 0 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ [ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move between all the sectors , but as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east
732537 732538 2003-03-08 21:16:43 0 days 00:02:50 4388 0 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ [ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was
794852 794855 2003-04-01 14:00:37 0 days 00:17:21 0|204.218.227.5 0 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . " alexandrea elenora clinea ! " yelled the gay homosexual . hahhahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahhahahahhahahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhaahahhahahhahahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahah from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that
794855 898611 2003-04-01 14:02:35 0 days 00:01:58 0|62.253.64.7 0 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . " alexandrea elenora clinea ! " yelled the gay homosexual . hahhahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhahahhahahhahahahhahahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahhaahahhahahhahahahahhahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahahahhahahahahhahahahahhahah from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 7 the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee weißensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]]
1282616 1282664 2003-08-13 04:46:25 6 days 13:51:34 7918 2 the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east
1608238 1711609 2003-10-22 21:22:46 0 days 00:50:12 26248 0 was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a
1744562 1744576 2003-11-15 23:16:00 4 days 15:00:13 2 1 [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' in [[ 1938 ]] , thus giving a good profile of the good and evil in german history . instead , october 3 was chosen . the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july 1991 . believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of
2 , which obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . many believe november 9 would have made a good german national holiday , since november 9 is also the date of the declaration of the republic in [[ 1918 ]] and of
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 5 in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
6 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding
2729115 2729186 2004-03-12 04:12:38 4 days 23:14:57 50926 0 german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers , making the berlin wall on completetion reach 96 miles . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on
1 marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . 27 of this went through berlin , 23 went through residential zones at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the
3416164 3551635 2004-05-02 09:12:00 3 days 12:28:42 4388 6 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the
7 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers [[ tower ]] s , and thirty bunkers . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at
8 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh fencing , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch towers , and thirty bunkers [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further checkpoints , at [[ helmstedt ]] on
4242660 4242842 2004-06-23 19:18:02 0 days 22:13:06 0|80.45.179.46 2 attempted to defect . = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating what became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' between the two barriers after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed
5169711 5169825 2004-08-12 20:37:47 21 days 12:29:00 12741 0 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge the [[ ddr ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]]
5169859 5174899 2004-08-12 20:46:08 0 days 00:01:56 12741 0 to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image :
1 in full view of the western media , on august 17 [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp -
5185184 5185219 2004-08-13 16:25:13 0 days 00:01:18 56563 0 changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[
5189242 5193144 2004-08-13 20:08:41 0 days 00:54:13 12741 0 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987
1 ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] ,
6103099 6145320 2004-09-23 18:24:05 1 days 03:33:32 0|67.93.158.42 0 chosen instead . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation _ train | maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was demolished just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin
7274242 7274341 2004-11-09 22:01:30 0 days 00:00:15 0|84.57.81.84 0 somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people immediately went to the wall , where they quickly became a major crowd control
7275347 7369764 2004-11-09 22:25:46 0 days 00:07:37 0|84.57.81.84 0 to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some believe november 9 , which marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , would have made a good german national holiday . this is reinforced by the fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic ,
7583874 7583907 2004-11-17 17:31:15 1 days 18:42:49 0|64.90.246.103 0 its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . negro ! after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied souvereignity ,
7584008 7586970 2004-11-17 17:36:49 0 days 00:04:17 54115 0 its intent was to restrict access between west berlin and the german democratic republic . it existed from [[ 1961 ]] until [[ 1989 ]] . = = background = = negro ! after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] , like the rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied souvereignity ,
9220520 9263540 2005-01-09 04:58:30 2 days 07:45:20 0|63.231.146.138 1 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
9400082 9483884 2005-01-16 03:23:36 2 days 07:46:20 0|63.231.146.138 0 escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 20 , particularly during the [[ cuban missile crisis ]] it was feared that world war iii would begin here . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . = = the fall of the wall
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 8 it was regularly improved . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence , creating an empty , easily observable [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down
15 people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border
19 a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es trenches , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners ,
20 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , [[ barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at
21 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire ]] , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße
22 the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had
23 ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited to a total of twelve crossing points on the wall , though all but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the berlin - helmstadt [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt
24 , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the dreilinden in south - western powers had two further [[ checkpoint ]] s , at [[ helmstedt ]] on the border between east germany and the main part of west germany and [[ dreilinden ]]
33 were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal
35 marks . the border was also guarded by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle [[ trench ]] es , barbed wire , over 300 watch [[ tower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . at first , there was only one crossing point for westerners , at [[ friedrichstraße ]] ; the western
9762535 9765302 2005-01-29 12:56:12 3 days 11:13:15 124324 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' ossis ' ' and ' ' wessis ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " . a september 2004 poll found that one quarter of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 7 most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently
25 after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in
26 - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany ,
27 defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 16 german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] ,
17 ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
22 . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of
23 restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 75 . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing ultralights across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross
76 rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall
77 brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 ]] [[ 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and
78 . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the
95 , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that
96 after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western
97 of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent
98 - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , ronald reagan gave a famous speech at the brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged mikhail gorbachev to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall
119 of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 . after
120 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding
126 days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands of people
10244127 10244153 2005-02-14 04:35:35 3 days 03:01:03 0|203.36.44.14 0 ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[
10244153 10252863 2005-02-14 04:36:05 0 days 00:00:30 33103 0 ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to move freely between all the sectors . however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively by entering west berlin . the majority of the professionally skilled workers were already leaving the east . ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the university of leipzig defected . ) as mentioned above , west berlin was an open border point out of east germany , and from there anyone could take an approved road or air route to the rest of west germany . = = construction of the wall = = [[
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 1 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one section of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on
18 | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . although allied military personnel , officials and diplomats were still able to pass into east berlin following the construction of the wall & mdash ; free passage of such people was a requirement of the post - war four powers agreements & mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel
22 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was by
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 4 fact that november 9 was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead
12910967 13036963 2005-04-28 01:57:47 0 days 03:20:14 0|192.211.25.9 0 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which keeps ' ' out ' ' rather than ' ' in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial . ) the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]]
13205916 13207767 2005-05-04 03:52:06 0 days 04:54:23 255801 0 two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . the most notorious failed attempt was
14015916 14016061 2005-05-21 09:38:46 2 days 17:36:54 0|216.27.183.43 2 however , as the [[ cold war ]] developed movement became restricted ; the border between east and west germany proper was closed in [[ 1952 ]] , only in berlin did the border remained open for the time being . around 2 . 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened
14269368 14269487 2005-05-26 16:36:03 0 days 04:31:25 0|164.68.120.3 0 a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land poop ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
1 raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly penis , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
14269815 14329087 2005-05-26 16:46:05 0 days 00:04:01 157530 0 a second parallel fence up to 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s poop land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
1 raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapers ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most penis importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
15843218 15843238 2005-06-26 03:27:18 5 days 11:55:40 0|60.231.206.11 0 on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep with poo within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital
15843238 15881315 2005-06-26 03:27:58 0 days 00:00:40 33103 0 on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = germany ' s capital , [[ berlin ]] , was deep with poo within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 9 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover
10 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col glover s .
17 streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into
22 of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6m high and 1 . 5m 5 & nbsp ; m wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 east german marks . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult
38 undercarriage . east germans were occasionally given permission to cross , particularly when they were too old to work . sometimes political prisoners were dramatically released - - for a price - - & mdash ; at one of the checkpoints . at the border section in [[ potsdam ]] u - 2 pilot [[ gary powers ]] was traded for russian spy [[ rudolf abel ]]
18248155 18341661 2005-07-07 18:15:00 1 days 09:05:21 5717 1 fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 4 . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions cross the border with proper permission . when asked who this would apply to etc . he couldn ' t answer because he really didn ' t know ( he had been abandoned . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 6 few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference
9 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
10 [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 4 , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr minister of propaganda
7 briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the bdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a
8 replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin . however , the bdr gdr minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference
21195696 21210662 2005-08-17 11:33:46 0 days 06:34:46 272200 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliment in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
21211077 21234444 2005-08-17 19:15:14 0 days 07:29:15 0|209.205.40.3 0 " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentomic pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]]
23327917 23361590 2005-09-16 20:58:50 0 days 14:43:46 6661 1 few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the gdr east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference
24086554 24088697 2005-09-26 16:47:20 0 days 00:31:05 90467 0 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhof ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , stand on the berlin wall . david hasselhof has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification | reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]]
24143292 24150723 2005-09-27 11:35:46 0 days 02:38:27 0|212.219.59.226 1 ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified camply decorated over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = '
24150980 24151055 2005-09-27 11:41:54 0 days 00:01:14 7580 1 ( anti - fascist protection wall ) ' ' . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1066 ]] and camply decorated fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . years later , a crack team
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 71 to 91 metres ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 65 , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government . how the wall worked the wall was over 155 km 96 miles long . in june [[ 1962 work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an
70 parallel fence up to 91 metres 100 yards further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . an empty no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints
24618114 24828196 2005-10-05 18:04:22 2 days 13:19:55 0|24.51.178.10 6 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
8 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
24828196 24828244 2005-10-05 18:05:02 0 days 00:00:40 94806 6 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
8 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
24828279 24828564 2005-10-05 18:10:39 0 days 00:05:08 0|24.51.178.10 8 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
10 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
24828564 24828569 2005-10-05 18:10:52 0 days 00:00:13 94806 8 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
10 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 33 , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s precarious position was a key factor in 1990 , robert founded the decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 0 in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . ethel and julius rosenberg from wikipedia , the free encyclopedia . jump to : navigation , search the rosenbergsethel greenglass rosenberg ( september 28 , 1915 – june 19 , 1953 ) and julius rosenberg ( may 12 , 1918 – june 19 , 1953 ) were american communists who were thrust into the world spotlight when they were tried , convicted , and executed for spying for the soviet union . the accuracy of these charges remains controversial , though decades later , soviet communications decrypted by the venona project became publicly available and appeared to indicate that at least julius rosenberg was actively involved in espionage ( although they provided no new evidence that he performed the specific acts of espionage for which he was convicted ) . specifically , the couple were charged with conspiracy to commit espionage and were accused of passing nuclear weapons secrets to russian agents . contents [ hide ] 1 background 2 trial and conviction 3 execution 4 posthumous revelations 5 controversy 6 the rosenbergs = = ' children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from
5 children 7 in fiction 8 see also 9 external links [ edit ] background julius rosenberg was born on may 12 , 1918 in new york . he graduated from the city college of new york with a degree in electrical engineering in 1939 and in 1940 joined the [[ soviet ]] army signal corps where he worked on radar equipment . he became a leader in the young communist league , where in 1936 he met ethel , whom he married three
17 against a greater enemy , nazi germany . in 1950 , though , this distinction was not made by the u . s . judge or jury , who saw their espionage in control . the context of the cold war , judge kaufman going so far as to blame the couple for the korean war . did they actually help the russian program ? recent
32 co - wrote a book about the experience , we are your sons : the legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , effect an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support
35 rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases decision to make [[ bonn ]] the seat of government of west germany in preference to either west berlin or [[ frankfurt ]] . [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert
36 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . [ edit ] in fiction the book of daniel , a 1971 novel by e . l . doctorow , is loosely based on the rosenberg case , while robert coover ' s 1977 novel the public burning is a parodic reconstruction of their execution . tony kushner ' s 1992 play angels in america features a fictionalized version of ethel rosenberg , played by meryl streep in the hbo version . [ edit ] see also soviet atomic bomb project . the case is thought to have spurred lee harvey oswald ' s interest in marxism . [ 5 ] [ edit ] external links timeline of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration
37 of events relating to the rosenberg trial . ethel ' s brother says he trumped up evidence . project venona messages . rosenberg fbi files ( summary only ) heir to an execution — an hbo documentary by ivy meeropol , the grandaughter of ethel and julius move freely among all the sectors . a statement by the rosenberg ' s sons in support of their exoneration an interview with robert meeropol about the adoption mujeres riot : ethel rosenberg ( in spanish ,
42 ethel _ and _ julius _ rosenberg " categories : 1915 births | 1953 deaths | soviet spies | venona appendix a | cold war spies | u . s . history of anti - communism | executed secret agents | nuclear secrecy viewsarticlediscussionedit 5 million east germans crossed into the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this pagehistory personal toolscreate account / log in navigation main pagecommunity portalcurrent eventsrecent changesrandom articlehelpcontact usdonations search toolbox what links here related changes upload file special pages printable version permanent link
49 legacy of ethel and julius rosenberg ( 1975 ) , and robert wrote another book in 2004 , an execution in the family : one son ' s journey . in 1990 , robert founded the rosenberg fund for children , a non - profit foundation which provides support for children whose parents are left - wing activists involved in court cases . [ edit ]
27080524 27085773 2005-11-01 17:19:14 0 days 01:17:55 0|24.165.111.223 1 . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital , [[ clit ]] , was deep within captured by the area which the penis was planning to hump it expect it was a asshole instead of a clit so he licked his brothers asshole [[ soviet ]] army during the
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 1 , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 & nbsp ; m high and 1 . 5 & nbsp ; m ( 5 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe ,
27850846 27851902 2005-11-09 20:43:14 0 days 00:11:23 140548 2 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' " looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told
27852065 27861475 2005-11-09 22:30:11 0 days 01:45:09 246113 2 hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross
3 been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . during a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper
28532961 28612782 2005-11-17 19:37:39 0 days 22:32:10 0|84.92.121.217 0 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
28612782 28612923 2005-11-17 19:39:40 0 days 00:02:01 0|84.92.121.217 0 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , at the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany
2 [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , the people ' s favourite [[ robin hughes ]] ' s rival . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
28612923 28613740 2005-11-17 19:51:24 0 days 00:11:44 83165 0 germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , at the recommendation of [[ robin hughes ]] a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
28791862 28792067 2005-11-20 01:04:12 0 days 00:04:02 0|201.252.93.29 11 , [[ berlin ]] , was captured by the [[ soviet ]] army during the closing months of [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]]
28792067 28792082 2005-11-20 01:04:30 0 days 00:00:18 159620 10 berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] , [[ berlin ]] , the [[ soviet ]] army duringof [[ world war ii ]] . as the capital , the city was specially divided by the allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the
31751925 31893565 2005-12-18 22:19:25 1 days 03:59:55 34819 0 . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) , was demolished just months after its official opening in
34778424 34885955 2006-01-12 13:16:20 0 days 19:24:18 0|165.21.154.112 0 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] ( baywatch star ) performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably
34885955 34951260 2006-01-12 23:38:12 0 days 10:21:52 8780 0 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] ( baywatch star ) performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably
35317828 35365337 2006-01-16 05:50:37 0 days 07:53:29 0|24.166.17.11 0 soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof [[ tempelhof ]] airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which
35365337 35365390 2006-01-16 05:51:11 0 days 00:00:34 0|24.166.17.11 0 was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " ,
36500191 36641861 2006-01-25 14:02:24 0 days 23:58:25 0|194.232.85.82 2 fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article :
36646630 36649007 2006-01-25 15:13:54 0 days 00:23:19 0|194.232.85.82 1 happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in marshall plan rebuilding the west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin
38565790 38580629 2006-02-07 06:10:30 0 days 02:26:59 58229 0 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s
38581150 38618929 2006-02-07 14:55:48 0 days 08:38:18 69265 1 the west between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were migrated daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]]
3 between 1949 and [[ 1961 ]] ; after 1952 this happened almost exclusively via west berlin . huge numbers of professional , & / or more educated skilled workers were daily migrating , frequently for lucrative opportunities in the marshall plan rebuilding west ( for example , on one day the entire mathematics department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected )
39753372 39793418 2006-02-15 22:29:58 0 days 05:18:02 29642 0 those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system connecting three metro stations over 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) ,
40007809 40008106 2006-02-17 13:24:14 0 days 00:02:46 0|142.227.187.189 0 seen as being the truth . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields and brandon ' s really is a pig other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb |
40249035 40378504 2006-02-20 03:54:59 0 days 21:59:43 386031 1 the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 7 for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 116 [[ watchtower ]] s , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall
8 . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 300 [[ watchtower ]] s [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] , and thirty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere
14 public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations (
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 15 & nbsp ; feet ) tunnel dug by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men wires , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when
16 by west berliners , on october 3 , 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . flying [[ ultralight ]] s , and even one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight
17 4 and 5 , [[ 1964 ]] ; and two escapes made by sliding along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s
18 , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airman airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . a plastic
27 first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point the end of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he did not really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according
54 remembered those who died attempting to cross the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , . an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length
71 along aerial runways ( one by two men , one by a family ) . one man drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . one of the last escapes occurred when two men flew fixed wing [[ ultralight ]] s across the wall to rescue their brother . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik ( gst - an [[ east
73 ]] airman such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . a plastic model kit of ddr - woh is available from the german toga model company . the most notorious failed attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august
75 autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however ,
76 east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] ,
80 had not been fully updated on all the protesting or this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference ,
89 [[ november 9 ]] was also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3
91 however , because [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before
94 the wall . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , an experimental [[ magnetic levitation train | maglev ]] - like system a around 1 . 6 & nbsp ; km ( 1 [[ mile | mile ]] ) in length , was demolished just months after its official
40900018 40900572 2006-02-23 19:43:11 0 days 00:04:45 89179 1 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it was built itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ britain | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 4 which obviously would not have been possible while the wall was actually guarded by the armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti was exclusively on the western side . = = = = cultural differences = = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 8 . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u .
9 on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men , divided into five march units , left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 0634 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards .
37 to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests , at length , via " the usual channels " , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[
63 potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 5 to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split , many east berliners were cut off
7 towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade
14 out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] s , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger ,
23 of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight ]] s , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 15 ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis -
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 3 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was
4 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic
5 and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
6 consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
7 the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica
8 eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 2 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an
3 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic
4 and economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com /
5 economic consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 ]] and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb
6 consequences for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and [[ 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb /
7 for the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased illegal emigration ( escapes - republikflucht in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article
43550317 43550620 2006-03-13 06:02:37 0 days 00:02:47 635781 4 peaceful revolution and because it is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3
5 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 6 at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded
49133030 49652114 2006-04-22 21:22:48 3 days 13:31:21 576576 0 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in 1979 two families were spotted on a field near the town of [[ hof ]] in [[ bavaria ]] . they had escaped via a hot air balloon which the had stitched and sewn together themselves . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth
49652114 49652243 2006-04-22 21:23:37 0 days 00:00:49 576576 0 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in 1979 two families were spotted on a field near the town of [[ hof ]] in [[ bavaria ]] . they had escaped via a hot air balloon which the had stitched and sewn together themselves . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 5 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western
6 , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on
7 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began on sunday
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 1 the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) | nva ]] and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length
2 - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) and kda ( [[ combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border
3 city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( national people ' s army ) and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 14 smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall
15 make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around
16 it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification ) | watchtowers , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the
17 more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers ]] , and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world
18 difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty bunkers . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are
19 escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , barbed wire , over 116 [[ watchtower fortification watchtowers , and twenty bunkers [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 3 according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these
4 nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used
28 or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed
29 long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[
30 sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]]
35 | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but
40 notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] .
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 0 those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ( checkpoint charlie ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany .
1 crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was friedrichstraße ]] ( checkpoint charlie ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these
2 were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was friedrichstraße ( [[ checkpoint charlie ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could
3 according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was friedrichstraße ( checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used
28 or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin
29 . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german
30 successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military
35 , at gatow airport . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different
39 different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall ,
40 . the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 ]] [[ 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 =
41 the most notorious failed attempt was that of peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = =
52229759 52230634 2006-05-08 23:48:15 0 days 00:05:30 1402196 1 berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany freytag was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany |
53249295 53249426 2006-05-15 02:36:47 0 days 00:01:03 0|202.37.230.29 0 border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = sorry but jake smells like poo from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding
53249426 53249521 2006-05-15 02:37:27 0 days 00:00:40 175037 1 border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = sorry but jake smells like poo from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding
54072783 54107483 2006-05-19 23:03:39 0 days 04:04:55 0|137.54.89.250 0 ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to memory of those who had died attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http : / /
54436286 54465100 2006-05-22 03:20:36 0 days 03:28:29 0|71.108.119.39 0 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 1962 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an
54465100 54465933 2006-05-22 03:27:28 0 days 00:06:52 0|71.108.119.39 0 . ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1962 august 13 , 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an
54465933 54483047 2006-05-22 05:56:45 0 days 02:29:17 1072488 0 the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ august 13 ]] , 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and
1 ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ august 13 , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 3 [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
4 bloc | communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
5 communist bloc ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica
6 ]] . it effectively decreased emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between [[ 1949 ]] and [[ 1962 ]] to 5 , 000 between [[ 1962 ]] and [[ 1989 ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . britannica . com
19 had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german
63280868 63282560 2006-07-11 19:59:04 0 days 00:09:46 1008387 0 " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most [[ sophisticated ]] [[ [[ link title ]] [[ media : < math > example . ogg < / math > ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' '
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 3 westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know known for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] ,
10 . = = portion of wall at westminster college = = a small portion of the wall can also bee seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] . westminster college is know for drawing important world leaders , from [[ winston churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speach at westminster college
13 of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately in the foreground of the college ' s winston churchill
20 . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | photo of the winson churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | 200px | left | photo of [[ president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speach during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton ]] , [[ missouri ]] ]] . = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 meter ( 656 ft ) section close to
64683314 64683405 2006-07-19 16:14:14 0 days 00:00:39 157842 0 image : churchwall . jpg | thumb | left | winston churchill memorial library at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . a portion of the berlin wall can be seen in the lower left . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster college is known
65633170 65633547 2006-07-24 21:39:57 0 days 00:02:12 0|65.112.106.194 0 gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret thatcher ]] , amony among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 1 soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all of that shit german states = = = from 1948 onwards , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t
2 which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . and , after all of that shit , the table , having wanted to for some time , was , finally raped . but that isn ' t all . y ' know , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is west germany developed into a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the
67168760 67480936 2006-08-03 18:11:51 1 days 15:09:38 0|71.68.90.113 0 former president ronald reagan , senator [[ john ashcroft ]] and german [[ minister plenipotentiary ]] [[ fritjof von nordenskjoeld ]] , sandys introduced her sculpture to the assembled crowd . fourty forty - four years after her grandfather warned of an " iron curtain , " the wide open doors of " breakthrough " provided a concrete image of the newly realized freedom
68131991 68356935 2006-08-08 07:28:08 1 days 02:55:40 302522 0 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german traffic police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to
70203016 70228934 2006-08-17 14:17:04 0 days 03:25:10 119174 0 churchill ]] ( he gave his famous [[ iron curtain ]] speech at westminster college ) , [[ ronald reagan ]] , [[ george h . bush ]] , and [[ margret margaret thatcher ]] , among others . the piece of the wall became part of the winston churchill memorial library . < ref > [ http : / / www . westminster
77680457 77834536 2006-09-26 02:38:20 0 days 19:28:25 0|70.244.182.194 0 claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west , a ridiculous assertion when compared with the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view
1 that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall , and the western view that the
78350243 78394704 2006-09-28 22:50:15 0 days 04:00:18 0|71.145.176.135 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = headline text = = [[ link title ]] < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) < s > strike - through text < / s > < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > < small > small text < / small > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] )
78394704 78409397 2006-09-29 00:19:00 0 days 01:28:45 1008387 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = headline text = = [[ link title ]] < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) - - [[ user : 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 | 71 . 145 . 176 . 135 ]] 22 : 50 , 28 september 2006 ( utc ) < s > strike - through text < / s > < gallery > image : example . jpg | caption1 image : example . jpg | caption2 < / gallery > < small > small text < / small > ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' bold text ' ' ' ' ' ' = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] )
79360490 79360549 2006-10-04 00:27:24 0 days 00:00:26 416594 1 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs , pussy and sex there what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones , they loved to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 10 east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was
82212056 82214449 2006-10-18 14:32:16 0 days 00:13:43 21887 1 failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
82879500 82879607 2006-10-21 21:18:28 0 days 00:00:45 2179786 2 gdr border system ]] . the berlin wall never fell . its still there , go and visit , take pictures . its a good family friendly place , lots of kid stuff [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , the wall was a long [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for a period of 28 years . it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and take pix however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key
84732512 84732536 2006-10-31 00:15:12 0 days 00:00:08 1574574 3 policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germanys . la la la la la . . . la la la la soccer a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
84732536 84732677 2006-10-31 00:15:58 0 days 00:00:46 2617879 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 poor peter , 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross <
2 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death soul rest in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border
84732677 84732751 2006-10-31 00:16:22 0 days 00:00:24 416594 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , may his soul rest in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans
1 ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may 000 successful escapes ( a form of [[ illegal emigration ]] ) into west berlin . varying reports claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall improved . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his soul rest in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on
2 the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . poor peter , may his soul rest aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in peace = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 0 . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to
86859769 86949737 2006-11-10 15:32:30 0 days 12:43:04 0|89.51.186.116 0 jpg | thumb | the famous you are leaving and . . . ]] [[ image : berlin entering . jpg | thumb | . . . you are entering at the glienicke bridge ( ' ' glienicker brücke 1985 ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check
88809786 88973047 2006-11-20 08:00:26 0 days 17:27:14 1737646 1 | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german ]] youth military training organization , at [[ gatow
2 air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under a different the registration . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media ,
89218590 89218869 2006-11-21 12:21:30 0 days 00:02:25 617480 2 november 9 ]] 1989 to allow refugees exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified that the proposal to include private travels . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda ,
89219141 89219229 2006-11-21 12:25:13 0 days 00:00:59 617480 0 germany and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark | dm per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] ,
1 and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east
91359911 91362108 2006-12-01 12:08:57 0 days 00:20:31 302522 6 from a usual wall into the system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signalisation , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , automatic guns which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities , money and steel the communists allocated to the further
8 - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and perfidious shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guard . < br > but the more work , ingenuities ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only with
91362108 91363226 2006-12-01 12:19:23 0 days 00:10:26 579524 0 from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and automatic guns shooting automata , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further
91363294 91364168 2006-12-01 12:27:29 0 days 00:07:33 579524 0 from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and shooting automata self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the
93491214 93491328 2006-12-11 01:36:20 0 days 00:00:43 2420409 0 and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . omg go america ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten yay america ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall )
93881175 93881282 2006-12-12 19:57:01 0 days 00:00:31 198194 1 [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = misty tatom from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
94444270 94444428 2006-12-15 04:19:37 0 days 00:01:07 0|71.251.242.195 2 gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
95089251 95090637 2006-12-18 14:01:12 0 days 00:10:54 0|84.64.31.22 2 the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove motorist in a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m
4 long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two in the front and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east
5 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
6 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[
7 escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a
8 west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and even one man who drove a very low sports car underneath a barricade at [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of
96129601 97153866 2006-12-29 16:19:56 5 days 22:32:40 86858 0 and east berlin under the restrictive conditions prevalent before , which involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutschmark deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23
98199588 98226397 2007-01-03 18:47:23 0 days 02:19:08 873891 1 of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . ]] the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city and the [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening
98226397 98227262 2007-01-03 18:51:51 0 days 00:04:28 873891 16 ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also had an erection over 1 , 000 hours crosses in memory of those who had stripped attempting to flee to the west . the memorial was installed in october 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . < ref > http
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 3 allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 14 reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . shiva . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06
28 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . satan . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231
30 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . confucius . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
31 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . bacchus . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
32 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . san disk . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 14 reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . shiva . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06
28 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . satan . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 231
30 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . confucius . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
31 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . bacchus . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
32 triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . san disk . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 4 berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic pentatonic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]]
8 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue catalog entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 6 berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatonic pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]]
10 author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalog catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin
101649298 102250296 2007-01-21 18:13:52 2 days 20:14:02 0|68.79.67.14 0 [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = dude , from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
102250296 102250358 2007-01-21 18:14:13 0 days 00:00:21 0|68.79.67.14 0 [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = dude , from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
104426285 104427508 2007-01-30 22:07:57 0 days 00:05:34 63451 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in
1 segment of the wall for those who died attempting to cross . the memorial stood for nine months in 2004 and 2005 before being demolished by the berlin government . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in
107277131 107313668 2007-02-11 13:29:51 0 days 05:08:07 2013997 0 berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august
1 brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic " ( equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]]
109201627 109202413 2007-02-19 01:53:52 0 days 00:04:12 0|68.41.174.194 3 a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were would later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at
109820921 109895954 2007-02-21 20:45:54 0 days 05:45:40 0|70.147.157.133 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . hi = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
109895954 109896077 2007-02-21 20:46:27 0 days 00:00:33 2655685 0 berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] hi the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 36 november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified other than the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 28 their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred creation led directly to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 36 november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified other than the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 28 their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred creation led directly to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 36 november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified other than the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda
111076410 111077007 2007-02-26 14:23:06 0 days 00:03:59 0|24.39.160.45 0 remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall !
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 28 their usual solutions ineffectual in helping the people of berlin , or showing the russians that they were far more wicked - cool than them . so president [[ harry s . truman | truman ]] proposed what congress referred creation led directly to as the great bambi . a worker known as eric " bambi " delaney gathered all the sausages needed to maintain basic german life . this went on for a
111405690 111405735 2007-02-27 20:33:03 0 days 00:00:14 0|205.126.63.15 0 east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = hi mrs . ramsey = = = = = = massive emigration hi mrs . ramsay = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' '
111406172 111406279 2007-02-27 20:35:15 0 days 00:00:25 0|205.126.72.236 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier hi mrs ramsay = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
111406618 111406676 2007-02-27 20:37:02 0 days 00:00:20 0|205.126.72.236 0 german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = hi mrs . ramsay = = = = = proposed barrier mrs ramsay hi = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] ,
112936932 113009009 2007-03-06 06:45:43 0 days 06:44:54 621997 0 successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of
1 escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in instance , simply driving a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up
2 , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , one motorist in a sports car simply drove at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapees ( two
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 2 ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed
114987991 115016505 2007-03-14 09:34:46 0 days 04:16:30 0|220.101.111.166 1 , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men fatty boobaladahs . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights .
115016505 115016570 2007-03-14 09:35:16 0 days 00:00:30 2608485 1 , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 fatty boobaladahs officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american poo slinger patrol was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied
117077906 117078008 2007-03-22 17:49:26 0 days 00:00:26 492858 1 ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny is a noob adn has nothin [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for the project but this which i just screwed up for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western
119194198 119196685 2007-03-31 03:37:08 0 days 00:17:34 196242 4 of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ las vegas , | nevada ]] administration of [[ jon walker walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ mormon ]] leader [[ brendon urie ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] ,
119615866 119631602 2007-04-02 02:39:39 0 days 01:31:52 0|69.205.0.178 0 were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of
119631602 119634038 2007-04-02 02:53:21 0 days 00:13:42 911178 0 were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of
122018387 122019226 2007-04-11 19:15:33 0 days 00:03:16 0|75.144.36.132 0 . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . bobby whitaker loves men is something i love . ed by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader
123036914 123126675 2007-04-16 01:10:02 0 days 06:35:57 0|68.19.95.204 0 | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . one man says , " weird ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " hi . . . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the
123126675 123126862 2007-04-16 01:10:47 0 days 00:00:45 331742 0 | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . one man says , " weird ! ! ! ! ! ! ! " hi . . . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the
123239676 123290696 2007-04-16 17:02:47 0 days 03:41:47 0|206.82.21.217 1 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected hated by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets ,
123290696 123314173 2007-04-16 18:40:46 0 days 01:37:59 911178 1 vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply hated respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets ,
123830148 123849129 2007-04-18 16:58:40 0 days 01:17:26 302522 1 agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . 3840823501934 ` 59134059819034581 - 9468 - 4 fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
124368337 124813643 2007-04-22 07:51:33 1 days 17:00:20 0|75.72.160.13 0 paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly important , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
124813643 124839581 2007-04-22 11:23:44 0 days 03:32:11 3647339 0 paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most important importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
124875869 124876106 2007-04-22 15:18:00 0 days 00:01:07 0|68.41.84.92 1 be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor ass . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with
124876106 124876232 2007-04-22 15:18:37 0 days 00:00:37 4113076 1 be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th ass armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with
128043670 128043972 2007-05-03 20:31:17 0 days 00:01:01 0|69.125.136.170 4 last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate after the fall of the berlin wall . ]] [[ image : no more walls . jpg | thumb | 250px | a popular slogan
129366546 129408596 2007-05-09 01:55:47 0 days 03:29:08 0|68.96.76.118 0 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an [[ east german
129555699 129555771 2007-05-09 16:41:06 0 days 00:00:16 2073927 16 the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} mat = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was here = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western
17 had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} mat was here over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
129555882 129556310 2007-05-09 16:43:07 0 days 00:01:37 2073927 1 means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . ' ' ' once upon a time , there was a girl named suzie . suzie really liked serious potential threat to eat cheese . one day she was enjoying a very charp cheddar when all of a sudden she started to throw up . from that day on she pledged to
132298254 132298502 2007-05-20 21:19:46 0 days 00:01:22 2092344 0 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east b berlin . jhlbhnmbnhmj , yuwith orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain -
1 ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east b . jhlbhnmbnhmj that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , yuwith orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences ,
2 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday , the [[ august 13 | 13th of august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east b . jhlbhnmbnhmj , yuwith not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls ,
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 12 what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , ]] [[ 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for
13 germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4 , 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 10 the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced civil unrest & mdash ; that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 7 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand
146287097 146344832 2007-07-22 17:09:21 0 days 07:36:21 0|76.111.26.72 0 [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the above red panel words read ; " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint
150821296 150831974 2007-08-12 21:22:59 0 days 01:07:43 0|83.31.88.33 1 right | 200px | piece of the wall that has now been relocated to [[ chapman university | chapman university ' s ]] campus . shown illuminated at night . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80
150865545 150868047 2007-08-13 01:16:06 0 days 00:18:08 608951 0 and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this peroid period around 1000 people were killed trying to escape to the west . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of
151046095 151093276 2007-08-14 03:23:10 0 days 05:00:24 0|216.239.86.217 0 [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period around 1000 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 14 a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st
15 instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded
22 monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate
26 were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of
32 german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]]
57 of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col
61 at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]]
153595819 153780641 2007-08-26 17:53:06 0 days 22:54:33 0|70.246.156.12 1 | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw
2 s proposal for a second air blockade was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . fuck . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
153783102 153784826 2007-08-26 18:19:24 0 days 00:10:45 1718065 3 ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 4 , 000 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw -
158741292 158936188 2007-09-19 12:32:54 0 days 21:10:14 0|208.108.159.208 0 and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this hobo period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world .
158936188 158936259 2007-09-19 12:33:26 0 days 00:00:32 0|208.108.159.208 0 and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this hobo period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world .
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 66 / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' 26 september 2007 . all text is available under the terms of the gnu free documentation license . ( see copyrights for details . ) wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the wikimedia foundation , inc . , a u . s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 3 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to the male and female duality of biology and reproduction .
4 {st@rt} this article is about biological sexes : male , female , etc . . for alternate uses , such as sexual intercourse , see sex ( disambiguation ) . sexuality portal sex refers to jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the male and female duality of biology and reproduction . unlike organisms that only have the ability to reproduce asexually , sexed male and female pairs have the ability to produce
20 and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - polar terms , in the belief that the simple division of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - sterling , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she
21 of all humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - sterling fascist protective rampart , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily
59 martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org /
60 continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2003 , isbn 0 - 8264 - 1488 - 5 human sexual differentiation by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi
79 humans into " males " and " females " does not fit their individual conditions . a proponent of this movement away from polar oppositions , anne fausto - sterling , recognized five sexes : male , female , merm ( male pseudohermaphrodite ) , ferm ( female pseudohermaphrodite ) and herm ( true hermaphrodite ) . although she was heavily criticized , her idea demonstrates the difficulty and imperfection of the current social responses to these variations . social and legal considerations main article : sociology of gender forms of legal or social distinction or discrimination based on sex include sex segregation and sexism . notably , some businesses , public institutions , and laws may provide privileges and services for one sex and not another , or they may require different sexes to be physically separated . recently , western societies have moved towards greater sexual equality . see also look up sex in wiktionary , the free dictionary . evolution of sex human sexuality list of gender names mammalian gestation sexual differentiation sexual dysfunction sex ratio sexual intercourse age of consent references ^ evolution with three sexes . university of british columbia . retrieved on 2007 - 01 - 03 . ^ g . e . julian , j . h . fewell , j . gadau , r . a . johnson , d . larrabee ( 2002 ) . " genetic determination of the queen caste in an ant hybrid zone " . proceedings of the national academy of sciences 99 ( 12 ) : 8157 - 8160 . ^
160893232 160904974 2007-09-28 12:55:47 0 days 01:39:54 3341545 1 to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref < ref name = " > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 2 difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted ,
162071112 162085177 2007-10-03 20:05:40 0 days 01:09:43 0|142.25.180.23 0 east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade noob was refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier ,
164031961 164032119 2007-10-12 12:26:53 0 days 00:01:13 0|87.80.246.98 0 you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear
165005648 165005884 2007-10-16 18:40:39 0 days 00:01:10 614280 0 . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] iola high schools new administration is not very good a group = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of people got csr for the next day for just sitting at the table where some kids were shooting off bottle caps that is so retarded
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 19 transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 1 hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the was widely accepted as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that
18 transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called
165643339 165900742 2007-10-20 19:36:19 1 days 04:11:19 558022 0 [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private
166091165 166163043 2007-10-21 23:35:42 0 days 05:37:26 0|76.211.17.132 15 weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the
16 including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to and by that time i had missed a test in history - but what history teacher wouldn ' t accept the excuse i had ? i don ' t have much of a story to tell ( others have done that already ) ; i only want to publish the raw material i ' ve collected . there are about 60 photographs ( they can be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa -
20 they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day summarized english version , but some still lack translation . if you feel that you can translate something from german to english , just pick one of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 3 reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on the 9th of november , 1989 , the border separating western from eastern germany was effectively opened . the following days were most unusual for the whole of germany - considering the usual german ways restrictions with [[ austria ]] , one could almost speak of anarchy : shops stayed open as long as they wanted ( the usual , mandatory closing time was 6 : 30pm in 1989 ) ,
15 of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday the brandenburg gate , i managed to get a seat on a flight to berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon ,
16 overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was a thursday in 1989 , and i was still at school . but on friday , i managed to get a seat on a flight to [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin , and i stayed there for the weekend . i didn ' t get back before monday noon , and by that time i had missed a test in history
166354092 166355206 2007-10-22 20:06:01 0 days 00:05:05 716438 3 the wall or as a result of the walls existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de /
4 existance has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [ alexandra hildebrandt ] , director of the [ checkpoint charlie museum ] and widow of the museum ' s founder estimate estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571
7 ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > while an ongoing historic research group at the [ center for contemporary historical research ] ( [ [[ zzf ] ) in potsdam has confirmed 133 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php /
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 2 through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four escapers ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it
6 of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger krüger ]] , who landed a zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport
7 soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] .
8 union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to tear down the wall . ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas kruger ]] , who landed a zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his
12 guards often left escapers to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who . he was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be
13 to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross
172171928 172487319 2007-11-19 14:28:36 1 days 15:04:33 0|65.87.105.7 0 the wall did not toss empty beer bottles and such similar trash over the wall to try to set off boobytraps in the dead mans zone as pranks and games . {{ fact }} = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
173864192 173864414 2007-11-26 10:25:20 0 days 00:02:20 137113 0 , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the
1 it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 - 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon
174708204 174741786 2007-11-30 02:18:00 0 days 03:04:44 5918353 1 berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 1990 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / /
174741786 174746112 2007-11-30 02:42:18 0 days 00:24:18 28422 1 berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 29 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1990 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross across the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / /
176514246 176894686 2007-12-10 01:01:41 1 days 20:04:34 0|203.97.42.184 0 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements fuck in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
176894686 176928245 2007-12-10 04:23:41 0 days 03:22:00 0|97.97.161.97 0 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements fuck arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
177715992 177828115 2007-12-14 05:33:56 0 days 10:09:48 0|160.5.231.51 0 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by
177828115 177864610 2007-12-14 12:01:52 0 days 06:27:56 911178 0 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by
182600825 182606149 2008-01-06 21:48:31 0 days 00:27:39 0|72.73.218.195 1 checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four persons ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports sport car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forwards
182606149 182616020 2008-01-06 22:40:39 0 days 00:52:08 2537811 0 checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sport sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply layed flat and kept driving forward
186557501 186652140 2008-01-24 19:55:00 0 days 10:36:08 0|87.112.39.211 0 berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 1991 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www
186652140 186663944 2008-01-24 20:55:04 0 days 01:00:04 911178 0 berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 30 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1991 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www
188146147 188146376 2008-01-31 13:47:14 0 days 00:01:40 0|208.108.155.72 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . dylan marsh did this = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188146488 188146519 2008-01-31 13:48:20 0 days 00:00:15 0|65.43.199.234 0 the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . dylan marsh did this so did nick mellen = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188146718 188146795 2008-01-31 13:50:08 0 days 00:00:29 0|208.108.156.189 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . i do da cha cha like a sissy girl i lika do da cha cha = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188146795 188146883 2008-01-31 13:50:42 0 days 00:00:34 0|163.1.64.145 0 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . i do da cha cha like a sissy girl i lika do da cha cha = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188151765 188152092 2008-01-31 14:25:04 0 days 00:02:02 0|208.108.158.196 4 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . tttaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddppppppppooooooollllllllleeeeeeeeeeeee = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188152092 188152574 2008-01-31 14:28:19 0 days 00:03:15 317054 4 , 1962 . ]] both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstrasse , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . tttaaaaaaaaaaaaddddddddddddddppppppppooooooollllllllleeeeeeeeeeeee = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who
188152574 188154176 2008-01-31 14:39:16 0 days 00:10:57 0|89.100.2.123 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . dylan marsh did this so did nick mellen = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188158165 188158249 2008-01-31 15:05:06 0 days 00:00:27 608951 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . dylan marsh did this so did nick mellen = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
188158412 188164296 2008-01-31 15:40:02 0 days 00:33:56 0|89.100.2.123 0 layout came to resemble the [[ inner german border ]] in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . dylan marsh did this so did nick mellen = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
189637158 189727432 2008-02-07 13:51:45 0 days 12:22:24 4867278 0 divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www
189729930 189776407 2008-02-07 18:30:34 0 days 04:20:46 400903 0 divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www
189776407 189875397 2008-02-08 02:38:25 0 days 08:07:51 0|68.200.116.164 0 wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 1991 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www
189947296 189948667 2008-02-08 13:12:04 0 days 00:12:07 2537811 0 wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1991 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www
196946956 197071265 2008-03-09 20:31:11 0 days 14:27:18 0|98.17.134.249 10 between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the first line of defence , and we will put russian troops on the second line . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall
197075558 197077024 2008-03-09 20:57:57 0 days 00:06:53 0|98.17.134.249 5 aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east
6 ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be
197077024 197077031 2008-03-09 20:57:59 0 days 00:00:02 3622922 22 z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . the west germans deported him to east germany when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . . if an escaper was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 3 wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 1984 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http :
4 berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 3 wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 1989 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http :
4 berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world
201487322 201566226 2008-03-28 13:07:18 0 days 10:15:20 6765073 0 east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . one of the demolistionists was mr . palm . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : /
201566226 201567868 2008-03-28 13:17:11 0 days 00:09:53 2427421 0 east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . one of the demolistionists was mr . palm . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : /
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 0 [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans two fish , many families were split and east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land
5 from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners cat and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 1 border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one many families were split and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing
203167170 203167190 2008-04-03 23:30:59 0 days 00:00:03 642191 2 wall to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . he is so small and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall
3 to stop east germans from fleeing . however , east german soldiers allowed west berliners to cross into east germany . davey clark sucks a lota cock . . . . he is so small " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border | border between east and loves to get his ribs removed to suck on his tiny winky = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20
204485312 204485514 2008-04-09 16:50:31 0 days 00:00:57 137113 1 claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . http : / / www . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an
210975287 211222812 2008-05-09 09:24:57 1 days 03:28:16 686868 3 jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] during most of the history of the wall , allied military personnel , officials , and ' ' ' , officials , and diplomats were able to pass into east berlin without passport check ; likewise soviet patrols could pass into west berlin . this was a requirement of the
219229365 219331289 2008-06-14 18:43:12 0 days 13:13:41 1096320 0 east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http :
1 berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : /
2 [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period , at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www .
219331289 221468000 2008-06-24 17:05:45 9 days 22:22:33 950512 0 you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escaper escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 38 a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday [[ august 12 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of east germany attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the
46 kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would
54 of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded
55 three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col .
73 kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his
75 , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]]
76 of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . =
94 " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile
109 [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and
142 east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938
144 also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[
145 of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]]
231117861 231118376 2008-08-10 23:37:03 0 days 00:02:48 0|75.72.179.139 0 in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column
1 a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was
237421084 237421104 2008-09-10 02:43:05 0 days 00:00:06 2372780 1 it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one
2 the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . many people lived in berlin and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german decided to build a wall so that the berlin people could keep the rabbit problem the berlin people are normally very hot and have nice arses every one should
237717240 237717440 2008-09-11 14:33:43 0 days 00:01:14 0|65.43.198.120 0 a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for samfor the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the
237718671 237718950 2008-09-11 14:42:15 0 days 00:01:27 0|65.43.198.120 0 attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[
237723180 237727651 2008-09-11 15:28:32 0 days 00:22:43 0|97.96.27.131 0 attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[
237730525 237758626 2008-09-11 18:11:26 0 days 02:28:30 137113 1 a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , samfor for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the
237957752 238154941 2008-09-13 14:51:51 0 days 22:37:25 0|70.127.127.212 2 the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay zakel ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 24 additionally , [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . obstacles were installed along = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans ,
37 restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany .
57 existence has been controversial . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 people < ref name = " goethe - institut " / > while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center
73 was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was [[ friedrichstraße ]] ( [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ) , which was restricted to allied personnel and non - german citizens . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for
238908764 239050940 2008-09-17 16:15:07 0 days 17:01:49 0|207.63.143.250 0 west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , lorry truck drivers etc . ) however each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' '
239050940 239141721 2008-09-17 23:56:00 0 days 07:40:53 736477 4 in a limited possibility for visits at christmas that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas for east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to
8 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and the permission was never guaranteed . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject
240115670 240121082 2008-09-22 00:23:20 0 days 00:30:29 736477 1 the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ casey b . zakel clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor
242501816 242501947 2008-10-02 14:31:16 0 days 00:00:38 0|205.202.240.123 0 iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states is david is so much cooler than james for jeff if ur reading this dont tell mom i ate the last gogurt when u get homefor 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
242551265 242552165 2008-10-02 18:31:58 0 days 00:04:07 0|205.174.116.40 0 [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 in the but , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : /
242552165 242552191 2008-10-02 18:32:05 0 days 00:00:07 937705 0 [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began in the but on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : /
242552191 242552576 2008-10-02 18:33:52 0 days 00:01:47 0|205.174.116.40 1 the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 122 bc , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine
242552576 242552610 2008-10-02 18:34:00 0 days 00:00:08 4479342 1 wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 124 bc until it was dismantled beginning in late 122 bc 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 41 to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , see an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he
42 the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson
47 august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . run ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left
48 order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt -
49 to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged com in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
50 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land : ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
58 the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 10 , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - mentioned non pov - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] (
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 41 to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , see an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he
42 the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to wikiasite : muppet : category : references | muppet wiki have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson
47 august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . run ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left
48 order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt -
49 to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged com in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at
50 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two german states . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the wall was over 140 kilometers ( 96 & nbsp ; mi ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land : ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot
58 the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged by souvenir seekers , as fragments of the wall were taken and sold around the world . appearing both with and without [[ certificate of authenticity | certificates of authenticity ]] , these fragments are now a staple the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal on the online auction service [[ ebay ]] as well as german souvenir shops . today , the eastern side is covered in [[ graffiti ]] that did not exist while
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 10 , the fraggles of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - mentioned non pov - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] (
255870439 256069695 2008-12-05 17:07:07 0 days 23:43:28 0|68.72.100.17 1 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 13 ( 100 yd ) further into east german territory , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which that later became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was
18 no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it rendering footprints easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to
21 . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly important , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961
33 with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire
256389779 256532179 2008-12-08 01:29:03 0 days 16:22:40 8481355 0 of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fetcher ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the
258172591 258173800 2008-12-15 19:05:30 0 days 00:05:29 0|98.193.69.28 0 the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > oppsys = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west
258173800 258173962 2008-12-15 19:06:10 0 days 00:00:40 7028627 0 the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . oppsys = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were 8 border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west
259409239 260029692 2008-12-25 09:45:29 3 days 12:13:04 7048435 0 }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice
264175505 264315387 2009-01-15 20:15:39 0 days 17:48:46 4082790 0 and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 -
264375430 264816330 2009-01-18 05:46:05 2 days 04:19:11 430807 1 jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
265706760 265707979 2009-01-22 14:41:49 0 days 00:06:38 0|87.194.34.71 0 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 2 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , as like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western
266386611 266392994 2009-01-25 21:46:14 0 days 00:33:28 240413 2 the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 8 jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
268285347 268287827 2009-02-03 17:51:45 0 days 00:13:25 65541 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . at first getting through the berlin wall was easy = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . people could walk through checkpoint charlie without any questions being asked . but this became more and more freequent and the german government quickly stopped this . people organised protests
269655083 269718055 2009-02-10 06:33:53 0 days 06:39:45 0|137.215.6.53 0 of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fetcher fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would
271630532 271675098 2009-02-18 22:22:45 0 days 03:10:34 0|72.19.46.246 0 < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , fat grils a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut "
271761880 271784749 2009-02-19 09:09:55 0 days 03:04:00 0|77.87.224.99 0 < / ref > during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , fat grils a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut "
273674256 273674565 2009-02-27 15:58:19 0 days 00:01:44 9091630 1 the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith , who resided in hampshire , uk . he was a gay man who liked to eat dead , mutilated animals . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945
276398047 276398128 2009-03-10 23:51:01 0 days 00:00:20 850418 2 . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . . . you know what ? fuck this , wikipedia is ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for nerds
276398128 276398569 2009-03-10 23:53:18 0 days 00:02:17 0|68.81.17.165 1 for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point wikipedia is for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of
276398569 276398619 2009-03-10 23:53:29 0 days 00:00:11 850418 1 usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction - you know what , fuck this are leaving . wikipedia is for nerds = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' '
283526349 283682015 2009-04-14 00:18:34 0 days 15:37:18 1099776 0 come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another the sewer system preceded the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german
1 made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training
289778757 289779282 2009-05-14 00:07:11 0 days 00:02:48 1233313 4 west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt
291348574 291932970 2009-05-24 02:57:30 2 days 20:02:01 6142977 0 2005 before it was removed image : berlin - former potsdamer platz - 1982 . jpg | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa file : berlin wall plaque . jpg | an example of a cobblestone run signifying where the wall once stood . the plaque reads " berliner mauer 1961 – 1986 " file : hpim1753 . jpg | a cobblestone run without a plaque < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
296826843 296827382 2009-06-16 20:47:53 0 days 00:02:48 8219500 0 world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was matthew dimartino ' s nazi army . and his opposing force the russians , ruled by dymitry dmitriy kotov . each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 7 a century , from the day construction began on 13 august 1961 until the wall was brought down on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] 1989 . after its erection , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that
306539582 306540083 2009-08-07 04:46:29 0 days 00:04:37 6984319 6 berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east
10 through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ girrmann group | girmann student group ]] . an airborne escape was made by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow
306953293 306953410 2009-08-09 10:19:03 0 days 00:01:01 72905 0 jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 7 ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan lobbies of hotels and corporations , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * '
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 62 of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col .
63 old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s
163 also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin
164 anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate
180 the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 82 of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded
83 three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on [[ august 16 ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ august 19 ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col .
174 nazi party | nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] ,
175 nazi ]] [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]]
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 4 , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and [[ france ]] . also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them
5 the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon < ref > see ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august
6 ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . hackworth on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col
7 to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint
9 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced
10 " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the
317979368 317979510 2009-10-05 04:19:39 0 days 00:01:10 1938651 0 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and [[ france ]] ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 52 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] ,
53 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements
323553877 323566540 2009-11-02 22:58:43 0 days 01:00:45 6340927 1 , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on
323760074 323771791 2009-11-03 21:37:36 0 days 01:01:38 6340927 4 administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 17 , 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a member of the east german politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . < ref name = "
324469466 324471459 2009-11-07 15:31:11 0 days 00:16:05 0|173.78.68.123 3 about face < / ref > on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units - - left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german
324800740 324804014 2009-11-09 07:58:09 0 days 00:40:25 0|75.57.187.213 0 of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western
324827614 324827738 2009-11-09 12:15:29 0 days 00:01:25 0|92.27.168.55 0 [[ the guardian ]] ' ' * [ http : / / www . archive . org / download / fallofberlinwall / heikoonfallofberlinwall . mp3 ] a unique documentary radio show ] on the revolutionary events that led up to the opening of the wall including an interview with then politburo member hans modrow * [ http : / / www . wilsoncenter
324882783 324886184 2009-11-09 18:57:19 0 days 00:18:11 9453209 0 [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ lmo : mür de berlin ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]]
324892029 324899185 2009-11-09 20:08:59 0 days 00:38:36 10909561 0 year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with half a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 17 berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 1 could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests protested the construction of the wall at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 0 of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal -
3 could only hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration protested the construction of the wall made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervor , despite being a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united
324968388 324972093 2009-11-10 02:50:04 0 days 00:22:49 67136 2 100 mi ) long , and covered 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to
325029920 325030211 2009-11-10 11:46:59 0 days 00:03:17 8694237 1 brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th . , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover
325134523 325134867 2009-11-10 22:44:03 0 days 00:02:00 0|68.187.237.50 5 from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = [[ image
325328825 325342714 2009-11-11 23:57:38 0 days 01:18:43 0|86.137.191.36 0 west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , porn stars , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr
325342714 325342880 2009-11-11 23:58:36 0 days 00:00:58 2959053 0 west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , porn stars , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 12 miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]]
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 9 allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16th 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19th , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover
12 germany , bound for west berlin . lead elements - - arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men , divided into five march units - - — left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 2 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles , each over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a
329391143 329423612 2009-12-03 09:06:23 0 days 04:27:09 6971250 3 and which entered west berlin at dreilinden ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping using canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie
329423612 329424623 2009-12-03 09:17:13 0 days 00:10:50 6971250 0 ( checkpoint bravo for the allied forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping using via canals and rivers . non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at [[ checkpoint charlie ]]
338609845 338786950 2010-01-19 17:34:11 0 days 21:22:35 0|128.227.137.213 0 . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > another dramatic escape involving east german security forces was carried out by wolfgang engels , a 19 yers - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] on april 1963 . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was deployed and drove
339326768 340122205 2010-01-26 12:27:26 4 days 01:18:10 2684294 0 ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 4 . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved
17 in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 60 section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 21 middle of this ground , as in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place
347116386 347116822 2010-03-01 16:49:49 0 days 00:02:14 0|206.80.29.75 0 [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ crack heads ]] , [[ the stoners ]] , [[ the man whores france ]] and the [[ damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
4 [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[ joni mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love ( song ) | looking for love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on
347678343 347835777 2010-03-05 02:53:23 0 days 17:37:06 0|98.246.155.212 0 in 1965 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
347835777 347835864 2010-03-05 02:54:04 0 days 00:00:41 0|98.246.155.212 0 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 31 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had [[ u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall
32 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 ]] and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall "
33 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had u2 and [[ tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " .
352725514 352801208 2010-03-29 19:49:27 0 days 07:01:38 0|91.62.154.112 0 the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher
354354516 354437238 2010-04-07 01:06:58 0 days 07:45:34 0|68.103.8.140 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) * samuel l . jackson after stating that he was tired of these motherf * * king snakes on this motherf * * king wall however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a
354437238 354463006 2010-04-07 04:04:28 0 days 02:57:30 23292 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc . ) * samuel l . jackson after stating that he was tired of these motherf * * king snakes on this motherf * * king wall however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could exchange only a
361665081 361779090 2010-05-12 23:36:12 0 days 11:26:33 0|64.252.65.146 0 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
362328765 362620295 2010-05-17 14:47:44 1 days 16:57:51 0|74.196.166.213 0 was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ fact }} government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[
363069140 363210288 2010-05-20 15:14:05 0 days 18:52:21 433328 0 the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ fact citation needed | date = may 2010 }} government and most european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]]
364254931 364276881 2010-05-26 10:44:21 0 days 04:01:37 6984319 0 the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in the u . s . {{ citation needed | date = may 2010 }} government and most some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september , 1989 , [[ british prime minister ]] [[ margaret thatcher ]]
366512975 366521234 2010-06-07 08:27:18 0 days 01:15:10 6971250 5 about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * * ' ' [[ berlin tunnel 21 ]] ' ' , a made - for - tv movie about a former american officer leading an attempt to build a tunnel built for a specific escape , which starred [[ richard thomas ( actor ) | richard thomas ]] in the leading role . * * ' ' [[ the tunnel
369026140 369426506 2010-06-21 20:34:40 2 days 03:24:41 12425613 0 " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they protesters were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want
373492661 374861638 2010-07-22 14:54:33 7 days 19:35:53 0|76.248.68.144 2 . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed
3 net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the international spy museum in washington dc hosted a trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . rides were raffled every half hour and a trabant crashed through
378954496 378954602 2010-08-14 23:34:40 0 days 00:00:57 1064243 1 ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 1961 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = "
2 mauer }} ) was a homo sexual protection barrier constructed by bruno ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting august 13 , 2014 , that completely cut off [[ lesbian west berlin ]] from surrounding gays and from [[ homos ]] . the barrier included dildos placed along large concrete walls < ref name = " marck " > [ http : /
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 0 * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " ' ' the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412
388863805 389131965 2010-10-06 16:59:38 1 days 07:07:43 1902795 1 refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist known to have a firm attitude towards who had been the soviets , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international
389132726 389132750 2010-10-06 17:04:31 0 days 00:00:11 13102546 1 | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis fell , but the penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with
389330154 389349828 2010-10-07 16:55:20 0 days 01:50:48 3308922 15 stretch at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; and a third section in liesenstraße . a long stretch of the wall facing towards east berlin is preserved along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , known
391495052 391570615 2010-10-19 02:52:26 0 days 07:37:51 0|98.233.138.27 1 page / 1 biography ] at chronik der mauer . de {{ de icon }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the [[ nationale volksarmee ]] . engels stole a soviet [[ armored personnel carrier ]] from a base where he was
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 58 }} - elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; , that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th
60 a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the [[ brandenburg gate ]] . a high point was when over 1000 colorfully 1 , 000 colourfully designed foam domino tiles , each over {{ convert | 8 | ft | m }} tall , that were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city
73 the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing
82 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travelers could
393650284 394024649 2010-10-31 19:18:37 2 days 00:55:21 0|79.75.4.79 0 allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 august , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col . glover
1 brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces françaises à berlin ]] ) . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on 19 august , the 1st battle group , 18th . infantry ( commanded by col .
398275853 398276932 2010-11-22 17:17:16 0 days 00:06:46 0|217.86.65.6 4 statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political
402719269 402911121 2010-12-17 20:30:51 1 days 02:59:23 0|67.68.53.10 0 in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . surprisingly , even after such prosperity some people were willing to defect to the less prosperous west berlin and leaving the freedom and facilities available in gdr but not in the west . to keep them prosperous the gdr army had to prevent them by force . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly
402911121 402925112 2010-12-17 22:09:53 0 days 01:39:02 3308922 0 in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated . the economy in the gdr began to grow . surprisingly , even after such prosperity some people were willing to defect to the less prosperous west berlin and leaving the freedom and facilities available in gdr but not in the west . to keep them prosperous the gdr army had to prevent them by force . but , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly
420447970 422046294 2011-04-02 22:14:24 9 days 15:56:56 1426328 4 ( i am a berliner ) speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , 26 june 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . ) | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech }} us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , but were surprised
423927349 424543101 2011-04-17 16:23:25 3 days 18:48:46 12030910 1 of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers etc and so on . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 109 attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death , in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care
148 - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in -
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 2 ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated . < ref
13 walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information from schabowski ' s press conference were the lead story on west germany ' s two main news programs that night - - at 7 : 17 pm on [[ zdf ]] ' s ' ' [[ heute ]] ' ' and at 8 pm on [[ ard ( broadcaster ) | ard ]] ' s ' ' [[ tagesschau ( germany ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 7 ]] * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | ]] stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]]
444619121 444827910 2011-08-14 17:10:20 1 days 04:20:43 10289486 2 | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 us $ . < ref > {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 4 < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 1 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = on 50th anniversary commemoration august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” .
6 merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence speeches honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations
492640902 492808782 2012-05-16 03:38:47 0 days 23:08:55 4626 0 he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - — asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and
505389397 505389806 2012-08-02 07:51:13 0 days 00:04:30 1473712 0 visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers and so on , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange
507237640 507256650 2012-08-13 19:31:32 0 days 02:05:37 16130333 2 = mid | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , half way halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke
507256650 507301035 2012-08-14 01:09:42 0 days 05:38:10 2705932 0 force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' '
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 15 wall . " = = [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 12 , 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of
49 . " = = [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 13 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a radical series of political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 7 of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over 30 universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . first place winner of the [ http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html [[ freedom without walls speaking contest ] robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www
31 : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ] ' ' , 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 [ http :
531002642 531845407 2013-01-07 21:22:28 4 days 21:20:30 16460235 0 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four - year old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot -
1 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year - old tailor . he attempted to swim across the spree canal to west germany on 24 august 1961 , the same day that east german police had received shoot - to
553106649 553801374 2013-05-06 16:29:15 4 days 18:39:32 3106684 2 he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . one of the reporters — by most accounts , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] — , < ref > {{ cite news | title = berlin wall : was the fall engineered by the gdr ? | author = stephanie kirchner | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and
564456970 564457234 2013-07-16 04:14:36 0 days 00:02:54 14644224 0 the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live delayed on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve
1 down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 in person , and broadcast live on television and radio . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government , ” “i ' ve come to play rock
574067499 574620114 2013-09-26 15:58:31 3 days 22:46:22 678051 0 visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert , which was attended by 300 , 0000 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m not here for or against any government ,
574657896 574659325 2013-09-26 21:32:01 0 days 00:14:26 16715243 1 = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying , " i ' m
574665859 574666082 2013-09-26 22:32:27 0 days 00:01:50 16715243 1 warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home compound ]] in [[ hyannis port ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without
2 . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the kennedy home [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he was relieved that the east germans and the soviets had only divided berlin without taking any action
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 34 , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and , in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind
35 airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today
36 registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh
41 step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or and ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from the safety of west berlin , springsteen ' s speaking out against the wall in the middle of east berlin added to the euphoria
57 the wall , waiting for favorable winds and taking a [[ night crossing | hot air balloon ]] , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this
580857229 580930170 2013-11-09 18:30:33 0 days 12:13:30 4783993 2 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , u . s . president john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 4 ]] ' ' , 1965 – cold war classic set on both sides of the wall , from the book by john le carré , directed by [[ martin ritt ]] ball and the hole in the * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film ) | the spy who came in from the cold ]] ' ' , 1965 –
588536853 588574374 2013-12-31 21:10:33 0 days 05:20:29 408613 0 germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ s tacit indication {{ how }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick |
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 23 tnsa20130925 " / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had
623943583 629623801 2014-10-14 20:43:44 41 days 18:59:13 5495886 0 use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]]
1 force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 pm , the guards yielded , opening to open the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . as the ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossis ]] ' ' swarmed through ,
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 14 the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there of the historic crossings waiting for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabeled " dismantling
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 2 freely than westerners . on 13 june 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße and somehow around the mitte district . it thus spread throughout the berlin area from there , demolition continued through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 2 west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further
7 | - long }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] ,
8 }} piece of the first ( westernmost ) wall at the [[ topography of terror ]] , site of the former [[ gestapo ]] headquarters , halfway between [[ checkpoint charlie ]] and [[ potsdamer platz ]] ; a longer section of the second ( easternmost ) wall along the [[ spree ]] river near the [[ oberbaumbrücke ]] , nicknamed [[ east
14 the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park to remember lives and liberty . speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it
671419593 671583896 2015-07-15 17:14:07 1 days 01:17:11 1968383 1 , commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , closing the barrier became a more practical position . = = = brain drain = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188
693645737 693646880 2015-12-03 22:49:28 0 days 00:08:04 23149456 0 | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became
1 date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the first measures in what became the berlin
693652739 693721766 2015-12-04 12:40:10 0 days 13:02:18 23149456 6 [[ east side gallery ]] ; and a third section that is partly reconstructed , in the north at bernauer straße , which was turned into a memorial in 1999 . some other isolated fragments and a few watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . none still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance . they are badly damaged
693973160 693973403 2015-12-06 06:17:52 0 days 00:02:45 30225 2 % of the world ' s oil radioactive for decades . the title character of the movie has a team break into a missile silo in [[ smith center , kansas [[ ]] to obtain independent launch capability . , then he and an israeli security agent drive an automobile from west germany ' ' over the berlin wall into east germany ' '
699406529 699409408 2016-01-12 03:57:00 0 days 00:27:33 111277 3 down , [[ bruce springsteen ]] and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin , which was attended by 300 , 000 in person , and broadcast delayed on television . springsteen spoke to the crowd in german , saying : " i ' m not here for or against any government . i ' ve
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 50 points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher work = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http
51 east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = [[ the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http :
708550214 708557629 2016-03-06 07:11:16 0 days 01:09:59 88026 3 . < ref > mary elise sarotte , ' ' collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall ' ' , new york : basic books , 2014 < / ref > this triggered similar events in neighboring czechoslovakia . this time , however , the east german authorities allowed people to leave , provided that they did so by train through
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 2 , arguing that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ’ ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{
734490501 734568107 2016-08-15 06:16:42 0 days 11:46:58 21124160 0 " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . {{ citation needed | date = august 2016 }} if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , westerners could not intervene
735306235 735630692 2016-08-22 01:46:01 2 days 04:34:00 13830 2 ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him and sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of the berlin blockade and had ordered the
3 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]] was appointed by kennedy , as his special advisor , sending him to berlin with ambassadorial rank . clay had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in germany during the period of
735630692 735645810 2016-08-22 04:13:51 0 days 02:27:50 21305328 2 ( 2001 film ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , 2001 – dramatization of a collaborative tunnel under the wall . film by [[ roland suso richter ]] * * ' ' in the 2015 film [[ bridge of spies ( film ) | bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 6 well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this is a historic day . east germany the gdr has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the gates in the berlin wall stand open
774994359 774996064 2017-04-11 23:54:04 0 days 00:15:58 204692 4 ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ fact }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the wall
15 season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ fact }} in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany
17 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , {{ fact }} for each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small
18 * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of
19 had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied apply for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark
28 checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ fact }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an
38 war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 14 year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east
16 matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr
23 the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] ,
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 16 ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . revolutions of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
17 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ | series of revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc
33 name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 3 kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his ' ' [[ ich bin ein berliner ]] speech the support of the united states for west germany and the people of west - berlin in particular : {{ quote | two thousand
6 of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on the steps of [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] for an audience of 450 , 000 he declared in his [[ ich bin ein berliner
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 6 > * the former " kieler eck " ( kieler eck ) on kieler strasse in [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , close to the berlin - spandau schifffahrtskanal - — the tower is protected as a historic monument and now surrounded on three sides by new buildings . it houses a memorial site named after the wallopfer [[ günter litfin ]]
9 tower by the deutschen waldjugend . * the only one of the much slimmer observation towers ( bt - 11 ) in the erna - berger - strasse also in mitte - — however , was moved by a few meters for construction work and is no longer in the original location ; there is an exhibition about the wall in the area of
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 21 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , a [[ revolutions of 1989 | series of revolutions ]] in nearby eastern bloc countries — [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] in particular — caused a chain reaction in
810187128 810222160 2017-11-14 00:53:59 0 days 04:11:16 6554947 1 the wall . unlike the inner german border , however , this strip was never more than about four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure border appears to have been undemarcated . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement to keep foreigners off
810249635 810308903 2017-11-14 13:41:57 0 days 09:23:44 6554947 0 . unlike the inner german border , however , this outer strip was usually no more than four meters wide , and , in photos from the era , the exact de jure location of the actual border appears to have been unmarked . also in contrast with the inner german border , little interest was shown by east german law enforcement in keeping foreigners off the strip
810575212 810709126 2017-11-16 23:24:54 0 days 20:00:20 6554947 5 wall when east german personnel emerged from the hidden doors to apprehend them . all but hasch escaped back into west berlin . hasch himself was arrested , dragged through the wall door into the death strip , and later convicted of illegally crossing the [[ de jure ]] border on the outer edge of the outer strip . < ref > https
824236669 825606275 2018-02-14 10:16:19 8 days 06:43:34 21948199 11 their realization is delayed due to the repeatedly postponed expansion of the long - distance tracks of the dresden railway in this area . since april 2009 , part of the wall trail on the banks of the griebnitzsee in potsdam has been closed initiative by some property owners . a similar situation exists since the summer of 2009 on the groß glienicker see . in both cases , since then a long - running legal
825799159 825799691 2018-02-15 14:07:46 0 days 00:04:51 5946478 1 checkpoints . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > http : / / www . independent . co . uk / news / world / europe / secret - tunnels - that - brought - freedom - from - berlins - wall - 1804765 . html < / ref > an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für sport und technik ]] , an
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 0 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left west berlin in the hands of general frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months " for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed
825818178 825819094 2018-02-15 16:28:37 0 days 00:06:08 5946478 1 season that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany
825877017 825915910 2018-02-16 03:54:46 0 days 04:40:35 5946478 2 that east germany ' s very existence was at stake . < ref name = revolution1989 / > khrushchev had been emboldened by us president john f . kennedy ' s tacit indication {{ how | date = december 2013 }} youth and inexperience show as weakness against khrushchev ' s brutal , undiplomatic aggression . this feeling of miscalculation and failure is admitted by kennedy in the u . s . ambassador ’ s residence with ' ' new york times ' ' columnist james “scotty ” reston . that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick |
837372486 838873644 2018-04-29 20:54:59 9 days 08:27:18 19221109 0 ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental
838873644 838876690 2018-04-29 21:17:42 0 days 00:22:43 3308922 0 ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is a an historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental
838876690 838878947 2018-04-29 21:35:45 0 days 00:18:03 764861 0 ref name = " cnn . com " / > a fact standing out from the events leading up to the night of november 9 , 1989 is that this is an a historical example of a dictatorial regime being overcome by a " peaceful civil resistance movement " . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental
854070499 854078225 2018-08-08 20:29:20 0 days 01:04:58 3563616 4 raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on it by airmen of the [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen , such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today
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238415 390224186 2001-10-17 13:27:34 30 days 22:18:06 120 2 the country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http
3 country . the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 ]] - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http :
13872 86615 2002-02-25 15:51:15 6 days 11:48:33 0|62.253.64.7 6 the wall divided the city into [[ west berlin ]] and [[ east berlin | east berlin ]] . it came down on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] rd 1990 . see [[ berlin ]] ; http :
86668 97004 2002-06-06 13:36:28 0 days 00:35:44 0|210.49.193.178 0 1989 more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped via hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany begun in november 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 , 1989 . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and many immediately went to
102788 102790 2002-06-22 18:16:03 5 days 16:18:17 59 21 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and many immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through - it was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]]
206507 206604 2002-09-09 16:14:40 0 days 01:43:38 372 0 many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] did gave a concert in berlin celebrating the the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 22 on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard
23 [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the travel restrictions for east germans were removed by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference that all restrictions had been abandoned , and many people immediately went to the wall where the border guards opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein
31 destruction of the berlin wall was the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < i > < br > remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) . < / i > < / div > not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]] ( see the picture on the right ) , a great ambivalence has been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[
1858430 1864185 2003-12-02 14:49:00 10 days 14:56:35 19235 0 to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[
2440574 2497657 2004-02-19 04:27:57 4 days 17:12:26 35188 4 hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . [[ erich honecker ]] resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and . he was replaced by a short - lived successor [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were somewhat lifted by the new government
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 2 [[ image : conrad schumann . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' east german border guard , hans conrad schumann , defects on august 15 , 1961 ; photo by peter leibing . ' ' < / center > < / div > ]] = = the years of the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 5 border guards opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[
6 opened access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 ]] , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no
7 access points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , [[ 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no .
8 points and allowed them through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9
5520672 5558538 2004-08-29 15:36:04 7 days 00:03:18 86444 0 by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 5 west over barbed wire in berlin on august 15 , 1961 ]] construction of a wall around the three western sectors began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , in east berlin . it first consisted of [[ barbed wire ]] , which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city ; as it
7466688 7466704 2004-11-14 23:25:26 2 days 17:29:23 0|69.47.128.99 0 , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate a 41st ' ' birthday , ' ' on october 7 , 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _
7503798 7583874 2004-11-15 22:48:26 0 days 23:21:52 0|213.191.80.129 0 . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guest guests including [[ the scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . ( in fact , the wall ' s imagery is of a wall which
8251853 9112175 2004-12-09 01:50:11 0 days 00:52:44 28107 1 ]] . however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before the german democratic republic could celebrate
9112175 9112336 2005-01-05 02:38:45 27 days 00:48:34 0|67.164.50.76 1 in an all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[
2 all - out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no
3 out party atmosphere . november 9 is thus considered the date the wall fell . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9
9112487 9156541 2005-01-05 02:49:50 0 days 00:04:52 615 7 wall on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 ]] , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no
8 on the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , [[ 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no .
9 the wall remains and claimed germany , which they now call monkeyland . that is why germans look like monkeys . = = celebrations = = on december 25 , 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9
9220520 9263540 2005-01-09 04:58:30 2 days 07:45:20 0|63.231.146.138 2 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . a typical tactic was for the police to run a mirror under each vehicle to look for persons clinging to the undercarriage . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down
10087212 10087443 2005-02-09 03:43:17 0 days 01:23:14 0|152.163.100.198 8 attempt was by [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally
12 media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both
13 on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and
14 august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving .
10087443 10091995 2005-02-09 03:51:22 0 days 00:08:05 0|152.163.100.198 13 government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans
14 east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted
15 began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the [[ german democratic republic ]] , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by
19 , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had
20 egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned
21 ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 83 in full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , [[ 1989 . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving
84 full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 ]] . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their money . they were of course always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving .
116 . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 ]] , 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by
117 mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , [[ 1989 . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the
118 demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of the german democratic republic , erich honecker , resigned on october 18 , 1989 ]] . he was replaced by a short - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new
122 - lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 ]] , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon
123 lived successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , [[ 1989 . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this
124 successor , egon krenz , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 ]] . after a misunderstanding , günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news
125 a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government ' s shift on november 9 , 1989 . after a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news spreading , tens of thousands
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 8 october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , 1990 ]] ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic
13887739 13888008 2005-05-18 15:54:53 0 days 16:49:00 0|161.97.212.117 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . celebrate good times c ' mon . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
13888008 14015916 2005-05-18 16:01:52 0 days 00:06:59 8780 0 is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . celebrate good times c ' mon . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
14016176 14016194 2005-05-21 09:51:08 0 days 00:05:33 0|216.27.183.43 3 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' pogroms of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday ,
4 of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic
5 reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ magnetic _ levitation
15055113 15059402 2005-06-12 06:08:12 0 days 00:13:20 5016 2 krenz ]] , a few days later . the travel restrictions for east germans were lifted somewhat by the new government on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . after due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a press conference , televised live on east german state tv , that all restrictions had been abandoned . upon this news
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 7 ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
8 ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and vice - president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at templehof airport on the afternoon of saturday 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of
16 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three
28 mdash ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 ]] , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin
29 ; the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , [[ 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was
30 the west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions . all of the crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited
34 | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on august 15 , 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around
18248155 18341661 2005-07-07 18:15:00 1 days 09:05:21 5717 0 began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a short - lived successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas
19111126 19261911 2005-07-20 22:42:15 2 days 00:00:08 0|195.4.0.21 2 few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note which he decided to read out loud and that turned out to be a huge mistake . due to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . tens
3 days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west berlin on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . due the note said that east berliners would be allowed to a misunderstanding , [[ günter schabowski ]] announced in a live press conference shown on east german state tv that all travel restrictions had been abandoned . tens of thousands
20652186 20668374 2005-08-10 03:32:17 0 days 04:36:14 0|70.30.191.58 3 in east germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for
20668374 20669087 2005-08-10 03:48:06 0 days 00:15:49 21397 10 . mass demonstrations against the government in west germany began in the fall of 1989 . the leader of west germany resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after which the ruthless western capitalist blood - sucking world order finally capitulated to the glories of communism . he was briefly replaced by a successor a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow west berliners to apply for visas to travel to east berlin
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 18 access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s
19 west berlin and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital ,
20 and east germany . it was built in [[ 1961 ]] and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' germany ' s capital , [[ berlin
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 17 was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 ]] , 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the
18 to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , [[ 1989 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet
19 restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it was built in 1961 and fortified over the years , but was opened to unrestricted transit on november 9 , 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . background germany ' s capital , berlin , was deep within the area which allied war planners expected to be overrun by the soviet army
27961254 27961463 2005-11-10 21:57:48 0 days 00:02:13 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall wheeee on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' '
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 2 {st@rt} [[ image : clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee berlin wall on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' ' ' '
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 2 germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he " didn ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 0 [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] for even now , some years after reunification there was much talk in germany of continuing cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and '
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 3 began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] or just 9 / 11 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital ,
6 and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany
38522275 38565790 2006-02-07 03:43:31 0 days 05:22:56 0|194.170.32.253 0 began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961 ]] , was fortified over the years , and was opened to unrestricted transit on [[ 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 ]] or just 9 / 11 and subsequently almost entirely demolished . = = background = = ' ' see main article : [[ history of berlin ]] ' ' [[ germany ]] ' s capital ,
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 1 | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into the french sector of [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying to cross and around
40460981 40648652 2006-02-22 01:28:28 1 days 06:34:58 386031 2 kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm ] on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that it could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans : to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 19 in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he and was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to
74 began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to
92 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom | pogroms ]] of [[ 1938 ]] , the [[ october 3 ]] date was chosen instead . ( another reason given for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a
40900018 40900572 2006-02-23 19:43:11 0 days 00:04:45 89179 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = why it = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after [[ the end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was built = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[
40903227 40903298 2006-02-23 20:05:51 0 days 00:00:37 89179 0 the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = later celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall ,
40904100 40904220 2006-02-23 20:13:14 0 days 00:00:55 89179 0 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 300px | “irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br > - " eventually all walls fall ” ]] = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 54 ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated on this decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but no further instructions on how to
43529923 43550317 2006-03-13 05:59:50 0 days 02:55:50 635781 2 however , because november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] , [[ october 3 | october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7
43620580 43620636 2006-03-13 20:57:53 0 days 00:00:37 1022601 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ba goo = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to you all = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course
47528615 47569595 2006-04-08 16:43:58 0 days 08:16:38 686868 1 gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least
51477991 51561037 2006-05-04 18:50:20 0 days 14:23:12 0|209.7.107.26 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . jews suck = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
51561037 51568725 2006-05-04 19:52:50 0 days 01:02:30 389512 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . jews suck = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all
1 weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no itself subdivided into four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish
51998163 51999522 2006-05-07 16:44:07 0 days 00:11:36 0|216.49.149.108 18 west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of
19 were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin
20 subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between [[ august 26 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and [[ december 17 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited
41 was that of [[ peter fechter ]] who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = =
45 on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on
46 august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin
47 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 18 war four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 ]] , 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin
19 four powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , [[ 1963 , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was
20 powers agreements . west berliners were initially subject to very severe restrictions ; all crossing points were closed to west berliners between august 26 , 1961 and december 17 , 1963 ]] , and it was not until september 1971 that travel restrictions were eased following a four powers agreement on transit issues . passage in and out of west berlin was limited
45 full view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 ]] , 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin
46 view of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , [[ 1989 . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall
47 of the western media , on august 17 1962 . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was chris gueffroy on february 6 , 1989 ]] . = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing on the berlin wall .
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 1 ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east
52362173 52364421 2006-05-09 20:01:35 0 days 00:14:02 0|24.225.9.211 0 language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 1970 ' s ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[
52364421 52367351 2006-05-09 20:19:06 0 days 00:17:31 145855 0 language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1970 ' s 1989 ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[
58406027 58424207 2006-06-13 17:38:35 0 days 02:00:38 59264 1 mauer ' ' ) , initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . it was part of the [[
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 20 meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] ,
21 time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and took until [[ november ]] [[ 1991 ]] . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was
63357225 63858347 2006-07-14 22:07:07 2 days 17:42:04 1793767 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , germany had been divided into four occupation zones . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself subdivided into the same four occupation zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which steve walker tore down the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals
78107977 78108348 2006-09-27 14:38:07 0 days 00:02:21 142220 0 wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html ] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown
78409397 79060701 2006-10-02 16:29:41 3 days 16:10:41 0|84.66.53.77 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . one notable emission of the celebrations though was anthony petane who cried like a baby amoung the ruins crying and screaming for the motherland . tough tits = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
79060701 79066912 2006-10-02 17:05:48 0 days 00:36:07 764861 0 part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . one notable emission of the celebrations though was anthony petane who cried like a baby amoung the ruins crying and screaming for the motherland . tough tits = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
79360490 79360549 2006-10-04 00:27:24 0 days 00:00:26 416594 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . they had boobs = = background = = [[ image : besatzungszonen ohne text . gif | thumb | 200px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , pussy and sex there , they loved to rub boobs = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western
79606749 79608608 2006-10-05 06:59:52 0 days 00:18:35 21887 0 of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on
12 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of
82309514 82428098 2006-10-19 14:42:22 0 days 15:29:44 0|131.122.190.124 0 german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled by stephen colbert in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part
82428098 82429985 2006-10-19 14:53:30 0 days 00:11:08 2156719 0 german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled by stephen colbert in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . part of the [[ iron curtain ]] , the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 1 wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown
87781329 87781447 2006-11-14 16:28:02 0 days 00:00:39 1792859 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . then a leprachaun shot = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself with an oozie = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht
98453918 98470052 2007-01-04 19:21:16 0 days 01:21:18 873891 1 [[ german democratic republic ]] ) , an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , was initially constructed starting on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] and was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]]
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 4 the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june ]] [[ 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht
5 barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht ,
7 to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , ]] [[ 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal
8 policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 ]] , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 13 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . buddha . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 13 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . buddha . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups
103859154 104086213 2007-01-29 14:27:50 0 days 22:02:31 164429 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine
110985984 111074434 2007-02-26 14:03:40 0 days 11:02:25 0|24.39.160.45 0 , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 1931 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 59 government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 59 government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 59 government and in agreement with the still communist czech government . in order to ease the complications , the politbureau lead by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november
111378516 111379239 2007-02-27 18:35:21 0 days 00:03:13 0|168.11.47.3 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] nigga — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht ,
111379239 111379689 2007-02-27 18:37:33 0 days 00:02:12 3315117 0 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] nigga — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht ,
111392675 111393341 2007-02-27 19:39:19 0 days 00:03:09 911178 0 next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the best thing one the inernet is the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the
1 several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . the best thing one [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the inernet is the n game = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 1 reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first
115589605 115708717 2007-03-17 02:59:59 0 days 10:08:11 0|192.228.185.208 5 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
115708717 115708771 2007-03-17 03:00:22 0 days 00:00:23 979770 4 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = [[ image : berlinwall . jpg | right | thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the sung text . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos ( record label ) | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft ) piece near [[
116663804 116668276 2007-03-21 00:50:34 0 days 00:20:06 351312 2 ground . - - [[ user : 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 | 71 . 108 . 135 . 83 ]] 00 : 30 , 21 march 2007 ( utc aged 18 ) i like chocolate ! = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at
117073720 117077906 2007-03-22 17:49:00 0 days 00:18:56 0|147.31.4.47 1 [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] kenny your a noob berlin | east ]] and west berlin adn has nothin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]]
118145320 118145334 2007-03-27 00:43:00 0 days 00:00:05 2198658 0 " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . please dont let anyone edit the section without user = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in this web site = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started
119386632 119603839 2007-04-02 00:04:27 0 days 22:51:56 0|69.110.144.39 0 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 17 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost
119603957 119615866 2007-04-02 01:07:47 0 days 01:02:45 911178 0 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 17 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost
121253825 121573640 2007-04-10 01:23:04 1 days 05:10:35 0|137.149.162.10 1 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 1647 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived
121573640 121573836 2007-04-10 01:23:59 0 days 00:00:55 3269692 1 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ january 19 ]] , [[ 1647 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived
122565742 122565894 2007-04-13 19:34:59 0 days 00:00:34 0|65.182.247.159 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
122565894 122566024 2007-04-13 19:35:30 0 days 00:00:31 0|65.182.247.159 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = = = the fall , 1989 = = = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the
125918809 126161056 2007-04-26 15:46:00 0 days 20:15:33 0|69.242.142.221 0 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 1901 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht
1 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months twenty years before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu
126161056 126164082 2007-04-26 16:01:35 0 days 00:15:35 686868 0 the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1901 1961 ]] — twenty years before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht
1 were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1901 ]] — twenty years two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu
127961923 127967878 2007-05-03 15:01:27 0 days 00:27:45 284038 0 construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by
128203778 128208648 2007-05-04 14:05:23 0 days 00:24:53 764861 2 , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on the [[ june 15 | 15th of june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' "
130564003 130580466 2007-05-13 17:59:22 0 days 01:27:54 12858 0 construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] {{ fact | date = may 2007 }} . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by
131488336 131537690 2007-05-17 13:56:49 0 days 06:29:58 0|203.109.89.18 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
131538500 131538704 2007-05-17 14:02:24 0 days 00:01:07 302522 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . though some people argue that the above is true others take this as thrash . preetham a student of timpany has proven this false but many were left unsatisfied . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 23 of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission , but gave no further instructions on
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 5 the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and until it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german
8 . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | divided germany ]] , in an effort to stop the drain of labour and economic output associated with the daily migration of huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers from east to west berlin , and the attendant [[ defector | defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] economically and politically . the wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly & mdash ; after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany
23 democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent
24 ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of
25 which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 2 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 & mdash ; , after several weeks of civil unrest & mdash ; that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
133071645 133072963 2007-05-24 01:21:37 0 days 00:07:22 715870 2 [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , ]] [[ 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west
3 war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would
5 for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , ]] [[ 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
6 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 , until it was dismantled in 1989 . when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 1 germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine
150820185 150821296 2007-08-12 20:15:16 0 days 00:08:08 0|70.76.242.208 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . recently uncovered documents from the regional archive office in the eastern city of magdeburg , show that the ministry for state security , known as the stasi , had told guards that they must " stop or liquidate " would - be dissidents . " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used , " it said . source : http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2734598 , 00 . html = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
150832838 150865465 2007-08-13 00:57:21 0 days 03:29:12 158051 9 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . recently uncovered documents from the regional archive office in the eastern city of magdeburg , show that the ministry for state security , known as the stasi , had told guards that they must " stop or liquidate " would - be dissidents . " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 13 ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd
27 germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more
31 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at an ever a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts
34 thumb | 200px | " irgendwann fällt jede mauer " < br / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9
56 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd
159458827 159701939 2007-09-23 00:16:22 1 days 04:22:17 0|75.70.6.81 0 and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " .
160019557 160020132 2007-09-24 14:28:55 0 days 00:02:30 236591 3 and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " .
160020132 160020633 2007-09-24 14:31:13 0 days 00:02:18 236591 0 and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , even though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " .
160609244 160784030 2007-09-27 21:46:15 0 days 19:32:43 0|74.119.105.71 0 any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the othe construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no
160784030 160784097 2007-09-27 21:46:36 0 days 00:00:21 4789749 0 any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before othe the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no
162085177 162086343 2007-10-03 20:11:50 0 days 00:06:10 0|142.25.180.23 1 any circumstances . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the president bush died construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no
162088640 162088730 2007-10-03 20:23:43 0 days 00:00:25 0|142.25.180.23 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = fuck = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fdu ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital l of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of
162088730 162088831 2007-10-03 20:24:13 0 days 00:00:30 4131122 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . l = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four zones despite the city lying deep inside the zone of
3 republic of germany ( and west fgg = = construction begins , 2961 hello katie and emma = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before president bush died the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no
166496747 166496802 2007-10-23 12:32:13 0 days 00:00:22 0|208.108.159.70 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahahah = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
166496873 166497056 2007-10-23 12:34:02 0 days 00:01:16 0|194.5.134.185 0 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahahah = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
169623420 169663054 2007-11-06 19:44:41 0 days 03:11:23 0|165.138.104.250 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahaha hes dead = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
169663054 169669490 2007-11-06 20:16:19 0 days 00:31:38 0|79.67.27.247 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . hahaha hes dead = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
169825171 169972063 2007-11-07 22:37:47 0 days 13:41:55 5765655 0 the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august april 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures .
169972063 169975273 2007-11-07 22:51:51 0 days 00:14:04 5765655 0 the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ april august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures .
176239521 176445208 2007-12-07 21:32:06 0 days 23:24:27 0|207.197.67.10 0 provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months moths before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! "
176445208 176445369 2007-12-07 21:33:05 0 days 00:00:59 4417781 0 provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two moths months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! "
177450455 177479351 2007-12-12 18:38:09 0 days 02:20:54 0|136.235.12.7 0 a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 2077 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer
177479351 177489316 2007-12-12 19:23:52 0 days 00:45:43 911178 0 a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 2077 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer
182793062 183023326 2008-01-08 20:42:04 1 days 00:45:43 0|206.123.212.68 1 states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 1945 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref
183023326 183023808 2008-01-08 20:44:31 0 days 00:02:27 0|206.123.212.68 1 states . the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 44 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1945 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref
183108189 183108939 2008-01-09 03:55:28 0 days 00:05:00 0|71.232.128.61 0 . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ( francesca ' s birthday ) , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans
183109422 183109767 2008-01-09 04:01:15 0 days 00:02:22 162210 2 . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ( francesca ' s birthday ) , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans
188528811 188588109 2008-02-02 12:52:44 0 days 09:22:19 4469495 0 of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . <
1 [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref >
188588109 188588563 2008-02-02 12:56:53 0 days 00:04:09 4469495 0 of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref
1 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . < ref >
189776407 189875397 2008-02-08 02:38:25 0 days 08:07:51 0|68.200.116.164 1 stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 1991 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
189875397 189947296 2008-02-08 12:59:57 0 days 10:21:32 0|86.70.143.59 0 stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1991 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west
189999318 190370753 2008-02-10 11:37:23 1 days 17:36:28 3036189 0 250px | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | 150px | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
191583995 191709609 2008-02-15 20:07:18 0 days 15:08:49 0|207.160.105.110 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this brendon urie is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the
191709609 191709855 2008-02-15 20:08:39 0 days 00:01:21 4430968 0 memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . brendon urie = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and chorus were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . naxos . com / catalogue / item . asp ? item _ code = 2072038 | title = ode to freedom - beethoven : symphony no . 9 ( ntsc ) | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 26 | author = naxos | authorlink = naxos records | year = 2006 | work = naxos . com classical music catalogue }} this is the hottestmanontheplanet . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall
191980053 192008390 2008-02-17 05:56:54 0 days 03:29:06 0|67.108.30.163 0 as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] and has been indirectly attributed to snack - ajak , a character in the cult tv sitcom of the same name . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
192008390 192015086 2008-02-17 06:53:06 0 days 00:56:12 686868 0 as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] and has been indirectly attributed to snack - ajak , a character in the cult tv sitcom of the same name . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 1 were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 11 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
2 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period at least 133 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures
16 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 1963 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 1 were part of the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 13 ]] [[ 1963 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according
2 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall divided east berlin and [[ west berlin ]] for 27 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 11 ]] [[ 1963 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1984 . during this period at least 143 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures
14 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1963 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat
201079999 201146668 2008-03-26 20:57:33 0 days 04:51:50 0|70.15.98.201 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]]
201146668 201146819 2008-03-26 20:58:09 0 days 00:00:36 2377922 0 [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 10 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the information . these regulations had only been completed a few hours earlier and were to take effect the following day , so as to allow time to inform the border guards . however , nobody had informed schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference and when asked when the regulations would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised and overwhelmed border guards made many hectic telephone calls to their superiors , but it became clear that there was no one among the east german authorities who would dare to take personal responsibility for issuing orders to use lethal force , so there was no way for the vastly outnumbered soldiers to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . in face of the growing crowd , the guards finally yielded , opening the checkpoints and allowing people through with little or no identity checking . ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by west berliners on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was merely the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting [[ december 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . until then they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 [[ deutsche mark | dm ]] per day of their planned stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]]
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 0 of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of [[ nazi germany ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the zone of the soviet union . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of german states = = = west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . while west germany became rich , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . the east germans constructed the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 0 the [[ iron curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
3 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ , 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[
14 task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to
19 curtain ]] . the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time
21 files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that visits in west germany and west berlin would be permitted , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
36 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
37 jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]]
47 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall
52 kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd
53 special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
59 before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
70 east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts
71 authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long
77 peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = =
79 on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald
80 august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]]
81 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his
89 against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
90 government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a
91 east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
100 this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
118 [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months ,
119 states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east
120 ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military
130 and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav
131 were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]]
132 standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s
136 wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no .
138 the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]]
139 in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[
143 s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the 1923 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore
229650556 229833346 2008-08-04 19:36:33 0 days 22:10:40 3112254 0 the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in november [ 9 ] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
229833346 229833654 2008-08-04 19:38:07 0 days 00:01:34 911178 0 the wall separated [[ east berlin ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in november [ 9 ] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
229833654 230143637 2008-08-06 06:14:51 1 days 10:36:44 1626379 0 media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at
236982486 237083758 2008-09-08 15:55:38 0 days 14:07:10 0|70.166.137.32 0 east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 ( 1992 marcie ) , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine
237083758 237084567 2008-09-08 16:00:20 0 days 00:04:42 0|70.166.137.32 0 east germany ]] and [[ west germany ]] for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in 1989 ( 1992 marcie ) , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine
237420560 237420572 2008-09-10 02:38:59 0 days 00:00:04 2372780 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = many people belive = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the the germans had hot dirty sex with little boy on the othe side of the wall they would usally have gay sex aswell = = construction begins , 1961 =
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 0 of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders many people lived in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 4 curtain ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time
5 ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
18 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]]
22 the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday august 12 , 1961 , the leaders of east germany the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order
35 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
239456748 239564841 2008-09-19 13:58:32 0 days 10:31:31 0|209.174.67.217 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 1949 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
239564841 239565752 2008-09-19 14:02:18 0 days 00:03:46 0|209.174.67.217 4 europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 32 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : /
239565752 239565807 2008-09-19 14:02:30 0 days 00:00:12 1395162 4 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the baboon separated the two australian states for 99 , 999 years and 364 days , from the day construction began on august 32 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the happy curtain . < ref > [ http : /
8 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the united kingdom government announced on november 9 , 1949 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
242552191 242552576 2008-10-02 18:33:52 0 days 00:01:47 0|205.174.116.40 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 124 bc until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
242552576 242552610 2008-10-02 18:34:00 0 days 00:00:08 4479342 0 western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 124 bc 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 122 bc , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / /
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 4 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right |
5 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 4 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 during this period , at least 136 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name | cleanup = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right |
5 {st@rt} {{ articleissues | contradict = july 2008 | cleanup " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = - west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in german as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and the standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tensions between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on = july 2008 }} {{ for | the slang term | muppet ( slang ) }} [[ image : jim henson ' s muppets . png | right | 250px ]]
246467509 246467798 2008-10-20 10:02:16 0 days 00:02:16 0|58.179.157.209 0 rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . phail ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ berlin wall ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . us and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin & mdash ; it appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin , i . e the wall would have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? uckten shniden . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace ,
248612893 248617031 2008-10-30 14:17:25 0 days 00:25:35 0|209.174.67.217 3 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 97 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
248619037 248638203 2008-10-30 16:20:12 0 days 01:50:37 352579 3 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 97 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 4 former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to
249352359 249738980 2008-11-04 22:26:36 1 days 15:49:32 162210 2 former united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on september 14 , 1990 . ]] technically the wall remained guarded for some time after november 9 , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to
255192882 255210778 2008-12-01 15:04:41 0 days 02:27:24 0|70.91.241.121 6 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 16 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : /
7 ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
255210778 255210981 2008-12-01 15:05:58 0 days 00:01:17 3290566 5 western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 13 , 1967 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long curtain . < ref > [ http : /
6 | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the water separated eastital from westitaly for 40 years and 2 day , from the day construction began on august 16 , 1967 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the long curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www
256389672 256389779 2008-12-07 09:06:23 0 days 00:00:57 3505251 0 separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
256683536 256850381 2008-12-09 16:11:14 0 days 19:57:18 4634493 0 germany ' ' ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and . recent archiological evidence suggests it was considered to be a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article
1 ' for more than 28 years , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was opened on [[ november 9th ]] , 1989 , and was considered to be fully erected in a longtime symbol of the iron curtain . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171
257284183 257291690 2008-12-11 16:06:25 0 days 00:50:25 0|71.130.177.243 8 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 5 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
257291690 257299643 2008-12-11 16:51:58 0 days 00:45:33 352579 5 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the north german government announced on november 5 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 12 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months monthfuck s before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 6 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two monthfuck s months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council
258713332 258713483 2008-12-18 03:12:27 0 days 00:00:48 0|65.34.164.186 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 1888 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
258713491 258720479 2008-12-18 03:58:39 0 days 00:46:05 0|67.166.253.162 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1888 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
266837987 266945844 2009-01-28 11:26:08 0 days 13:04:36 0|87.38.134.95 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 2008 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
266945844 266949918 2009-01-28 11:58:46 0 days 00:32:38 137113 1 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 2008 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 15 the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
267777804 268040666 2009-02-02 14:56:26 1 days 08:53:01 0|87.38.134.241 5 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 2009 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
268040666 268042073 2009-02-02 15:06:12 0 days 00:09:46 3505251 4 director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 2009 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
273674256 273674565 2009-02-27 15:58:19 0 days 00:01:44 9091630 0 it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it was built by oliver smith santa vii , who resided in hampshire , uk . in the 1950 ' s it was used by [ retards ] who used to headbutt it . = = background = =
274232751 274242379 2009-03-01 21:22:25 0 days 00:39:38 0|78.16.204.122 1 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th
274242379 274315302 2009-03-02 02:07:06 0 days 04:44:41 96897 0 was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a black saxafone player l , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' '
1 formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] a black saxafone player l concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode to joy ]]
275070764 275170637 2009-03-05 14:36:21 0 days 12:39:33 0|87.33.73.130 0 ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 34 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
275171192 275172016 2009-03-05 14:44:09 0 days 00:04:37 0|87.33.73.130 0 [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1961 1600 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine /
275172493 275173185 2009-03-05 14:50:32 0 days 00:03:44 3505251 0 the wall was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 13 , 1600 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time /
1 was built for the craic . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 34 , 1600 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1955 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine /
281322387 281323676 2009-04-02 17:16:57 0 days 00:07:21 0|91.45.99.171 0 same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference
281608811 281686628 2009-04-04 12:14:06 0 days 11:20:47 15708 4 ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine
7 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
283525140 283525851 2009-04-13 08:35:28 0 days 00:08:43 0|194.144.117.217 2 government started to dismantle the iron curtain , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic ' ' . when the east german government announced on 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
285874976 287077460 2009-04-30 16:41:07 6 days 00:38:51 957447 0 could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9th 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam
289279765 289306528 2009-05-11 19:12:08 0 days 02:32:05 0|70.91.110.14 0 that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb
289306528 289308987 2009-05-11 19:25:55 0 days 00:13:47 1099776 0 that event caused popular demonstration and a irreversible political crisis in the government of [[ gdr ]] . when the east german government announced on [[ 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb
289779382 289779432 2009-05-14 00:08:09 0 days 00:00:22 1233313 0 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the
300057708 300312703 2009-07-04 23:02:58 1 days 08:14:41 0|86.163.75.210 2 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 1987 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
300312703 300317419 2009-07-04 23:35:29 0 days 00:32:31 911178 2 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1987 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
301331614 301720848 2009-07-12 17:27:55 2 days 09:47:29 0|92.1.90.117 0 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june
306696808 306953293 2009-08-09 10:18:02 1 days 10:43:30 72905 0 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
306954476 307001452 2009-08-09 17:09:23 0 days 06:40:39 6984319 2 circumventing the wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and
3 , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government announced on [[ november 9th in german history | 9 november ]] , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
308150074 308260646 2009-08-16 07:14:29 0 days 14:05:13 957447 0 , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] , [[ 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
1 figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
308484644 308602478 2009-08-18 02:36:12 0 days 12:03:29 6984319 3 wall , with figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
4 figures of the resulting death toll varying between 98 and 200 . when the east german government [[ november 9th in german history | announced on 9 november ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
310542185 311083982 2009-08-31 14:19:42 3 days 00:37:19 0|59.92.68.233 0 october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin wall will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8
311127689 311192075 2009-09-01 01:30:17 0 days 06:37:33 6984319 0 october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin wall will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 5 toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 ]] , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
6 varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , [[ 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall
7 between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
32 wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june ]] [[ 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
33 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
35 ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 ]] , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
36 ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , [[ 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / /
37 mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages
58 kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the
59 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 ]] , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
60 special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , [[ 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd
61 advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
67 just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
79 east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 ]] , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann ,
83 london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 ]] , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan
84 : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , [[ 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]]
85 harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at
87 down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 ]] , 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying
88 this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , [[ 1987 . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying :
89 wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{
95 ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 ]] , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a
96 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , [[ 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a "
97 ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
107 the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
136 section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 ]] , 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating
137 of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , [[ 1990 . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the
138 berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
151 wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july ]] [[ 1990 , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] ,
152 concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on 21 july 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[
165 of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 ,
166 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 ]] , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam
167 , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , [[ 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino
168 therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 27 varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and
28 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
29 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
45 the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = "
46 communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 "
47 of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on [[ august 28 ]] , [[ 1958 ]] , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{
52 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
53 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[
54 | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat |
56 ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http
57 ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
58 ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on [[ august 1 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages
61 - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , [[ 12 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in döllnsee , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time
79 special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the
80 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and
81 and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ august 19 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle
87 before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on [[ august 21 ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
96 initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between [[ 26 august ]] [[ 1961 ]] and [[ 17 december ]] [[ 1963 ]] . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( ' ' passierscheinregelung ' ' )
99 german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad
100 no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on [[ august 15 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > conrad schumann ,
103 : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[
104 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan
105 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at
107 this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations
108 }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying
109 seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on [[ june 12 ]] , [[ 1987 ]] . while commemorating the 750th anniversary of the founding of the city of berlin , reagan challenged soviet premier mikhail gorbachev to liberate the soviet bloc nations , saying : {{
115 ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand
116 see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a
117 monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred
124 berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision
125 on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on [[ november 17 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party secretary for propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had
127 task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] , he was handed a note that said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission but given no further instructions on how to handle the
156 of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]]
157 wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a
158 potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
167 concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]]
168 | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' just north of [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with guests including [[ scorpions ( band ) | scorpions ]] , [[ bryan adams ]] , [[ sinéad o ' connor ]] , [[ thomas dolby ]] , [[
176 so , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which
177 , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 ,
178 october 3 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam
179 ]] was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles
323394992 323401089 2009-11-02 02:44:44 0 days 00:39:51 0|96.52.147.110 0 death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 29 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
323401089 323401489 2009-11-02 02:47:51 0 days 00:03:07 4916882 0 death toll varying between 98 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 29 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 4 berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat
5 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 1st . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
15 ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 19th . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the
16 . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s - one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[
20 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 21st . , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 0 october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall
325029920 325030211 2009-11-10 11:46:59 0 days 00:03:17 8694237 0 s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th . , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us
2 just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21st . , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
325567787 325583646 2009-11-13 07:23:37 0 days 02:40:22 6971250 1 the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 2 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1st 1 . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http :
8 ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19th , 1961 . 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] s & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france
15 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21st 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
326393226 326442219 2009-11-18 00:11:51 0 days 04:50:24 5680520 0 = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 | november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref >
3 | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , [[ november 9th in german history | november 9 ]] is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions of 1848 in the german states | revolution of 1848 ]] and the date of the abdication of kaiser [[
326442219 326773006 2009-11-19 18:33:39 1 days 18:21:48 3415874 0 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 . 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
326773006 326888943 2009-11-20 07:19:36 0 days 12:45:57 6971250 0 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 1 . , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : /
326888943 327026868 2009-11-21 00:36:06 0 days 17:16:30 5680520 1 | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 . , 1961 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages
327266196 327412162 2009-11-23 04:12:24 0 days 17:53:52 0|65.188.34.200 0 between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 1776 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
327412162 327412470 2009-11-23 04:14:50 0 days 00:02:26 10771021 0 between around 100 and 200 . during a [[ revolutions of 1989 | revolutionary wave sweeping across the eastern bloc ]] , the east german government announced on november 9 , 1776 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall ,
327412470 327584067 2009-11-24 01:48:25 0 days 21:33:35 0|75.52.168.142 0 to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the
327584067 327584421 2009-11-24 01:50:54 0 days 00:02:29 10141256 0 to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the
330703212 330704150 2009-12-09 18:37:18 0 days 00:05:34 21047 1 felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would have made make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{ cite web |
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 51 | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal -
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 12 in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was finally chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the
347117220 347117362 2010-03-01 16:52:53 0 days 00:00:56 0|206.80.29.75 0 in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity green day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 8 in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ green german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = porte hola background = = jauma ola after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line
357565538 357753324 2010-04-23 03:13:03 0 days 21:27:20 0|96.241.50.167 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase ease was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = "
357753324 357754185 2010-04-23 03:19:21 0 days 00:06:18 4916882 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . ease = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0300038658 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " berlin airlift " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0854966846 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0742555429 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = "
383560948 383668607 2010-09-08 16:34:17 0 days 15:07:40 0|131.107.0.73 0 brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that
389132726 389132750 2010-10-06 17:04:31 0 days 00:00:11 13102546 0 | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date penis the wall fell but the penis in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 18 the status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the
19 status of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 1961 . 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us
41 of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] 9 november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the
59 was not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on 9 november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in
77 of west berlin . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] & nbsp ; — one each from the uk , the us , and france (
80 berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every
89 . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a "
90 ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more
98 wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks
108 of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some european capitals at the time there was a deep anxiety over prospects for a reunified germany . in september ,
111 september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no
112 author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | november 9 ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition in east germany such as [[ werner schulz ]] . < ref > {{
117 not official and complete until october 3 ; that day was finally chosen as [[ german unity day ]] . = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an
397878109 397878286 2010-11-20 15:43:36 0 days 00:01:07 0|79.74.81.116 2 de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 in the same year , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > [ http : / / einestages
397878286 397878708 2010-11-20 15:46:18 0 days 00:02:42 0|79.74.81.116 0 part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days
1 brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on 21 december 1989 ]] 9 november 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and in the days and weeks that followed , people came to the wall with
399263461 399311566 2010-11-28 12:32:53 0 days 08:43:34 0|91.109.31.186 0 rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] i love my mum . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 0 in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon krenz kremnz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed |
427753745 428575817 2011-05-11 12:51:55 4 days 22:11:59 10714345 0 in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on 18 october 1989 and was replaced by [[ egon kremnz krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite
433468803 435294058 2011-06-20 16:08:04 10 days 16:45:35 14732560 2 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her diary " our lives have lost their spirit…we can do nothing to stop them . " < ref > {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 106 east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied , and any building near the wall had its windows boarded and later bricked up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann ,
149 germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the daily telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery /
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 1 same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on 17 november 1989 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , a spokesperson the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the politburo , had the task of announcing this ; however he had not been involved in the discussions about the new regulations and had not been fully updated .
12 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | thumb | left | upright | walking through [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] soon afterwards , a west german television channel , ard , broadcast incomplete information excerpts from schabowski ' s press conference . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 3 to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on 21 august , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and
445092140 445097289 2011-08-16 04:28:36 0 days 00:53:53 9243491 1 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 }} < / ref > = = = history remembered , freedom cherished = = = [ august 13 , 2011 , event ( germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility to keep the memory alive and to pass it on to the coming generations as a reminder to stand up for freedom and democracy to ensure that such injustice may never happen again " , entreated mayor wowereit . " it has been shown once again : freedom is invincible at the end . no wall can permanently withstand the desire for freedom ” , proclaimed president wulff . . " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 8699626 / germany - marks - 50th - anniversary - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | publisher = ap | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11 / reflecting - on - the - berlin - wall - 50 - years - after - its - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years ago , construction began ) ] . . . . . . . ( adding text and refs . ) = = = cultural differences = = = for
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 7 down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = " usatoday " > {{ cite news | url = http :
576711458 576975608 2013-10-13 11:19:23 1 days 23:12:39 7496434 4 for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards german reunification , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on 3 october 1990 with the dissolution of east
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 44 | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered at the [[ alexanderplatz demonstration ]] , a rally for change in east berlin ' s large public square and transportation hub . ( henslin
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 1 / > < ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning reached not u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on august 13 , august 1961 , who was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance
633175257 633183384 2014-11-10 03:39:40 0 days 01:27:14 151197 0 perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot and killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on 6 february 1989 , while the final person to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to her
633205042 633571151 2014-11-12 20:27:44 2 days 11:39:07 14428234 0 ref name = " aidburr20130925 " / > this warning did not reach u . s . president [[ john f . kennedy ]] until noon on 13 august 1961 , who while he was vacationing in his yacht off the [[ kennedy compound ]] in [[ hyannis port , massachusetts ]] . while kennedy was angry that he had no advance warning , he
635210295 635851215 2014-11-29 03:10:52 4 days 19:13:09 917223 6 to die in an escape attempt was [[ winfried freudenberg ]] who was killed when his homemade [[ natural gas ]] - filled [[ aerostat | balloon ]] crashed on march 8 , 1989 . the wall gave rise to a widespread sense of desperation and oppression in east berlin , as expressed in the private thoughts of one resident , who confided to
7 | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on november 21 , 1989 , [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes (
688485144 688492814 2015-11-01 08:32:20 0 days 01:49:12 9048060 0 / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = [[ the times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | "
3 article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = [[ the times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations
699459916 699461131 2016-01-12 13:31:42 0 days 00:13:07 23149456 0 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 11 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 35 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author first1 = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive .
46 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ citation | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 }} – | first = elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3 october ,
67 article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = [[ the times ]] | location = london | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = =
738865701 738877220 2016-09-11 16:07:47 0 days 01:20:46 27015025 1 institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 9 april 2008 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 10 = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 4 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = 12 january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first
10 }} < / ref > = = concerts by western artists and growing anti - wall sentiment = = = = = david bowie , 1987 = = = on june 6 , 1987 , [[ david bowie ]] , who earlier for several years lived and recorded in west berlin , played [[ glass spider tour | a concert close to the wall
12 david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website ) | vox ]] | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert and its role in history | last = fisher | first = max }}
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 18 of movement ]] . < ref > {{ cite web | title = berlin wall : five things you might not know | date = 12 august 2011 | publisher = ' ' [[ telegraph media group | the telegraph ]] ' ' | url = http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 /
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 11 . clay and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday , 19 august 1961 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > they arrived in a city defended by three [[ berlin brigade | allied brigades ]] — one each from the uk , the us , and france ( the [[ forces
844217896 845220199 2018-06-10 08:29:22 6 days 19:32:54 29164674 0 = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall cut off (
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184510617 184510896 2008-01-15 16:29:44 0 days 00:02:14 0|76.5.89.22 0 thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall was hot ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
184510896 184511027 2008-01-15 16:30:45 0 days 00:01:01 2646772 0 thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall was hot ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]]
258203997 258204890 2008-12-15 21:31:40 0 days 00:03:53 0|76.217.13.119 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall shit ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr )
258206239 258209070 2008-12-15 21:49:42 0 days 00:12:46 5177550 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin shit wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a piece of shit separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr )
276783143 276783264 2009-03-12 17:22:27 0 days 00:00:33 0|76.74.69.103 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall mitch ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
276783264 276783338 2009-03-12 17:22:49 0 days 00:00:22 2844657 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' mitch berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
281894614 282235355 2009-04-07 00:31:21 1 days 10:38:02 0|74.72.241.68 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin gay wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235355 282235614 2009-04-07 00:32:41 0 days 00:01:20 0|203.38.204.162 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay forbes wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235614 282235707 2009-04-07 00:33:08 0 days 00:00:27 118722 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' forbes gay wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235865 282235916 2009-04-07 00:34:12 0 days 00:00:18 0|203.38.204.162 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay ellory memorial wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235916 282235944 2009-04-07 00:34:20 0 days 00:00:08 118722 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' ellory memorial gay wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282235944 282236089 2009-04-07 00:35:12 0 days 00:00:52 0|203.38.204.162 0 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay wall ( that has no windows and is in eastern bathurst ) ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236089 282236132 2009-04-07 00:35:23 0 days 00:00:11 118722 0 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay wall ( that has no windows and is in eastern bathurst ) ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236132 282236196 2009-04-07 00:35:43 0 days 00:00:20 3080493 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' gay berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282236196 282236589 2009-04-07 00:37:44 0 days 00:02:01 9398415 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin great wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
1 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236589 282236727 2009-04-07 00:38:26 0 days 00:00:42 1304569 1 satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' great wall of china ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
282236727 282237003 2009-04-07 00:39:51 0 days 00:01:25 9398415 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin cosgrove ellory wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
282237003 282237083 2009-04-07 00:40:17 0 days 00:00:26 1304569 0 : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' cosgrove ellory berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german
283243378 283243474 2009-04-11 21:04:28 0 days 00:00:34 7992897 0 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall walls ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
283243474 283243810 2009-04-11 21:06:20 0 days 00:01:52 4156654 1 berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin walls wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic
317287236 317310341 2009-10-01 17:09:47 0 days 02:18:31 0|160.7.93.225 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin seth wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr
317310341 317310493 2009-10-01 17:10:46 0 days 00:00:59 8932218 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' seth berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr
318295676 318864606 2009-10-09 13:29:12 2 days 18:49:36 0|66.203.21.94 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' matt gallimore ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
318868236 318870568 2009-10-09 14:12:19 0 days 00:16:08 0|82.151.243.166 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the matt gallimore ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east
322959932 323262651 2009-11-01 11:50:25 1 days 17:53:01 0|89.240.74.46 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall = = fart = = ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling
323262651 323263727 2009-11-01 12:02:04 0 days 00:11:39 5812172 1 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall = = fart = = ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling
323786711 323839905 2009-11-04 04:57:08 0 days 05:54:45 0|210.3.39.29 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling
1 under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) completely encircling [[
7 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] )
324855951 324865451 2009-11-09 16:55:53 0 days 00:59:13 0|68.89.94.230 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall tall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
324865451 324865655 2009-11-09 16:57:18 0 days 00:01:25 5519174 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin tall wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier erected by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
324920832 324923118 2009-11-09 22:16:41 0 days 00:12:46 0|67.71.41.102 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin yugoslavian wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
324923118 324923280 2009-11-09 22:17:30 0 days 00:00:49 1477111 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' yugoslavian ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
324923280 324923860 2009-11-09 22:20:11 0 days 00:02:41 0|67.71.41.102 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin yugoslavian wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
324923860 324923936 2009-11-09 22:20:37 0 days 00:00:26 6774658 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' yugoslavian berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
325045421 325048424 2009-11-10 14:21:14 0 days 00:21:08 10984567 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin berlslingerin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
325048424 325048650 2009-11-10 14:22:47 0 days 00:01:33 3308922 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlslingerin berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany
325185447 325190185 2009-11-11 05:02:52 0 days 00:42:42 0|210.3.39.29 0 - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr )
1 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) (
2 under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' t the only ones who could build a kick ass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
3 polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' people . ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] )
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 8 a brick , it would still be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused mass depression in germany . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
325363892 325364899 2009-11-12 02:24:44 0 days 00:07:00 0|202.158.12.194 1 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]]
6 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr )
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' nazi germany ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) (
1 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' nazi germany berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by roger jr republic ( gdr ) ( [[ tekken ]] ) that
337360247 337514893 2010-01-13 01:57:31 0 days 15:56:45 11416782 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
337514893 337515676 2010-01-13 02:02:48 0 days 00:05:17 11416782 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
337515845 337516047 2010-01-13 02:05:41 0 days 00:01:37 11416782 0 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important how are you im fine the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
337516047 337517879 2010-01-13 02:18:38 0 days 00:12:57 10141256 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall is important the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
342118264 342118535 2010-02-05 16:25:39 0 days 00:01:34 0|207.35.35.12 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall berline walle ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
342119150 342120204 2010-02-05 16:35:38 0 days 00:06:25 3505251 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berline walle berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a wood barrier built by the quebecers democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
350241563 350241786 2010-03-16 17:56:22 0 days 00:01:13 0|142.30.138.142 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the dhiraj did this hahahahathe ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
350241786 350241903 2010-03-16 17:57:03 0 days 00:00:41 118722 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } dhiraj did this hahahahathe the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
356256996 356283811 2010-04-16 00:35:24 0 days 02:51:52 0|99.192.21.152 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356283811 356284386 2010-04-16 00:39:20 0 days 00:03:56 0|216.118.158.85 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356284386 356284790 2010-04-16 00:42:20 0 days 00:03:00 2366658 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356284790 356292067 2010-04-16 01:24:46 0 days 00:42:26 320521 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
356292067 356293522 2010-04-16 01:33:47 0 days 00:09:01 0|72.19.72.70 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } hey ryan macdonald ! natzies man ! there freakin natzies ! ( hi dryden ! ) the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr
357049269 357049473 2010-04-19 19:25:52 0 days 00:01:07 0|131.122.46.127 1 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin francis wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
357049703 357055327 2010-04-19 19:57:39 0 days 00:30:33 3308922 2 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' francis berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
357297916 357496729 2010-04-21 22:33:18 0 days 23:37:31 0|71.111.55.161 3 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany
4 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that
361645413 361665081 2010-05-12 12:09:39 0 days 03:12:56 118799 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
1 ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that
363586451 363606306 2010-05-22 20:25:36 0 days 02:23:07 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } mr . staebell stinks the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363606306 363606575 2010-05-22 20:27:27 0 days 00:01:51 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } mr . staebell stinks this is for my project please dont change anything the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363606575 363608452 2010-05-22 20:40:59 0 days 00:13:32 262550 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } this is for my project please dont change anything the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363839927 363922577 2010-05-24 13:48:27 0 days 12:02:32 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' hi sen ' ' ' the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363922577 363922750 2010-05-24 13:49:36 0 days 00:01:09 12423703 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } ' ' ' hi sen ' ' ' this is thwe happy the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
363922750 363922912 2010-05-24 13:50:38 0 days 00:01:02 7007500 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } this is thwe happy the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]]
387096525 387171247 2010-09-26 19:04:14 0 days 09:23:05 0|208.22.12.236 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
387171914 387172021 2010-09-26 19:08:59 0 days 00:00:44 2483182 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall when it was being knocked down , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
387194906 387329929 2010-09-27 15:13:09 0 days 17:45:31 0|150.160.252.26 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall wears pink fuzzy slippers ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting
387329929 387331317 2010-09-27 15:21:03 0 days 00:07:54 0|128.36.97.118 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall wears pink fuzzy slippers ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting
387913331 387913500 2010-09-30 13:39:18 0 days 00:01:14 0|72.21.110.176 0 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin hamsterjelly wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
387913500 387913690 2010-09-30 13:40:43 0 days 00:01:25 0|72.21.110.176 1 line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' hamsterjelly berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] )
394786114 394823380 2010-11-04 17:48:21 0 days 03:51:26 0|86.168.6.218 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } go germany ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
394823380 394823423 2010-11-04 17:48:37 0 days 00:00:16 4928500 0 [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } go germany ! ! ! the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr ,
398275606 398275799 2010-11-22 17:10:10 0 days 00:01:06 0|217.86.65.6 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' is that a cool lamb ? ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august
398275799 398275853 2010-11-22 17:10:30 0 days 00:00:20 10902791 0 oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the is that a cool lamb ? ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august
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277002786 277119282 2009-03-14 04:23:16 0 days 11:27:08 6984319 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
278854164 278854882 2009-03-22 01:36:01 0 days 00:04:25 6984319 0 [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
279717857 279781081 2009-03-26 11:45:00 0 days 09:50:07 147354 0 / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : eastern bloc ]] {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
300317419 300484953 2009-07-05 22:19:21 0 days 22:43:52 145194 2 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
308694705 308695076 2009-08-18 15:02:29 0 days 00:02:11 0|69.15.109.218 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 inkanana | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }}
308695076 308707893 2009-08-18 16:20:02 0 days 01:17:33 323132 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - inkanana indef }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }}
356433987 356774242 2010-04-18 12:22:50 1 days 17:20:10 442513 0 of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de -
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 4 ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | location _ country = {{ flag | germany }} , {{ flag | east germany }} | latitude = 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display
5 s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 . 516111 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display =
13 at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be |
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160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 18 stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang such as when the sex of the chromosomes ( genetic sex ) does not match the sex of the external genitalia ( anatomic sex ) – this is known as intersex . discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex ) or between the various psychosocial levels ( such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity ) are even more common , but less well understood . in gender theory , the term " heteronormativity " refers to the idea that human beings fall into two distinct and complementary categories , male and female ; that sexual and marital relations are normal only when between two people of different genders ; and that people should follow roles determined by their gender . instead , some people have sought to define their sexuality and sexual identity in non - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany
175574157 175780121 2007-12-04 20:53:39 0 days 23:18:37 0|72.24.86.213 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} this is not a real page . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
175780121 175780202 2007-12-04 20:54:06 0 days 00:00:27 1371800 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} this is not a real page . [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
175780202 175780470 2007-12-04 20:55:23 0 days 00:01:17 0|72.24.86.213 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} ' ' ' this page has graphical and innapropriate language . ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
175780470 175782201 2007-12-04 21:03:34 0 days 00:08:11 2073927 0 {st@rt} {{ refimprove | date = october 2007 }} ' ' ' this page has graphical and innapropriate language . ' ' ' ' ' italic text ' ' [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 8 , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability
9 district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check june - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 8 , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability
9 district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check june - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 0 wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | left | thumb | a section of the berlin wall used as the center of
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ about otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark
311933749 311933846 2009-09-05 01:03:18 0 days 00:00:58 6877720 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper ) ) }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti
317310493 317333375 2009-10-01 19:23:13 0 days 02:12:27 0|64.8.186.156 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} dan oster is blacker than the night sky {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
317333375 317333853 2009-10-01 19:26:19 0 days 00:03:06 0|64.8.186.156 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence }} dan oster is blacker than the night sky {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
317333853 317478433 2009-10-02 14:44:39 0 days 19:18:20 0|86.24.251.21 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} was really good | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]]
317478433 317478524 2009-10-02 14:45:24 0 days 00:00:45 8918196 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} was really good | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]]
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 21 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
325481176 325491054 2009-11-12 20:02:04 0 days 00:53:47 9771399 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} hi man | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
325493379 325493685 2009-11-12 20:17:37 0 days 00:01:55 10519822 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} hi man | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
325583646 325814566 2009-11-14 16:19:37 1 days 08:56:00 5663757 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess variation | berlin defense defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ semiprotected | small = yes }} {{ otheruses4 about | | the chess variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in
337517879 337694423 2010-01-13 23:22:52 0 days 21:04:14 11432846 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} the berlin wall was created by jonny apple seed in 1956 | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
337694423 337710206 2010-01-14 00:59:19 0 days 01:36:27 0|98.18.21.252 0 in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} the berlin wall was created by jonny apple seed in 1956 | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | -
338517464 338591345 2010-01-18 18:23:43 0 days 10:38:40 0|92.3.231.154 1 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
2 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
341350743 341570583 2010-02-02 22:54:36 1 days 01:11:28 0|24.32.209.152 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the b erlin wall was stupid | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
341570583 341570758 2010-02-02 22:55:29 0 days 00:00:53 9674144 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the b erlin wall was stupid | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
341570758 341570921 2010-02-02 22:56:23 0 days 00:00:54 0|24.32.209.152 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the berlin wall was gay | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
341570921 341571052 2010-02-02 22:56:59 0 days 00:00:36 11441278 0 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - the berlin wall was gay | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[
342665226 342710201 2010-02-08 15:14:12 0 days 06:08:11 0|204.85.26.1 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin that oneplace with the wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
342710201 342710348 2010-02-08 15:15:04 0 days 00:00:52 10823618 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of that oneplace with the wall berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
347169208 347169563 2010-03-01 21:38:10 0 days 00:01:40 0|71.28.105.141 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2 . 6 million east germans escaped to west berlin or west germany from 1949 to 1961 ( total population of east germany was about 17 million ! ) . | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
347169563 347173518 2010-03-01 21:57:27 0 days 00:19:17 3308922 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the wall was erected in 1961 because more than 2 . 6 million east germans escaped to west berlin or west germany from 1949 to 1961 ( total population of east germany was about 17 million ! ) . | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
349560284 350071952 2010-03-15 20:41:20 2 days 15:03:45 0|81.141.47.51 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} and fell on people < sup > superscript text < / sup > | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
350105530 350161715 2010-03-16 07:25:50 0 days 07:33:00 6971250 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} and fell on people < sup > superscript text < / sup > | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
350205915 350238859 2010-03-16 17:39:53 0 days 03:18:52 11648302 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350239234 350241563 2010-03-16 17:55:09 0 days 00:13:04 0|142.30.138.142 0 right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah dhiraj did this | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350241786 350241903 2010-03-16 17:57:03 0 days 00:00:41 118722 1 right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah dhiraj did this | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350242185 350242282 2010-03-16 17:59:12 0 days 00:00:37 3308922 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - hahahah | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
350296557 350338092 2010-03-17 03:59:09 0 days 04:50:19 0|99.56.2.131 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin your mom }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
350338092 350338289 2010-03-17 04:00:39 0 days 00:01:30 4916882 0 | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of your mom berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] |
351044536 351060308 2010-03-20 22:45:12 0 days 01:42:12 0|81.97.32.153 2 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
351060308 351060690 2010-03-20 22:47:54 0 days 00:02:42 10141256 2 view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
351392982 351434071 2010-03-22 20:59:04 0 days 03:34:50 0|74.114.84.174 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} uytg7t | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
351434071 351434157 2010-03-22 20:59:26 0 days 00:00:22 5499713 0 | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} uytg7t | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
355986426 356043954 2010-04-14 21:11:38 0 days 05:16:57 0|138.163.0.42 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin burlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
356043954 356044092 2010-04-14 21:12:27 0 days 00:00:49 0|138.163.0.42 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of burlin berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357049473 357049703 2010-04-19 19:27:06 0 days 00:01:14 0|131.122.46.127 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin francis }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357049703 357055327 2010-04-19 19:57:39 0 days 00:30:33 3308922 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of francis berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the framcos wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357297916 357496729 2010-04-21 22:33:18 0 days 23:37:31 0|71.111.55.161 0 in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint
1 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint |
357754185 357886421 2010-04-23 20:04:43 0 days 16:45:22 0|66.204.53.81 0 | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for german reunification . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 njlbjhkb jk [ jbk < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > ] | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
357886421 357897333 2010-04-23 21:02:09 0 days 00:57:26 262550 0 | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for german reunification . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 njlbjhkb jk [ jbk < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > ] | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
361293877 361362049 2010-05-10 22:29:37 0 days 06:24:42 0|74.236.23.134 0 the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin wall }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
361362049 361546217 2010-05-11 20:49:54 0 days 22:20:17 0|67.238.225.63 0 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ [[ history of the berlin wall | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
1 the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of the berlin wall ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
361546217 361637044 2010-05-12 07:27:00 0 days 10:37:06 6971250 0 | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ history of the berlin wall ]] | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
365700612 365763238 2010-06-03 03:24:03 0 days 07:04:01 0|75.62.4.255 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
365763238 365768478 2010-06-03 04:13:10 0 days 00:49:07 10721057 1 {st@rt} {{ ab ' ' ' out | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} suk my dik bitch {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 4 | references = }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border
392383335 392860491 2010-10-25 21:03:30 2 days 10:18:25 0|67.149.116.202 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} buttcrack of a hobo {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west
392860491 392860812 2010-10-25 21:05:27 0 days 00:01:57 3308922 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} buttcrack of a hobo {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west
400927696 401092919 2010-12-07 18:20:02 0 days 20:44:36 0|87.153.237.156 0 jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints
419497837 420114384 2011-03-22 08:33:14 3 days 14:14:56 93143 1 notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove ref improve section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who
444482392 444513279 2011-08-12 21:53:37 0 days 03:06:39 314721 0 notebook " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ pov - check - unreferenced | section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in
489424180 489424644 2012-04-27 04:54:53 0 days 00:05:04 14405583 1 = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | germany }} , {{ flag | east west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _
489425101 489433249 2012-04-27 06:46:08 0 days 01:45:46 6971250 0 _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline ,
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 0 | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image =
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 0 map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ [[ file : flag | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title
1 the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title |
5 map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , < br > {{ flag | west germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 0 | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 january 2014 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image =
729057394 733423677 2016-08-07 18:35:16 29 days 02:59:40 3131428 4 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 }} {{
748208128 748537843 2016-11-08 18:55:46 1 days 18:26:11 274535 1 map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} < br > * [[ file : flag of east berlin ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet
776865104 776886357 2017-04-23 22:36:22 0 days 02:53:17 22045359 0 april 2017 }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence | berlin defence ]] }} {{ for | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 }} {{ infobox historic
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 0 wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 may 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti art
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 0 | date = april 2017 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = may november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | caption = view from the west berlin side of [[ berlin wall graffiti
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 0 the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ refimprove more citations needed | date = april 2017 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg
825820281 825820751 2018-02-15 16:40:22 0 days 00:03:44 5946478 0 | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ more citations needed | date = april 2017 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ size = 267px
858467139 858475938 2018-09-07 13:17:40 0 days 01:32:51 9092818 0 convert | 155 | km | 1 | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar | cold war }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] [[
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155853769 156050532 2007-09-06 13:50:20 0 days 22:20:57 0|69.246.212.189 0 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] the berlin wall was = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
1 gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes bad = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley |
173866475 173866573 2007-11-26 10:46:20 0 days 00:00:55 137113 0 ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 4 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] epublisher = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 1 william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 20 schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
204492738 204492884 2008-04-09 17:28:11 0 days 00:00:41 137113 0 [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu /
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 76 ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]]
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 76 ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films http : / / www . theberlinobserver . com / 1stbg18thinf . html reports on reinforcements to berlin brigade ] * [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / / home . att . net / ~ rails _ to _ berlin / home . htm includes articles on rail transport for berlin during the cold war . ( large files ) ] * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . algonet . se / ~ giljotin / eija . html eija - riitta berliner - mauer , who identifies as objectúm - sexual , was married to the berlin wall in 1979 . she experienced much grief upon its demolition , and still mourns the loss of her husband . ] * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past along berlin death strip . ] 2007 bw photo gallery . * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall pieces for sale ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin / one day in berlin : tracing the wall ] * [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / berlin wall online ] , chronicle of the berlin wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts * [ http : / / www . andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : destroyed landmarks ]] [[ category : east germany ]] [[ category : former buildings and structures of germany ]] [[ category : graffiti and unauthorised signage ]] [[ category : history of berlin ]] [[ category : 20th century in germany ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ category : john f . kennedy ]] [[ category : allied occupation of germany ]] [[ category : 1989 disestablishments ]] [[ category : berlin wall | ]] {{ link fa | el }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[ da : muppets ]] [[ es : muppets ]]
253365461 253836110 2008-11-24 18:53:03 2 days 08:52:04 5823453 0 [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
258399099 258459897 2008-12-16 23:36:24 0 days 05:08:31 0|66.143.116.78 0 " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first =
258459980 258476585 2008-12-17 01:05:35 0 days 01:28:46 352579 1 " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first =
262390357 262557442 2009-01-07 17:16:31 0 days 19:21:16 8627252 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
279835940 280035881 2009-03-27 16:45:12 0 days 23:02:09 0|62.172.227.2 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ neil adlam thinks it was built in ' 69 ]] , = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
280035881 280036083 2009-03-27 16:46:18 0 days 00:01:06 911178 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ neil adlam thinks it was built in ' 69 ]] , = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
281475066 281579157 2009-04-03 21:42:24 0 days 11:25:16 6019534 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ eastern bloc defection }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _
284935878 284964859 2009-04-20 06:53:35 0 days 04:00:42 0|122.108.181.87 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . . . . . . . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
284964859 285004676 2009-04-20 12:49:08 0 days 05:55:33 1304569 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . . . . . . . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
294710470 295845404 2009-06-11 20:15:46 5 days 17:25:28 9742999 0 of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _
299569196 299792508 2009-07-02 00:04:58 1 days 03:56:40 10013224 0 waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , [[ 1991 ]] * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
325158965 325184727 2009-11-11 04:14:33 0 days 03:08:01 0|74.185.149.36 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
325184727 325185245 2009-11-11 04:18:45 0 days 00:04:12 4916882 0 the world ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others " german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ iron curtain ]] * [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a huge " new wall " made out of bricks was made , then demolished at the end . * [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ paradigm shift ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 9 biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration
453939231 454528682 2011-10-08 11:06:51 3 days 17:07:39 10714345 0 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist [[ stephan elsner | elsner ]] created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of his actions he even tore down a large part of the wall , < ref name = mauerfall > {{ cite web | title = die mauer als muse | url = http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html | work = the wall fell on july 18th 1982 | publisher = lars von törne in der tagesspiegel | accessdate = 13 march 2007 }} < / ref > installed a prepared foil of 3x2m in it and finished the painting there before the border soldiers on patrol could detect him . this performance was even recorded on video . < ref name = elsnerworks > {{ cite web | title = elsner ' s border injuries | url = http : / / www . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ works . html | work = artworks & video documentation | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > his actions are well - documented both in newspapers from that time and in recent scientific publications . < ref name = elsnerpress > {{ cite web | title = elsner | url = http : / / www . galerie - son . com / artists / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker |
552093309 552345669 2013-04-26 23:24:06 1 days 14:10:59 9755426 1 of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = {{ lang | de | 20 jahre mauerfall }} | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }}
633168677 633169245 2014-11-10 01:17:22 0 days 00:04:27 10340692 0 the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = notes references = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita
633858023 634823844 2014-11-21 12:27:24 6 days 15:18:49 10289486 0 : / / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november ,
634890619 635210295 2014-11-24 07:57:43 2 days 09:30:19 194203 0 the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = references notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita
724233530 724394204 2016-06-09 00:08:05 1 days 00:27:59 28438241 0 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( lebanon ) ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker
724394204 724394247 2016-06-09 00:08:38 0 days 00:00:33 28438241 0 rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( lebanon beirut ) ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last
762133796 764579261 2017-02-09 18:56:43 13 days 21:24:23 22515348 0 concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 22 the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr - the central
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 11 hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 13 jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first
816797571 816797805 2017-12-23 19:37:49 0 days 00:02:02 11112747 0 reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes ' ' ' notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita |
5 ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita |
6 reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation
7 * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) {{ div col end }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | 30em }} * {{ cite book | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international
group 74
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 10 remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 31 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of
321349222 321400601 2009-10-22 16:02:51 0 days 07:11:40 0|216.248.234.63 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
321400601 321400717 2009-10-22 16:03:44 0 days 00:00:53 0|216.248.234.63 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . they are not educated in their own language . most germans were at peace when the berlin wall fell . this is a retard writing . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
321400717 321400884 2009-10-22 16:04:50 0 days 00:01:06 7746361 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . people are very sick in this country . they are not educated in their own language . most germans were at peace when the berlin wall fell . this is a retard writing . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
323394727 323394959 2009-11-02 02:04:43 0 days 00:01:25 6509701 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germans and their big boobs germans have nice tits they have a special machine element making them more hot and big than normal = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
323394959 323394992 2009-11-02 02:04:53 0 days 00:00:10 1469567 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = germans and their big boobs germans have nice tits they have a special machine element making them more hot and big than normal = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
325016705 325016969 2009-11-10 09:22:03 0 days 00:03:04 0|87.42.135.2 1 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . what was hitler mad ? because he saw his gas bill . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325016969 325017008 2009-11-10 09:22:21 0 days 00:00:18 6513930 2 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . what was hitler mad ? because he saw his gas bill . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325037769 325038462 2009-11-10 13:08:19 0 days 00:06:06 10001091 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist authorities . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325068590 325079508 2009-11-10 17:40:03 0 days 01:04:17 0|190.92.6.182 0 were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background hola ! = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
325079508 325079592 2009-11-10 17:40:35 0 days 00:00:32 118722 0 were fascist . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = hola ! background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
325399702 325401741 2009-11-12 08:06:48 0 days 00:21:22 10999656 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . owairoa rm 20 this is the berlin page = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325401741 325401770 2009-11-12 08:07:06 0 days 00:00:18 9518048 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . owairoa rm 20 this is the berlin page = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
325552663 325566075 2009-11-13 04:27:44 0 days 02:02:39 0|150.101.251.68 0 the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 8 the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = sdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipiesdofjapsdjasd asdf ppepipeipeipie = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
331504394 331525878 2009-12-14 00:33:15 0 days 02:15:08 0|74.179.15.90 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = war filipović = = mirco crocrop filipović was very angered by the wall because he absolutly hates art and the dividing of a country so he spent months feeling ot the wall looking for a weak spot . 6 months later with president ronald " tha truth " reagan by his side he threw a high roundhouse kick taking the entire wall down . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
331525878 331526070 2009-12-14 00:34:28 0 days 00:01:13 10783139 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = war filipović = = mirco crocrop filipović was very angered by the wall because he absolutly hates art and the dividing of a country so he spent months feeling ot the wall looking for a weak spot . 6 months later with president ronald " tha truth " reagan by his side he threw a high roundhouse kick taking the entire wall down . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
336305106 336423273 2010-01-07 16:43:46 0 days 16:24:51 0|70.131.116.95 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . = = background = = xl p - e - n - i - s = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
336423273 336423566 2010-01-07 16:45:17 0 days 00:01:31 7777104 0 were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] . xl p - e - n - i - s = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
339044413 339045107 2010-01-20 22:50:54 0 days 00:03:53 10593201 4 berlin were [[ fascist ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] , a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of
340925242 340925516 2010-01-30 17:02:56 0 days 00:01:35 0|91.187.103.2 0 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background how we can trust wikipedia when whoever can edit whatever wants ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
340925516 340925610 2010-01-30 17:03:32 0 days 00:00:36 6660588 0 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background how we can trust wikipedia when whoever can edit whatever wants ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
341336046 341339663 2010-02-01 20:43:28 0 days 00:19:37 0|71.14.142.7 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background backround = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
341339663 341340595 2010-02-01 20:48:50 0 days 00:05:22 2438920 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = backround background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
341571052 341696405 2010-02-03 15:41:01 0 days 16:44:02 0|195.194.47.34 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . you can ' t put stuff on the p : \ drive ! = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
341696405 341696550 2010-02-03 15:41:56 0 days 00:00:55 10519822 0 almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . you can ' t put stuff on the p : \ drive ! = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[
347136856 347166507 2010-03-01 21:23:40 0 days 02:42:45 0|71.28.105.141 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = after the eruption = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of
354463006 355151597 2010-04-10 15:18:30 3 days 11:14:02 0|84.77.74.198 0 of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post pre - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder -
355151966 355152540 2010-04-10 15:24:00 0 days 00:03:31 0|84.77.74.198 0 of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background porte hola = = = = = pre - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]]
362837172 362850559 2010-05-18 17:56:14 0 days 01:13:38 0|209.66.200.152 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = toddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtodd = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
362850559 362850946 2010-05-18 17:58:20 0 days 00:02:06 7007500 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = toddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtoddtodd = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
364487169 364554671 2010-05-27 21:52:20 0 days 07:13:21 0|75.105.128.36 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = justin bieber is a gay fags background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war
1 the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
364554671 364561020 2010-05-27 22:33:59 0 days 00:41:39 0|71.7.92.12 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . justin bieber is a gay fags background = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
364580648 364628895 2010-05-28 07:50:01 0 days 06:54:46 6971250 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
365700329 365700486 2010-06-02 20:19:22 0 days 00:00:50 0|76.112.3.161 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = it never happened = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
365700486 365700612 2010-06-02 20:20:02 0 days 00:00:40 1306352 0 remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . it never happened = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
391649621 391979759 2010-10-21 06:05:36 1 days 15:28:04 0|203.211.118.212 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = < 3 me = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
391979759 391979949 2010-10-21 06:07:37 0 days 00:02:01 375514 0 . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = < 3 me = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 5 tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 4 tribune 1 " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref name = " cnn . com " / > = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre
group 75
left_string del_string ins_string right_string
from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 7 the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences
513767223 514812998 2012-09-27 15:04:09 6 days 18:49:18 7809335 3 | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9
4 | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * * border distance through residential areas in berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3
6 display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between east and west berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9
514812998 514816402 2012-09-27 15:28:13 0 days 00:24:04 7809335 0 border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft
514816402 515867543 2012-10-03 22:20:21 6 days 06:52:08 609725 1 = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and
2 = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in
3 abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert |
4 mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall distance length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr
5 mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km
6 abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches distance : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or signal fence distance length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr
7 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track distance length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size
10 inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border distance around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin
11 on }} * * border distance between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin
12 = on }} * * border distance between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border distance through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 .
615295062 618841270 2014-07-28 16:55:14 26 days 03:09:29 114091 1 inline , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between
2 on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential
3 = on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert
4 = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km |
5 | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi
6 | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact or / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m |
8 , title | other _ dimensions = * length of border around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west and east
9 }} * * length of border between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east
10 on }} * * length of border between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * length of border through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment wall height : {{ convert | 3 .
618841270 619750670 2014-08-04 01:20:28 6 days 08:25:14 14405583 1 _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions = * border length around west berlin : {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west and
2 | abbr = on }} * * border length between west berlin and east germany : {{ convert | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length through residential areas in
3 mi | abbr = on }} * * border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * * | border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert
4 | mi | abbr = on }} * * border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert |
5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * | concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 |
6 . 6 | m | ft | abbr = on }} * concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 .
7 | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact / signal fence length : {{ convert |
8 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 |
9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km |
10 | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * | column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers :
11 | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} * column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * | number of watch towers : 302 * number of bunkers : 20 | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | start _
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
74442611 74981139 2006-09-10 21:59:14 2 days 20:41:41 63530 0 fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 0471267368 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title =
89532890 89582444 2006-11-23 03:25:22 0 days 05:13:56 433328 0 fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0471267368 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title =
201855065 201855908 2008-03-29 18:09:49 0 days 00:04:00 0|68.47.21.231 0 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information we love this site it helps to learn aout berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in german ) * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index .
201855908 201855946 2008-03-29 18:10:01 0 days 00:00:12 6475994 0 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} we love this site it helps to learn aout = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin i love learning about new states so this a good site to veiw so u can learn about berlin
233681008 233718719 2008-08-23 11:36:43 0 days 06:12:05 7701560 0 = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org
254999894 255064232 2008-11-30 21:29:49 0 days 06:39:11 7903804 3 ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} *
277132148 277225474 2009-03-14 18:13:47 0 days 12:16:17 6984319 5 | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de demographe | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher =
304807664 304813427 2009-07-29 04:28:07 0 days 00:41:10 6984319 33 first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : * {{ harvard reference | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 -
34 | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war * {{ harvard reference | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the
320837584 320937531 2009-10-20 03:24:05 0 days 09:19:20 0|203.189.4.118 0 wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * {{ [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / }}
328227127 328272267 2009-11-27 21:55:57 0 days 05:30:49 0|91.34.110.26 0 | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 -
2 | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} * luftbildatlas entlang der berliner mauer 1961 bis heute . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) . berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = =
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 2 title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989
3 alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn =
4 | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher =
6 save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
9 title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987
10 henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ harvard reference citation | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn =
361637044 361645413 2010-05-12 08:56:43 0 days 01:29:43 9540157 0 = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin
2 the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
3 john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }}
4 = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
5 pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
6 thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ cite book citation | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 1 citation | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 | ref = harv | postscript = | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin
2 = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
8 title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ cite book | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher =
10 alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
12 | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ cite book * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year
13 the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 | ref = harv | postscript = | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }}
14 the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite document }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary .
16 john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite document * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year
21 = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ cite document * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas
23 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book }} * {{ citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the
24 title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 | ref = harv | postscript = | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
25 save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ cite document }} * {{ citation | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998
28 | last = pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 | ref = harv | postscript = | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
29 pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ cite document }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ citation | last = thackeray | first = frank
33 thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood publishing group | year = 2004 | isbn = 0313328145 }} * {{ citation cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location
35 title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | isbn = 3875846958 }} * {{ citation cite book | last = turner | first = henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987
37 henry ashby | title = the two germanies since 1945 : east and west | publisher = yale university press | year = 1987 | isbn = 0300038658 }} * {{ citation cite book | last = wettig | first = gerhard | title = stalin and the cold war in europe | publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn =
40 = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het spinhuis | year = 1998 | isbn = 9055890952 }} * {{ citation | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin
45 title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year = 2005 | isbn = 071465408 }} * {{ citation | last = dowty | first = alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989
47 alan | title = closed borders : the contemporary assault on freedom of movement | publisher = yale university press | year = 1989 | isbn = 0300044984 }} * {{ citation | last = gaddis | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn =
49 | first = john lewis | title = the cold war : a new history | year = 2005 | publisher = penguin press | isbn = 1594200629 }} * {{ citation | last = harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher =
50 the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = [[ princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ citation | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west
51 john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ citation | author = hertle , hans - hermann | title = the berlin wall | location = bonn | publisher = federal centre for political education | year = 2007 }}
53 = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 | isbn = 0198297165 }} * {{ citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
54 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ citation | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m
55 save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 - 1949 | publisher = texas a & m university press | year = 2000 | isbn = 0890969671 }} * {{ citation | last = mynz | first = rainer | title = where did they all come from ? typology and geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european
57 pearson | first = raymond | title = the rise and fall of the soviet empire | publisher = macmillan | year = 1998 | isbn = 0312174071 }} * {{ citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher = penguin classics | year
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 7 november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > whether [[ november 9 in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members of political opposition
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732558 773189 2003-03-08 21:25:25 0 days 00:08:13 4388 0 which was later replaced by the actual wall . the wall physically divided the city into west berlin and [[ east berlin ]] , the wall completely surrounded west berlin . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " intended to avoid aggression from the west . the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction it was regularly improved up to the fourth generation wall , begun in 1975 . this wall was reinforced
1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 27 opened access points and allowed them through . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall . the destruction of the berlin wall was , the first step to the reunification of [[ germany ]] , which finally took place on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . a great ambivalence has been developing
1596460 1596496 2003-10-20 16:27:26 0 days 00:10:19 26248 2 considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the fall of the wall , was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . < div style =
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 3 lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the americans . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect
2155508 2155517 2004-01-15 01:43:47 1 days 18:55:42 0|209.6.243.123 0 through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating celebratsaddsadaing the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom "
2155517 2302553 2004-01-15 01:44:37 0 days 00:00:50 0|209.6.243.123 0 through . november 9 is thus considered the date when the wall fell . on christmas day , december 25 , 1989 [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebratsaddsadaing celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom "
4067832 4160094 2004-06-13 09:23:06 1 days 00:12:45 47506 6 right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > ' ' remainder of berlin wall ( june 2003 ) ' ' < / center > < / div > ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 9 deconstructed just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near
10 months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 ]] . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june 2003 ]] ]] not much is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer
7274103 7274236 2004-11-09 21:58:06 0 days 00:00:40 0|83.109.145.235 1 = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right | thumb | the fall of the berlin wall , which marked the symbolic end of the cold war . american poststamp commemorating the event . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 15 into an [[ enclave ]] in east germany . during the construction of the wall [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ kampfgruppen der arbeiterklasse | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . the construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies .
11746206 11747812 2005-04-01 03:30:23 2 days 11:22:10 225848 20 reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . the three crossing points were named [[ phonetic alphabet | phonetically
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 17 on the wall . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany / east germany border . . a crossing at [[ friedrichstraße ]] in central berlin gave westerners their only access between west and east berlin . = = the years of the wall = = during
13372525 13372526 2005-05-07 06:16:55 0 days 01:30:30 28107 0 . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989
14016219 14054477 2005-05-21 09:53:43 0 days 00:01:58 0|216.27.183.43 0 desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] not much little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section of 80m near [[ potsdamer platz ]]
19641332 19932121 2005-07-30 18:00:26 4 days 04:24:02 0|84.166.136.157 5 . = = construction of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - map . png | right | 250px | thumb | map of the berlin wall , showing crossing points and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , who sought the approval of soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]]
20042747 20104674 2005-08-02 09:05:08 0 days 21:35:51 0|83.135.157.10 1 but two of these were reserved for germans . the only land route into berlin that was accessible to westerners was via the [[ berlin - helmstadt autobahn | berlin - helmstadt helmstedt ]] [[ autobahn ]] , which entered berlin at dreilinden in south - western berlin and crossed east german territory to reach the town of helmstadt on the west germany /
21210896 21211077 2005-08-17 11:45:59 0 days 00:05:22 169380 0 its track area was desperately needed for new east - west connections . [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | remains of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] little is left of the wall in berlin today . the wall was physically destroyed almost everywhere , except for three locations : one section
21712367 21742465 2005-08-24 18:24:13 0 days 10:00:10 28107 0 / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum is rebuilding rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] . = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 1 {st@rt} the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | germandie berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities
2 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie german ]] : ' ' ' ' ' die berliner mauer was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the (
3 {st@rt} the berlin wall german language | germandie berliner mauer ' ' ' ' ' ) was a long separation barrier | barrier separating west berlin from east berlin and the surrounding territory of east germany . the east german authorities called it the ( anti -
27818117 27820034 2005-11-09 13:49:03 0 days 00:30:59 140999 0 david hasselhoff ]] performed his song ' ' looking for freedom ' ' , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhof hasselhoff has later ( perhaps jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to
27820034 27831852 2005-11-09 16:41:48 0 days 02:52:45 0|68.78.185.254 3 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall . they also erected over 1 , 000 crosses in memoriam to those who
27851902 27852065 2005-11-09 20:45:02 0 days 00:01:48 140548 1 is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[
28483115 28532961 2005-11-16 21:05:29 0 days 14:07:00 116385 0 eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ gl : muro de berlín ]] [[ ko : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[
28986624 29161462 2005-11-24 21:33:01 2 days 05:56:55 231595 0 charlie memorial . jpg | thumb | 1 , 000 crosses ]] = = see also = = [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu parliament in [[ brussels , belgium ]] . ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate
31569442 31572996 2005-12-16 04:49:32 0 days 00:37:41 0|68.187.31.162 0 accordingly general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the [[ berlin airlift ]] ( 1948 & ndash ; 9 49 ) and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank ( as jfk ' s special advisor ) . he and
31893565 31977221 2005-12-19 16:01:39 0 days 17:42:14 0|84.41.148.223 0 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( perhaps probably not even jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification
32939747 33017235 2005-12-28 18:00:48 0 days 16:33:05 0|67.110.176.98 0 conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] l , ; kfffffffffffff , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying
33017235 33019543 2005-12-28 18:25:07 0 days 00:24:19 246113 0 conrad schumann . jpg | frame | right | east german border guard [[ conrad schumann ]] leaps into [[ west berlin ]] over barbed wire on [[ august 15 ]] l , ; kfffffffffffff , [[ 1961 ]] ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful [[ escape ]] s into west berlin ; 192 people were killed trying
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 1 . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 400px | germans dancing on the berlin wall . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . because he was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 1 , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because . ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[ austria ]] , and in september more than 13 , 000 east germans escaped through hungary . mass demonstrations against the government in east germany began in the autumn of 1989 . the leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on [[ october 18 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989
2 an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " was briefly replaced by a successor , [[ egon krenz ]] , a few days later . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . however , [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda had been on vacation prior to this decision and hadn ' t been fully updated on all the protesting and this particular decision . shortly before a press conference on [[ november 9 ]] in [[ 1989 ]] , he was simply handed a note with the new travel regulation and no further instructions how to handle it . he decided to read them out loud at the end of the conference , which turned out to be a huge mistake . the note said that east berliners would be allowed to cross the border with proper permission . the regulations were to take effect the following day , as they had only been completed a few hours ago and the border guards would have to be properly instructed first . the note was therefore not to be published until next morning , but nobody had informed schabowski ( nor was the information on the note itself ) . at a crucial point of the conference he was asked when the regulations would come into action . he didn ' t like the way it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[
35656744 35886672 2006-01-20 00:46:46 1 days 15:21:06 416830 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 june 7 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] :
1 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 2003 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' '
37796258 37828716 2006-02-02 10:58:24 0 days 06:20:16 471054 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german
4 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on june 7 , 2003 | berlin wall on [[ june 7 ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : '
38580629 38580746 2006-02-07 06:12:02 0 days 00:01:32 58229 2 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | remains of the berlin wall on [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die
3 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on 7 june 2003 | berlin wall on near [[ 7 june ]] [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' die berliner mauer '
38580842 38580876 2006-02-07 06:13:46 0 days 00:00:26 58229 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 | remains remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june [[ 2003 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]]
40814212 40814314 2006-02-23 04:38:46 0 days 00:01:03 386031 48 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( probably not even possibly jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[ german reunification
40915337 40944082 2006-02-24 01:02:35 0 days 03:27:05 304316 36 the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on june 26th , 1963 ]] but [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
64 . also , [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . david hasselhoff has later ( possibly jokingly ) told reporters that he " helped unite germany " by performing at this event . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday both because it marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution because it
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 19 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - — 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy
20 concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . | location = [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and
28 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : | publisher = berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25
30 catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . }} * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden
39 / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . | location = [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall
45 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ web reference | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http :
43116053 43124562 2006-03-10 12:04:36 0 days 01:42:20 0|69.138.128.92 0 . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] and mollested hos [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
43124562 43194836 2006-03-10 21:24:43 0 days 09:20:07 0|206.110.235.21 0 . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] and mollested hos [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
44017927 44080269 2006-03-16 17:46:47 0 days 10:16:13 0|83.29.50.223 0 * [ http : / / www . restless - soul . co . uk / berlin1 . htm berlin 1983 : berlin and the wall in the early 1980s ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures
47569698 47686586 2006-04-09 11:25:46 0 days 18:40:55 86816 3 . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org /
51589662 51848718 2006-05-06 16:49:23 1 days 18:26:01 0|72.228.114.173 7 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations
51848718 51848752 2006-05-06 16:49:46 0 days 00:00:23 223113 2 its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall plan ]] rebuilding west ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because there was no ww2 . we didn ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick .
3 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . there was no berlin wall , because there was no ww2 . we didn east germany ' t lose this . . . ww2 , and there was no holocaust . it was all a jewish trick . = = construction begins , 1961 = = construction
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 0 , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ nva ( national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who
51997271 51997348 2006-05-07 16:25:49 0 days 00:00:42 223113 0 , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , nva ( [[ national people ' s army ) and kda ( combat groups of the working class ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect
52000362 52000436 2006-05-07 16:51:01 0 days 00:00:36 0|216.49.149.108 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
52000436 52000566 2006-05-07 16:51:57 0 days 00:00:56 145855 0 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in [[ 1918 ]] . however , november 9 is also the anniversary of the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of [[ 1938 ]] and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of
52670596 52734504 2006-05-11 22:10:56 0 days 06:44:33 0|168.212.165.131 1 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] ] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration
53314730 53320980 2006-05-15 14:40:50 0 days 00:45:56 204661 1 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [ november 9 ] ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration
58219539 58219714 2006-06-12 15:35:26 0 days 00:01:48 0|24.60.99.51 1 . they were relocated to munich , and berlin ' s economy fell . berlin was dependant on the money the prostitues brought in . munich flourished while berlin fell . whore riots broke out at the berlin wall , which was one of the reasons it fell . topless woman and teenagers were rioting atht they wanted their corner back so they could get more meat in the gooch . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in the
63858347 63858464 2006-07-14 22:07:48 0 days 00:00:41 1265360 1 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall was a part ) in an effort to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then
2 the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . steve walker tore down the berlin wall in an effort 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' - frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do away with commusism . he used his enourmous penis as a sledge hammer to knock down the berlin wall . chuck norris and david hasselhof then started a fight
65188008 65188164 2006-07-22 10:12:48 0 days 00:02:18 135 0 a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / www . berlinwall . itgo . com berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / video . google . com / videoplay ? docid = - 7428851501542847413 berliner trance ] a documentary suggesting that the fall of the berlin wall was the genesis for the world ' s biggest explosion in the popularity of dance music = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 4 jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : across the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links
6 htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin europe | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} *
88348093 88434279 2006-11-17 15:26:36 0 days 12:12:28 0|82.108.37.34 0 morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall ( and he did not bring the wall down ) . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and
88434279 88434996 2006-11-17 15:30:59 0 days 00:04:23 1613101 0 morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall ( and he did not bring the wall down ) . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and
89050700 89073575 2006-11-20 20:11:10 0 days 01:58:38 64669 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = references notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{ cite book |
90440705 90440953 2006-11-27 15:03:58 0 days 00:01:28 0|213.222.30.35 1 his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . even as ingeborg kuijlaars and teagan fardell ( and brian chenault ) were getting horrifically drunk in tribute to the beer hall putsch that led to the rise of nazism that led to the fall of nazism that led to the cold war
92647828 92779124 2006-12-07 21:11:24 0 days 14:27:04 0|82.10.207.212 1 be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall 2003 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , june 2003 august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , june 2003 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{
93876815 93876848 2006-12-12 19:37:43 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 3 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > pablo fuentes built the berlin wall because he wanted to keep th prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east out of the west . this is because the east had worse economical situations and hated jews . [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1980 architecture ]]
98077276 98151344 2007-01-03 10:49:19 0 days 08:46:57 2001738 1 of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' '
4 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remnant of the berlin wall near potsdamer platz , august 2006 | remnant of the berlin wall near [[ potsdamer platz ]] , august 2006 . ]] < / div > the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} or ' ' antifaschistischer schutzwall ' ' in the
98227262 98450608 2007-01-04 17:42:45 0 days 22:50:54 0|12.45.130.162 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http :
98450608 98453918 2007-01-04 17:59:58 0 days 00:17:13 302522 0 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | year = september 8 , 2004 | url = http :
103859154 104086213 2007-01-29 14:27:50 0 days 22:02:31 164429 1 under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set
108457024 108586738 2007-02-16 12:01:39 0 days 13:04:03 0|217.132.143.214 2 / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] -
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 32 = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 19 a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall
36 used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 32 = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 19 a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall
36 used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 32 = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and something had to be done about it . the men of berlin gathered their tools and some [[ beer ]] and began to tear down the wall in order to build a wall of better quality in its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june 1962 , work started on a
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 19 tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall
36 used parts of the wall are in high demand with druidic rituals involved with forcing articial lunar solstices . = = the fall of the berlin wall = = near the end of [[ october ]] of [[ 1989 ]] , a large crack developed further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a section of the wall . it was later identified as the section that noted time traveller [[ woody harrelson ]] had built . this crack soon became an eyesore
113088445 113088743 2007-03-06 16:40:46 0 days 00:02:26 0|206.123.204.226 2 of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 you suck | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 3 of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 you suck | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last
114231078 114232094 2007-03-11 04:46:14 0 days 00:06:38 0|192.176.11.14 4 " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , zan preston and paul funke took charge and led the deconstruction of the berlin wall . late in the night , at approximately 2 : 30 a . m . , the first blow autumn of preston ' s sledgehammer or power struck the wall . followed shortly by the continuous blows between funke and preston ' s hammers , the wall came down and germany
128044281 128044362 2007-05-03 20:32:41 0 days 00:00:17 0|69.125.136.170 1 morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
128044362 128044374 2007-05-03 20:32:44 0 days 00:00:03 1614547 13 = layout and modifications = = i dont no why he just didnt ask the sarge about that one stipud idoits = = official crossings and usage = = berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration of the first german republic , the [[ weimar republic ]] , in 1918 . however , [[ november 9 ]] is also the anniversary of the [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , [[ october 3 ]] was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = aftermath and implications = = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | right | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 . ]] the fall of the wall altered road and [[ m - bahn ]] traffic patterns . an experimental [[ maglev train | magnetic levitation train ]] system around 1 . 6 km ( 1 mile ) in length was demolished just months after its official opening in july 1991 as it used part of the track bed of an underground line previously severed by the wall that was needed again to reconnect the underground line . = = legacy = = little is left of the wall , which was destroyed almost everywhere . there are three sections still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
130157844 130458885 2007-05-13 02:58:38 1 days 07:36:11 558022 0 the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti writers . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close
1 berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for graffiti ]] writers . ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to
133073625 133074114 2007-05-24 01:27:50 0 days 00:02:33 715870 2 under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — , [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set
3 = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended stated in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) '
133539930 133704950 2007-05-26 20:17:06 0 days 19:22:00 0|75.24.38.209 0 perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] 1899 [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
133704950 133705235 2007-05-26 20:18:29 0 days 00:01:23 302522 0 perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1899 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 25 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings
48 august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set
49 = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up a
153312391 153320457 2007-08-24 08:29:47 0 days 01:18:22 0|212.107.116.248 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca makkah ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen
153320457 153326548 2007-08-24 09:28:47 0 days 00:59:00 506179 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ makkah mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen
157770272 157812882 2007-09-14 09:08:00 0 days 06:00:58 0|212.34.18.131 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca makkah ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen
157812882 157815087 2007-09-14 09:29:20 0 days 00:21:20 340124 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ makkah mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 8 thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | researchers have observed monogamy , promiscuity , sex between species , sexual arousal from objects or places , rape , necrophilia , sexual orientation ( heterosexuality , homosexuality , bisexuality and situational sexual behaviour ) and a range of other practices among animals other than humans . related studies have noted diversity in sexed bodies and gendered behaviour , such as intersex and transgender animals . the study of animal sexuality ( and primate sexuality especially ) is a rapidly developing field . it used to be believed that only humans and a handful of species performed sexual acts other than for procreation , and that animals ' sexuality was instinctive and a simple response to the " right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner
160539804 160548666 2007-09-26 20:46:01 0 days 00:42:55 2073927 1 and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone which then formed the german democratic republic ( including east berlin ) the same year . the berlin wall was 906 miles long a part ) to prevent any further exodus . it bordered south calabama . pokemon was inspired by the berlin wall . and then cheap knock offs were made such as yu - gi - oh ! = =
160784097 160893232 2007-09-28 11:15:53 0 days 13:29:17 0|217.53.88.162 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca makkah ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen
161593149 161773404 2007-10-02 12:23:27 0 days 19:29:08 50881 0 being demolished by the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ makkah mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 1 / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end start of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 3 / > - " eventually every wall falls " ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the start end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] ( ' ' [[ ode
164088618 164111122 2007-10-12 19:23:00 0 days 01:48:47 1094964 0 diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink
166736883 166834669 2007-10-24 21:12:29 0 days 08:04:35 100426 3 the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . the words at the top read "
167284000 167330269 2007-10-27 00:46:38 0 days 04:33:26 50001 4 the berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for [[ graffiti writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . the words at the top read " god
5 berlin government . ]] [[ image : sanctuary - berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 200px | right | the berlin wall has become a [[ mecca ]] for graffiti ]] writers . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] [[ making out ]] . the words at the top read " god !
169317962 169452172 2007-11-05 20:57:26 0 days 15:34:33 0|137.90.130.186 1 = october 2007 }} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc
169452172 169452240 2007-11-05 20:57:45 0 days 00:00:19 4158767 1 {st@rt} monkeys built the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | view from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | remaining stretch of the wall near ostbahnhof in friedrichshain , august 2006 ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the rest of [[ east germany ]] . as an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc
170107451 170200790 2007-11-08 23:07:26 0 days 07:47:04 0|74.69.103.29 0 entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > kyle is the best person in your german class . yeah . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz
170200790 170206355 2007-11-08 23:36:19 0 days 00:28:53 400903 0 entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > kyle is the best person in your german class . yeah . [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] ' ' in [[ potsdamer platz
174242652 174243069 2007-11-27 23:12:48 0 days 00:02:08 0|68.210.132.92 0 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . witnessed by thomas packer . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
186825343 186825645 2008-01-25 15:38:27 0 days 00:01:39 6283973 1 charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2
186825645 186825748 2008-01-25 15:39:05 0 days 00:00:38 6283973 1 charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ [ tear down this wall ]] ] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist |
186825748 186825868 2008-01-25 15:39:42 0 days 00:00:37 6283973 1 checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [ tear down this wall ] ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2
190525831 190526102 2008-02-11 02:23:39 0 days 00:01:31 0|24.91.51.85 0 a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ whats up cold war }} [[ category : 1961 in the berlin walll was really a stupid idea germany ) )
195355677 195465346 2008-03-03 02:27:02 0 days 08:52:55 0|162.83.196.247 0 / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id
197765151 197766061 2008-03-12 18:07:59 0 days 00:04:21 0|65.87.105.7 0 wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] , [[ walter ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a
1 , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , ulbricht ]] , stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall
201724239 201724471 2008-03-29 02:07:54 0 days 00:01:25 3622922 0 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear
202125951 202125992 2008-03-30 19:59:06 0 days 00:00:09 2372780 4 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . hahahahaha i hate the berlin wall so i decided to delete all the text that someone carefully put together to share with the world = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11
202525275 202536820 2008-04-01 13:23:40 0 days 01:09:16 0|208.182.113.239 4 [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in chasing a speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 4 one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing on [[ june 26 ]] [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a cat and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat
5 a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat speech on [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and four buffalo = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the
6 penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six locusts , and seven groundhogs jumped over the berlin wall chasing a cat and four buffalo west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west
214855602 214991201 2008-05-26 06:08:19 0 days 13:45:18 1022055 1 [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall early days in 1961 . ]] --> during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes into west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as
221970072 223245034 2008-07-03 06:09:59 6 days 07:29:21 3622922 2 ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border
3 to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | thumb | the wall being dismantled at physically torn apart in the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with [[
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 134 : rostropovich at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]]
135 at the wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ' s ]] [[ symphony
141 ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some believe [[ november 9 ]] would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of the declaration
154 , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite
155 8 }} * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title
232939337 233217061 2008-08-21 00:02:09 1 days 06:44:51 203434 1 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] . ]] on june 15 , 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist
241808635 241808916 2008-09-29 17:15:52 0 days 00:01:08 911178 0 new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? the berlin wall is a wall that protected berlin . it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace ,
241809073 241809182 2008-09-29 17:16:58 0 days 00:00:27 5549726 2 , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref the berlin wall is a wall that kept me the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from your mom an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of
3 ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref the berlin wall is a wall that kept me from your mom the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 84 : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino muppet ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis
95 serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 84 : 베를린 장벽 ]] [[ hi : बर्लिन की दीवार ]] [[ hr : berlinski zid ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino muppet ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : tembok berlin ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis
95 serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not
242809822 243012592 2008-10-04 19:19:47 0 days 23:53:45 7178666 1 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
249088521 249352359 2008-11-03 06:37:04 1 days 06:49:34 911178 1 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party
256154730 256157274 2008-12-06 02:00:28 0 days 00:20:16 911178 1 berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than 140 kilometers ( 96 miles ) | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some 91 meters ( 100 yards ) farther in east german territory was built . the houses contained between
258133599 258134007 2008-12-15 15:47:51 0 days 00:02:16 0|71.130.177.243 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the west we asshole niggerst side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image
258135144 258137090 2008-12-15 16:03:25 0 days 00:09:50 1430004 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 everyone fucked the berlin wall from the we asshole niggerst west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlindsfsdfsfssssssssss satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image
260986131 260986227 2008-12-31 00:07:04 0 days 00:00:32 7662999 0 potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on at the library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 -
1 , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the [[ ronald reagan presidential library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter
2 [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263 ft
3 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located on the library grounds ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an 80 - meter ( 263
260986227 260986325 2008-12-31 00:07:29 0 days 00:00:25 7662999 1 site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the [[ berlin wall ]] located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley , california , usa ]] ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which
262136422 262136515 2009-01-05 18:46:36 0 days 00:00:33 1064243 2 {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' ' west germany ' ' ' for more than
6 {st@rt} the berlin wall was the biggest wall ever built . it stretched from hamas to south china , then to italy but it stopped in ireland for some alcoholic beverages . the wall separated east germany from ' ' '
262557442 262727066 2009-01-08 10:39:51 0 days 17:23:20 0|203.219.92.120 0 charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade _ game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a
262762670 263247726 2009-01-10 21:42:09 2 days 06:10:03 5026668 16 s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade _ game ) ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn
266478122 266480479 2009-01-26 07:26:56 0 days 00:20:28 119438 20 | site of potsdamer platz , 1986 ]] [[ image : berlin wall at the reagan library . jpg | thumb | right | a large piece of the berlin wall located at the [[ ronald reagan presidential library ]] in [[ simi valley ]] , california , usa ]] little is left of the wall at its original site , which was
266949918 267068772 2009-01-28 22:44:29 0 days 10:45:43 0|99.228.71.49 0 = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 is bullshit . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]]
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 2 ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ who }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is
3 [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden / kontra | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} believe november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the
4 hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . some {{ who }} believe < / ref > whether november 9 would have made a suitable german national holiday , since it both marks the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution and is also the date of
280036083 280246291 2009-03-28 17:28:40 1 days 00:42:22 957447 1 image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]]
282662590 282781427 2009-04-09 15:13:59 0 days 15:06:29 9418822 3 / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * [ http : / / www . germany . info / withoutwalls 20th anniversary public diplomacy campaign by german embassy washington ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ]
284229554 284272784 2009-04-16 20:08:28 0 days 04:10:48 0|194.144.117.217 2 ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in [[ hungary , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean
3 s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall started in hungary ]] , where a reformist government started ( [[ may 2 ]] ) to dismantle the [[ iron curtain ]] , with symbolic moments like the so called ' ' paneuropean picnic
290358741 290358801 2009-05-16 18:33:39 0 days 00:00:26 6984319 1 wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this
298845873 298939014 2009-06-27 14:00:54 0 days 14:17:19 1439530 0 this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in , june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall
1 = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the
299532247 299536269 2009-06-30 17:00:50 0 days 00:23:45 3308922 4 [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] the berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] berlin wall was built in the 60 ' s and knocked down inthe 80 ' s
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 0 germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for is a multimedia dance performance which is to be performed onsite , via the 20th anniversary is one of many efforts created for the 20th anniversary from individuals around the world = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614
4 group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance created for the 20th anniversary {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture
300484953 300485855 2009-07-05 22:25:18 0 days 00:05:57 145194 7 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] , [[ 1961 ]] . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity
307307907 307679806 2009-08-13 03:24:07 1 days 21:50:04 8357747 0 ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] after " the real wall " was torn down . a
307679806 307884163 2009-08-14 05:40:50 1 days 02:16:43 0|216.254.123.206 0 | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was [[ ronald reagan ]] ' s speech at the brandenburg
311192075 311278175 2009-09-01 14:03:37 0 days 12:33:20 6971250 4 on the school grounds at the [[ winston churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university portions | institutions around the world ]] in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border
5 churchill memorial and library ]] . = = = kennesaw state university = = = currently , a piece of the berlin wall was given to [[ kennesaw state university ]] since its fall . they can be found for instance in [[ kennesaw , georgia ]] on loan , which is being displayed outside of the social science building . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings
313044179 313129853 2009-09-11 04:02:49 0 days 09:42:44 43300 0 border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident [[ berlin crisis of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]]
313670259 314279419 2009-09-16 05:02:01 2 days 06:35:48 5794239 1 ]] [[ tl : dingding ng berlin ]] [[ ta : பேர்லின் சுவர் ]] [[ te : బెర్లిన్ గోడ ]] [[ th : กำแพงเบอร์ลิน ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] 0 [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical :
315255142 315255881 2009-09-21 08:16:07 0 days 00:07:59 204692 2 to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any call into question the reliability of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin
6 potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 31 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on [[ 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and
113 image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic
114 crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 ]] , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations (
315894927 315895948 2009-09-24 12:01:59 0 days 00:06:47 6971250 133 image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 21 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including
318035713 318041815 2009-10-05 13:39:31 0 days 00:42:35 6971250 0 - off between us and soviet tanks | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions segments ]] * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 30 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text ) ] * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 3 http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments
323839905 323840518 2009-11-04 05:01:42 0 days 00:04:34 10519822 9 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build
324105756 324105954 2009-11-05 16:39:42 0 days 00:01:13 0|77.1.32.123 0 looking back at the fall of the berlin wall - official homepage in english * [ http : / / www . wallofberlin . com ] " virtual berlin wall " ] - website linked to the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . pictures can be uploaded on a chose region of the wall for a fee ( in
324158162 324158226 2009-11-05 21:48:34 0 days 00:00:19 1675595 1 {st@rt} stuppid wall full of shit graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing checkpoints . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders
324766643 324767695 2009-11-09 02:41:12 0 days 00:06:37 194203 0 schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] officer [[ conrad schumann ]] [[ defection | defecting ]] to west berlin during the wall ' s early days in 1961 . ]] during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying
324804014 324808994 2009-11-09 08:55:14 0 days 00:57:05 6971250 0 for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll
324818143 324818231 2009-11-09 10:32:15 0 days 00:00:56 6971250 0 cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 - 11 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 2 at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama pornarama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin /
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 1 at berlin - wall . net ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] pornarama panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / czechdaily . wordpress . com / 2007 / 09 / 11 / one - saturday - in - berlin /
324833939 324833961 2009-11-09 13:14:33 0 days 00:00:15 0|119.152.101.239 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n |
324851832 324852165 2009-11-09 15:31:23 0 days 00:02:15 6971250 2 ref > the european music awards , on the 5th of november , had u2 and tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed on at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining
324911705 324911771 2009-11-09 21:14:34 0 days 00:00:19 0|216.239.87.133 2 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party
3 : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on june 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 11 > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[
324942089 324949378 2009-11-10 00:33:49 0 days 00:39:52 0|71.112.226.115 0 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics
324951791 324951813 2009-11-10 00:48:35 0 days 00:00:07 8214624 6 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president john f . kennedy acknowledged in a speech on july 25th , 1961 < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory /
324965950 324966849 2009-11-10 02:18:01 0 days 00:05:59 0|67.248.219.58 0 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] john f president kennedy arrived in berlin on june 26 , 1963 . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory
324966849 324968388 2009-11-10 02:27:15 0 days 00:09:14 8214624 0 | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26th . , 1963 . ]] president kennedy arrived in berlin on june 26 , 1963 john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25th . , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory
325190185 325190637 2009-11-11 05:07:12 0 days 00:04:20 10857892 0 neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the berlin wall was originally constructed in 230bc by berlin citizens lead by hadrian whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of stonehenge , hadrian ' s wall , and the first toilet . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those chinese that they weren ' t the only ones who could build
325218548 325218944 2009-11-11 09:54:29 0 days 00:05:02 6971250 6 corporations , at universities and government buildings . = = see also = = * ( ' ' ' films about the berlin wall ) " the boy and the wall ' ' ' " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 . link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / * " the life of others
8 german production , 2006 , link http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0405094 / * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ berlin crisis of 1961 # stand - off
9 removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * [[ the wall
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 22 http : / / www . britishpathe . com / workspace . php ? id = 1281 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] { [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ]
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 0 left | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address hi high }} u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr
336479872 336546683 2010-01-08 05:24:47 0 days 07:28:28 8066546 0 {{ link fa | sw }} [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : جدار برلين ]] [[ an : muro de berlín ]] [[ az : berlin divarı ]] [[ bn : বার্লিন প্রাচীর ]] [[ be : берлінская сцяна ]] [[ bs : berlinski zid ]] [[ br : moger berlin ]] [[ bg : берлинска стена ]] [[ ca : mur de berlín ]]
336831441 337147033 2010-01-11 06:36:56 1 days 12:47:11 1749459 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . aworldnews . com / berlin - wall - photos - 15321 berlin wall photos ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n |
340644582 340645194 2010-01-29 02:26:36 0 days 00:04:02 0|91.187.103.6 0 concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . i wonder only 23 kilometres . what is this after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
340645194 340645259 2010-01-29 02:27:09 0 days 00:00:33 1469567 0 concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = berlin wall : berlin - beograd 23 km . i wonder only 23 kilometres . what is this after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 7 by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which . it was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 50 thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com / us - politics - directory /
343780168 343781933 2010-02-13 18:30:31 0 days 00:10:12 5326371 23 places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . ' ' , london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 11 de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity has reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in virtual berlin . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 9 to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german
10 this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . [[ history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and
13 weaker standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall " . history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
14 standard so that east german and soviet armored vehicles could break through easily in the event of war . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall . ' ' history channel , 2009 . dvd - rom . ]] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more
21 and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = =
22 were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = = opposition
65 / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | title = " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]]
352581884 352705465 2010-03-29 09:44:23 0 days 14:50:45 0|217.65.158.124 0 of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html che | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} <
352705465 352705693 2010-03-29 09:46:32 0 days 00:02:09 9674144 0 of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border che checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a concrete barrier built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] , separating it from east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans had avoided [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin . from west berlin , [[ emigration | emigrants ]] could travel to west germany and other western european countries . during its existence from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} <
357497351 357513678 2010-04-22 00:03:45 0 days 01:27:16 0|69.114.95.116 0 demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was often found to be sad for people to think adout . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some
358498578 358498909 2010-04-26 21:28:16 0 days 00:01:33 0|138.88.120.190 0 annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer sean barry }} ) was a big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] ,
358498909 358499716 2010-04-26 21:32:05 0 days 00:03:49 134937 0 annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' berlin wall ' ' ( {{ lang - de | sean barry berliner mauer }} ) was a big cock built by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) that completely enclosed the city of [[ west berlin ]] ,
360584362 360919053 2010-05-08 16:00:36 1 days 19:56:21 0|87.227.46.100 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = fw9q0qu2c2a ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
360919053 360919529 2010-05-08 16:03:22 0 days 00:02:46 6163802 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = fw9q0qu2c2a ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
361169935 361170062 2010-05-09 23:35:33 0 days 00:01:00 0|91.46.248.24 0 | raffia wall remembering to berlin wall at a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 ]] a snack bar on stuttgart spring festival 2010 used as fence a wall of raria raffia , remembering to berlin wall . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse
361779090 362023580 2010-05-14 03:29:56 1 days 03:53:44 0|71.56.232.42 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially was for cock suckers only to be referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that
362023580 362026715 2010-05-14 03:55:19 0 days 00:25:23 0|129.63.5.41 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially was for cock suckers only to be referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that
362031860 362040150 2010-05-14 05:53:19 0 days 01:15:05 3171782 0 ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ is : berlínarmúrinn ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ jv : témbok berlin ]] [[ kn : ಬರ್ಲಿನ್ ಗೋಡೆ ]] [[ ka : ბერლინის კედელი ]] [[ sw : ukuta wa berlin ]] [[ la : murus berolinensis ]] [[ lv : berlīnes mūris ]] [[ lb : berliner mauer ]]
362885497 362893303 2010-05-18 21:55:14 0 days 00:44:34 0|66.60.241.7 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the constipated . " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany
362893303 362896146 2010-05-18 22:12:47 0 days 00:17:33 262550 0 around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between around 100 and 200 . the berlin wall was officially constipated . referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by the communist gdr authorities , implying that neighboring [[ west germany
365768478 365795613 2010-06-03 08:50:04 0 days 04:36:54 6971250 1 [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * films about the berlin wall : * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title /
366962573 367011049 2010-06-09 16:36:07 0 days 06:20:21 12536139 1 anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students . students at over 20 30 universities participated in " freedom without walls " events in late 2009 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germany . info
368159388 368177016 2010-06-15 13:56:04 0 days 02:01:59 89179 22 of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] . it , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war
368177016 368181715 2010-06-15 14:27:43 0 days 00:31:39 2730469 0 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
370610424 371187573 2010-07-01 11:39:37 2 days 20:33:34 1160241 0 the [[ the pentagon | pentagon ]] near [[ washington , dc ]] . = = see also = = * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[ cold war ]] * [[ collapse of the soviet union ]] , 1991 * [[ eastern bloc ]] * some films specifically about the berlin wall : * *
374861638 374862385 2010-07-22 15:00:17 0 days 00:05:44 0|76.248.68.144 0 : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at [[ youtube ]] * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 |
378596217 378678572 2010-08-13 08:10:38 0 days 11:44:52 158685 0 be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 9 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september
378678572 378683462 2010-08-13 09:01:52 0 days 00:51:14 6971250 0 be torn apart in the following days . ]] [[ file : berlinwall - brandenburggate . jpg | thumb | right | berlin wall at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 9 10 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september
380775149 381017545 2010-08-26 00:06:29 1 days 04:19:31 0|86.41.107.66 0 ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref > on 22 august 1961 [[ ida siekmann ]] was the first casualty at the berlin wall , : she died after she jumped out of her third floor apartement at [[ bernauer strasse ]] 48 . < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der
381024125 381576652 2010-08-28 22:18:30 2 days 21:30:51 6815 0 [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on september november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in
387171247 387171914 2010-09-26 19:08:15 0 days 00:04:01 0|208.22.12.236 0 , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } jfk was at the berlin wall when it was being knocked down , he was also wearing a cowboy hat . the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 4 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] s designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under berlin
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 7 [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 15 , 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter
28 [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and
86 brandenburg gate ]] , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | right | juggling on the berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on august 19 , 1989 , and in september more
97 : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] november 9 , 1989 is considered the date the wall fell , but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately . starting that evening , and
392382725 392382924 2010-10-23 10:41:25 0 days 00:01:59 0|79.75.56.31 0 kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : /
1 in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1961 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide .
397079240 397182896 2010-11-16 21:56:41 0 days 11:24:02 0|69.32.191.1 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . thefreeresource . com / berlin - wall - timeline - facts - history - and - resources timeline of the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397182896 397185057 2010-11-16 22:09:56 0 days 00:13:15 7852030 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . thefreeresource . com / berlin - wall - timeline - facts - history - and - resources timeline of the berlin wall ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397241595 397267310 2010-11-17 08:04:55 0 days 03:52:50 831038 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk ' s " ich bin ein berliner " ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397463096 397602912 2010-11-19 02:07:48 0 days 17:30:55 0|68.216.106.168 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk : " ich bin ein berliner " ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
397602912 397607940 2010-11-19 02:46:27 0 days 00:38:39 831038 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . americanrhetoric . com / speeches / jfkberliner . html jfk : " ich bin ein berliner " ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
398455159 398509752 2010-11-23 21:17:41 0 days 05:29:21 0|65.116.31.66 0 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification union ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of
398509752 398520724 2010-11-23 22:16:16 0 days 00:58:35 2483182 0 away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german union reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of
400927362 400927652 2010-12-06 21:35:14 0 days 00:01:36 0|99.145.15.171 0 , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks and , in september , more than 13 , 000 east german tourists escaped through hungary to austria . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
400927652 400927696 2010-12-06 21:35:26 0 days 00:00:12 12666844 0 , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] they had suuuuupeeerrrr huge ball sacks after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and covered girls in jizz from head to toe . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave
403327933 403353689 2010-12-20 14:34:26 0 days 04:12:19 3341545 0 campaign by the german embassy washington ] * [ http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall the history channel : berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / europe / germany / 1438720 / more - than - 1000 - died - trying - to - flee - east - germany . html ' more than 1 , 000 died ' trying to flee east germany ] . [[ the telegraph ]] , [[ august 13 ]] , [[ 2003 ]] . = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / www . life . com / image / first / in - gallery / 36002
406433716 406434088 2011-01-07 05:29:24 0 days 00:02:32 1655427 0 * * " [[ holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the berlin wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s fantasy of digging a tunnel under it . = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em }} * {{ cite book | last
407087919 407283677 2011-01-11 15:27:19 0 days 23:22:25 0|208.53.127.234 0 layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 1111 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert
407283677 407283711 2011-01-11 15:27:31 0 days 00:00:12 13286072 0 layout and modifications = = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1111 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert
410029342 410029373 2011-01-25 20:10:48 0 days 00:00:11 13286072 1 {st@rt} the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | - | [[ file : deutschland besatzungszonen 8 jun 1947 - 22 apr 1949 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of 21 february 1947 ( valid up to 22 apr 1949 ) . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . [[ media : map - germany - 1945 . svg | map - germany - 1945 ]] berlin is stubied of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p =
2 {st@rt} the berlin wall is stubied the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] | } the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a barrier constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) starting on 13 august 1961 , that completely cut off [[ west berlin ]] from surrounding east germany and from [[ east berlin ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage . com / articles / magazine / ah / 2006 / 5 / 2006 _ 5 _ 70 . shtml jack marck ] " over the wall : a once - in - a - lifetime experience " ' ' american heritage ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to prevent the " will of the people " in building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] in east germany . however , in practice , the wall served to prevent the massive [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration restrictions ]] and defected from the gdr , many by crossing over the border from east berlin into west berlin , from where they could then travel to west germany and other western european countries . between 1961 and 1989 , the wall prevented almost all such emigration . < ref > {{ cite news | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100 and 200 . in 1989 , a radical series of [[ eastern bloc ]] political changes occurred , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of the eastern bloc ' s authoritarian systems and the erosion of political power in the pro - [[ soviet union | soviet ]] governments in nearby [[ poland ]] and [[ hungary ]] . after several weeks of civil unrest , the east german government announced on 9 november 1989 that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin . crowds of east germans crossed and climbed onto the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , a euphoric public and souvenir hunters chipped away parts of the wall ; the governments later used industrial equipment to remove most of the rest . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany = = = after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of pre - war germany west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 4 – 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on his western border , the [[ eastern bloc ]] , that then included poland , hungary and czechoslovakia , which he wished to maintain alongside a weakened soviet - controlled germany . < ref name = " miller10 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 10 }} < / ref > as early as 1945 , stalin revealed to german communist leaders that he expected to slowly undermine the british position within the british occupation zone , that the united states would withdraw within a year or two , and that nothing then would stand in the way of a united germany under communist control within the soviet orbit . < ref name = " miller13 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p13 }} < / ref > the major task of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 " / > < ref > the political process contrasted with that in western german zones occupied by britain , france and the united states , where minister - presidents were chosen by freely elected parliamentary assemblies . ( turner , henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and , for persons outside public attention , punishment would ensue , such as imprisonment , torture and even death . < ref name = " wettig94 " / > indoctrination of [[ marxism - leninism ]] became a compulsory part of school curricula , sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / ref > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving in [[ west berlin ]] . < ref > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 33 }} < / ref > the united states , britain , france , canada , australia , new zealand and several other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 65 – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses therein , < ref name = " turner29 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 29 }} < / ref > while 300 , 000 berliners demonstrated for the international airlift to continue . < ref > fritsch - bournazel , renata , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis 2005 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | pp = 180 – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on 7 october 1949 . by a secret treaty , the soviet ministry of foreign affairs accorded the east german state administrative authority , but not autonomy . the soviets had unlimited power over the occupation regime and penetrated east german administrative , military and secret police structures . < ref name = " wettig179 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 179 }} < / ref > < ref > in a congratulatory telegram , stalin emphasized that , with the creation of east germany , the " enslavement of european countries by the global imperialists was rendered impossible . " ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " soziale marktwirtschaft " }} ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 20 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' {{ lang | de | " wirtschaftswunder " }} ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in the newly acquired areas of the [[ eastern bloc ]] aspired to independence and wanted the soviets to leave . < ref name = " thackeray188 " > {{ harvnb | thackeray | 2004 | p = 188 }} < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 187 , 000 in 1950 ; 165 , 000 in 1951 ; 182 , 000 in 1952 ; and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] , given the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }}
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 11 author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall - – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 ,
12 burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall - – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to
20 charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade game ) ]] * [[ the wall - – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the wall = = = * some films specifically
35 publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - – 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 * {{ cite book | last = thackeray | first = frank w . | title = events that changed germany | publisher = greenwood
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 58 mark the twentieth anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the museum held a special exhibition entitled " wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - – 1990 " which focused on the daily patrols deployed by the western powers to observe the situation along the berlin wall and the fortifications on the [[ east germany | gdr
119 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11
132 < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users to post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall
138 ? year = & activity _ id = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin "
438816969 439163215 2011-07-12 22:11:43 1 days 23:24:49 42558 7 schabowski . he read the note out loud at the end of the conference . when the italian journalist [[ riccardo ehrman ]] , the berlin correspondent of ansa newsagency , [[ nbc ]] ' s [[ tom brokaw ]] - - asked when the regulations would come into effect , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i
439164131 439740747 2011-07-16 06:26:23 3 days 08:08:40 5241237 0 , 10 november 1989 ]] [[ file : juggling on the berlin wall 1a . jpg | thumb | upright | juggling on the berlin wall on 16 november 1989 ]] [[ file : mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | thumb | upright | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) ]] after allowing for loopholes throughout the summer , [[ hungary ]] effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19 august 1989 and , in september , more than 13
443416955 443420038 2011-08-06 22:56:21 0 days 00:23:24 16710 8 solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ checkpoint charlie stand - off | stand - off between us and soviet tanks , october 1961 ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( arcade video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] }} = = = media relating to the
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 3 , 1961 = = [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
4 . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] in a speech on 26 july 1963 , us president [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide . com /
445097289 445112728 2011-08-16 07:20:53 0 days 02:52:17 6971250 4 of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] wulff to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a minute of silence honored those who died trying to flee to the west . " it is our shared responsibility
14 august 13 , 2011 , germany and the world marked the 50th anniversary of communist [[ east germany ]] beginning erection of the berlin wall , “the iron curtain ” . germany chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with german president [[ christian wolff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] to remember lives and liberty . talks extolled freedom and a
463351419 463995141 2011-12-04 09:44:14 3 days 13:23:45 6331042 1 , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear
2 . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald
484827186 485297583 2012-04-03 07:36:00 2 days 21:10:00 6971250 3 earlier was that doing so would cut off much of the railway traffic in east germany . a new railway around west berlin , the [[ berlin outer ring ]] , was started to be built commenced in 1951 and when finished in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and
494695297 495094589 2012-05-30 08:17:37 2 days 08:55:03 577301 0 this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' |
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 2 in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb
503485036 504102528 2012-07-25 12:13:15 3 days 15:45:07 2300502 0 of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points the wall was constructed to a somewhat weaker standard so that east german and
504102528 505248510 2012-08-01 12:00:15 6 days 23:47:00 17222084 3 wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
5 modifications = = = [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert |
529700077 529724987 2012-12-25 15:36:49 0 days 06:28:33 10434788 0 . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | 250px | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
538062628 538916225 2013-02-18 19:08:38 5 days 03:00:19 10728040 7 file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 5 january 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think
33 file : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | left | upright | thumb | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall were rapidly chipped away . photo december 1990 ]] television coverage of citizens demolishing sections of the wall on the evening of 9 november and the new border crossings opened weeks later , led some foreigners to think the wall
36 file : berlin wall at potsdamer platz march 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | upright | short section of berlin wall at [[ potsdamer platz ]] , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step toward german reunification , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = = opposition = = = in some
546994321 549524958 2013-04-09 15:29:38 14 days 15:15:48 16969196 0 ]] , [[ georgia ( u . s . state ) | georgia ]] file : berlin wall from the east . jpg | berlin wall from the east berlin side file : berlin wall - 1 . jpg | come back to the capital of gdr file : berlin wall - 2 . jpg | wall with parked wartburg and trabant cars file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | antitank obstacles and the wall < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
574666684 574666842 2013-09-26 22:40:41 0 days 00:01:33 612302 0 be opened through the middle of 1990 , including the brandenburg gate on 22 december 1989 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | right | 480px upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 11 strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 37 ) | isbn = 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = rocking the wall - bruce springsteen visit = = on 19 july 19 , 1988 , 16 months before the wall came down , bruce springsteen and the e - street band , played a live concert in east - berlin ,
580957593 580957869 2013-11-09 22:20:29 0 days 00:02:04 400707 0 wall ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 /
580957869 581167329 2013-11-11 10:59:15 1 days 12:38:46 1469567 7 ]] ' ' , a 1962 documentary film * * ' ' something to do with the wall ' ' , 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > http : / / www . imdb
600160165 601584324 2014-03-28 00:27:17 9 days 10:05:54 18779361 3 wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
5 berlin wall . ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 3 www . youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin }} escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin .
11 flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the
20 * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 12 " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : /
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 17 1962 – 1990 ] * [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] image group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / /
18 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ on [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the
48 http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * {{ youtube | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com
633183384 633189879 2014-11-10 04:55:00 0 days 01:15:20 1833 6 area through prenzlauer berg / gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended , completing the job in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west
13 gesundbrunnen , helligensee and throughout the city of berlin which had been ended in december 1990 . the dismantling of the berlin / brandenburg border wall also ended in november 1991 by various military units . every road that has been affected by berlin wall without border crossings and no - through road sections ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) were reconstructed
633571151 633632838 2014-11-13 06:15:21 0 days 09:47:37 15722070 0 | a sign reading " come back to the capital of gdr " file : berlin wall - 3 . jpg | [[ czech hedgehog ]] antitank obstacles and the wall file : berlin wall exhibition 2014 - 1 . jpg | the berlin wall : exhibition in [[ potsdamer platz ]] arkaden < / gallery > little is left of the wall at its original site , which was destroyed almost everywhere . three long sections are still standing : an {{ convert
656846739 659612103 2015-04-28 03:39:31 11 days 00:23:37 24802543 0 wall construction . ]] [[ file : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , 20 november 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[
1 . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin
7 of berlin wall ]] [[ file : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{
19 . [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard . ]] west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions
664678445 665650877 2015-06-05 18:14:52 6 days 10:44:50 2901026 0 – the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ holidays in the sun ( song ) | holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the sex pistols ]] prominently mentions the wall , specifically singer [[ johnny rotten ]] ' s
13 east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall . chancellor [[ angela merkel ]] joined with president [[ christian wulff ]] and berlin mayor [[ klaus wowereit ]] at the [[ bernauer straße ]] memorial park to remember lives and liberty . speeches extolled freedom and a minute of silence at noon honored those who died trying to flee to the west
671419593 671583896 2015-07-15 17:14:07 1 days 01:17:11 1968383 0 out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p =
684146320 684592433 2015-10-07 16:22:33 2 days 18:47:58 15237640 0 project called ' ' mauerreise ' ' ( journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : , with the destinations being korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where everyday life is characterised by division and border experience . in these places , the bricks will become a blank canvas for
688303202 688328708 2015-10-31 04:51:42 0 days 04:19:27 558022 0 believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 300px | [[ universal newsreel ]] of the 1st anniversary of the berlin wall ]] the [[ national security agency ]] was the only american intelligence agency that was aware that east germany was to take action to deal with the brain drain problem , i
688328708 688485144 2015-11-01 06:43:08 1 days 01:51:26 264323 4 bridge of spies ]] , [[ frederic pryor ]] , an american economics graduate student , visits his german girlfriend in [[ east berlin ]] just as the [[ berlin wall ]] is being built . he tries to bring her back into west berlin , but is stopped by [[ stasi ]] agents and arrested as a spy . < ref >
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 0 - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author work = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic
1 - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = [[ chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic
2 - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr
705263863 705518521 2016-02-17 23:32:23 1 days 09:50:01 23149456 0 and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot , 2016 ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection of the berlin wall .
1 at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , currently still in its original spot ]] = = = 50th anniversary commemoration = = = on 13 august 2011 , germany marked the 50th anniversary of east germany beginning the erection
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 0 _ review / events - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - – events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > =
1 - of - 1961 / wall - goes - up - in - berlin / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - – year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 29 may 1998 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 22 | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] | first = norbert | last = nail | title = meine mauer ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin
748208128 748537843 2016-11-08 18:55:46 1 days 18:26:11 274535 2 ( 1956 - 1990 ) . svg | border | 20px ]] [[ east berlin ]] ( [[ allied occupation of berlin | soviet - occupied sector of berlin ]] ) }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display = inline , title | other _ dimensions =
749015840 749083438 2016-11-12 08:11:55 0 days 11:36:02 25459627 0 wall }} * * [ https : / / secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * https : / / www . openstreetmap . org / relation / 6651797 berlin wall on openstreetmap ] * other resources : * * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany /
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 7 - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 14 - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]]
774536875 774994359 2017-04-11 23:38:06 2 days 19:28:09 204692 0 . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on 26 june 1963 . ]] with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . berlin
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 10 ; and , most importantly , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * '
780019390 781687181 2017-05-22 17:34:23 10 days 04:39:20 8719036 10 cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }}
15 cold war * [[ removal of hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line (
16 hungary ' s border fence ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ green line ( lebanon ) | green line ( beirut ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]]
781994310 782699210 2017-05-28 16:31:48 4 days 05:59:04 2884580 5 the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] 22 months after the erection of the berlin wall , on 26 june 1963 , [[ president of the united states | u . s . president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visited west - berlin . speaking from a platform erected on
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 12 ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ peace lines | peace lines ( belfast ) ]] * [[ reunification of jerusalem ]] * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ( video game ) ]] * [[ the wall – live in berlin ]] ( rock opera / concert , 21 july 1990 ) }} = = notes = = {{ reflist | 20em }}
14 nail / mauer . htm | first = norbert | last = nail | title = meine mauer – deutsche bilder aus der vergangenheit | trans - title = my wall - — german pictures from the past | language = de | publisher = [[ university of marburg ]] }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }}
798241666 800698581 2017-09-15 03:51:19 14 days 08:23:33 10031342 16 not begin until the summer of 1990 and was not completed until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " / > the fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = = background = = = = = post - war germany =
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 7 www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg
812547586 812700355 2017-11-29 10:33:16 0 days 21:10:15 326218 0 for 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) * * the introductory video to the ' ' rise and fall ' ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . = = see also = = {{ div col | | 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' (
816797805 816798032 2017-12-23 19:39:36 0 days 00:01:47 11112747 1 added to this version of the wall were done to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref > [[ rise and fall of the berlin wall ]] ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel ) | history channel ]] , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > at strategic points , the
3 east german and soviet armored vehicles could easily break through in the event of war . < ref > " rise and fall of the berlin wall " . ' ' . [[ history ( u . s . tv channel | history channel ' ' , 2009 . dvd - rom . < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it
823238815 823239462 2018-01-31 01:50:53 0 days 00:04:27 32940610 20 walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking and cycling area , known as ' ' ' berliner mauerweg ' '
826247448 826758577 2018-02-20 21:19:08 2 days 19:07:32 6218393 0 ' der mauerspringer ' ' , 1982 ) – the wall plays a central role in this novel set in berlin of the 1980s * music related to the berlin wall * * " [[ west of the wall ]] , a 1962 top 40 hit by [[ toni fisher ]] , told the tale of two lovers separated by the newly - built berlin wall . * * " [[ holidays in the sun ( song ) | holidays in the sun ]] " , a song by the english [[ punk rock ]] band [[ the
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 56 allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = " sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 -
65 the job in november 1991 . painted wall segments with artistically valuable motifs were auctioned in auctions in 1990 in [[ berlin ]] and [[ monte carlo ]] . < ref > {{ cite book | title name = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location
111 visa - free travel starting 23 december . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then
114 could actually travel more freely than westerners . < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13
829668315 830413270 2018-03-14 17:45:15 4 days 16:19:30 22561264 0 / elsner / elsner _ press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s simcity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , being given 5 years in the game to complete the task . the longer it takes to complete the goals results in riots in the city . * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place
830413270 830413321 2018-03-14 17:45:37 0 days 00:00:22 22561264 0 press . html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s [[ simcity 3000 featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin ,
1 html | work = press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * 1999 ' s simcity 3000 ]] featured a scenario taking place at the end of the cold war , where the player must demolish the wall and re - unite east and west berlin , being given
851056229 851056497 2018-07-19 19:25:12 0 days 00:02:25 6726022 0 file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 . 4 | a berlin wall segment in los angeles at 5900 wilshire boulevard . 46 second video ]] the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and continued over the following days and weeks
group 78
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19932234 20042747 2005-08-01 11:29:17 1 days 17:26:50 271058 0 [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ nb no : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl :
24088697 24143292 2005-09-27 08:57:19 0 days 16:09:59 271058 0 di berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] ko nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk
1 berlino ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ 베를린 장벽 : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk :
2 ]] [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn [[ berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky
3 [[ he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : : ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr
4 he : חומת ברלין ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ sh : berlinski zid ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]]
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 87 siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren マペット ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена
88 ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński muppety ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 86 muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
87 muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety mur berliński ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 87 siena ]] [[ hu : berlini fal ]] [[ mg : rindrin ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren マペット ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена
88 ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berliński muppety ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]] [[ stq : berliner muure
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 86 muppets ]] [[ fr : muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : muppety ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
87 muppet ]] [[ gd : na muppets ]] [[ it : muppet ]] [[ he : החבובות ]] [[ nl : muppets ]] [[ ja : マペット ]] [[ pl : muppety mur berliński ]] [[ pt : os muppets ]] [[ simple : the muppets ]] [[ fi : muppetit ]] [[ sv : mupparna ]]
315504920 315723002 2009-09-23 15:17:43 1 days 01:36:14 8066546 0 ' i berlin ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]] [[ ru : берлинская стена ]]
396552271 396783802 2010-11-14 22:07:31 1 days 03:32:33 0|201.229.27.187 0 : سور برلين ]] [[ ms : tembok berlin ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ no : berlinmuren ]] [[ nn : berlinmuren ]] [[ pap : muraya di berlin ]] [[ pnb : برلن کند ]] [[ pl : mur berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ro : zidul berlinului ]] [[ qu : berlin pirqa ]]
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732538 732558 2003-03-08 21:17:12 0 days 00:00:29 4388 0 mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , england and france ( [[ west - berlin ]] ) formed a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by [[ east germany ]] . initially the citizens of berlin were allowed to freely move
3668312 3668416 2004-05-21 03:41:41 8 days 09:46:46 8780 0 weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " [[ berlin blockade ]] " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from after [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part
1 [[ 1948 ]] , the " [[ berlin blockade ]] " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally independent , were in effect a part of [[ west
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 6 november 16 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom ]] and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin & # 8212 ;
7 16 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin & # 8212 ; [[
8 , 1989 ]] after [[ world war ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] was divided into four sectors . the soviet union , the usa , the united kingdom and france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin & # 8212 ; [[ friedrichshain
5637725 5637810 2004-09-03 21:31:42 0 days 00:15:54 49471 4 ii ]] , [[ berlin ]] ( as well as the rest of germany ) was divided into four sectors . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states | usa ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 7 , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered
8 into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern
9 , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[
10 it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]]
11 surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 7 rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states ]] , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin
8 germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the [[ united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain
9 was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom ]] and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick
10 divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick ,
11 into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg
9533310 9600309 2005-01-21 15:58:08 0 days 00:01:25 26468 0 complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ germany ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the
1 surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and [[ germany united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall '
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 5 , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered
6 into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern
7 , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[
8 it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]]
9 surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[
34 union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially
35 the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of [[ west germany ]] that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of
10084995 10087212 2005-02-09 02:20:03 0 days 00:06:45 0|152.163.100.198 17 of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the
18 wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west '
19 as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit
20 surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the
21 western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 7 rest of germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states ]] , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin
8 germany , was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the [[ united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain
9 was divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom ]] and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick
10 divided into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick ,
11 into four sectors , although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom and france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg
36 blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of
37 the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under allied sovereignty , were in effect a part of west germany that was completely surrounded by east germany . initially the citizens of berlin were
63 construction of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the united kingdom ]] , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit
64 of the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the united kingdom , [[ france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance
65 the wall came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of
66 came as a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the [[ united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall
67 a complete surprise to the western allies . although it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin , the western powers decided not to challenge it . the west ' s implicit acceptance of the wall ' s
10473676 10478724 2005-02-20 22:08:01 0 days 05:44:03 112889 0 although it was surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[
24151055 24156661 2005-09-27 13:29:22 0 days 01:47:28 0|205.202.36.246 32 sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission
33 for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four
34 although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies ,
35 on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a
48 the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded
49 the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany .
24156661 24156863 2005-09-27 13:33:41 0 days 00:04:19 340905 31 allies into four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states ]] , the united kingdom , and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four
32 four sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the [[ united kingdom , and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies
33 , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom ]] , and [[ france each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with
34 , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the soviet union , the united states , the united kingdom , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a
47 airlift by the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin
48 the western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france west berlin ]] ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an exclave of west germany , completely surrounded by east germany . west berlin ' s
26467857 26918322 2005-10-30 22:25:26 5 days 02:16:53 0|205.188.116.204 12 sectors , one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] for trial . [ edit ] trial and conviction the case against the rosenbergs , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission
13 one for each , although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ and sobell , began on march 6 , 1951 . the prosecution ' s primary witness , david greenglass , stated that his sister ethel , working as a " probationer " ( in soviet parlance ) , had typed notes containing us nuclear secrets , and these were later turned over to harry gold , who would then turn them over to anatoly a . yakovlev of the kgb x - line in new york city . from the beginning , the trial attracted a high amount of media attention , and like the trial of alger hiss , generated a largely polarized response from observers , some of whom believed the rosenbergs to be clearly guilty , and others who asserted their innocence . as the notes typed by ethel apparently contained little that was new to the soviets , supporters felt that a capital charge of espionage was not only far too severe , but scarcely could be considered evidence of wrong - doing at all ; but for the prosecution this was sufficient evidence to convict ethel rosenberg . it is believed that part of the reason ethel was indicted in addition to julius was so that the prosecution could use her as a ' lever ' to pressure julius into giving up the names of others who were involved . if that was the case , it didn ' t work . on the witness stand julius asserted his right under the fifth amendment to not incriminate himself whenever asked about his involvement in the communist party or with its members . ethel did similarly . neither defendant was viewed sympathetically by the jury . investigations into the couple ' s history revealed conflicting evidence that julius rosenberg may have had some dealings with an nkvd agent . since the end of the cold war , the russian government has released documentation that shows julius rosenberg was providing information to the nkvd . julius rosenberg ' s main contact was alexander feklisov , who met julius on over 50 occasions over a three year period beginning in 1943 . mr . feklisov said that , though julius had provided military secrets , he was never able to provide any information of substance concerning the atomic bomb . mr . feklisov also asserted that ethel rosenberg was not involved in any spying . before he died , theodore hall , who moved to the uk from the us partly because of an fbi investigation of him in the 1950s , claimed that it was he , a scientist working at los alamos , who gave atomic information to the ussr , not anyone else such as ethel rosenberg , a housewife living in a poor ( the lower east side ) new york neighborhood . the role played by assistant united states attorney roy cohn , the prosecutor in the case , is controversial , since cohn stated in his autobiography that he influenced the selection of the judge , and pushed him to impose the death penalty on both ethel and julius rosenberg . [ edit ] execution the rosenbergs were convicted on march 29 , 1951 and sentenced to death under section 2 of the espionage act , 50 u . s . code 32 ( now 18 u . s . code 794 ) , which prohibits transmitting or attempting to transmit to a foreign government information " relating to the national defense " , by judge irving kaufman on april 5 . the conviction helped to fuel senator joseph mccarthy ' s anti - communist crusade against " anti - american activities " by us citizens . while their devotion to the communist cause was well documented , they denied the spying charges even as they faced the electric chair . their defenders said they never stood the chance of a fair trial given the anti - communist red scare that pervaded the united states in the 1950s . the couple were the only two american civilians to be executed for espionage - related activity during the cold war . in imposing the death penalty , judge kaufman noted that he held them responsible not only for espionage but also for the deaths of the korean war : i believe your conduct in putting into the hands of the russians the a - bomb [ . . . ] has already caused , in my opinion , the communist aggression in korea , with the resultant casualties exceeding 50 , 000 and who knows but that millions more of innocent people may pay the price of your treason . their case has been at the center of the controversy over communism in the united states ever since , with supporters steadfastly maintaining that their conviction was an egregious example of persecution typical of the " hysteria " of those times ( see red scare , mccarthyism ) and likening it to the witch hunts that marred salem and medieval europe ( a comparison that provided the inspiration for arthur miller ' s critically acclaimed play , the crucible ) . to the very end , the couple denied all charges and insisted they were innocent , but they were executed at new york ' s sing sing correctional facility in 1953 , despite protests in the united states and abroad . the rosenbergs were convicted under the espionage act of 1917 of " conspiring to commit espionage in wartime " and sentenced to death , despite the fact that the us was not at war with the soviet union at the time their ring was supposedly active . [ 1 ] at the time , some americans believed both rosenbergs were innocent or received too harsh a punishment , and a grass - roots campaign was started to try to stop the couple ' s execution . other americans felt that the couple got what they deserved . pope pius xii appealed to president dwight d . eisenhower to spare the couple , but he refused on february 11 , 1953 and all other appeals were also unsuccessful . the couple were executed by the electric chair on june 19 , 1953 . reports of the execution state that julius died after the first application of electricity , but ethel did not succumb immediately and was subjected to two more electrical charges before being pronounced dead . the chair was designed for a man , and ethel rosenberg was a petite woman ; this discrepancy resulted , it is claimed , in the electrodes fitting poorly . [ edit ] posthumous revelations in 1995 , the national security agency publicly released documents from the venona project , an effort to decrypt intercepted communications between soviet agents and the nkvd / kgb . a 1944 cable from new york to moscow makes it clear that julius rosenberg was engaged in espionage , though the importance of their effort is not clear , particularly considering that the soviets were receiving information on the atomic bomb from klaus fuchs and donald maclean . ethel ' s involvement is not clear from the venona transcripts . a document from november 27 , 1944 [ 2 ] specifically about ethel lists her as a " fellowcountryman " and claims that she was aware of julius ' work , and asks for advice in whether she should be " used " or not . ethel was apparently never assigned a code name — julius was always referred to as " antenna " or " liberal " — which has cast doubt onto her significance and involvement . in his posthumous memoirs , published in 1990 , nikita khrushchev praised the pair for their " very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb . " whether this was in fact the case , however , has been disputed . [ 3 ] the quality of the information given to the soviets , as reported by greenglass , was also quite poor in comparison to the information given by fuchs , who had a much more intimate understanding of the research being done , as revealed by records of fuchs ' detailed transmissions in the now - opened soviet archives . david greenglass was spared execution in exchange for his testimony . he spent 10 years in prison and was released in 1960 , and has lived under an assumed name since his release . decades later , in late 2000 , greenglass claimed that he had committed perjury and falsely implicated his sister ethel . greenglass said he chose to turn in his sister in order to protect his wife and children . [ edit ] controversy from the beginning of their trial through the present , the rosenberg case has been a controversial issue , with individual opinions falling roughly among ideological lines . in learned circles , there are a number of points of contention which still hold , even after the revelation of many hundreds of pages of previously secret evidence . to what extent was ethel involved ? as noted above , there seem to be reasons to believe that while julius was likely involved in some form of espionage , his wife ethel may have not been , or not to the extent to which she was convicted . the venona transcripts are ambiguous as to ethel ' s involvement , and the government case against her seems to have rested only on the testimony of her brother , david greenglass , who later apparently told reporters that he had perjured himself in order to lessen his own sentence and to help his wife avoid jail time . [ 4 ] were they given a fair trial ? there are many critics who have alleged that the political climate of the time , and the seemingly a priori conviction by judge kaufman of the pair ' s guilt , would have made it impossible for the rosenbergs to have had a fair trial by an impartial jury . the rosenberg lawyer , emanuel bloch , also made a number of massive legal blunders ( such as not cross - examining harry gold , who in later trials was found to be highly unreliable ) suggesting either his incompetence or inability to cope with such a high - profile trial . was their sentence fair ? the imposition of the death sentence upon the rosenbergs has been the most controversial aspect of the case , as they were sentenced far more harshly than any other " atomic spies , " primarily because they refused to confess to their alleged crimes . klaus fuchs , who spied for many more years than the rosenbergs were alleged to and gave far more sensitive information to the soviet union , was only sentenced to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four
14 although berlin was completely surrounded on all sides by the soviet sector of germany . the [[ soviet union ]] , the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics of the city under their control . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as
28 western allies . the soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year . after [[ 1949 ]] , the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] 1975 ) , although nominally still under joint four - power allied sovereignty , were in effect an [[ exclave ]] of [[ west germany ]] , completely surrounded by east germany
26918322 26918978 2005-10-30 22:32:59 0 days 00:07:33 67107 15 to 14 years in jail by comparison , in part because he cooperated with authorities and because the soviet union was an ally of the united states and the united kingdom at the time he passed on information . this latter point — whether the alleged rosenberg espionage in 1945 should be held to the international politics ]] , and [[ france ]] each had a portion of 1950 — is one of special contention , as some critics ( the rosenbergs ' sons , in particular ) have argued that the rosenbergs were not trying to undermine
44223640 44251332 2006-03-17 19:32:49 0 days 03:44:59 97 1 became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of
51987616 51996698 2006-05-07 16:20:15 0 days 01:14:54 0|216.49.149.108 8 an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 7 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding mareille the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year .
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 6 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones mareille to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year .
73800540 74099078 2006-09-06 08:47:27 1 days 13:57:58 169140 5 the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and
7 to govern germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949
8 germany together in the borders from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet
9 from 1947 , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the [[ france | french ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] and [[ united states | american ]] zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union |
74099078 74099098 2006-09-06 08:47:49 0 days 00:00:22 169140 0 divided into four occupation zones , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | russians ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
86125050 86126158 2006-11-06 21:09:35 0 days 00:04:58 350153 4 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had accepted in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] that the united states could only really hope to defend west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would only result in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite
118657778 119194198 2007-03-31 03:19:34 2 days 02:46:08 0|69.236.50.115 10 divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans brendon urie ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as
11 zones ( per the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom jon walker | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[
12 the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british jon walker ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control
13 ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france ryan ross | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
14 , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ryan ross ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 54 , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s .
55 fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the
165409865 165410058 2007-10-18 14:22:40 0 days 00:01:07 0|89.240.178.51 1 the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as
165410058 165410165 2007-10-18 14:23:17 0 days 00:00:37 0|89.240.178.51 0 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control
1 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided
165410165 165410646 2007-10-18 14:25:53 0 days 00:02:36 0|89.240.178.51 0 - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]]
165598417 165643339 2007-10-19 15:25:00 0 days 05:20:28 2073927 0 the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and [[ soviet union ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied
1 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france ]] and [[ soviet union ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
2 controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four
8 - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]]
167330269 167330987 2007-10-27 00:51:18 0 days 00:04:40 50001 15 - zagging roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]]
186163693 186265094 2008-01-23 02:51:18 0 days 08:06:59 0|71.98.41.151 0 [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] , [[ africa ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
186280526 186281600 2008-01-23 04:36:51 0 days 00:07:43 0|209.202.16.80 0 [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] , [[ africa ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 10 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was
14 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]]
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 24 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly
25 occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
42 an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter
49 polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected ,
50 at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u
51 via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s
83 february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet
116 east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . [[ image : checkpoint sign president reagan . jpg | thumb | right | | former [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] is presented the famous but now obsolete ' you are leaving sign ' at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on [[ september 14 ]] , [[ 1990 ]]
232501695 232899157 2008-08-19 13:18:48 1 days 22:15:36 7593190 0 ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly
1 controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
232899157 232899836 2008-08-19 13:21:34 0 days 00:02:46 4630363 0 ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided
1 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , british ]] , french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
239907895 240013658 2008-09-21 15:30:01 0 days 13:46:07 6660588 0 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ french and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four
1 of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors
240013658 240013759 2008-09-21 15:30:32 0 days 00:00:31 6660588 0 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
1 the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ french ]] ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors
298845873 298939014 2009-06-27 14:00:54 0 days 14:17:19 1439530 3 = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main
308260646 308268690 2009-08-16 08:48:10 0 days 01:33:41 0|219.90.152.79 0 ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france francejack rocks your sock in 2009 , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
308268690 308269713 2009-08-16 09:00:19 0 days 00:12:09 4916882 0 ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , francejack rocks your sock in 2009 france , the soviet union , and the united states . < ref name = " naxos 2072038 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
323263727 323358471 2009-11-01 22:31:13 0 days 10:29:09 0|24.130.32.235 0 ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european
1 name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] for european reconstruction
325364978 325366116 2009-11-12 02:34:13 0 days 00:08:51 0|202.158.12.194 7 , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom kingdroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]]
9 < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and theroger jr . is the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan
10 ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wall [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]]
325366116 325367008 2009-11-12 02:40:35 0 days 00:06:22 4916882 1 , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from berlin wallom kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]]
11 < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and theroger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is roger jr that while the character is called roger jr from
328471283 328918832 2009-12-01 00:17:26 2 days 00:55:52 0|70.48.126.154 1 [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans kevin rerbel ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the
2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british k . a . r . l aka kevin anti rebelion legion ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
328918832 328919797 2009-12-01 00:22:23 0 days 00:04:57 10141256 1 [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | kevin rerbel americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | k . a . r . l aka kevin anti rebelion legion ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]]
2 controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | kevin rerbel ]] , [[ united kingdom | k . a . r . l aka kevin anti rebelion legion british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 31 the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the
32 each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
33 the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
346946452 347116386 2010-03-01 16:47:35 0 days 20:15:21 0|206.80.29.120 1 agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom the stoners ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided
2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france the man whores ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
3 the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union damn commies ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s lying deep
355151597 355151764 2010-04-10 15:19:23 0 days 00:00:53 0|84.77.74.198 0 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france frankinstein ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
355151764 355151966 2010-04-10 15:20:29 0 days 00:01:06 0|84.77.74.198 0 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ frankinstein united kingdom ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
355153463 355153543 2010-04-10 15:30:34 0 days 00:00:27 8918196 2 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ united kingdom france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
364561020 364580158 2010-05-28 00:51:37 0 days 02:17:38 0|71.163.153.221 1 one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal to agree to reconstruction plans making post - war germany self - sufficient and to a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the soviets . < ref name = " miller16 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 16 }} < / ref > britain , france , the united states and the [[ benelux ]] countries later met to combine the non - soviet zones of the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . sweet = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ josef
389349828 389408893 2010-10-07 22:20:14 0 days 05:24:54 0|86.138.69.210 0 potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] ,
409807529 409894092 2011-01-25 02:57:27 0 days 07:58:13 0|99.254.100.33 4 four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union cast of elmo ' s place ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep
409894092 409905421 2011-01-25 04:13:27 0 days 01:16:00 5204750 3 hundered occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ cast of elmo ' s place soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council of the jedi ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city '
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 84 the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council
85 agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was
86 , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
87 one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors
88 by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states ]] , the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
800698581 802359764 2017-09-25 17:45:53 10 days 13:54:34 30928445 1 per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states of america | united states ]] , the united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly
2 [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the [[ united kingdom , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into
3 agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland | united kingdom ]] , france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors
4 ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , [[ france and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite
5 ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the united states , the united kingdom , france ]] and the [[ soviet union ]] . the capital of berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the
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1744562 1744576 2003-11-15 23:16:00 4 days 15:00:13 2 0 of the wall was the first step to the [[ reunification ]] of [[ germany ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . some < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > ' ' remainder of berlin
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 28 [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july [[ 1991 . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center >
29 m - bahn ]] , a [[ maglev ]] system connecting 3 metro stations over 1 . 6 km , was deconstructed just months after its official opening in july 1991 ]] . < div style = " float : right ; margin : 5px " > [[ image : berlin - wall . jpg ]] < br > < center > '
40946642 40949144 2006-02-24 01:42:58 0 days 00:21:46 304316 26 film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading =
41672907 41674735 2006-03-01 00:04:06 0 days 00:11:07 0|72.15.91.239 0 com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading =
41675119 41675140 2006-03-01 00:07:06 0 days 00:00:15 60449 4 com / id / 5942091 / | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = references = = < div style = " font - size : 85 % " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading =
55792325 55839341 2006-05-30 01:11:32 0 days 04:59:39 0|71.106.32.31 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] buttsex = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
55839341 55839438 2006-05-30 01:12:10 0 days 00:00:38 767514 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] buttsex = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 6 , that wasn ' t the first time i tasted penis , there is a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and
79788367 80237130 2006-10-08 17:00:43 2 days 12:35:30 0|71.88.110.250 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = cuntural differences = = = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
80237130 80237146 2006-10-08 17:00:46 0 days 00:00:03 1574574 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] = = cuntural differences = = = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
82826053 82833738 2006-10-21 16:39:14 0 days 00:51:09 443684 0 * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
85490134 85491034 2006-11-03 16:18:17 0 days 00:04:56 0|66.44.161.178 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . erin ' ' ' eric is gay ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed
1 [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ' ' ' eric is gay s better ! ! ! ! ! ' ' ' = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with
86589748 86589815 2006-11-08 22:49:32 0 days 00:00:20 128695 0 der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
86762343 86762558 2006-11-09 18:33:51 0 days 00:01:05 0|206.158.3.70 0 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] if you want to go see the berlin wall because you are some stupid tourist , you really shouldn ' t because it is wicked boring and its just a big dumb slab of concrete that no one cares about and hey i have a question how come if they took the berlin wall down part of it is still up . so technically , is berlin still divided ? this is one of life ' s great mysteries . = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
86762558 86763704 2006-11-09 18:39:24 0 days 00:05:33 2707626 0 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] if you want to go see the berlin wall because you are some stupid tourist , you really shouldn ' t because it is wicked boring and its just a big dumb slab of concrete that no one cares about and hey i have a question how come if they took the berlin wall down part of it is still up . so technically , is berlin still divided ? this is one of life ' s great mysteries . = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
87971875 87979603 2006-11-15 13:40:37 0 days 01:04:15 1742167 0 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ mödlareuth ]] village called also little berlin because the border separated in two parts . = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
88015793 88038123 2006-11-15 19:20:36 0 days 02:03:39 42901 2 mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ mödlareuth ]] village called also little berlin because the border separated in two parts . = = references = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = further reading = = * {{
93491435 93493618 2006-12-11 01:48:55 0 days 00:12:00 935627 0 of several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . omg go america ! yay america = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of pre - 1945 germany had been divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . = = construction begins , 1961 = = on 15 june 1961 - two months before the construction of the berlin wall started - [[ walter ulbricht ]] pretended in an international press meeting : ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! elitehax pwns omg go america ! = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners
105154435 105154508 2007-02-02 19:13:24 0 days 00:00:15 128326 1 weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]]
2 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores , where prices were much lower than in west berlin . this drain of labour and economic output threatened east germany with economic collapse . this had ramifications for the whole [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] and particularly the [[ soviet union ]] , because east germany ' s economy was being subsidised by the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the world ! ! ! suck it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months
3 first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . dave and phil rule the berlin wall and the world ! ! ! suck soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader [[ nikita khrushchev ]] , but with conditions imposed . ulbricht ' s proposal for a second air blockade was refused and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it wikipedia ! ! ! = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall
110144912 110985984 2007-02-26 03:01:15 3 days 06:29:01 0|193.242.104.9 0 incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] = = notes = = < div class = " references - small " > < references / > < / div > = = references = = * {{ cite
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 7 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }}
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 7 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }}
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 7 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q ]] , < ref > ' ' nikita khrushchev ' ' . william taubman , [[ sergei khrushchev ]] , abbott gleason . yale university press . may , 2000 < / ref > it was built during the post - [[ world war ii ]] period of [[ history of germany since 1945 | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }}
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 1 {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan . svg jpg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 7 in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we
275903809 275903826 2009-03-08 22:29:17 0 days 00:00:09 2416136 1 {st@rt} hi world . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
2 {st@rt} hi world . . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
3 {st@rt} hi world . . . i jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe | western ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] and , ultimately , between [[ usa ]] and [[ the soviet union ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! !
4 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' licence to kill ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that all gdr citizens could visit west germany and west berlin , crowds of east germans climbed onto and crossed the wall , joined by west germans on the other side in a celebratory atmosphere . over the next few weeks , parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; industrial equipment was later used to remove almost all of the rest of it . the fall of the berlin wall ! ! ! !
5 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb | occupation zone borders in germany as of february 21 , 1947 . the territories east of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] , under polish and soviet administration / annexation are not shown . berlin is the multinational area within the soviet zone . ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what remained of [[ nazi germany ]] west of the [[ oder - neisse line ]] was divided into four occupation zones ( per the [[ potsdam agreement ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying [[ allies of world war ii | allied powers ]] : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the capital , berlin , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was similarly subdivided into four sectors despite the city lying deep inside the soviet zone . although the occupying powers originally intended to jointly govern germany within its postwar borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tensions caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the federal republic of germany ( and west berlin ) in 1949 , excluding the soviet zone , which then formed the [[ german democratic republic ]] ( including east berlin ) . = = = divergence of the two german states = = = west germany , known in german as the ' ' bundesrepublik deutschland ' ' ( federal republic of germany ) , developed into a [[ western civilization | western ]] capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border , east germany , known in germany as the ' ' deutsche demokratische republik ' ' ( german democratic republic ) , established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy ]] . as west germany ' s economy grew and its standard of living continually improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = erection of the inner - german border = = = on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref > hope millard harrison , ' ' driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 – 1961 ' ' , footnote p . 240 . princeton university press , 2003 < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - - the united states and the soviet union . = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ november 20 ]] 1961 ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! ! ! !
6 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ! !
7 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in [[ döllnsee ]] , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time ulbricht signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 km ( 97 miles ) around the three western sectors and the 43 km ( 27 miles ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the soviets were not directly involved . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( oberbürgermeister ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 ]] [[ image : berlin - baby - wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | right | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] }} john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing downfall . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar potsdam agreements , which gave the united kingdom , france and the united states a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire was erected , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . u . s . and uk sources had expected the soviet sector to be sealed off from west berlin , which had appeared to be the best option the gdr and soviet powers had at their disposal , but were surprised how long it had taken for a move of this kind . they also saw the wall as an end to concerns about a gdr / soviet retaking or capture of the whole of berlin ; the wall would presumably have been an unnecessary project if such plans were afloat . thus the possibility of a military conflict over berlin decreased . < ref > taylor , frederick . ' ' the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 ' ' . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > . another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die regierungen der warschauer vertragsstaaten wenden sich an die volkskammer und an die regierung der ddr mit dem vorschlag , an der westberliner grenze eine solche ordnung einzuführen , durch die der wühltätigkeit gegen die länder des sozialistischen lagers zuverlässig der weg verlegt und ringsum das ganze gebiet west - berlins eine verlässliche bewachung gewährleistet wird . " ' ' [ http : / / www . welt . de / print - welt / article252861 / berlin _ wird _ geteilt . html die welt : berlin wird geteilt ] < / ref > . a yet different explanation was that west berliners were buying out state - subsidized goods in east berlin . most of these positions were , however , viewed with skepticism even in east germany , even more so since most of the time , the border was only closed for citizens of east germany travelling to the west , but not for residents of west berlin travelling to the east < ref > [ http : / / www . zlb . de / projekte / millennium / original _ html / nd _ 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , aug . 14th , 1961 ] < / ref > . the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s other allies rely on it ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an [[ enclave ]] like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons . < ref > [ http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / first strike options and the berlin crisis , september 1961 ] < / ref > as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets a display of strength and also placate west german and french pressure for a more serious response . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , an anti - communist who was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements arranged in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1 , 500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at [[ marienborn ]] , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 04 : 00 on august 21 , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade of 4 , 224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country : in spite of discontent with the wall , economic problems caused by dual currency and the black market were largely eliminated , and the economy in the gdr began to grow . however , the wall proved a public relations disaster for the communist bloc as a whole . western powers used it in propaganda as a symbol of communist tyranny , particularly after the shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june of 1962 , a second , parallel fence some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated , thus establishing the [[ no man ' s land | no man ' s land ]] that later became known as ' ' the death strip ' ' . the no man ' s land was covered with raked gravel , rendering footprints easy to notice thus enabling officers to see which guards had neglected their task < ref name = " ineuropa " / > ; it offered no cover ; most important , it offered clear fields of fire for the wall guards . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : # wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high and {{ convert | 1 . 2 | m | ft }} wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts " ] < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions | surviving fragments ]] of the wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . the layout came to resemble the inner - german border in most technical aspects , except the berlin wall had no landmines and no [[ spring - gun ]] s < ref name = " ineuropa " > according to hagen koch , former [[ stasi ]] - officer , in [[ geert mak ]] ' s documentary [[ in europa ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - ddr ' ' ] , [[ january 25 ]] , [[ 2009 ]] < / ref > . = = surrounding municipalities = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the wall also separated west berlin from the present - day state of [[ brandenburg ]] . the following present - day municipalities , listed in counter - clockwise direction , share a border with former west berlin : * ' ' ' [[ oberhavel ]] : ' ' ' [[ mühlenbecker land ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > , [[ glienicke / nordbahn ]] , [[ hohen neuendorf ]] , [[ hennigsdorf ]] * ' ' ' [[ havelland ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönwalde - glien ]] , [[ falkensee ]] , [[ dallgow - döberitz ]] * ' ' ' [[ potsdam ]] ' ' ' ( urban district ) * ' ' ' [[ potsdam - mittelmark ]] : ' ' ' [[ stahnsdorf ]] , [[ kleinmachnow ]] , [[ teltow ]] * ' ' ' [[ teltow - fläming ]] : ' ' ' [[ großbeeren ]] , [[ blankenfelde - mahlow ]] * ' ' ' [[ dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and allied personnel into east berlin , as well as visits by gdr citizens and citizens of other socialist countries into west berlin , provided that they held the necessary permits . those crossings were restricted according to which nationality was allowed to use it ( east germans , west germans , west berliners , other countries ) . the most famous was the vehicle and pedestrian checkpoint at the corner of [[ friedrichstraße ]] and zimmerstraße , also known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin , for visits by west berliners into east germany , for transit into countries neighbouring east germany ( [[ poland ]] , [[ czechoslovakia ]] , [[ denmark ]] ) , and for visits by east germans into west berlin carrying a permit . after the 1972 agreements , new crossings were opened to allow west berlin waste to be transported into east german dumps , as well as some crossings for access to west berlin ' s [[ exclave ]] s ( see ' ' [[ steinstücken ]] ' ' ) . [[ image : berlin - you are leaving . jpg | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at the end of the american sector . ]] four autobahns connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory between the towns of helmstedt and marienborn ( checkpoint alpha ) , and which entered west berlin at [[ dreilinden ]] ( checkpoint bravo ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . < ref name = " cgqmzv " / > some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled through brief sections of east berlin territory , passing through eastern stations ( called ' ' geisterbahnhöfe , ' ' or [[ ghost station ]] s ) without stopping . both the eastern and western networks converged at friedrichstraße , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = ' ' ' west germans ' ' ' and citizens of other ' ' ' western countries ' ' ' could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an east german embassy several weeks in advance . visas for day trips restricted to east berlin were issued without previous application in a simplified procedure at the border crossing . however , east german authorities could refuse entry permits without stating a reason . ' ' ' west berliners ' ' ' initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all . all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961 and 17 december 1963 . in 1963 , negotiations between east and west resulted in a limited possibility for visits during the christmas season that year ( " passierscheinregelung " ) . similar very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . ' ' ' east berliners ' ' ' and ' ' ' east germans ' ' ' could at first not travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in force essentially until the fall of the wall , but over the years several exceptions to these rules were introduced , the most significant being : * old age pensioners could travel to the west starting in 1964 * visits of relatives for important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( e . g . artists , truck drivers etc . ) however , each visit had to be applied for individually and approval was never guaranteed . in addition , even if travel was approved , gdr travellers could exchange only a very small amount of [[ east german mark ]] s into [[ deutsche mark ]] s ( dm ) , thus limiting the financial resources available for them to travel to the west . this led to the west german practice of granting a small amount of dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or " welcome money " ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin , to help alleviate this situation . citizens of other ' ' ' east european countries ' ' ' were in general subject to the same prohibition on visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . ' ' ' allied military personnel ' ' ' and ' ' ' civilian officials of the allied forces ' ' ' could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls ; likewise ' ' ' soviet military patrols ' ' ' could enter and exit west berlin . this was a requirement of the post - war [[ four powers ]] agreements . a particular area of concern for the western allies involved official dealings with east german authorities when crossing the border , since allied policy did not recognize the authority of the gdr to regulate allied military traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin ; the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for this reason , elaborate procedures were established to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when engaged in travel through the gdr and when in east berlin . special rules applied to travel by ' ' ' western allied military personnel assigned to the [[ military liaison missions ]] accredited to the commander of soviet forces in east germany ' ' ' , located in [[ potsdam ]] . allied personnel were restricted by policy when traveling by land to the following routes : ' ' ' transit between west germany and west berlin : ' ' ' ' ' ' * road : ' ' ' the helmstedt - berlin autobahn ( a2 ) ( checkpoints alpha and bravo respectively ) . soviet military personnel manned these checkpoints and processed allied personnel for travel between the two points . military personnel were required to be in uniform when travelling in this manner . ' ' ' * rail : ' ' ' western allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces were forbidden from using commercial train service between west germany and west berlin , due to the fact of gdr passport and customs controls when using them . instead , the allied forces operated a series of official ( " duty " ) trains that travelled between their respective duty stations in west germany and west berlin . when transiting the gdr , the trains would follow the route between helmstedt and griebnitzsee , just outside of west berlin . in addition to persons travelling on official business , authorized personnel could also use the duty trains for personal travel on a space - available basis . the trains travelled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travellers . ' ' ' entry into and exit from east berlin : ' ' ' checkpoint charlie ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as with military personnel , special procedures applied to travel by ' ' ' diplomatic personnel of the western allies ' ' ' accredited to their respective embassies in the gdr , again with the intent to prevent inadvertent recognition of east german authority when crossing between east and west berlin , in order not to jeopardize the overall allied position governing the freedom of movement by allied forces personnel within all of berlin . ' ' ' ordinary citizens of the western allied powers ' ' ' , not formally affiliated with the allied forces , were authorized to use all designated transit routes through east germany to and from west berlin . regarding travel to east berlin , such persons could also use the friedrichstraße train station to enter and exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travellers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = escape attempts = = = during the wall ' s existence there were around 5 , 000 successful escapes to west berlin . the number of people who died trying to cross the wall or as a result of the wall ' s existence has been disputed . the most vocal claims by [[ alexandra hildebrandt ]] , director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 chronik der mauer : todesopfer an der berliner mauer ] ( in german ) < / ref > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german < / ref > guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be shot : " do not hesitate to use your firearm , not even when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . fechter ' s death created negative publicity worldwide that led the leaders of east berlin to place more restrictions on shooting in public places , and provide medical care for possible “would - be escapers ” . < ref > taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : a world divided 1961 - 1989 . london : harper perennial , 2006 . < / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its physical border defences with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east germans flooded the west german embassy and refused to return to east germany . the east german government responded by disallowing any further travel to hungary , but allowed those already there to return . this triggered a similar incident in neighboring czechoslovakia . on this occasion , the east german authorities allowed them to leave , providing that they used a train which transited east germany on the way . this was followed by mass demonstrations within east germany itself . ( ' ' see [[ monday demonstrations in east germany ]] ' ' . ) the longtime leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! !
8 {st@rt} hi world . . . i < 3 the berlin wall ! ! ! ' ' " ( " we want out !
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 1 view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . ogg | title = ' ' ich bin ein berliner ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
2 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! :
4 divided by it , and the view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !
5 view that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! :
444182652 444482392 2011-08-12 18:46:58 1 days 16:17:34 2989394 5 wall - 1968 . jpg | thumb | left | upright | from the east - side 1968 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = ich bin ein berliner speech ( june 26 , 1963 ) john fitzgerald kennedy trimmed . theora . ogv | title = ' ' ich
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 39 | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher work = welt online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de
838895411 839259862 2018-05-02 08:54:31 2 days 08:57:53 2845158 0 introductory video to the ' ' rise and fall ' ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . * * in april 2018 game publisher ' ' ' ' ' playway s . a . ' ' ' ' ' announced that polish game studio k202 is working on the [ http : / / www . playway . com / 10004 - games / 691 - the1berlinl ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ] game that will be published in december 2018 . = = see also = = {{ div col | colwidth = 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' '
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 6 americans , british and french each had a portion of the city under their control . the russian sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weissensee . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states ,
2959424 2959465 2004-03-28 22:45:23 0 days 11:17:03 55079 0 united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet
1 kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union
2 a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin
3 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift
4 city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
5 their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states
2959465 2964656 2004-03-28 22:48:54 0 days 00:03:31 55079 0 each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the "
1 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick ]] , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin
2 a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , [[ lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade
3 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade "
4 soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin
5 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift
6 and covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states .
7 covered most of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow ]] , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from
8 of eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and [[ weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949
9 eastern berlin - - [[ friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the united states . from [[ 1949 ]]
2964656 3053555 2004-03-29 07:53:56 0 days 09:05:02 0|24.12.96.52 0 , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - - & # 8212 ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 9 , the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin & # 8212 ; - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow
5178672 5180399 2004-08-13 07:38:57 0 days 05:29:34 24744 4 ) . the most notorious failed attempt was by peter fechter who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]]
9338110 9340902 2005-01-13 15:39:41 1 days 13:58:21 0|198.20.32.180 12 ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]]
13 [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and
14 ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee
15 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] .
16 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[
17 the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]]
18 under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the
19 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
20 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union
21 the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to
22 and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[
23 of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]]
24 berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
25 [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
26 , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[
27 köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]]
9340902 9400082 2005-01-13 19:37:16 0 days 03:57:35 28107 12 the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade
13 united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]]
14 kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , [[ köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by
15 and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick ]] , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
16 france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , [[ lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet
17 each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg ]] , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union
18 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led
19 city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift
20 under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , [[ pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]]
21 their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow ]] , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by
22 control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
23 the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
24 soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , [[ treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies .
25 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow ]] , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after
26 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and [[ weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949
27 far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]]
10084850 10084995 2005-02-09 02:13:18 0 days 00:02:21 0|152.163.100.198 10 ]] and [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]]
11 [[ france ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and
12 ]] each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee
13 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] .
14 portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[
15 the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]]
16 under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the
17 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the
18 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union
19 the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to
20 and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[
21 of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]]
22 berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the
23 [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies
24 , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[
25 köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]]
10091995 10144491 2005-02-09 07:09:31 0 days 03:18:09 28107 12 the united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet
13 united kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain ]] , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union
14 kingdom and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , [[ köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led
15 and france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick ]] , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to
16 france each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , [[ lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the
17 each had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg ]] , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin
18 had a portion of the city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift
19 city under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies .
20 under their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , [[ pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after
21 their control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow ]] , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949
22 control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , [[ prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 ,
23 the soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg ]] , treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three
24 soviet sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , [[ treptow , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors
25 sector was by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow ]] , and weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled
26 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and [[ weißensee . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the
27 far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , berlin - mitte | mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee ]] . in 1948 , the berlin blockade by the soviet union led to the berlin airlift by the western allies . after 1949 , the three sectors controlled by the united
15054564 15054752 2005-06-12 05:48:45 0 days 04:11:01 5016 7 by far the largest and covered most of eastern berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet
8 , [[ lichtenberg ]] , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four occupying armies , with leadership rotating on a monthly basis . as the early phases of the [[ cold war ]] unfolded , tensions between the soviets and the western allies escalated . conflict over a [[ currency reform ]] in [[ 1948 ]] , the [[ berlin blockade ]] by the soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the western allies . after [[ 1949 ]] ,
15881315 15902037 2005-06-26 21:50:58 0 days 18:23:00 44454 0 control . the soviet sector was by far the largest and contained the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - & mdash ; [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] .
46 the traditional city center , [[ berlin - mitte | mitte ]] , and the eastern districts of berlin - [[ friedrichshain ]] , [[ köpenick ]] , [[ lichtenberg ]] , , [[ pankow ]] , [[ prenzlauer berg ]] , [[ treptow ]] , and [[ weißensee ]] . the city was initially governed jointly by a commission of all four
38896088 38974751 2006-02-09 21:59:58 0 days 12:40:41 293907 3 berlin . when the wall was erected , berlin ' s complex public transit networks , the [[ berlin _ s - bahn | s - bahn ]] and [[ berlin _ u - bahn | u - bahn ]] , were divided with it . some lines were cut in half ; many stations were shut down . three western lines traveled
202536820 202537943 2008-04-01 13:30:00 0 days 00:06:20 911178 0 [[ inner german border | the whole length of the border ]] between east and west germany was closed with chain fences , walls , minefields , and other installations . two fish = = = immediate effects = = = the last readily accessible option for travel or emigration to west germany had been closed for the vast majority of east germans , five chicken , eight rihnos , four hippos , one and a half penguins , fifty - eight worms , nine million seven hundred ninety - one thousand fifty six
238812063 238908764 2008-09-16 23:13:18 0 days 08:45:57 736477 40 | thumb | the famous ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign ]] four motorways usable by west germans connected west berlin to west germany , the most famous being the [[ bundesautobahn 2 | berlin - helmstedt autobahn ]] , which entered east german territory at the town of [[ helmstedt ]] ( checkpoint alpha ) and connected to berlin at
278705102 278746206 2009-03-21 15:19:56 0 days 06:04:55 6984319 3 / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 186 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 715 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 186 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 441 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
279058833 279124770 2009-03-23 10:55:07 0 days 09:35:13 3505251 3 ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 165 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 000 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 182 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 000 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
279124770 279160858 2009-03-23 15:09:45 0 days 04:14:38 6984319 3 / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 186 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 715 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 186 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 441 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
279160858 279162751 2009-03-23 15:21:43 0 days 00:11:58 3505251 3 ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 165 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
4 taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 000 in 1951 , 186 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de /
5 zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 182 , 441 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler /
6 between occupied zones in germany , the number of eastern bloc persons moving to west germany totaled 244 , 283 in 1950 , 186 , 715 in 1951 , 186 , 441 000 in 1952 and 339 , 086 in 1953 . < ref > [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat .
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 26 < / ref > taking advantage of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , ; 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / /
27 of the zonal border between occupied zones in germany , the number of gdr citizens moving to west germany totaled 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , ; 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern .
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 5 , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0043540295 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , 9780043540299 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www
633124700 633132744 2014-11-09 20:10:48 0 days 00:59:02 2012100 11 / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( of [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took
12 ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , and [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads .
31 border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers which took parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 29 orders to use lethal force , so the vastly outnumbered soldiers had no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens . finally , at 10 : 45 & nbsp ; p . m . , [[ harald jäger ]] , the commander of the [[ bornholmer straße border crossing ]] yielded , allowing for the guards to open the checkpoints and
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153277889 153311759 2007-08-24 07:04:40 0 days 04:16:07 0|87.54.52.58 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hej med dig jeg er sej : . . baaaaaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
153311759 153312391 2007-08-24 07:11:25 0 days 00:06:45 952689 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hej med dig jeg er sej : . . baaaaaaaaaaaaahaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
155368689 155622865 2007-09-04 13:20:46 1 days 05:46:32 0|121.127.195.116 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] jbss ~ ftw
155622865 155659633 2007-09-04 17:02:28 0 days 03:41:42 302522 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] jbss ~ ftw
159172135 159182654 2007-09-20 15:36:21 0 days 00:58:05 0|72.43.0.244 2 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hey seamus , zach , and brandon
159182654 159184132 2007-09-20 15:44:15 0 days 00:07:54 3704376 2 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hey seamus , zach , and brandon
173976252 174038726 2007-11-27 01:38:24 0 days 04:25:19 0|68.99.109.136 6 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] |
174038726 174056095 2007-11-27 03:11:09 0 days 01:32:45 2004568 6 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] astern bloc ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last
176001287 176146625 2007-12-06 13:51:50 0 days 17:00:12 0|167.93.22.148 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] you are dumb to look at this page
176146625 176202560 2007-12-06 19:00:23 0 days 05:08:33 0|156.34.242.152 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] you are dumb to look at this page
177322415 177427868 2007-12-12 13:51:36 0 days 13:56:39 0|167.93.22.233 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] oscar you suck
177427868 177450455 2007-12-12 16:17:15 0 days 02:25:39 96897 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] oscar you suck
181693151 181887191 2008-01-03 17:02:41 0 days 20:15:45 0|24.245.9.80 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi
181887191 181887395 2008-01-03 17:03:52 0 days 00:01:11 3210133 0 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] hi
183428633 183482830 2008-01-10 21:20:57 0 days 04:11:22 0|68.199.50.150 1 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = school suks u know the rest = = < nowiki > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / nowiki > = = ]] = =
183482830 183489735 2008-01-10 21:53:11 0 days 00:32:14 266416 1 berlin ]] [[ tr : berlin duvarı ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] ' ' ' = = school suks u know the rest = = < nowiki > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / nowiki > = = ]] = =
189421858 189423549 2008-02-06 03:37:58 0 days 00:09:32 0|68.110.16.246 1 ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] 19 shoes
189423549 189423593 2008-02-06 03:38:11 0 days 00:00:13 556700 1 ]] [[ uk : берлінська стіна ]] [[ ur : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]] 19 shoes
325352400 325363892 2009-11-12 02:17:44 0 days 01:19:15 3171782 0 : دیوار برلن ]] [[ vec : muro de berlin ]] [[ vi : bức tường berlin ]] [[ zh - classical : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ yi : בערלינער וואנט ]] [[ zh - yue : 柏林圍牆 ]] [[ diq : dêsê berlini ]] [[ zh : 柏林圍牆 ]]
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111353043 111353506 2007-02-27 16:35:31 0 days 00:02:23 0|205.126.63.15 0 [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! beer is good ! ! ! < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non
113087400 113087810 2007-03-06 16:31:11 0 days 00:02:29 0|206.123.204.226 0 : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the pink fluffy puppy is enjoying tea timmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmme ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
113087810 113088171 2007-03-06 16:35:05 0 days 00:03:54 0|206.123.204.226 0 ! the pink fluffy puppy is enjoying tea timmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmme ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! britt ' s say ello gavner ! ! ! ! = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
126979752 126980660 2007-04-29 23:40:51 0 days 00:03:21 0|71.251.211.21 0 of the city . - [ mary was oh soo hur ' ] this sight rox my effin ' sockss ! ! ! best informattion yu caann geettt ! ! ! yepp , , yu noee yu lovee it ` = ) cantt deny < 3333 hahaaaa [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[
129556614 129556999 2007-05-09 16:45:39 0 days 00:01:24 0|204.129.158.10 0 fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . bianca d and derek b are really not even close to being legit ! ! ! ! ! ! no , we really are super legit . . . : d = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ 15 june ]] [[ 1961 ]] — two months before the construction of the berlin wall started — [[ walter ulbricht
134354051 134354229 2007-05-29 17:12:16 0 days 00:00:46 4479652 0 on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 by members of the ussr . to bad ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ha ha ha ha ! loser ! when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin would be permitted , crowds
242502444 242502520 2008-10-02 14:34:47 0 days 00:00:26 0|205.202.240.123 0 ]] and [[ eastern europe ]] . the wall separated the two german states for jeff ate the last gogurt ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! you son of a bitch 28 years and 1 day , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until it was dismantled beginning in late 1989 , and was considered to be a
265793157 265797480 2009-01-22 22:35:51 0 days 00:21:00 0|66.31.114.95 0 wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha no you did not ! hahahahahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
265797480 265797534 2009-01-22 22:36:07 0 days 00:00:16 634828 0 wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on october 3 , 1990 . boo ! ! ! i scared you ! ! ! hahahahaha no you did not ! hahahahahaha = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 3 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : 22 . | format = [[ ogg ]] | type = speech : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany
7 . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed
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1012031 1092751 2003-06-08 12:37:20 31 days 17:34:08 9244 37 been developing over the last few years in germany concerning the date of the lifting of travel restrictions also being the date of the ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' . see also : in [[ berlin ]] = = external link = = http : / / www . wall - berlin . org /
3374365 3416164 2004-04-28 20:43:18 1 days 16:58:42 23616 0 was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
3702165 3783344 2004-05-23 15:02:43 2 days 11:07:51 0|212.100.173.72 0 was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
3800134 3800736 2004-05-31 10:22:36 0 days 18:49:48 3808 33 obviously wasn ' t achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles see also = = * [[ berlin ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin
34 the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = related articles = = * [[ berlin list of walls ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
3801053 4016780 2004-05-31 11:33:04 0 days 00:23:16 3808 0 guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east germany . previously , graffiti were exclusively on the western side . = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
6045628 6046303 2004-09-21 18:43:09 11 days 00:03:36 23616 0 com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
6046303 6049265 2004-09-21 19:13:44 0 days 00:30:35 76027 0 com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
6049265 6050323 2004-09-21 21:21:00 0 days 02:07:16 23616 0 com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
6050323 6069019 2004-09-21 21:57:50 0 days 00:36:50 12741 0 com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
9483884 9483896 2005-01-19 17:09:52 3 days 13:46:16 91656 0 / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 6206555 / ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' kennedy and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ [ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
9483896 9518516 2005-01-19 17:10:34 0 days 00:00:42 91656 2 . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ [ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs
13372525 13372526 2005-05-07 06:16:55 0 days 01:30:30 28107 1 wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
13372526 13372568 2005-05-07 06:16:58 0 days 00:00:03 28107 0 wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
14054477 14060081 2005-05-22 05:09:32 0 days 19:15:49 0|66.255.49.147 0 wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . awesome , im a random person adn i can edit this page = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
14060081 14125556 2005-05-22 09:32:08 0 days 04:22:36 8780 0 wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . awesome , im a random person adn i can edit this page = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
38837878 38895578 2006-02-09 09:11:34 0 days 09:35:00 0|195.249.182.252 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . naruto = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
38895578 38895752 2006-02-09 09:14:18 0 days 00:02:44 0|195.249.182.252 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] naruto love hina = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
38895752 38895984 2006-02-09 09:17:35 0 days 00:03:17 0|195.249.182.252 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] love hina = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
38895984 38896088 2006-02-09 09:19:17 0 days 00:01:42 15130 0 to west berlin through a tunnel * [[ operation gold | allied tunnel under the wall ]] * [[ ghost station ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ raf gatow ]] = = references = = * [[ william f . buckley , jr . ]] . ' ' the fall of the berlin wall ' ' . [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] : [[ john wiley and sons ]] , [[ 2004 ]] . isbn 0471267364 . ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * curtis cate . ' ' the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis - - 1961 ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : m . evans , [[ 1978 ]] . * honoré m . catudal . ' ' [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis ' ' . [[ west berlin ]] : berlin verlag , [[ 1980 ]] . * [[ john f . kennedy ]] . [ http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches . htm july 25 , 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 41 1961 speech ] * peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , | year = [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org
42 peter wyden . ' ' wall : the inside story of divided berlin ' ' . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 37 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ]
38 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 37 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] *
38 | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 36 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ]
37 title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = [[ 1989 ]] }} = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [
81768427 81865132 2006-10-16 21:32:20 0 days 09:55:34 2496238 8 book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] harpercollins | year = 1989 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall
9 wyden | title = wall : the inside story of divided berlin | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = [[ simon and schuster ]] | year = 1989 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org
113086947 113087400 2007-03-06 16:28:42 0 days 00:02:12 0|206.123.204.226 0 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
113088743 113094185 2007-03-06 17:09:02 0 days 00:28:16 441020 4 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} germany is cool ! ! ! ! ! ! ! the pink fluffy puppy is enjoying tea timmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmme ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! britt ' s say ello gavner ! ! ! ! = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
139707296 140018292 2007-06-23 00:25:46 1 days 07:04:11 87110 0 org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
140018292 140036854 2007-06-23 02:41:34 0 days 02:15:48 715870 0 org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
145391813 146120914 2007-07-21 13:31:03 3 days 06:28:07 0|86.141.2.162 0 , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
146363016 146399312 2007-07-22 22:11:55 0 days 03:16:34 715453 0 schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
156050670 156050759 2007-09-06 13:51:56 0 days 00:00:36 0|69.246.212.189 0 of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] the berlin wall was the berlin wall was a baddddd thing ! ! ! ! = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
156051084 156052102 2007-09-06 14:00:41 0 days 00:06:44 302522 1 [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ list of portions of the berlin wall ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] the berlin wall was the berlin wall was a baddddd thing ! ! ! ! = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} = = references = = * {{ cite book | authorlink = william f . buckley , jr . | last = buckley | first = william f . , jr . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis | location = [[ west berlin ]] | publisher = berlin verlag | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
194824648 194826992 2008-02-29 04:11:06 0 days 00:13:41 3622922 1 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} ( a bilingual photo - study tracing the line of the wall ) = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
204489282 204489539 2008-04-09 17:11:12 0 days 00:01:19 137113 0 | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . websauger . eu / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] ( in
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 55 sesame street ]] * [[ fraggle rock ]] * [[ bear in the big blue house ]] * [[ the dark crystal ]] = = references = = < references / > the online auction service = = external links = = ] goethe - institut < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die
204483897 204484909 2008-04-09 16:47:32 0 days 00:04:40 137113 0 / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history goethe - institut ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . another official justification were the activities of western agents in eastern europe < ref > ' ' " die
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 2 http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders
231331197 231331673 2008-08-11 23:12:06 0 days 00:03:03 911178 2 http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the gdr / east german government gave [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders
258459897 258459980 2008-12-16 23:36:49 0 days 00:00:25 0|66.143.116.78 0 . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 accessdat | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of
258459980 258476585 2008-12-17 01:05:35 0 days 01:28:46 352579 0 . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdat accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 7 " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot
305129751 305130153 2009-07-30 19:15:32 0 days 00:01:56 0|130.218.10.1 3 [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : anti - communism ]] [[ category :
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 8 the berlin wall " http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these east
324817567 324817690 2009-11-09 10:26:15 0 days 00:01:26 6971250 0 = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 16 htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = sep september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > }} after the fall of the berlin wall , [[ french president ]] [[
340122205 340369904 2010-01-27 17:59:47 1 days 05:32:21 205121 5 / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 |
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 7 kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} - elie wiesel ' s , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore ,
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 48 , longman . isbn 0582315697 [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk ] * childs , david , ( 2000 ) ' ' the two red flags : european social democracy & soviet communism since 1945 ' ' , routledge . [ http
357897333 358424098 2010-04-26 15:38:35 2 days 18:36:26 10996774 2 htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 - usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on june 12 , 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of
361637044 361645413 2010-05-12 08:56:43 0 days 01:29:43 9540157 1 hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite book citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
363608452 363705343 2010-05-23 11:12:36 0 days 14:31:37 0|121.236.152.86 1 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
363705343 363705709 2010-05-23 11:15:24 0 days 00:02:48 7007500 1 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http :
375059882 375060179 2010-07-23 16:45:26 0 days 00:01:57 0|156.56.137.240 0 = 214 | title = wall patrol – the western powers and the berlin wall 1961 - 1990 special exhibition | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown allied musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp |
1 ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | title = american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 2010 - 07 - 23 | author = unknown allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} [ ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 3 location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * [[ childs ]] , david h , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr : germany ' s road to unity ' ' , longman ,
4 hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ cite document | last = dale | first = gareth | title = popular protest in east germany , 1945 - 1989 : judgements on the street | publisher = routledge | year
18 resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} }} * {{ citation | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location =
19 / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher =
41 location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city
42 hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | isbn = 0 - 471 - 26736 - 8 }} * {{ citation | first = curtis | last = cate | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = new york city | publisher =
52 / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ citation | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press | year = 2001 |
386053284 386987387 2010-09-25 19:21:21 4 days 13:30:16 12323565 0 berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall
398787758 398858085 2010-11-25 20:48:26 0 days 10:28:08 12323565 2 org / gb / mur . htm | title = berlin wall | publisher = web . archive . org | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | archivedate = 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 8 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} * luftbildatlas . entlang der berliner mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 -
428575817 428576147 2011-05-11 12:54:42 0 days 00:02:47 10714345 2 > lars von törne in berlin newspaper [ http : / / www . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 22 news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = august 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says
37 htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = 15 september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{
43 world / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = 10 september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25
47 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | title = soll der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref
50 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 february 2009 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is
51 | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher work = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of
66 web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 23 february 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated ,
71 resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 october 2009 }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press
82 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting death toll varying between 100
105 co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = bbc | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of
120 | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 15 , 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite news |
122 news / politics / article6829735 . ece | title = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany .
124 / europe / article6828556 . ece | title = united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 ,
129 gesellschaft / 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november
144 / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall indicated , however , that only about
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 1 - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] . ]] | - | [[ image file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] | } the '
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 1 < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html {{ cite web | url = record of the conversation ] < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what
474175877 476209082 2012-02-11 00:44:21 10 days 16:49:11 10996774 9 ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall
15 | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011 / 08 / 13 / germany - marks - construction - berlin - wall -
479597706 479685255 2012-03-01 17:59:02 0 days 13:09:10 404531 2 karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 {{ refend }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / humanexperience . stanford . edu / berlinwall scholars reflect on the 20th anniversary of the fall
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 7 s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , 9780043540299 isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http
507237640 507256650 2012-08-13 19:31:32 0 days 02:05:37 16130333 3 empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009 | isbn = 0 - 375 - 42532 - 2 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 21 - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world /
22 | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews . com / world / 2011
25 wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 /
26 | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news / 2011 / 08 / 11
28 title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 -
29 the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years
31 | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - | accessdate = 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] *
32 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 august 2011 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel of reconciliation ]] * [[
38 title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction . what is beyond dispute ,
40 wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east
44 institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang | de | " die regierungen
52 html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary
580930170 580957593 2013-11-09 22:18:25 0 days 03:47:52 400707 7 day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < . / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review <
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 36 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 0 commentary / ct - myths - berlin - wall - fall - reagan - east - west - perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > . the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3 october 1990 . = =
699931497 700030765 2016-01-15 23:20:45 0 days 14:05:06 23149456 2 death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 < / ref > 2c _ 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl | klein orkest }}
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 6 june 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / | date = 9 november 2014 | work = [[ thejournal . ie ]] }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www . americanheritage
7 1990 and was completed in 1992 . < ref > http : / / www . thejournal . ie / berlin - wall - anniversary - 1762450 - nov2014 / < / ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html < / ref > and the
14 | url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | work = [[ vox ( website = vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of
15 url = http : / / www . vox . com / 2016 / 1 / 11 / 10749546 / david - bowie - berlin - wall - heroes | website = ) | vox | date = january 11 , 2016 | accessdate = january 12 , 2016 | title = david bowie at the berlin wall : the incredible story of a concert
20 . businessinsider . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher work = business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall
21 . com . au / germany - thanks - david - bowie - for - helping - bring - down - berlin - wall - 2016 - 1 | publisher = [[ business insider | business insider australia | accessdate = 11 january 2016 | date = 11 january 2016 }} < / ref > although other factors were probably more influential in the fall of
58 com / story / death - of - david - bowie - sparks - howls - of - anguish - across - social - media - 2016 - 01 - 11 | last = kollmeyer | first = barbara | date = 11 january 2016 | work = [[ marketwatch ]] | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > see also [[ berlin wall # david bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }}
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 14 = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ ludwig van beethoven
16 stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' ' [[ the wall ]] '
782699210 782774870 2017-05-29 02:55:58 0 days 10:24:10 30707369 2 henry ashby . ' ' the two germanies since 1945 : east and west ' ' , yale university press , 1987 , isbn 0 - 300 - 03865 - 8 }} , page 20 ) < / ref > if statements or decisions deviated from the described line , reprimands and ( for persons outside public attention ) punishment would ensue ,
5 , ' ' confronting the german question : germans on the east - west divide ' ' , berg publishers , 1990 , isbn 0 - 85496 - 684 - 6 }} , page 143 < / ref > in may 1949 , stalin lifted the blockade , permitting the resumption of western shipments to berlin . < ref name = " gaddis
8 ( wettig , gerhard , ' ' stalin and the cold war in europe ' ' , rowman & littlefield , 2008 , isbn 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 }} , page 179 ) < / ref > east germany differed from west germany ( [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ) , which developed into a [[
11 , brian ( 1999 ) . the rise and fall of the soviet empire . forum . p . 170 - 171 . isbn 0 - 7615 - 2057 - 0 }} . < / ref > {{ anchor | construction }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 85458 - 0002 , berlin ,
14 ' ' the berlin wall : monument of the cold war ' ' . ch . links verlag , p . 72 . isbn 3 - 86153 - 463 - 0 }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | | memorial to the victims of the wall
17 co . uk / bookshop / detail . asp ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 }} , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988
20 ? item = 100000000004463 pearsoned . co . uk ] 2001 . isbn 978 - 0 - 582 - 31569 - 3 , isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 }} * childs , david , ' ' the gdr : moscow ' s german ally ' ' , ( second edition 1988 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin
26 , first edition 1983 , george allen & unwin , london ) isbn 0 - 04 - 354029 - 5 , isbn 978 - 0 - 04 - 354029 - 9 }} . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 [ http
29 - 9 . * childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . isbn 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 }} [ http : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk
32 twentieth century ' ' , ( from pre - 1918 to the restoration of german unity ) , batsford , third edition . isbn 0 - 7134 - 6795 - 9 }} * childs , david , ( 1987 ) ' ' [ http : / / openlibrary . org / b / ol16520921m / east _ germany _ to _ the _
38 resist glasnost ? ] ' ' , the economist intelligence unit . isbn 0 - 85058 - 245 - 8 , isbn 978 - 0 - 85058 - 245 - 1 }} . [ http : / / www . worldcat . org / search ? q = au % 3a % 22childs % 2c + david % 2c % 22 & qt
41 mauer . karten , pläne und fotos . hans wolfgang hoffmann / philipp meuser ( eds . ) berlin 2009 . isbn 978 - 3 - 938666 - 84 - 5 }} * sarotte , mary elise , collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall , new york : basic books , 2014 * sarotte , mary elise , 1989 :
797310213 797956044 2017-08-30 04:45:31 3 days 21:36:08 31691822 0 childs , david , ( 2001 ) ' ' the fall of the gdr ' ' , longman . {{ isbn | 0 - 582 - 31569 - 7 }} [ http https : / / www . amazon . co . uk / fall - themes - modern - german - history / dp / 0582315697 amazon . co . uk ] *
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 5 = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 26 january 2018 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with
825801760 825801993 2018-02-15 14:26:52 0 days 00:01:58 5946478 0 mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06490 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls .
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 83 http : / / blogs . reuters . com / berlin1961 / 2011 / 05 / 27 / the - worst - day - of - jfks - life / < / ref > kennedy made the regrettable error of admitting that the us would not actively oppose this action in the soviet sector of berlin . < ref > {{ cite book | last
92 through four versions : < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) * ' '
113 books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > until then , they could only visit east germany and east berlin under restrictive conditions that involved application for a visa several days or weeks in advance and obligatory exchange
116 books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = xx - xxi | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} < / ref > on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in [[ bernauer straße ]] and around the mitte district . from there ,
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41618954 41619461 2006-02-28 15:43:40 0 days 00:04:54 0|65.241.105.4 1 s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union me . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 3 s economy was being subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and me the soviet union . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet
44761040 44769169 2006-03-21 04:47:22 0 days 01:10:57 0|68.154.38.227 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ~ * ~ = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
44769841 44769958 2006-03-21 04:55:39 0 days 00:01:13 410083 1 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ~ * ~ = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
52737216 52874480 2006-05-12 18:37:51 0 days 20:10:16 0|70.89.200.221 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . then oneday ryan gesell farted and the berlin wal blew up . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
52874480 52874622 2006-05-12 18:38:50 0 days 00:00:59 1383774 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . then oneday ryan gesell farted and the berlin wal blew up . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
53023975 53102839 2006-05-14 04:14:39 0 days 10:36:05 0|211.27.201.44 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ' ' ' it was hell for the soldiers . ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
53102839 53127110 2006-05-14 08:59:21 0 days 04:44:42 157842 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . ' ' ' it was hell for the soldiers . ' ' ' = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
54913689 54913864 2006-05-24 17:14:53 0 days 00:01:11 0|64.8.191.2 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . this thing sucks . . . you may beable to find information . . . but as far as i ' m concerned . . . internet sucks ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
54913864 54913899 2006-05-24 17:15:08 0 days 00:00:15 301395 0 subsidized by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . this thing sucks . . . you may beable to find information . . . but as far as i ' m concerned . . . internet sucks ass ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
64277967 64310129 2006-07-17 16:48:18 0 days 03:55:10 0|64.73.33.84 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . also a man by the name of bryson was ruler = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
64310129 64317216 2006-07-17 17:33:09 0 days 00:44:51 157842 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . also a man by the name of bryson was ruler = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67063829 67064018 2006-08-01 16:32:33 0 days 00:01:09 0|66.32.195.73 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck ffukc fcuk fuck fuck = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67064018 67065553 2006-08-01 16:41:25 0 days 00:08:52 1008387 1 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck fuck ffukc fcuk fuck fuck = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67168412 67168587 2006-08-02 03:01:01 0 days 00:01:22 0|140.144.41.95 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . brobyn is cool ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
67168587 67168760 2006-08-02 03:02:13 0 days 00:01:12 529595 1 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . brobyn is cool ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
79608608 79651136 2006-10-05 14:10:20 0 days 07:10:28 0|84.166.173.241 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love guys so should u ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
79651136 79671529 2006-10-05 16:24:36 0 days 02:14:16 155181 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love guys so should u ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82453547 82593906 2006-10-20 09:13:48 0 days 15:59:35 0|147.10.48.189 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . omg lol = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82593906 82593962 2006-10-20 09:14:29 0 days 00:00:41 185410 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . omg lol = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82593962 82594023 2006-10-20 09:15:16 0 days 00:00:47 0|147.10.48.189 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
82594023 82594068 2006-10-20 09:15:48 0 days 00:00:32 127798 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . . . . . . . . . . . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
87075361 87075448 2006-11-11 03:20:14 0 days 00:00:38 0|210.55.85.150 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . usa usa usa sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
87075448 87075455 2006-11-11 03:20:18 0 days 00:00:04 1574574 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . usa usa usa sucks ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
88434996 88440096 2006-11-17 16:01:30 0 days 00:30:31 0|72.159.168.35 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . andrew is the coolest guy in the world ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
88440096 88440245 2006-11-17 16:02:27 0 days 00:00:57 0|72.159.168.35 0 subsidised by the soviet government , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . andrew is the coolest guy in the world ! ! = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
92646687 92646910 2006-12-07 06:36:18 0 days 00:02:06 0|129.1.208.200 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . that last one was a joke people . nic would probably get shot if he moved to berlin , so he and rodriguo intend to move to korea , where they can build a wall and give it to jay as a present . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
92646910 92647253 2006-12-07 06:39:14 0 days 00:02:56 1199710 2 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . that last one was a joke people . nic would probably get shot if he moved to berlin , so he and rodriguo intend to move to korea , where they can build a wall and give it to jay as a present . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
93493618 93507726 2006-12-11 03:14:35 0 days 01:25:40 0|67.188.24.31 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . 1234567890 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
93507726 93510408 2006-12-11 03:31:10 0 days 00:16:35 767514 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . 1234567890 = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
93880292 93880768 2006-12-12 19:54:41 0 days 00:02:21 0|72.20.141.105 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . misty tatom = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100120391 100251866 2007-01-12 17:14:25 0 days 16:22:27 0|207.195.51.191 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . joelle enjoys touching k - doggs bunnies inapropriatly ( hand to genital contact ) , therefor big a - dogg ( tuff guy ) had to drop chem so everyone else could focas on the studies at hand . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100251866 100252017 2007-01-12 17:15:17 0 days 00:00:52 2691489 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . joelle enjoys touching k - doggs bunnies inapropriatly ( hand to genital contact ) , therefor big a - dogg ( tuff guy ) had to drop chem so everyone else could focas on the studies at hand . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 4 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . jesus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 4 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . jesus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
110051010 110063511 2007-02-22 13:50:09 0 days 01:36:37 0|209.50.156.164 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love the eu = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
110063511 110063581 2007-02-22 13:50:35 0 days 00:00:26 0|209.50.156.164 0 the soviet [[ government ]] , and simultaneously , the now - threatened east german production was responsible for all war reparations to [[ poland ]] and the soviet union . i love the eu = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
127671245 127671395 2007-05-02 12:54:45 0 days 00:00:55 0|68.85.23.179 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
127671439 127671464 2007-05-02 12:55:16 0 days 00:00:11 385115 0 formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the significantly wealthier west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = proposed barrier = = = the impetus for the creation of the berlin wall came from east german leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] , approved by soviet leader
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1596496 1604480 2003-10-20 16:37:14 0 days 00:09:48 26248 0 berlin celebrating the end of the wall , including [[ beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to
1 the end of the wall , including [[ beethoven ]] ' s 9th symphony with the the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " . roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concept [[ the wall ]] in potsdamer platz in [[ 1990 ]] . the fall of the wall was the first step to the [[
1744576 1744581 2003-11-15 23:19:05 0 days 00:03:05 2 2 berlin - - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviets led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin ]] ) ,
1744605 1776158 2003-11-15 23:25:56 0 days 00:05:35 0|82.82.131.134 5 - friedrichshain , köpenick , lichtenberg , mitte , pankow , prenzlauer berg , treptow , and weißensee . in [[ 1948 ]] , the " berlin blockade " by the soviets soviet union led to the [[ berlin airlift ]] by the americans . from [[ 1949 ]] the three sectors controlled by the united states , britain and france ( [[ west berlin
4242660 4242842 2004-06-23 19:18:02 0 days 22:13:06 0|80.45.179.46 3 the wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000
4 wall = = the wall was over 155 km long . after the initial construction , it was regularly improved . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east
5193144 5193152 2004-08-14 00:35:03 0 days 04:26:22 7129 0 , including [[ ludwig van beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " ' ' ( freunde ) ' ' changed to " freedom " . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]]
1 beethoven | beethoven ]] ' s [[ symphony no . 9 ( beethoven ) | 9th symphony ]] with the chorus ' word " joy " changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' . [[ roger waters ]] performed the [[ pink floyd ]] concert [[ the wall ]] in [[ potsdamer platz ]] on [[ 21 july ]] [[ 1990 ]] , with
5637810 5637884 2004-09-03 21:35:33 0 days 00:03:51 49471 1 surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east germany claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that it was created to prevent the citizens of east germany , especially the professionally skilled workers , the majority
8250476 8251853 2004-12-09 00:57:27 3 days 02:20:35 100330 5 represent the wall ' s original appearance : they are badly damaged ( since so many people attempted to pick up " original berlin wall " pieces ) , and today ' s [[ graffiti ]] are mostly visible on the eastern side of the wall , which obviously was not achieveable while the wall was actually guarded by heavily armed soldiers of east
9533284 9533310 2005-01-21 15:56:43 0 days 00:34:18 26468 13 surrounded west berlin , it effectively turned the western sectors into an island in the eastern territories . east german officials claimed that it was an " antifascist wall of protection the wall was an " antifascist wall of protection " , intended to avoid aggression from the west . the west claimed that the wall was created to prevent the citizens of east
21 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilise the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | right |
22 , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection barrier " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial .
28 in ' ' , so to draw any serious connection with the berlin wall would be to acknowledge [[ east germany ]] ' s interpretation of the " anti - fascist wall of protection " rather than the western view that the wall was essentially meant to turn the east into a giant prison . however , the intended connection was probably more superficial
9658614 9762535 2005-01-26 01:42:57 0 days 06:03:58 26468 12 known as the ' ' death strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16
13 strip ' ' . people living in this area were relocated , their houses were torn down . the " fourth generation wall " , begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was reinforced concrete , 3 . 6m high and constructed out of 45 , 000 separate 1 . 5m sections at a cost of 16 , 155 , 000 east german
10941618 11082921 2005-03-09 00:51:33 2 days 12:58:15 137113 0 fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " antifascist protection barrier " , intended to avoid dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with scepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall ,
11747812 11751790 2005-04-01 04:25:04 0 days 00:54:41 28107 21 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall " . the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the creation of the wall had important implications for both the germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the government of the gdr was able to
11891869 11896685 2005-04-04 23:02:50 0 days 02:59:21 90610 0 . in [[ 1987 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of
1 ]] , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
12498340 12585093 2005-04-19 00:04:06 4 days 04:22:38 157530 7 for the october 3 date of reunification is that the west german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st " birthday , " on october 7 , ]] [[ 1990 ) . = = aftermath = = the fall of the wall considerably changed traffic patterns in the city , and the [[ m - bahn ]] , a [[
27636925 27637033 2005-11-07 17:53:57 0 days 00:02:00 0|71.14.47.35 0 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . nick rules ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location
27637033 27641530 2005-11-07 19:08:20 0 days 01:14:23 0|66.161.22.72 0 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . nick rules ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - meter section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location
27861622 27867817 2005-11-09 23:46:21 0 days 01:14:36 0|142.166.200.249 0 t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effictive immedeatly immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd
27867817 27870386 2005-11-10 00:20:34 0 days 00:34:13 0|144.132.51.83 0 ' t really know so he just assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effictive effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major
28136750 28225109 2005-11-13 18:22:26 0 days 22:48:44 0|24.43.196.74 0 ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] , it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete ,
34951260 35317181 2006-01-15 21:52:12 2 days 22:14:00 25568 1 system ]] ) . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which between fence and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds were shot ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a
2 . = = how the wall worked = = [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 300px | right | the " death strip " on which hundreds were shot of would - be escapees from the east . ]] the wall was over 155 & nbsp ; km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] work started on a second parallel fence
35373255 35495895 2006-01-17 03:54:16 0 days 20:31:45 0|208.180.17.49 5 assumed it would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . tens of thousands of people immediately went to the checkpoints in the wall and demanded entry into west berlin . they quickly became a major crowd control problem for the surprised and overwhelmed border guards . many hectic telephone calls with the guards ' superiors ensued while still more people kept converging on the major crossing points . it became clear that there was no way to hold back the huge crowd of east german citizens short of dispatching the army to kill them all , as the vastly outnumbered border guards had only been equipped for another day of regular duty . the masses could also not be convinced to turn back or calm down & mdash ; they had heard of mr . schabowski ' s statement , and they wanted it to be acted upon . the only way to have held the crowds back would have been through the use of massive lethal force , but this would have meant massacring the country ' s own citizens in huge numbers & mdash ; which the guards and authorities were simply not willing to do . in face of the escalating crowd safety situation , the guards eventually just yielded , opening the access points and allowing people through with ( at most ) minimal identity verification checks . the ecstatic east berliners were soon greeted by jubilant west berliners on the other side in a celebratory , party atmosphere . [[ november 9 ]] is thus considered the date the wall fell . in the days and weeks that followed , people began arriving at the wall with sledgehammers and physically demolishing it , section by section . [[ image : stamp - ctc - fall - of - the - berlin - wall . jpg | left | thumb | american postage stamp commemorating the fall of the wall ]] = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
35495895 35495922 2006-01-17 03:54:31 0 days 00:00:15 130135 3 the relationship of the two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way really know so he just assumed it was looking at him " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert
4 two germanies . = = the fall of the wall = = [[ vin diesel ]] knocked down the berlin wall because he " didn ' t like the way it was looking at him would be the same day based according to the wording of the note and so replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . = = celebrations = = on christmas day , [[ december 25 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end
36157802 36216587 2006-01-22 13:39:02 0 days 12:07:40 480942 3 and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads the head " . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by
4 ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " the wall in people ' s heads " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the
36216587 36216676 2006-01-22 13:40:22 0 days 00:01:20 480942 1 germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans
3 and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " de mauer im de kopf ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east
37559437 37632509 2006-02-01 04:44:15 0 days 08:49:42 0|63.110.9.70 1 [[ west berlin ]] from [[ east berlin ]] and the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . the east german authorities called it the ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ( anti - fascist protection wall ) . its purpose was to restrict access between west berlin and east germany . it first began as barbed wire barrier in [[ 1961
38448507 38522275 2006-02-06 22:20:35 0 days 11:26:12 0|63.150.51.8 0 arrived at [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic
1 [[ tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with
40903298 40903474 2006-02-23 20:07:14 0 days 00:01:23 89179 5 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = = = museum = = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not
40904452 40904768 2006-02-23 20:17:12 0 days 00:02:18 89179 7 . [ http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / ] many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = = = museum = = = = fifteen years after the fall of the berlin wall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not
44113664 44126829 2006-03-16 23:24:43 0 days 01:31:01 0|152.163.100.73 2 " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest
44256239 44369012 2006-03-18 16:08:25 0 days 19:56:08 0|172.176.32.183 0 " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest
47397931 47528615 2006-04-08 08:27:20 0 days 19:47:08 686868 0 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however the gdr announced to open new border crossings the following weekend , technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some
1 sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were called " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . however , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]] ) . crowds on both sides waited there for hours , cheering at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december 22 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . west germans and west berliners were not allowed visa free travel until [[ december 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] . they could visit the gdr , but only at the conditions prevalent before , which included application for a visa several days in andvance , and obligatory exchange of at least 25 dm per day of their journey , which hindered spontaneous visits . in the weeks between november 9 and december 23 , east germans could travel " more freely " than westernes . technically the wall remained guarded for some while , even though at an ever decreasing intensity . in the first months , east german military even tried to repair some of
48935289 49049354 2006-04-18 20:13:20 0 days 18:06:16 6661 0 with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers ) . the gdr east german regime announced to open 10 new border crossings the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz ]] , [[ glienicker brücke ]] , [[ bernauer straße ]]
49049354 49049560 2006-04-18 20:15:02 0 days 00:01:42 6661 1 economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most
2 and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the border , the german democratic republic east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc
51997348 51998094 2006-05-07 16:31:49 0 days 00:06:00 0|216.49.149.108 1 # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall
51998094 51998163 2006-05-07 16:32:31 0 days 00:00:42 223113 0 # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 and completed about 1980 it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete
52230634 52245238 2006-05-09 01:36:36 0 days 01:48:21 389512 2 ' ) , initially constructed in [[ 1961 ]] and dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , by brittany " gaz " freytag was arguably the most prominent part of the [[ gdr border system ]] and was an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived of by the [[ east germany |
53306315 53307729 2006-05-15 12:56:25 0 days 00:11:40 1311057 4 year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner -
5 a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) , intended to dissuade aggression from the west . however , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided
54067993 54071955 2006-05-19 18:52:56 0 days 00:27:23 0|158.59.209.88 0 at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of ofkslhjmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most
54071955 54072062 2006-05-19 18:53:42 0 days 00:00:46 1022601 0 at the bulldozers who took the wall elements away to make way for new ( old ) roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling ofkslhjmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most
56501936 56634891 2006-06-03 08:19:57 0 days 17:37:54 0|207.176.159.90 0 by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he would be 100 was wrong by 99 . 94 years off . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister
56634891 56635024 2006-06-03 08:21:42 0 days 00:01:45 0|207.176.159.90 0 krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of 1989 that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years . " he was wrong by more than 99 . 94 years . the new krenz government decided to allow east berliners to apply for visas to travel to west germany . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east
57484319 57663965 2006-06-09 06:58:07 1 days 01:49:03 0|203.51.41.247 9 german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border inn marielleborder , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in
57663965 57664095 2006-06-09 06:59:35 0 days 00:01:28 416594 8 german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inn marielleborder inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 6 by artists , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] < / ref > " or " untruths . " also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the
7 , because of the dramatic color of the graffiti . the repeated use of the word " unwahr , " within the sections , which in german means " lies " or " untruths . " untrue also appealed to her . on [[ november ]] [[ 9 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , after a nine - month effort , the " breakthrough " sculpture stood appropriately
64682237 64682848 2006-07-19 16:10:47 0 days 00:03:41 157842 0 [[ image : reaganwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] delivering a speech during the presentation of the " breakthrough " monuement at [[ westminster college , missouri | westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . ]] a small portion of the wall can be seen at [[ westminster college ]] in [[ fulton , missouri ]] . westminster
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 5 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in that , kids , was the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[
70719276 70719583 2006-08-20 06:10:41 0 days 00:03:00 157842 0 came to the wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall peckers woodpeckers ) . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[
93491328 93491435 2006-12-11 01:36:55 0 days 00:00:35 2420409 0 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . omg go america ! yay america ! = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . elitehax pwns omg go america ! = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
93491435 93493618 2006-12-11 01:48:55 0 days 00:12:00 935627 1 was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . omg go america ! yay america ! elitehax pwns omg go america ! " ( no one intends to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) was used . construction of 45 km ( 28 miles ) around the three western sectors began early on sunday [[ 13 august ]] , [[ 1961 ]] in east berlin . that morning the zonal boundary had been sealed by east german troops . the barrier was built by east german troops and workers , not directly involving the soviets . it was built slightly inside east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point ; if one stood next to the west berlin side of the barrier ( and later the wall ) , one was actually standing on east berlin soil . some streets running alongside the barrier were torn up to make them impassable to most vehicles , and a barbed - wire fence was erected , which was later built up into the full - scale wall . it physically divided the city and completely surrounded west berlin . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] and [[ combat groups of the working class | kda ]] soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , the whole length of the border between east and west germany was closed with chain - fences , walls , minefields , and other installations ( see [[ gdr border system ]] ) . = = = immediate effects = = = many families were split . many east berliners were cut off from their jobs and from chances for financial improvement ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticised the [[ united states ]] for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy _ in _ berlin . jpg | thumb | president john f . kennedy visiting the berlin wall on [[ june 26 ]] , [[ 1963 ]] ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] had acknowledged in a speech on [[ 25 july ]] , [[ 1961 ]] , that the united states could hope to defend only west berliners and west germans ; to attempt to stand up for east germans would result only in an embarrassing climbdown . accordingly , the administration made polite protests at length via the usual channels , but without fervour , even though it was a violation of the postwar four powers agreements , which gave the [[ united kingdom ]] , [[ france ]] and the [[ united states ]] a say over the administration of the whole of berlin . indeed , a few months after the barbed wire went up , the u . s . government informed the soviet government that it accepted the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus , this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families divided by the wall and the western view that the wall was a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin was widely seen as being the truth . = = = secondary response = = = it was clear both that west german morale needed more and that there was a serious potential threat to the viability of west berlin . if west berlin fell after all the efforts of the [[ berlin blockade # the berlin airlift | berlin airlift ]] , how could any of america ' s allies rely on her ? on the other hand , in the face of any serious soviet threat , an enclave like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who was deeply respected by berliners after commanding the american effort during the berlin airlift ( 1948 & ndash ; 49 ) , and was known to have a firm attitude towards the soviets , was sent to berlin with ambassadorial rank as kennedy ' s special advisor . he and vice president [[ lyndon b . johnson ]] arrived at [[ tempelhof international airport | tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday [[ 19 august ]] . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were pentatomic , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to be reinforced . early on [[ 19 august ]] , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted . on sunday morning , lead elements in a column of 491 vehicles and trailers carrying 1500 men divided into five march units and left the helmstedt - marienborn checkpoint at 06 : 34 . at marienborn , the soviet checkpoint next to [[ helmstedt ]] on the west german / east german border , u . s . personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 km ( ~ 100 miles ) long , and covered 177 km ( ~ 110 miles ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear , with vopos ( east german police ) watching from beside trees next to the autobahn all the way along . the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading through the streets of berlin to an adoring crowd . at 0400 on monday , [[ 21 august ]] , lyndon johnson left a visibly reassured west berlin in the hands of gen . frederick o . hartel and his brigade , now of 4224 officers and men . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin by [[ autobahn ]] to demonstrate allied rights . the creation of the wall had important implications for both germanies . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east german government was able to reassert its control over the country . however , the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as a whole . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors ( which were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the east , in an effort to stabilize the relationship of the two germaniess . {{ quotation | on august 13 , 1961 , berlin was cut in two by a concrete wall . the purpose of the wall : to hinder the people of socialist east germany from fleeing into the normal world . the wall was constantly perfected and strengthened , transformed from a normal wall into a system of impassable technical hindrances of traps , elaborate signals , concrete shooting cells , watchtowers , anti - tank tetrahedrons , “hedgehogs ” and self - firing guns , which killed the fugitives without the intervention of the border guards . < br > but the more work , ingenuity , money and steel the communists allocated to the further development of the wall , the clearer it became : human beings can be kept in a communist society only by impenetrable obstructions , barbed wire , dogs and by shooting in the back . the wall meant that the system which the communists had built attracted no - one . it repelled . | [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155 km ( 96 & nbsp ; miles ) long . in june [[ 1962 ]] , work started on a second parallel fence up to 91 meters ( 100 yards ) further in , with houses in between the fences torn down and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints left by escapees ; it offered no cover ; it was mined and booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 - 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 - 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 - 1989 ) [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 210px | left | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow . ]] the " fourth generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each 3 . 6 m ( 12 ft ) high and 1 . 2 m ( 4 ft ) wide , and cost 16 , 155 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] . < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult for escapers to scale it . it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and twenty [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and surviving fragments of wall in berlin and elsewhere around the world are generally pieces of the fourth - generation wall . = = official crossings and usage = = there were eight border crossings between east and west berlin , allowing visits by west berliners , west germans , western foreigners and
95268482 95295871 2006-12-19 12:34:11 0 days 04:55:36 111299 0 ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' wirtschaftswunder ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became
99731391 99737979 2007-01-10 10:20:29 0 days 01:13:09 0|130.194.13.105 0 " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall schutzwand " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus
100252017 100252090 2007-01-12 17:15:38 0 days 00:00:21 0|207.195.51.191 0 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall , and mandy enjoys skateing ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]]
100252090 100259657 2007-01-12 17:54:56 0 days 00:39:18 74123 0 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall , and mandy enjoys skateing ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]]
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 35 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . microsoft . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
36 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . dell . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 35 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . microsoft . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
36 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . dell . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
100940597 100941637 2007-01-15 20:29:28 0 days 00:04:57 2181758 7 some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[
100946186 100948158 2007-01-15 20:59:57 0 days 00:09:11 302522 9 some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more and more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[
103018378 103399344 2007-01-26 16:15:22 1 days 16:44:54 0|84.148.227.154 0 " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwand schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s defenses pointed inward to east german territory . thus
104915381 104916475 2007-02-01 20:26:17 0 days 00:05:07 911178 0 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , feb 1990 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
107139149 107277131 2007-02-11 08:21:44 0 days 12:37:43 0|24.240.209.178 0 parts of the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on
1 the wall away to reinstate old roads . photos and television footage of these events is sometimes mislabelled " dismantling of the wall " , even though it was " merely " the construction of new crossings . new border crossings continued to be opened through summer 1990 , including the most famous one at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] on [[ december
110118193 110118448 2007-02-22 18:31:19 0 days 00:01:09 0|66.160.72.205 0 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] fuck the world ! world sucks monkey ass fuck mj ! fuck u all bitches hos im yaw moma britney spears looks like shit so many people died over this stupid cause fuck this world up everyones stupid asses after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
12 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the
40 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = {{ german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 11 }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet
63 " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
12 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the
40 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = {{ german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 11 }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet
63 " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 11 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
12 ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or rapprochement with the
40 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming . " = = see also = = {{ german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 11 }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q defections ]] , which hurt the [[ eastern bloc | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet
54 " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan }} [[ image : berlin _ wall . jpg | thumb | the berlin wall circa 1961 . an east german soldier , dressed in full armor , is sneering at the west . ]] = = history = = the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was originally constructed in 230 [[ bce ]] by berlin citizens lead by [[ hadrian ]] whose architectural successes to that date were comprised of [[ stonehenge ]] and [[ hadrian ' s wall ]] . the monument was designed by hadrian " to show those [[ chinese ]] that they weren ' t the only ones who could build a kickass wall thing " , and thus to rouse the spirit and the patriotism in the german people . ( in fact the chinese ' s wall is 1000 times longer , and even if the whole of germarmy was built into a brick , it could only be 100 times shorter , when they discovered that , their morale dropped so much that it caused a depression over germany " however , due to the fact that the engineers were german , and therefore drunk , the wall only stood for a few hours until it collapsed , revealing
111393341 111404892 2007-02-27 20:29:24 0 days 00:50:05 0|205.126.63.15 0 and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or wikipedia rules ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
111404892 111404973 2007-02-27 20:29:45 0 days 00:00:21 1491617 0 and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or wikipedia rules ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
115708771 115802630 2007-03-17 15:36:20 0 days 12:35:58 0|91.64.129.222 12 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now " . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but interestingly did not demand the wall be removed . they wanted to reform east germany and did not want german unification at this time . the east german government decided to open the wall even though protestors had not demanded this , to take the initative away from the street protests which threatened their authority , privilieges and power . the move opened not only the wall but opened the way for west german capitalism to take over all of east germany , it ' s property , law and administration . this anschluss , annexaton led to widespread discontent in the following years which remains today . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
115803261 115804646 2007-03-17 15:49:40 0 days 00:09:19 54809 2 away at by a euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of the need for first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946
116026047 116085597 2007-03-18 20:20:52 0 days 04:56:00 0|24.31.221.104 0 were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with
1 to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face "
117508444 117516576 2007-03-24 13:39:46 0 days 00:58:39 302522 6 euphoric public and souvenir hunters over the next several weeks , it was later removed using industrial equipment and its so called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " the east german voters were convinced of
9 " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies which gained acendency in east germany towards the end of 1989 following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = =
117902707 117903581 2007-03-26 02:45:29 0 days 00:04:39 1804716 0 " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by november 4th 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people
1 start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face " and by november 4th 4 , 1989 the protestors had defeated the east german government , when a protest of around 1 million people gathered on alexander platz berlin . the people wanted freedom to travel but
122020287 122210458 2007-04-12 13:13:19 0 days 17:53:28 0|80.133.6.152 0 , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions and were also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1362 officers and men each . on [[ 16 august ]] , kennedy had given the order for them to
128044374 128044445 2007-05-03 20:32:59 0 days 00:00:15 0|69.125.136.170 0 slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee were wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often left escapees to bleed to death in the middle of this ground . the most notorious failed attempt was that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) who was shot and left to bleed to death in full view of the western media , on [[ august 17 ]] , [[ 1962 ]] . the last person to be shot dead while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on [[ february 6 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . cool = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : berlin - wall - dancing . jpg | thumb | 250px | germans dancing at the brandenburg gate
129408596 129408776 2007-05-09 01:56:37 0 days 00:00:50 0|68.96.76.118 0 roads at checkpoints . [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | 230px | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ]] " speech at the berlin wall in june of 1987 , in which he essentially called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the
132545593 132623467 2007-05-22 06:33:14 0 days 07:59:39 715870 4 . ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally
5 out all over east germany from september 1989 , initially they were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn
6 were of people wanting to leave to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a "
7 to the west chanting " wir wollen raus " we want to leave " , then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face ,
11 start of what east germans generally call the peaceful revolution of autumn 1989 . the protest demonstrations wanted to create a " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with 1 million people gathered that day on alexander platz in east berlin . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving
132997348 133070307 2007-05-24 01:07:06 0 days 05:44:33 129409 1 берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " & mdash ; was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin | east
17 weeks parts of the wall were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared of the berlin wall paved the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders "
19 ru | берли́нская стена́ }} ) , known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] and east germany ( the german democratic republic ) , which closed the border between [[ east berlin |
32 were chipped away by a euphoric public and by souvenir hunters ; it was later removed using industrial equipment . its so - called " fall " prepared the way for nationalist tendencies , which gained ascendancy in east germany towards the end of 1989 . following extravagant promises of " blooming landscapes " and " economic wonders " , the east german voters were convinced of the need for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _
133070307 133071645 2007-05-24 01:14:15 0 days 00:07:09 441020 1 берли́нская стена́ }} ) & mdash ; known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " & mdash ; was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] ,
4 стена́ }} ) & mdash ; known in the soviet union and in the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart " & mdash ; was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
133325186 133345721 2007-05-25 04:46:56 0 days 01:56:30 0|68.12.170.214 0 wall started , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one intends has the desire to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context
140266187 140281124 2007-06-24 10:43:15 0 days 02:20:57 67403 1 to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of autumn late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly ,
141314110 141829380 2007-07-01 16:54:00 2 days 13:25:31 0|128.146.194.54 0 , [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the desire intention to set up a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context
150878521 150879717 2007-08-13 02:33:45 0 days 00:08:34 400934 0 ' ' ) , known in the [[ soviet union ]] and in [[ german democratic republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] and east germany . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[
152245225 152314634 2007-08-19 20:45:47 0 days 06:50:35 0|82.83.182.53 0 ]] protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " , " we want to leave " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start
1 protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " , ( " we want to leave " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start of what
2 all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave out ! " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the
3 germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the "
4 to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we are staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create
5 to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are ' re staying here " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with
6 , chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here ! " . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human
7 chanting " wir wollen raus " , " we want to leave " . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , " we are staying here " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face
152816419 152946338 2007-08-22 16:19:53 0 days 15:11:30 1001318 6 ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy
159172135 159182654 2007-09-20 15:36:21 0 days 00:58:05 0|72.43.0.244 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
159182654 159184132 2007-09-20 15:44:15 0 days 00:07:54 3704376 1 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
160247787 160249046 2007-09-25 13:56:32 0 days 00:07:23 0|170.185.218.19 1 ]] [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | 251px | right | in the last phase of the wall ' s development , the " death strip " between fence josh and concrete wall gave guards a clear shot at hundreds of would - be escapees from the east . ]] [[ image : berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 78 fat distribution more in buttocks , hips and thighs more in abdomen body form development " hourglass " shape : 8 " triangular " shape : ▼ other breasts adam ' s apple and body hair the relationship between the various levels of biological sexual differentiation is fairly well understood . many of the biological levels are said to cause , or at least shape , the next level . for example , in most people , the presence of a y chromosome causes the gonads to become testes , which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male , which in turn lead parents to assign ' male ' as the sex of their child ( assigned sex ) , and raise the child as a boy ( gender of rearing ) . however , the degree
161222936 161422371 2007-09-30 23:55:11 0 days 22:54:53 12927 1 explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kkjhdfhowirhgwlqk ; ogill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref licence to kill " > when the east german government announced on [[ november 9 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , after several weeks of civil unrest , that entering west berlin
162097147 162236037 2007-10-04 13:31:03 0 days 16:27:02 0|209.174.242.3 3 mecca ]] for [[ graffiti ]] writers . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the there was no fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , although not in the location of the original wall
7 hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations
162236037 162236073 2007-10-04 13:31:19 0 days 00:00:16 301395 0 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
2 spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between [[ november 9 ]] and [[ december 23 ]] , east germans could travel " more freely " than westerners . the rise technically the wall remained guarded for some time after [[ november 9 ]] , though at a decreasing intensity . in the first months , the east german military even tried to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in [[ bernauer straße ]] . on [[ july 1 ]] , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . the dismantling continued to be carried out by military units ( after unification under the [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . the fall of the wall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations
163097473 163098190 2007-10-08 14:37:50 0 days 00:03:43 0|216.237.254.146 0 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist t protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
163102843 163105476 2007-10-08 15:13:04 0 days 00:12:54 5173527 0 the wall as " a fact of international life " and would not challenge it by force . the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - t fascist protection barrier " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west , despite the fact that all of the wall ' s
166163043 166165378 2007-10-21 23:47:46 0 days 00:12:04 605084 13 as a symbol for the end of the cold war , made the " west " available in the middle of the " east " , resulting in widespread chaos . later - much later - normality took hold again . later , the bickering started , and later , there was talk of a " jpg | left | thumb | the wall in the heads " . but during the november of 1989 , almost everyone was overwhelmed by happiness - a national and emotional exception . the 9th of november was
171821331 172171928 2007-11-17 23:24:03 1 days 19:23:21 0|81.108.225.22 1 . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east
173701470 173772237 2007-11-25 23:18:10 0 days 06:31:15 1623389 0 . featured here is an image of [[ leonid brezhnev ]] and [[ erich honecker ]] kissing . the words at the top read " god ! help me stay alive . " and continue at the bottom " among this deadly love " ]] = = = museum = = = fifteen years after the fall , a private museum rebuilt a 200 - metre ( 656 ft ) section close to [[
178433680 178872694 2007-12-19 03:34:38 2 days 00:13:36 0|67.188.74.176 18 east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east south germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just
178873340 178873918 2007-12-19 03:42:19 0 days 00:03:39 2537811 18 south berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the south east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just
179945723 180066130 2007-12-25 04:54:08 0 days 16:26:23 2109376 0 started , ulbricht stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to set up erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . [[ august
181089537 181089717 2007-12-31 00:26:11 0 days 00:01:09 0|208.104.149.90 1 the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . < font size = 300 > he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash
2 of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised < / font > the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and
186557391 186557501 2008-01-24 09:18:52 0 days 00:01:09 686868 0 it was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir ]] beds " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : /
1 was reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ fakir beds ]] beds " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / /
2 reinforced by mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ fakir ]] beds " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www .
188831750 189293337 2008-02-05 17:22:49 2 days 00:13:36 0|190.40.211.238 11 the sections of the [[ east side gallery ]] , reading : " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] west side graffiti ; " ' ' no more wars . no more walls . a united world . ' ' " ]] on [[ august 23 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , communist [[ hungary
22 the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin ]] z - 42m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east
25 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : dismantling the berlin wall . jpg | left | thumb | the wall being dismantled at the brandenburg gate , [[ february 17 ]] [[ 1990 ]] ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer
193649835 193676891 2008-02-24 10:56:14 0 days 04:43:03 0|213.73.68.136 0 would come into effect , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , right now without delay " . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin .
193676891 193677464 2008-02-24 11:01:43 0 days 00:05:29 686868 0 , he assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . afer further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . tens of thousands of east berliners heard schabowski ' s statement live on east german television and flooded the checkpoints in the wall demanding entry into west berlin . the surprised
195693839 195694787 2008-03-04 01:07:08 0 days 00:04:52 5962378 0 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]] on december 21 , 1989 ]] the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in symbolic locations ( [[ potsdamer platz
195868891 195985747 2008-03-05 06:33:28 0 days 10:24:59 0|24.80.100.146 2 system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin khrushchev agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and
195985747 195987434 2008-03-05 06:49:11 0 days 00:15:43 3622922 2 system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . khrushchev stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defences , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and
197073715 197075558 2008-03-09 20:51:04 0 days 00:08:24 0|98.17.134.249 21 germany ) . in 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy
22 , [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . in west germany , dismay that the western powers had done nothing to prevent the wall ' s creation led directly to the policy of [[ ostpolitik ]] or
198362532 198983944 2008-03-17 23:54:50 2 days 17:32:57 0|76.205.75.132 20 unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht elsich , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' '
21 of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine neine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer '
22 | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall
198983944 198984976 2008-03-17 23:59:41 0 days 00:04:51 911178 18 unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich absicht , neine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' '
19 of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine eine mauer ich iterich ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer '
20 | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staitsrat ]] chairman [[ walter elbe ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niende hat die elsich , neine mauer ich iterich zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 11 start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " , and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{
12 generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ , 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }}
92 was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin
93 what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] , " and by [[ november 4 ]] [[ 1989 ]] , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date
233803434 233812027 2008-08-23 22:06:46 0 days 00:53:38 0|90.196.115.40 0 , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . the protestors wanted to create " [[ socialism with a human face ]] " , and by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date =
237420572 237421084 2008-09-10 02:42:59 0 days 00:04:00 7823265 5 republic of germany ) , developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . continual economic growth starting in then micheal jackson goes there and gets all the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " ( ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' ) . across the inner - german border
239453915 239456329 2008-09-19 03:25:00 0 days 00:12:32 736477 19 [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention to erect of erecting a wall ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 44 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted .
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 44 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with five battle groups instead of the old three regiments with three battalions , and also equipped with [[ tactical nuclear weapon ]] s ) , with 1 , 362 officers and men each . on august 16 , kennedy had given the order for them appearance in the band [[ weezer ]] ' s music video for " [[ keep fishin ' ]] . = = the muppets on youtube = = a number of youtube videos to be reinforced . early on august 19 , the 1st battle group , 18th infantry ( commanded by col . glover s . johns jr . ) was alerted .
248089272 248095035 2008-10-28 00:19:45 0 days 00:29:50 0|98.15.190.110 0 reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en teheheh . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall .
7 and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete
9 ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com
255064232 255192882 2008-12-01 12:37:17 0 days 15:07:28 0|195.192.242.6 0 introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr ddr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
256070488 256154730 2008-12-06 01:40:12 0 days 08:28:17 0|68.164.228.214 16 and their inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it the no man ' s land was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly ,
17 inhabitants relocated . a [[ no man ' s land ]] was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved covered with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered
258713483 258713491 2008-12-18 03:12:34 0 days 00:00:07 0|24.215.119.11 0 introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the ddr gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between
264171111 264173997 2009-01-15 02:17:34 0 days 00:17:04 0|67.184.63.75 0 [[ ronald reagan ]] gave a famous speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , at which he challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall ]] . " . = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte berliner mauer en . jpg | thumb | position and course of the berlin wall and its border
267776477 267777243 2009-02-01 05:59:00 0 days 00:06:41 214542 7 protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " )
8 of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution "
9 to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989
268125931 268285347 2009-02-03 17:38:20 0 days 19:03:47 0|194.46.231.203 11 system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west
271135545 271232481 2009-02-17 00:15:38 0 days 08:10:12 0|134.53.244.52 0 to repair some of the damages done by the " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorised unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july
271675098 271760872 2009-02-19 05:58:15 0 days 07:35:30 9021500 3 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the largest portion of the wall was detroyed by ronald reagan personally of course . he used a combination of a sledgehammer and his bare hands to destroy the wall . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]]
271760872 271761880 2009-02-19 06:05:55 0 days 00:07:40 5177550 3 wall with sledgehammers in order to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the largest portion of the wall was detroyed by ronald reagan personally of course . he used a combination of a sledgehammer and his bare hands to destroy the wall . [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]]
272467225 272476022 2009-02-22 11:42:29 0 days 01:00:09 0|93.132.133.36 0 . com classical music catalogue }} this is the publisher ' s catalogue entry for a dvd of bernstein ' s christmas 1989 " ode to freedom " concert . david hasslehoff hasselhoff sang during the fall of the berlin wall < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album
274981620 274982026 2009-03-04 18:59:42 0 days 00:02:01 3505251 1 director of the [[ checkpoint charlie museum ]] and widow of the museum ' s founder , estimated the death toll to be well above 200 < ref name = " goethe - institut chronik " / > , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths .
275499407 275903809 2009-03-08 22:29:08 1 days 22:58:47 9166621 6 staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . on saturday ,
8 broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this
277225474 277225706 2009-03-14 18:15:07 0 days 00:01:20 6984319 0 immigrants emigrated from soviet - occupied eastern european countries to the west in the five years immediately following [[ world war ii ]] . < ref name = " bocker207 " > {{ harvnb | böcker | 1998 | p = 207 }} < / ref > taking advantage of this route , the number of eastern europeans applying for political asylum in west germany was 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951
277225789 277226111 2009-03-14 18:17:29 0 days 00:01:54 6984319 0 197 , 000 in 1950 , 165 , 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 , < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further sovietization with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953
279717613 279717789 2009-03-26 01:54:23 0 days 00:01:16 6984319 0 | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on june 12 , 1987 . while commemorating the
281352956 281436189 2009-04-03 03:59:52 0 days 08:04:14 0|71.163.159.52 0 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} an seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the
283243810 283473619 2009-04-13 01:32:12 1 days 04:25:52 9442341 0 fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www .
289227657 289234167 2009-05-11 11:21:40 0 days 01:02:52 0|189.13.118.213 0 the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbachev gorbacheves , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald
289234167 289234263 2009-05-11 11:22:42 0 days 00:01:02 0|189.13.118.213 0 - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves , tear down this wall ! walleroul ? " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the
289234383 289234676 2009-05-11 11:27:00 0 days 00:03:10 1099776 0 the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves gorbachev , tear down this walleroul ? " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald
1 - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = " mr . gorbacheves , tear down this walleroul ? wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the
289779598 289779731 2009-05-14 00:10:13 0 days 00:00:53 1233313 1 ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ' ' ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany
6 ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west
7 ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by
298939014 299164112 2009-06-28 18:53:11 1 days 04:52:17 0|67.81.121.251 0 out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people
1 " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) .
2 , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin , 07 ) . meanwhile
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 1 population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals - - — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated
303769446 303808186 2009-07-23 20:46:49 0 days 03:35:51 7382148 0 ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref name = " unknown 2009 "
1 protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester , carolyn schneider , would often rally for the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite
304813427 304813680 2009-07-29 04:30:02 0 days 00:01:55 6984319 0 kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " / > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb | wettig | 2008 | p = 96 }} < / > in 1948 , following disagreements regarding reconstruction and a new german currency , stalin instituted the [[ berlin blockade ]] , preventing food , materials and supplies from arriving
306392630 306465427 2009-08-06 20:16:27 0 days 07:30:09 0|84.153.80.33 0 berlin wall was officially referred to by the gdr authorities as the " [[ anti - fascism | anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifascistischer antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) , expressing their view that the western countries were fascist . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen - 1945 1946 . svg | thumb
306465427 306538732 2009-08-07 04:34:49 0 days 08:18:22 6984319 14 the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 bbcsept2007 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified .
15 is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " , they said . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to
306540519 306559902 2009-08-07 07:54:37 0 days 03:03:33 6984319 0 when the border is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " / > early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . to solve
308887262 309060395 2009-08-20 13:05:07 0 days 22:19:29 6971250 0 out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . little known protester carolyn schneider would often rally for this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " > {{ cite web | url
315256133 315256267 2009-09-21 08:20:13 0 days 00:01:25 204692 0 fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds of nails ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref >
1 mesh [[ fence | fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref
2 fencing ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " ( bed of nails ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www .
315739555 315894927 2009-09-24 11:55:12 0 days 18:59:52 407237 129 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on [[ june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the
172 [[ ode to joy ]] ' ' ) with the word " joy " ' ' ( freude ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( freiheit ) ' ' in the text sung . the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union ,
317824549 317979368 2009-10-05 04:18:29 0 days 16:16:48 1938651 1 tempelhof airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade | allied brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic
2 airport ]] on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " s - one each from the uk , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " (
8 on the afternoon of saturday august 19 , 1961 . they arrived in a city defended by what would soon be known as the " [[ berlin brigade ]] " , which then consisted of the 2nd and 3rd battle groups of the 6th infantry , with company f , 40th armor . the battle groups were " pentatomic " ( a flatter command structure with
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 6 unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first
7 | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' mauer ' ' ( wall )
29 . bloomsbury 2006 < / ref > the east german government claimed that the wall was an " anti - fascist protective rampart " ( ' ' " antifaschistischer schutzwall " }} ' ' ) intended to dissuade aggression from the west . < ref > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20080409133940 / http :
37 www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published
46 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " {{ lang | de | stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 <
47 grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 }} " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http :
71 broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " ' ' wir wollen raus ! ' ' " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " ' ' wir bleiben hier ' ' " , ( " we ' re staying
324244003 324251250 2009-11-06 10:06:43 0 days 01:14:30 5184939 0 mitchell ]] , [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate
1 [[ marianne faithfull ]] , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years there has been repeatedly a controversial debate < ref >
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 1 east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death landing strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
324762845 324762884 2009-11-09 02:09:39 0 days 00:00:15 4928500 0 east germany , including [[ east berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " landing death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
324866697 324867570 2009-11-09 17:10:05 0 days 00:06:11 0|139.91.185.41 0 < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by
1 ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole | loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 22 ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " [[ loophole | loophole ]] " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left
324962097 324962711 2009-11-10 01:50:50 0 days 00:03:42 1723027 4 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall takes took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks are being sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where
325364899 325364978 2009-11-12 02:25:22 0 days 00:00:38 10122993 6 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . roger jr . is the son of roger , a bioengineered kangaroo created by doctor boskonovitch . an important thing to note , is that while the character is called armor king the taurents in
328175183 328177656 2009-11-27 08:30:15 0 days 00:25:23 6971250 0 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which with dignitaries from around the world in attendance for an evening celebration around the brandenburg gate . a high point was when over 1 , 000 foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name =
1 = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a " festival of freedom " , during which over 1 , 000 1000 colorfully designed foam domino tiles over 8 feet tall were stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 "
330331803 330332083 2009-12-07 22:51:06 0 days 00:01:15 17447 6 a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . and , i love you . i hope you know that . ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! : p an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany
334210024 335311417 2010-01-01 17:48:40 5 days 12:24:02 11334648 0 to the wall with sledgehammers to chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . [[ image : berlin _ fallofwall _ emerson . jpg | thumb | left | an east german guard talks to a westerner through a broken seam in the wall . late november 1989 . ]] [[ image : crane removed part of wall brandenburg gate . jpg | thumb | left | a crane removing a section of the berlin wall near [[ brandenburg gate ]]
337289302 337289445 2010-01-12 00:31:22 0 days 00:00:53 0|24.115.149.159 0 along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and nailsand other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the igb ) demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came
343774672 343774990 2010-02-13 17:54:17 0 days 00:01:24 5326371 2 population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — : engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated
343782709 343784334 2010-02-13 18:45:26 0 days 00:09:56 5326371 4 hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 . [[ nobel prize | nobel ]] laureate [[ elie wiesel ]] critiqued criticized the euphoria , noting that " they forgot that nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = "
343784334 343784856 2010-02-13 18:48:35 0 days 00:03:09 5326371 0 / 2193355 / story . html < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall . the campaign was focused on promoting awareness of the fall of the berlin wall among current college students
5 | publisher = embassy of the federal republic of germany , washington , dc }} < / ref > an international project called " mauerreise " – journey of the wall ) took place in various countries . twenty symbolic wall bricks were sent from berlin starting in may 2009 . their destination : korea , cyprus , yemen and other places where
7 tokio hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . [[ palestinians in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of
8 hotel perform songs dedicated to , and about the berlin wall . u2 performed at the brandenburg gate , and tokio hotel performed " world behind my wall " . palestinians ]] in the town of [[ kalandia ]] , west bank pulled down parts of the [[ israeli west bank barrier ]] , in a demonstration marking the 20th anniversary of the
345793921 346182156 2010-02-24 22:58:36 1 days 20:34:57 0|202.134.38.186 0 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , lick my balls which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{
346183678 346183823 2010-02-24 23:08:22 0 days 00:00:47 262550 2 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , lick my balls which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{
347116998 347117220 2010-03-01 16:51:57 0 days 00:01:11 0|206.80.29.75 0 , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom love ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there
1 rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate <
347118696 347133221 2010-03-01 18:21:46 0 days 01:20:59 0|65.204.21.235 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this stinks the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
347133221 347136856 2010-03-01 18:40:55 0 days 00:19:09 5177550 5 , [[ levon helm ]] , [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ don ' t hassle the hoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for love freedom ( song ) | looking for love ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . over the years , there
9 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this stinks the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historicly significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
351202892 351385193 2010-03-22 16:39:56 0 days 21:58:42 0|86.44.110.46 0 berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo is brown anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the
351385193 351387034 2010-03-22 16:50:55 0 days 00:10:59 0|90.146.54.214 0 berlin ]] . the wall included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained pooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo is brown anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( the
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 66 german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . < ref > " conrad schumann , 56 , symbol of e . berlin escapes " ; [ north sports final edition ] associated press . ' ' chicago tribune ' ' , chicago , ill . : jun 23 , 1998 . pg . 8 < / ref
356774242 356873882 2010-04-18 22:59:22 0 days 10:36:32 0|68.98.156.176 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . penis the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
356873882 356874702 2010-04-18 23:04:35 0 days 00:05:13 134937 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . penis the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357055327 357189867 2010-04-20 12:21:14 0 days 16:23:35 0|98.140.186.218 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this is where the plastic spoon was used and invented to take the wall down by galileo . this . . . is . . . sparta ! ! ! ! ! ! the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357189867 357189889 2010-04-20 12:21:26 0 days 00:00:12 4928500 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . this is where the plastic spoon was used and invented to take the wall down by galileo . this . . . is . . . sparta ! ! ! ! ! ! the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
357496729 357497351 2010-04-21 22:36:29 0 days 00:03:11 0|71.111.55.161 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was sad for people to think adout . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
358499716 358561588 2010-04-27 02:56:21 0 days 05:24:16 67403 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . the berlin wall was often found to be sad for people to think about . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
362093204 362093344 2010-05-14 13:55:43 0 days 00:00:54 0|208.108.154.247 0 ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . ' ' ' mariah justice is awesome and dont use wikipedia : p because its unreliable . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall
365309225 365326929 2010-06-01 00:18:26 0 days 01:44:39 0|96.243.58.175 0 building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death zombie strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
365326929 365327115 2010-06-01 00:19:28 0 days 00:01:02 7167267 0 building a [[ communism | socialist state ]] . the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " zombie death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the separate and much longer [[ inner
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 4 . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _ alt = | map _ caption = | altitude = | building _ type = | architectural _ style = | structural _ system = | cost = | ren _ cost = | client = | owner = | current _ tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location _ town = | location _ country = | iso _ region = | coordinates _ display = | latitude = | longitude = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latns = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longew = | coordinates = | start _ date = | completion _ date = | inauguration _ date = | renovation _ date = | demolition _ date = | destruction _ date = | height = | diameter = | antenna _ spire = | roof = | top _ floor = | other _ dimensions = | floor _ count = | floor _ area = | seating _ type = | seating _ capacity = | elevator _ count = | main _ contractor = | architect = | architecture _ firm = | structural _ engineer = | services _ engineer = | civil _ engineer = | other _ designers = | quantity _ surveyor = | awards = | ren _ architect = | ren _ firm = | ren _ str _ engineer = | ren _ serv _ engineer = | ren _ civ _ engineer = | ren _ oth _ designers = | ren _ qty _ surveyor = | ren _ awards = | url = | references = }} view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 3 jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _
9 jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " | map _ type = germany | map _ alt = | map _ caption = | altitude = | building _ type = | architectural _ style = | structural _ system = | cost = | ren _ cost = | client = | owner = | current _ tenants = | landlord = | location = | address = | location _ town = | location _ country = | iso _ region = | coordinates _ display = | latitude = | longitude = | latd = | latm = | lats = | latns = | longd = | longm = | longs = | longew = | coordinates = | start _ date = | completion _ date = | inauguration _ date = | renovation _ date = | demolition _ date = | destruction _ date = | height = | diameter = | antenna _ spire = | roof = | top _ floor = | other _ dimensions = | floor _ count = | floor _ area = | seating _ type = | seating _ capacity = | elevator _ count = | main _ contractor = | architect = | architecture _ firm = | structural _ engineer = | services _ engineer = | civil _ engineer = | other _ designers = | quantity _ surveyor = | awards = | ren _ architect = | ren _ firm = | ren _ str _ engineer = | ren _ serv _ engineer = | ren _ civ _ engineer = | ren _ oth _ designers = | ren _ qty _ surveyor = | ren _ awards = | url = | references = }} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ wrapper }} |
386987387 387039407 2010-09-26 01:09:06 0 days 05:47:45 2991287 5 berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel ( nbc documentary ) | the tunnel ]] ' ' , a nbc news special documentary film broadcast in december 1962 . * * " the boy and the wall " spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com /
390478077 391228576 2010-10-17 12:46:44 4 days 01:24:36 9021902 8 musem | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany }} < / ref > a sheet of " americans in berlin " commemorative [[ cinderella stamp | cinderella stamps ]] designed by t . h . e . hill , the author of [[ voices under berlin : the tale of a monterey mary ( novel ) | voices under
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 49 " wall peckers " . gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . on 13 june 13 , 1990 , the official dismantling of the wall by the east german military began in bernauer straße . on july 1 , the day east germany adopted the
394024649 394469996 2010-11-02 22:52:29 2 days 03:33:52 0|74.178.248.60 0 circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and an other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to
394471250 394472308 2010-11-02 23:05:44 0 days 00:05:49 0|81.100.247.213 0 circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " an and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to protect its population from [[ fascism | fascist ]] elements conspiring to
400152873 400183850 2010-12-02 20:01:38 0 days 02:55:53 0|207.177.214.199 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev kuzmanov , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 :
400183850 400217192 2010-12-02 23:10:07 0 days 03:08:29 3308922 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov gorbachev , put the wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987
1 > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the tear down this wall back up ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “ [[
401092919 401119605 2010-12-07 20:50:11 0 days 02:30:09 0|216.125.121.3 0 ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle trenches pornstars and big juicy fucking man cock , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to
401119605 401119682 2010-12-07 20:50:36 0 days 00:00:25 118722 0 ' ' , oct . 2006 . < / ref > which circumscribed a wide area ( later known as the " death strip " ) that contained anti - vehicle pornstars and big juicy fucking man cock trenches , " [[ bed of nails | fakir beds ]] " and other defenses . the soviet - dominated [[ eastern bloc ]] officially claimed that the wall was erected to
401679143 401702145 2010-12-11 00:44:02 0 days 02:56:40 0|75.3.1.224 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev kuzmanov , tear down this wall ! " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 :
401702145 401710678 2010-12-11 01:55:35 0 days 01:11:33 5177550 0 / ref > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov gorbachev , put the wall back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june
1 > the last person to be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . kuzmanov , put the tear down this wall back up - sn0w " = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : “
402925112 403281588 2010-12-20 02:39:01 2 days 04:29:08 0|76.202.218.83 1 drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " [[ brain drain ]] " feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union
409986742 409988007 2011-01-25 16:13:41 0 days 00:07:17 8542716 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . one of them was the german artist [[ horst walter ]] who later founded the first mauerspecht - museum in berlin . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
409990269 409992456 2011-01-25 16:40:55 0 days 00:13:44 6971250 0 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . one of them was the german artist [[ horst walter ]] who later founded the first mauerspecht - museum in berlin . the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
427751982 427752945 2011-05-06 14:34:35 0 days 00:06:33 7611264 0 ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , protesters were
428575817 428576147 2011-05-11 12:54:42 0 days 00:02:47 10714345 1 . tagesspiegel . de / berlin / die - mauer - als - muse / 821970 . html " die mauer als muse " ] der tagespiegel on 13 march 2007 ] ( in german ) , starting with " die mauer fiel am 18 . juni 1982 " ( the wall fell on june 18th 1982 ) < / ref > [[
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 2 {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 78 german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection |
79 ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc emigration
439163215 439164131 2011-07-12 22:17:43 0 days 00:06:00 42558 3 ) | tagesschau ]] ' ' ; this of course meant that the news was broadcast to nearly all of east germany as well . a moderator stated : " this ninth of november is a historic day . " " east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . " < ref name = " schabowski "
441085492 441951679 2011-07-28 22:57:23 4 days 23:08:48 85872 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not
443420038 444182652 2011-08-11 02:29:24 4 days 03:33:03 292168 0 inner german border ]] ( igb ) that demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] , both borders came to symbolize the " [[ iron curtain ]] " between that separated western europe and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . before the wall ' s erection , 3 . 5 & nbsp ; million east germans circumvented [[ eastern bloc emigration and
448907770 449034599 2011-09-08 00:59:47 0 days 16:00:02 10996774 1 replied , " as far as i know effective immediately , without delay " . < ref name = revolution1989 > {{ cite book | last name = sebetsyen | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | year = 2009
505389806 505558329 2012-08-03 10:30:56 1 days 02:39:43 339081 5 berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album [[ innocent eyes ( graham nash album ) | innocent eyes ]] atop the wall . over the years , there has been a repeated controversial debate < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / debatte .
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 0 = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen . ogv | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at
5 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | left | [[ ronald reagan ]] at the berlin wall , june 1987 : " [[ tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] {{ listen | filename = reagan brandenburg gate speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' |
519776360 522222611 2012-11-09 19:33:25 15 days 04:00:08 1723027 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the ' ' ' " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had
3 {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much
522222611 522225975 2012-11-09 19:57:24 0 days 00:23:59 10289486 0 | emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the ' ' ' " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west
3 | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the ' ' ' " [[ wall of shame ]] " ' ' ' — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 4 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 4 chip off souvenirs , demolishing lengthy parts of it in the process and creating several unofficial border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically significant locations ( [[ potsdamer
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 10 _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 .
576982734 577123748 2013-10-14 12:18:32 0 days 23:38:46 6971250 0 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' czech hedgehog ]] s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of
1 file : berlin wall death strip , 1977 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1977 . ]] [[ file : exterior of east berlin neue zeit newspaper , with berlin wall in foreground .
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 60 an entire generation . they hoped by letting in springsteen they could improve their sentiment among east germans . this strategy of " one step backwards , two steps forwards " however backfired and the concert only made east germans hungrier for more of the freedoms that springsteen epitomized . while john f . kennedy or ronald reagan delivered their famous speeches from
578192175 580038585 2013-11-03 18:43:22 12 days 17:52:13 6976187 0 emigration and defection ]] that marked germany and the communist eastern bloc during the post - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " ' ' ' [[ anti - fascist ]] protection rampart " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 14 press archive | publisher = galerie son }} < / ref > * video games related to the berlin wall * * the " first strike " downloadable content pack for 2010 ' s 2010s ' ' [[ call of duty : black ops ]] ' ' includes a multiplayer map that takes place at the berlin wall ( " berlin wall " ) = =
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 7 / web / 20060219134229 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection }} jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / www . berlin1969 . com / " berlin 1969 " includes links to other sources . ]
613835077 615294848 2014-07-02 13:43:53 10 days 19:48:20 7669583 2 [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " while [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time
9 [[ rick danko ]] and [[ van morrison ]] . [[ david hasselhoff ]] performed his song " [[ looking for freedom ( song ) | looking for freedom ]] " , which was very popular in germany at that time , standing on the berlin wall . [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] performed the song " chippin ' away " from [[ graham nash ]] ' s 1986 solo album
677791285 677815158 2015-08-25 18:08:38 0 days 03:07:32 21327803 0 ) ' ' changed to " freedom " ' ' ( {{ lang | de | freiheit }} ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] had may have originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref >
738198431 738865701 2016-09-11 14:47:01 4 days 00:24:17 19921271 1 we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier " }} ' ' , ( " we ' re are staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution ]] " of late
2 after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the same day based on the wording of the note and replied , " as far as i know effective , it takes effect immediately , without delay " . < ref name = " revolution1989 " / > after further questions from journalists , he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings through
5 all of east germany as well . later that night , on ard ' s ' ' [[ tagesthemen ]] ' ' , anchorman hans joachim friedrichs proclaimed , " this 9 november is a historic day . east germany has announced that , starting immediately , its borders are open to everyone . the gdr is opening its borders . . . the
748537843 749015840 2016-11-11 20:35:53 3 days 01:40:07 29558057 0 ]] , signal fencing , anti - vehicle trenches , [[ barbed wire ]] , dogs on long lines , " [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " ( also known as " stalin ' s carpet " ) under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > {{ cite web | author = popiolek
750685196 751172499 2016-11-23 20:57:46 2 days 13:48:33 8430773 0 ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant ' ' {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ' ' , ( " we are staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " [[ peaceful revolution ( german ) | peaceful revolution
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 15 ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ in 1989 , a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer
29 = medic }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]]
30 ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] — while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]]
32 ranging from 136 < ref name = " chronik " / > to more than 200 < ref name = " contemporary research " / > in and around berlin . in 1989 , [[ revolutions of 1989 | a series of radical political changes ]] occurred in the [[ eastern bloc ]] , associated with the [[ glasnost | liberalization ]] of
825795679 825799159 2018-02-15 14:02:55 0 days 00:30:54 5946478 3 popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 " < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . = = background
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 0 - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = , micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : /
1 such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = ( 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law
825837597 825877017 2018-02-15 23:14:11 0 days 04:37:00 2003421 6 ) ' ' in the lyrics sung . the poet [[ schiller ]] may have originally written " freedom " and changed it to " joy " out of fear . < ref > [[ ode to joy # the poem ]] < / ref > the orchestra and choir were drawn from both east and west germany , as well as the united kingdom , france , the soviet union , and the united states .
830738474 831699815 2018-03-21 20:50:43 5 days 03:41:22 28766260 1 in germany ]] . ) = = = brain drain = = = the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " ]] feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union |
836226216 836314607 2018-04-14 00:16:04 0 days 11:04:56 10289486 1 september 1989 . initially , protesters were mostly people wanting to leave to the west , chanting {{ lang | de | ' ' " wir wollen raus ! " }} ' ' ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant {{ lang | de | " wir bleiben hier ! " }} ( " we are staying
838878947 838879438 2018-04-29 21:40:04 0 days 00:04:19 764861 1 > contrary to popular belief , the wall ' s actual demolition did not begin officially until the summer of 1990 and continued until 1992 . < ref name = " chicago tribune 1 cnn . com " / > the " fall of the berlin wall " paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which formally took place on 3 october 1990 . < ref
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6686417 6698144 2004-10-18 23:16:04 17 days 09:54:52 0|216.104.211.5 0 west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germans were again cut off from west germany by the berlin wall . [ http : / / www . reuters msnbc . msn . com / newsarticle . jhtml ? type = worldnews & storyid = 6181106 ] = = see also = = * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate
22164068 22624244 2005-09-05 14:57:51 6 days 05:44:26 0|213.86.60.3 2 http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . geocities . com / isanders _ 2000 / berlin photos 1989 - 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german )
29161539 29803715 2005-12-01 13:57:51 6 days 16:23:48 0|203.145.155.11 0 . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . dieberlinermauer historicphotos . de / berlinwallhome / berlinwallhome . html berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall
29803715 29803808 2005-12-01 13:59:20 0 days 00:01:29 49943 0 . [[ new york city ]] : [[ simon and schuster ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . = = external links = = * [ http : / / www . historicphotos dieberlinermauer . blogspot . com berlin wall - pictures photographs ] * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org
40944082 40945287 2006-02-24 01:11:25 0 days 00:08:50 304316 1 and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in [[ 1975 ]] [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm ] < / ref > and completed about [[ 1980 ]] [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm ] , it was constructed from 45
11 claim either 192 or 239 people were killed trying to cross [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm ] [ < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html ] and many more injured . early successful escapes involved people jumping
14 2004 and demolished in july 2005 . [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ins / gb / prj / scs / txt / en205918 . htm ] [ < / ref > < ref > http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm ] [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg
40945287 40946332 2006-02-24 01:18:54 0 days 00:07:29 304316 1 en205918 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the wall is on display outside the eu
41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 4 publishyear = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | date accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ image : brussels eu berlin wall . jpeg | thumb | 200px | right | a portion of the
7 | publisher = msnbc | publishyear = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | date accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > many german public figures have called these numbers " alarming " . = = see also = = * [[
51999522 51999602 2006-05-07 16:44:48 0 days 00:00:41 223113 26 _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . early successful escapes
64681432 64682237 2006-07-19 16:07:06 0 days 00:04:50 157842 8 personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp , http : / / www . westminster - mo . edu / cm / history / dedication . asp dedication of the berlin wall at westminster college ] {{ cold war
71923367 72819207 2006-08-30 13:54:56 4 days 12:17:24 0|84.136.71.53 0 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities stadtpanoramen . net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer .
1 http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . panorama - cities . net de / en / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org .
72842365 72875166 2006-08-30 19:28:45 0 days 03:05:33 63530 0 1999 ] * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . stadtpanoramen panorama - cities . de / en / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt .
1 * [ http : / / www . berlin - wall . net / berlin wall photos and stories 1989 ] * [ http : / / www . stadtpanoramen . de / en net / berlin / berlin _ wall . html berlin wall ] panorama of the east side gallery * [ http : / / www . dewitt . photographer . org .
78108348 78344366 2006-09-28 18:20:18 1 days 03:42:11 2160191 0 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside
1 cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech }} * {{ cite book | first = peter | last = wyden | title = wall : the inside story
81768193 81768427 2006-10-16 11:36:46 0 days 00:02:33 686868 0 like west berlin could not be defended except with nuclear weapons < ref > http : / / www . gwu . edu / ~ nsarchiv / nsaebb / nsaebb56 / index2 . html < / ref > . as such , it was vitally important for the americans to show the soviets that they could push their luck no further . accordingly , general
85493361 85506823 2006-11-03 17:45:12 0 days 01:14:30 0|84.177.194.94 4 [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ]
5 year = 1992 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum .
6 [ http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / www . wall - berlin . org ] * [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de /
122566024 123036914 2007-04-15 18:34:05 1 days 22:58:35 0|69.81.140.251 0 = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary addictinggames . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech
1 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org com / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} *
2 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 rainbowsphere . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title
129352059 129352259 2007-05-08 21:21:34 0 days 00:00:51 0|71.220.96.241 1 war ]] . < p > < img src = " http : / / upload . wikimedia . org / wikipedia / en / f / f1 / tiger _ mountain 0104 . jpg " border = " 0 " / > < / p > < div style = " width : 150px ; height : 24px ; background - color :
132910594 132997348 2007-05-23 19:22:33 0 days 07:30:33 869278 0 = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames jfklibrary . com / rainbowsphere . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean ,
1 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com org / rainbowsphere . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]]
2 {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . addictinggames . com / rainbowsphere historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . html | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 28 republic | east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview hs / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }}
29 east germany ]] as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and
32 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw category / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245
33 killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article steroids / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had
35 that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news www . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august
36 been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 science / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents
37 trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi humanbody / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that
40 < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] regime gave explicit orders to shoot to kill attempted defectors , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ shtml http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[
41 , including children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news www . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august
42 children . the east german government had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc sciencedaily . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 <
44 had always denied having such a policy . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 releases / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 < / ref > when the east
60 | year = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www en . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961
61 = 1980 }} * {{ cite web | author = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy , john f . ]] | url = http : / / www . jfklibrary wikipedia . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = [[ july 25 ]] [[ 1961 ]] speech
76 as the " anti - fascist protective rampart , " < ref > [ http : / / www . hoover . org / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] , the wall divided [[ east berlin | east ]] and [[ west berlin ]] for 28 years , from the day construction began on [[ august 13 ]] [[ 1961 ]] until it was dismantled in 1989 . during this period 125 people were killed trying to escape to the west , according to official figures . < ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however
77 ref > [ http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[
160494929 160494968 2007-09-26 16:22:30 0 days 00:00:09 4928500 34 edu / itc / hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that at least 1 , 245 people had been killed trying to flee east germany . < ref name = " licence to kill " > [ http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily .
35 hs / pubhealth / modules / reproductivehealth / anatomy . html http : / / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www news . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007
39 / www . humanhormones . com / category / steroids / androgens / http : / / www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone 6943093 . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex
45 www . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / hi / europe / 6943093 . stm e german ' licence to kill ' found ] [[ bbc ]] , 12 august 2007 / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks
46 . bbc . co . uk / science / humanbody / sex / articles / testosterone . shtml http : / / www . sciencedaily . com / releases / 2007 < / 05 / 070523105948 . htm external links and further reading find more information on sex by searching wikipedia ' s sister projects dictionary definitions from wiktionary textbooks from wikibooks quotations
62 by p . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en www . wikipedia . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents
63 . c . sizonenko new scientist article on sex chromosomes in the platypus human sexuality info by university of california santa barbara retrieved from " http : / / en . wikipedia jfklibrary . org / wiki / sex " categories : semi - protected | sex viewsarticle discussion view source history personal toolssign in / create account navigation main page contents featured content
165005884 165222233 2007-10-17 17:39:09 0 days 22:58:30 0|67.132.117.2 12 of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000
165222233 165222438 2007-10-17 17:40:08 0 days 00:00:59 1285073 13 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this
166331546 166354092 2007-10-22 20:00:56 0 days 01:42:19 716438 6 escapes into west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history ztg / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten .
7 west berlin . varying reports claim around 192 people were killed trying to cross < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref
10 / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner der - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross
11 / berlinwall / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en index . php / fakten . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed
12 / history / facts _ 01 . htm < / ref > < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . html < / ref > and many more injured . guards were told by east german authorities that people attempting to cross the wall were criminals and needed to be
169684876 169684921 2007-11-06 21:22:10 0 days 00:00:11 4928500 3 watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html < < ref > / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin wall portions
188768514 188772780 2008-02-03 10:00:42 0 days 00:47:48 6085301 2 a part ) to prevent any further exodus < ref > [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / wall . htm a 1962 defense of the berlin wall ] < / ref > . = = = proposed barrier = = = on [[ 1 april ]] , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ stalin
6 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb /
7 , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history of berlin wall ] < / facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur
8 was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / ref > facts . htm < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur .
9 the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < /
188772780 188831750 2008-02-03 17:09:13 0 days 07:08:31 6085301 1 < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > newly discovered documents confirm that the [[ communism | communist ]] government gave explicit orders to shoot and kill attempted defectors . the east german government had
3 < ref name = " goethe - institut " > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > intended to dissuade aggression from the west . this position was viewed with skepticism even in east germany ; its construction had caused considerable hardship to families
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 1 ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html < / ref > [ ] < / ref > however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people had been killed trying to flee from east
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 98 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall -
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 68 [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet
71 on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com
74 www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 98 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall -
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 68 [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 652147 / chronicle of the wall ] most comprehensive multi - media source of information on this topic . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet
71 on [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / index . html retracing the berlin wall ] . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast . com
74 www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet newsflash ] - news blog * [[ wikiasite : muppet | muppet wiki ]] - encyclopedia * [ http : / / www . muppetcast http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] . com muppetcast ] - podcast {{ muppet films }} {{ sesame street }} [[ category : muppets | ]] [[ category : saturday night live sketches | muppets ]] [[
274964752 274979258 2009-03-04 18:46:02 0 days 01:10:39 3505251 5 to west berlin . < ref name = " goethe - institut " > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg index / en1748571 . htm goethe - institut - topics - german - german history ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl
276265321 276265514 2009-03-10 13:29:47 0 days 00:01:15 0|76.74.69.103 1 that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer dude . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“
2 killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors ; such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | cmon really ? ? ? url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc ]]
11 began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the
282781427 282782058 2009-04-09 15:17:12 0 days 00:03:13 9418822 0 berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall wallstories - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall
315258062 315258217 2009-09-21 08:43:44 0 days 00:02:01 204692 1 young people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section of
318872025 319488273 2009-10-12 20:24:27 3 days 06:02:12 3058538 0 by the german embassy washington ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en britishpathe . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann -
9 strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall
19 [ http : / / netzspannung . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city , 1989 - 91 ] , [ http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann -
25 ? v = bymnvtvgssg video ] of mixed reality installation realized after the fall of berlin wall by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / monika fleischmann & wolfgang strauss ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index /
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 2 > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale .
10 people to tackle the “wall ” phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009 - 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall - - goethe - institut ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg | a section
12 rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = not all segments of the wall were
321400884 321435832 2009-10-22 19:30:08 0 days 03:25:18 2740078 1 life . com / berlin / wall berlin life : a concise but thorough history of the wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall : past and present ] * [ http : / / www . thelivesofothers . com / the lives of others official website ] * [ http : / / www .
324735970 324762845 2009-11-09 02:09:24 0 days 02:37:38 10972407 5 000 in 1951 , 182 , 000 in 1952 and 331 , 000 in 1953 . < ref > {{ lang | de | [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 60 }} < / ref > one reason for the sharp 1953 increase was fear of potential further [[ sovietization ]] with the increasingly paranoid actions of [[ joseph stalin ]] in late 1952 and early 1953 . < ref name = " loescher68 " > {{ harvnb | loescher | 2001 | p = 68 }} < / ref > 226 , 000 had fled in just the first six months of 1953 . < ref name = " dale17 " > {{ harvnb | dale | 2005 | p = 17 }} < / ref > = = erection of the inner german border = = {{ see | inner german border | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} by the early 1950s , the soviet approach to controlling national movement , restricting [[ emigration ]] , was emulated by most of the rest of the [[ eastern bloc ]] , including east germany . < ref name = " dowty114 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 114 }} < / ref > the restrictions presented a quandary for some eastern bloc states that had been more economically advanced and open than the soviet union , such that crossing borders seemed more natural — especially where no prior border existed between east and west germany . < ref name = " dowty116 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 116 }} < / ref > up until 1952 , the lines between east germany and the western occupied zones could be easily crossed in most places . < ref name = " dowty121 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 121 }} < / ref > on april 1 , 1952 , east german leaders met the soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] in moscow ; during the discussions stalin ' s foreign minister [[ vyacheslav molotov ]] proposed that the east germans should " introduce a system of passes for visits of west berlin residents to the territory of east berlin [ so as to stop ] free movement of western agents " in the gdr . stalin agreed , calling the situation " intolerable " . he advised the east germans to build up their border defenses , telling them that " the demarcation line between east and west germany should be considered a border & ndash ; and not just any border , but a dangerous one . . . the germans will guard the line of defense with their lives . " < ref name = " harrison240 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 240 - fn }} < / ref > consequently , the [[ inner german border ]] between the two german states was closed , and a barbed - wire fence erected . the border between the western and eastern sectors of berlin , however , remained open , although traffic between the soviet and the western sectors was somewhat restricted . this resulted in berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the [[ superpower ]] s - the united states and the soviet union . in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west . < ref name = " harrison98 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 98 }} < / ref > initially , east germany granted " visits " to allow its residents access to west germany . however , following the defection of large numbers of east germans under this regime , the new east german state legally restricted virtually all travel to the west in 1956 . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > soviet east german ambassador mikhail pervukhin observed that " the presence in berlin of an open and essentially uncontrolled border between the socialist and capitalist worlds unwittingly prompts the population to make a comparison between both parts of the city , which unfortunately , does not always turn out in favor of the democratic [ east ] berlin . " < ref name = " harrison99 " / > = = = the berlin emigration loophole = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} with the closing of the [[ inner german border ]] officially in 1952 , < ref name = " harrison99 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 99 }} < / ref > the border in berlin remained considerably more accessible than the rest of the border because it was administered by all four occupying powers . < ref name = " dowty121 " / > accordingly , berlin became the main route by which east germans left for the west . < ref > paul maddrell , ' ' spying on science : western intelligence in divided germany 1945 – 1961 ' ' , p . 56 . oxford university press , 2006 < / ref > east germany introduced a new passport law on december 11 , 1957 that reduced the overall number of refugees leaving eastern germany , while drastically increasing the percentage of those leaving through west berlin from 60 % to well over 90 % by the end of 1958 . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > those actually caught trying to leave east berlin were subjected to heavy penalties , but with no physical barrier and even subway train access to west berlin , such measures were ineffective . < ref name = " dowty122 " > {{ harvnb | dowty | 1989 | p = 122 }} < / ref > the berlin sector border was essentially a " loophole " through which eastern bloc citizens could still escape . < ref name = " harrison99 " / > the 3 . 5 million east germans that had left by 1961 totaled approximately 20 % of the entire east german population . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > = = = brain drain = = = {{ see | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the brain drain feared by officials in east germany . < ref name = " thackeray188 " / > [[ yuri andropov ]] , then the [[ communist party of the soviet union | cpsu ]] director on relations with communist and workers parties of socialist countries , wrote an urgent letter on august 28 , 1958 , to the central committee about the significant 50 % increase in the number of east german intelligentsia among the refugees . < ref name = " harrison100 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 100 }} < / ref > andropov reported that , while the east german leadership stated that they were leaving for economic reasons , testimony from refugees indicated that the reasons were more political than material . < ref name = " harrison100 " / > he stated " the flight of the intelligentsia has reached a particularly critical phase . " < ref name = " harrison100 " / > by 1960 , the combination of world war ii and the massive emigration westward left east germany with only 61 % of its population of working age , compared to 70 . 5 % before the war . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the loss was disproportionately heavy among professionals — engineers , technicians , physicians , teachers , lawyers and skilled workers . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > the direct cost of manpower losses has been estimated at $ 7 billion to $ 9 billion , with east german party leader [[ walter ulbricht ]] later claiming that west germany owed him $ 17 billion in compensation , including reparations as well as manpower losses . < ref name = " dowty122 " / > in addition , the drain of east germany ' s young population potentially cost it over 22 . 5 billion marks in lost educational investment . < ref > volker rolf berghahn , ' ' modern germany : society , economy and politics in the twentieth century ' ' , p . 227 . cambridge university press , 1987 < / ref > the brain drain of professionals had become so damaging to the political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the german communist frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , november 20 , 1961 . ]] on 15 june 1961 , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started , first secretary of the [[ socialist unity party of germany | socialist unity party ]] and [[ staatsrat | gdr state council ]] chairman [[ walter ulbricht ]] stated in an international press conference , ' ' {{ lang | de | " niemand hat die absicht , eine mauer zu errichten ! " }} ( no one has the intention of erecting a wall ! ) ' ' . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . the record of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on august 1 , 1961 , suggests that it was khrushchev from whom the initiative for the construction of the wall came . < ref > wiegrefe , klaus . [ http : / / einestages . spiegel . de / static / topicalbumbackground / 4246 / _ wir _ lassen _ euch _ jetzt _ ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das - gespraech - zwischen - ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html record of the conversation ] . < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang | de | döllnsee }} , in a wooded area to the north of east berlin , at which time {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and by sunday morning , 13 august 1961 , the border with west berlin was closed . east german troops and workers had begun to tear up streets running alongside the border to make them impassable to most vehicles , and to install barbed wire entanglements and fences along the 156 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 97 mi ) around the three western sectors and the 43 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 27 mi ) which actually divided west and east berlin . the barrier was built slightly inside east berlin or east german territory to ensure that it did not encroach on west berlin at any point , and was later built up into the wall proper , the first concrete elements and large blocks being put in place on august 15 . during the construction of the wall , [[ national people ' s army ]] ( nva ) and [[ combat groups of the working class ]] ( kda ) soldiers stood in front of it with orders to shoot anyone who attempted to defect . additionally , chain fences , walls , minefields , and other obstacles were installed along the length of the inner - german border between east and west germany . = = = immediate effects = = = due to the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no longer travel or emigrate to west germany . many families were split , while east berliners employed in the west were cut off from their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of refugees , but the main candidate for its location was around the perimeter of the city . [[ image : kennedy in berlin . jpg | thumb | right | [[ president of the united states | us president ]] [[ john f . kennedy ]] visiting the berlin wall on june 26 , 1963 . ]] john f . kennedy had acknowledged in a speech on july 25 , 1961 , < ref > [ http : / / uspoliticsguide meatspin . com / us - politics - directory / us - politcal - historical - speeches / jfk - berlin - wall . htm us politics guide ] - speech transcript
324820066 324825240 2009-11-09 11:50:42 0 days 00:56:47 0|87.36.53.53 1 publisher = rowman & littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * [ http : / / www . guardian redtube . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] '
324833874 324833939 2009-11-09 13:14:18 0 days 00:00:34 545027 0 littlefield | year = 2008 | isbn = 0742555429 }} = = external links = = {{ commons }} * hhgd admine @ vx [ http : / / www . redtube guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years on ] video series from ' ' [[ the guardian ]] '
324899230 324902376 2009-11-09 20:26:10 0 days 00:16:57 0|68.211.97.75 3 separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine magjghf / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around
324902376 324902901 2009-11-09 20:28:59 0 days 00:02:49 118722 3 separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magjghf magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > after its erection , around
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 7 http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm berlin wall ] < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 36 fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : berlin wall . jpg | remaining stretch of the wall near [[ ostbahnhof ]] in [[
38 then - communist ally east germany . < ref > http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were
367791832 367995322 2010-06-14 16:31:11 1 days 00:02:50 0|76.126.226.142 2 hungary escaped to austria . < ref > michael meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < /
4 meyer " the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east
367995322 368038978 2010-06-14 20:42:05 0 days 04:10:54 262550 2 the picnic that brought down the berlin wall " [ http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | title = the picnic that brought down the berlin wall | first = michael | last = meyer | work = [[ los angeles times | la times ]] | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned
381576652 383513705 2010-09-07 20:13:40 9 days 21:55:10 1219174 0 / / www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home www . att . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http :
1 www . jfklibrary . org / jfk _ berlin _ crisis _ speech . html jfk speech clarifying limits of american protection ] * [ http : / / home . att berlin1969 . net / ~ rw . rynerson / index2 . htm " berlin 1969 " includes sections on helmstedt - berlin rail operations . ] * [ http : / /
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 13 [[ in europa ( series ) ]] , episode [ http : / / www . ineuropa . nl / programmas / 36788896 / afleveringen / 40824233 / ' ' 1961 - – ddr ' ' ] , 25 january 2009 < / ref > = = = surrounding municipalities = = = besides the sector - sector boundary within berlin itself , the
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 14 / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archivedate = 13 september 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 |
74 / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november 9 , 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }}
97 web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm | archivedate = 2006 - 09 - 13 }} < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of reinforced concrete , each {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft }} high
141 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans
143 / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate = 2006 - 06 - 13 | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > a poll taken in october 2009 on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the fall of the
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 16 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997
19 < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
27 / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / theglobeandmail . com ] montrealgazette < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355
31 west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography ] < / ref > = = notes = = {{ reflist | colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = {{ refbegin | colwidth = 30em
45 fall of the berlin wall . < ref > [ http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html aljazeera . net ] < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of
47 - communist ally east germany . < ref > [ http : / / uk . reuters . com / article / iduktre5a44ns20091105 ? feedtype = nl & feedname = ukoddlyenough reuters . com ] < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall segments }} not all segments of the wall were
443412986 443413503 2011-08-06 22:05:52 0 days 00:04:09 16710 2 http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1
3 . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / detail / id / 593816 / page / 1 ] < / ref > | title = chronik der mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < ref > http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall /
5 theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / < / ref > < ref > | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html < / ref > the [[ international
6 the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html {{ cite web | url = http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]]
16 the fall of the berlin wall . < ref > http : / / english . aljazeera . net / news / middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in recognition of the 20th anniversary of the
445112728 445115677 2011-08-16 07:52:17 0 days 00:31:24 6971250 0 : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum gedenkstaette . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 8 . org / web / 20080409133940 / http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / ztg / thm / ddg / en1748571 . htm | archivedate = 9 april 2008 - 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date
508885202 509937268 2012-08-30 13:52:02 6 days 08:34:46 15261832 0 . org / database / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . monika fleischmann & w . strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php
539045002 543081696 2013-03-09 21:01:49 18 days 06:26:28 4905985 1 date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = | - ummj _ jnway < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[
546489570 546994321 2013-03-26 00:13:50 2 days 16:58:12 1469567 10 the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review
12 berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt review < ref > http : / / www . nytimes . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall ' '
574620114 574657896 2013-09-26 21:17:35 0 days 05:19:04 16715243 0 did springsteen ' s 1988 berlin gig rock the wall ? | url = http : / / www . thelocal . de / opinion / 20130709 - 50749 . html | work = the local - germany ' s news in english | publisher = the local - germany ' s news in english | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | date = 9 july 2013 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file
602473473 602872991 2014-04-05 15:12:03 2 days 17:59:28 88026 1 }} [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ] * [ http : / / www . youtube | youtube . com / watch ? v = o2grqp7k0iy & feature = related escape from gdr , a five - part documentary on youtube on tunnelling under the berlin ] *
9 . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / large collection of images in berlin wall group ] at [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / www . youtube | youtube . com / watch ? v = 9d7n2v0e0l4 berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history ] at youtube * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 4 the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | title = imdb . com ] < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie
5 ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > [ http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / imdb . com ] | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 44 andreas . com / berlin . html personal account of the fall of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / berlinwall . soaringdevelopment . com / berlin wall , past and present ] , descriptions , videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of 9 november 1989 ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 –
647586466 649173174 2015-02-28 02:27:10 10 days 07:50:56 851535 0 serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www research . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }}
1 german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa german - propaganda - archive / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " }} ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins
668610901 668894661 2015-06-27 12:11:06 1 days 23:12:38 88026 2 publisher = msnbc | date = 8 september 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archiveurl = http https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060613190725 / http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | archivedate
5 & display = list berlin wall newsreel archives ] at [[ british pathe ]] [[ adobe flash ]] [[ flash video | video ]] ) * [ http : / / www secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni
687309257 687661190 2015-10-26 23:44:37 2 days 04:58:42 88026 0 november 1989 . < ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http https : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012
1 ref > {{ cite video | year = 1961 | title = video : berlin , 1961 / 08 / 31 ( 1961 ) | url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 2012 }} < / ref >
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 9 bahnhof | potsdamer bahnhof ]] < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index . en . html | publisher = city of berlin | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > and the lenné triangle < ref > http : / / www . berlin . de / mauer / zahlen _ fakten / gebietsaustausch / index .
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 10 [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]]
14 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the
734284492 734407317 2016-08-14 03:25:55 0 days 18:58:58 4977632 4 the berlin wall ] – official website for the state capital of berlin * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - gedenkstaette . de / en / | title = berlin wall memorial ] * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id
736676388 737235458 2016-09-01 14:39:08 3 days 11:02:58 7903804 0 1946 | publisher = abc - clio | location = santa barbara , california | isbn = 9780313397639 | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = j - i99v70m0sc & pg = pt45 & lpg = pt45 & dq = visa + to + visit + west + germany + from + east &
751172499 752045266 2016-11-29 05:27:46 5 days 08:30:00 6792845 3 ref name = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 how - margaret - thatcher - pleaded - with - gorbachev - not - to - let - the - berlin - wall - fall - out - of - london / stories / 2009091553501100 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009
4 = " hindu2009 . 9 . 15 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . hindu . com / 2009 / 09 / 15 / stories / 2009091553501100 article183758 . htm | title = how margaret thatcher pleaded with gorbachev not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15
760659119 760740289 2017-01-18 20:24:17 0 days 11:28:40 28903366 0 history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ https : / / secure www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ http : / / www . dailysoft .
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 6 history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * * [ https : / / www secure . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / berlin wall image group ] on [[ flickr ]] * * [ http : / / www . dailysoft .
768718339 770060658 2017-03-13 05:57:21 7 days 18:38:41 28903366 1 through the wall into west berlin , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ http : / / online www . wsj . com / article / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 5 and [[ west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage www . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016
6 west germany ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie telegraph . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot
7 ]] in particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac co . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic
8 particular were considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at uk / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{
9 considered equal to " [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki news / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot =
11 ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf html | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref >
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 2 watchtowers also remain in various parts of the city . < ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map www . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better
790928672 791152467 2017-07-18 13:25:09 1 days 12:29:00 27015025 1 / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 % 2c1872 % 2c7925355 % 2c00 . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy }} < / ref > a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than
7 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{
793523187 793675442 2017-08-03 07:52:05 0 days 23:07:15 28903366 0 , which he had not mentioned until then . < ref > walker , marcus ( 21 october 2009 ) [ https : / / www . wsj . com / article articles / sb125597721400194603 . html " did brinkmannship fell berlin ' s wall ? brinkmann says it did ] " ' ' the wall street journal ' ' . < / ref
810225119 810227691 2017-11-14 01:34:10 0 days 00:19:37 6554947 3 activist wolfram hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 1987 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or
4 hasch , who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov 01 / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors
5 who was apprehended while standing inside the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 09 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in
8 the strip defacing the wall . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall - radical - art - stunt briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > the strip was accessed by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on
810231237 810234613 2017-11-14 02:24:09 0 days 00:25:23 6554947 6 > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > the strip was accessed from east germany by ladders or through doors concealed in the wall and was used by workers to paint over graffiti and perform other maintenance on the outside of the wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / books . google . com / books ? id = qbfvcwaaqbaj & pg = pt61 & lpg =
810347639 810351013 2017-11-14 19:06:27 0 days 00:25:19 6554947 7 > https : / / www . upi . com / archives / 1987 / 01 / 09 / foreign - news - briefs / 9799537166800 / < / ref > while some graffiti artists were chased off the outer strip , others , such as [[ keith haring ]] , were seemingly tolerated . < ref > https : / / www . theguardian . com / artanddesign / 2014 / nov / 03 / east - german - punks - berlin - wall -
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 5 = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law 29 : iss . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages
6 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell 3 , article 3 . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = 728
826899654 827316878 2018-02-24 01:04:34 2 days 08:38:31 508734 29 possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . < ref > https : / / www . thoughtco . com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - > < ref name = " cnn . com " / > < ref name = " history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin
31 com / the - berlin - wall - 28 - year - history - 1779495 < / ref > < ref > https : / / www . cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref " > < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > non - german westerners
32 cnn . com / 2013 / 09 / 15 / world / europe / berlin - wall - fast - facts / index . html < / ref > < ref name = " history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014
33 }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com " / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 /
97 , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . < ref > https : / / history . howstuffworks . com / historical - events / berlin - wall1 . htm < / ref > < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > =
108 in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . < ref > https : / / mashable . com / 2014 / 11 / 06 / berlin - wall - fence / # h6xi9dea5pqh < / ref > = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard - flickr
group 89
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41746791 41761508 2006-03-01 15:37:50 0 days 02:21:39 24373 1 britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | date accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc as
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 54 hoboken , new jersey | hoboken ]] , [[ new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 | id = isbn 0 - 471 8264 - 26736 - 8 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last =
277228002 277228319 2009-03-14 18:30:22 0 days 00:01:43 6984319 0 political credibility and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb } | pearson } 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 .
277228598 277228770 2009-03-14 18:32:46 0 days 00:00:54 6984319 0 and economic viability of east germany that the re - securing of the soviet imperial frontier was imperative . < ref name = " pearson75 " > {{ harvnb | pearson } | 1998 | p = 75 }} < / ref > = = construction begins , 1961 = = [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg |
305130153 305728347 2009-08-03 00:58:10 3 days 05:42:38 0|67.163.100.198 3 . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential harry trumanpresidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top
305747907 305749049 2009-08-03 03:34:07 0 days 00:09:09 118722 2 . reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = harry trumanpresidential ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 62 / www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east
63 mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 2009 - 04 - 09 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} < / ref > by november 4 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin ( henslin
324677923 324678298 2009-11-08 17:54:44 0 days 00:01:53 216103 0 nov . 9 has already entered into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = op - ed new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} elie wiesel ' s new york times op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 17 into history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn
18 history - 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / - 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t
357897333 358424098 2010-04-26 15:38:35 2 days 18:36:26 10996774 3 gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london | first = india | last = knight }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that
4 allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london | first = charles | last = clover }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
358728706 358850281 2010-04-28 14:09:48 0 days 16:34:31 10996774 0 want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london | first = india | last = knight }} < / ref > {{ cquote | we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders , and we cannot allow that
1 mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london | first = charles | last = clover }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on december 25 , 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
367995322 368038978 2010-06-14 20:42:05 0 days 04:10:54 262550 3 http : / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 13 september 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest .
4 / / articles . latimes . com / 2009 / sep / 13 / opinion / oe - meyer13 latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 | accessdate = 14 june 2010 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing the border and returned them to budapest . these
391276698 391495052 2010-10-18 19:14:35 1 days 00:32:39 10996774 0 subdivided into four sectors despite the city ' s location deep inside the soviet zone . < ref name = " miller4 " > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p pp = 4 - 5 }} < / ref > within two years , political divisions increased between the soviets and the other occupying powers . these included the soviets ' refusal
2 other countries began a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p pp = 65 - 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 ,
3 a massive " [[ berlin airlift ]] " , supplying west berlin with food and other supplies . < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 65 - – 70 }} < / ref > the soviets mounted a public relations campaign against the western policy change . communists attempted to disrupt the elections of 1948 , preceding large losses
4 , p . 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p pp = 180 - 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 .
5 34 " > {{ harvnb | gaddis | 2005 | p = 34 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ harvnb | miller | 2000 | p = 180 - – 81 }} < / ref > the [[ german democratic republic | german democratic republic ( east germany ) ]] was declared on october 7 , 1949 . by a secret
6 known as [[ checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p pp = 206 - 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany
7 checkpoint charlie ]] , which was restricted to allied personnel and foreigners . < ref name = " harrison206 " > {{ harvnb | harrison | 2003 | p = 206 - – 14 }} < / ref > several other border crossings existed between west berlin and surrounding east germany . these could be used for transit between west germany and west berlin
398858085 399051464 2010-11-27 00:47:52 1 days 03:59:26 16710 6 - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} | archiveurl = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20071012011801 / http : / / die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html | archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs ,
20 wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs ,
21 facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} {{ dead link | date = september 2010 | bot = h3llbot }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin
429104564 429636376 2011-05-17 22:46:18 3 days 05:51:37 207712 5 wochen _ zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - – einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 / das -
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 6 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of the resulting
12 berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p .
16 / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through
18 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs ,
26 = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages = 363 - – 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year - old civilian employee of the
31 ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = 12 june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the
41 not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher = times | location = london uk | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that
45 , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher = times | location = london uk | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
52 = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = der spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the
53 history — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 17 november 1989 - 11 - 17 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not
55 the wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 9 november 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale
63 july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 23 february 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences
67 north and south . < ref > {{ cite web | author = zdf " wochenjournal " | title = große zustimmung zur wiedervereinigung | publisher = zdf | date = 5 november 5 , 2009 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 .
68 | url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know
81 = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html | title = freedom ! - time | publisher = time < ! | date = 1989 - 11 - 20 | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > during this period , around 5 , 000 people attempted to escape over the wall , with estimates of
93 . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author =
94 / history / facts . htm | title = facts of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet
98 com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their
99 facts _ 02 . htm | title = fourth generation of berlin wall – history of berlin wall | publisher = dailysoft . com | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > the concrete provisions added to this version of the wall were done so to prevent escapees from driving their cars through the barricades . < ref
101 archivedate = 2007 - 10 - 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in
102 12 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin
112 s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 19 | work = usa today | date = june 12 , 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] , then the [[ general secretary of the communist party of
130 debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 2004 - 09 - 07 | accessdate = 2009 - 02 - 22 | author = jörg aberger | publisher = spiegel online }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of the end of the [[ revolutions
135 . htm | title = the wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to
136 wall in the world 2009 – 20th anniversary of the fall of the wall – goethe - institut | publisher = goethe . de | date = | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 }} < / ref > to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall , twinity reconstructed a true - to - scale section of the wall in
146 url = http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 2006 - 11 - 06 }} < / ref > a recent poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall
435754285 437174317 2011-07-01 04:13:48 7 days 23:56:46 764789 2 britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk | }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that
3 another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk | }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
439740747 440540857 2011-07-20 20:34:29 4 days 14:08:06 1469567 10 | first name = victor | title = revolution 1989 : the fall of the soviet empire | publisher = [[ pantheon books ]] | location = new york city | date year = 2009 | isbn = 0375425322 }} < / ref > after further questions from journalists he confirmed that the regulations included the border crossings towards west berlin , which he
441951679 443412986 2011-08-06 22:01:43 8 days 23:04:20 16710 3 book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{ lang |
24 book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 | pages page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb |
474175877 476209082 2012-02-11 00:44:21 10 days 16:49:11 10996774 2 not to let the berlin wall fall out of london | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 15 september 2009 | work = hasan suroor | publisher = hindu | location = chennai , india }} < / ref > < ref name = " times2009 . 9 . 11 " > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . timesonline .
3 britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 8 november 2009 | date = 11 september 2009 | work = michael binyon | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar borders and we cannot allow that
4 another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | date = 10 september 2009 | work = helen nugent | work = times | location = uk | first1 = ruth | last1 = gledhill | first2 = simon | last2 = de bruxelles }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the
5 - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin +
6 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date /
8 ukoddlyenough | title = who built berlin wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall
490948661 492197810 2012-05-12 13:18:30 6 days 05:07:09 14216826 0 {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 247 }} < / ref > on saturday , 12 august 1961 , the leaders of the gdr attended a garden party at a government guesthouse in {{
1 {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | pages = 363 – 367 }} < / ref > another dramatic escape was carried out on april 1963 by [[ wolfgang engels ]] , a 19 - year -
2 {{ cite book | last = kempe | first = frederick | title = berlin 1961 | year = 2011 | publisher = penguin group ( usa ) | isbn = 0399157298 0 - 399 - 15729 - 8 | page = 394 }} < / ref > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = [[ file : reaganberlinwall . jpg |
499177879 499193849 2012-06-24 21:54:57 0 days 02:14:37 4905985 1 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = jörg | last = aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the date of
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 2 url = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = 20 february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http :
4 | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative western reaction .
6 = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary in berlin ,
10 - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' ' {{ lang |
11 html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall
12 die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > a historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in [[ potsdam
13 contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] )
14 mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty
16 / article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin
18 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20 trabants gathered in
20 - of - berlin - wall . html | title = germany marks 50th anniversary of berlin wall | publisher = uk telegraph | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 | location = london }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . foxnews .
24 construction - berlin - wall - 1271894147 / | title = germany marks construction of the berlin wall | agency = associated press | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / news /
27 - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index .
30 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = august 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ chapel
33 www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch
35 = http : / / www . archive . org / details / 1961 - 08 - 31 _ berlin | publisher = [[ universal newsreel ]] | accessdate = february 20 , 2012 }} < / ref > the barrier included guard towers placed along large concrete walls , < ref name = " marck " > [ http : / / www
37 ulbricht - und - chruschtschow . html | title = record of the conversation | language = {{ de icon }} | publisher = welt . de | date = 2009 - 05 - 30 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > however , other sources suggest that khrushchev had initially been wary about building a wall , fearing negative
39 / 12295509433760 - 7 / | title = wall goes up in berlin - events of 1961 - year in review | publisher = upi . com | date = 1998 - 05 - 29 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > = = = immediate effects = = = with the closing of the east - west sector boundary
43 04 - 09 | title = goethe - institut – topics – german - german history goethe - institut | publisher = web . archive . org | date = 2008 - 04 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > another official justification was the activities of western agents in eastern europe . < ref > ' '
45 | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of
47 historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] ) to border guards dealing with
48 - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a twenty - four year old tailor
50 article1338387 / | title = mr . hu , tear down this firewall ! | publisher = the globe and mail | date = 26 october 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | location = toronto }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china +
51 middleeast / 2009 / 11 / 2009119151639325464 . html | title = palestinians break israel ' s wall - middle east | publisher = al jazeera english | date = 2009 - 11 - 09 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > the [[ international spy museum ]] in washington dc hosted a [[ trabant ]] car rally where 20
56 years - after - its - construction / | title = reflecting on the berlin wall , 50 years after its construction | publisher = history . com | date = 2011 - 08 - 11 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . germanworldonline .
57 - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 2011 - 08 - 13 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 13 }} < / ref > = = see also = = {{ columns - list | 3 | * [[ brandenburg gate
58 . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = - ummj
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 4 border crossings . these people were nicknamed " mauerspechte " ( wall woodpeckers ) . < ref name = " history . com " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 august 2011 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in historically
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 7 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 6 may 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it would be the
8 url = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = 19 june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend ,
12 daybefore . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 26 march 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall
13 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 26 march 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' '
22 1961 _ 1408 . gif . html | language = german | title = neues deutschland : normales leben in berlin , 14 august 1961 | publisher = zlb . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the construction of the wall had caused considerable hardship to families divided by it . most people believed that the
26 45997 | title = forschungsprojekt " die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 – 1989 " : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > < ref > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index .
27 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]] )
28 1 | title = chronik der mauer - bau und fall der berliner mauer & # 124 ; opfer der mauer | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > the first person to be shot and killed while trying to cross to west berlin was günter litfin , a
35 / time / world / article / 0 , 8599 , 1892408 , 00 . html | newspaper = [[ time ( magazine ) | time ]] | date = 2009 - 04 - 19 | accessdate = 2013 - 05 - 06 }} < / ref > asked when the regulations would take effect . after a few seconds ' hesitation , schabowski assumed it
37 = http : / / www . history . com / topics / berlin - wall | title = berlin wall | publisher = history . com | accessdate = june 19 , 2013 }} < / ref > the east german regime announced the opening of ten new [[ berlin border crossings | border crossings ]] the following weekend , including some in
42 / voicesunderberlin . com / daybefore . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' '
43 . html | title = the day before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? | publisher = voicesunderberlin . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > 2010 – based on a legend told in berlin in the 1970s * * john marks , ' ' the wall ' ' , 1999 nyt
44 . com / books / 98 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston ,
45 / 09 / 20 / reviews / 980920 . 20norchit . html | title = cold war reheated | publisher = nytimes . com | date = | accessdate = 2013 - 03 - 26 }} < / ref > – an american spy defects to the east just hours before the wall falls * * marcia preston , ' ' west of the wall '
46 = http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | date = | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > * * ' ' chippin ' away , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby ,
593520854 594610725 2014-02-09 02:56:42 7 days 00:56:29 14418888 1 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = princess x liza fox - free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' '
633858023 634823844 2014-11-21 12:27:24 6 days 15:18:49 10289486 1 | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = {{ lang | de | kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} }} {{ de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million
634823844 634890619 2014-11-21 22:27:24 0 days 10:00:00 20483999 0 www . mauerfall09 . de | title = 20 jahre mauerfall | accessdate = 9 april 2009 | author = unknown | year = 2009 | publisher = kulturprojekte berlin gmbh }} {{ | language = de icon }} < / ref > the protest demonstrations grew considerably by early november . the movement neared its height on 4 november , when half a million people gathered
677787947 677791285 2015-08-25 15:01:06 0 days 00:26:42 16283967 0 werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date deadurl = november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated
1 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de : 80 / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by
2 accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members
3 ref > [ http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs /
4 / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 rsf . org ] {{ dead link | date = november 2010 20120907214853 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr
5 der 9 . november nationalfeiertag werden ? | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author = sven felix kellerhof , alan posener | year = 2007 | publisher = welt online }} {{ dead link | date = november 2010 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday ,
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 3 = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 , the wall completely cut off
24 htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = usa today ]] | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s . president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[ mikhail gorbachev
59 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | author = chicago tribune | date = 31 october 2014 | work = chicagotribune . com | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on 13 august 1961 ,
706975021 707177225 2016-02-27 07:39:45 0 days 22:24:26 16283967 0 " < ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date web = november 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " —
1 ref > [ http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf ] {{ dead link | date = november accessdate 2010 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term
6 < ref > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html archivedate | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls "
7 > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . 20 september = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to
8 www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | < ref > {{ cite news | url = 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the
15 > [ http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls "
16 www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to
17 montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ dead link | date = august 2011 }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the
714997403 722498372 2016-05-28 14:48:32 45 days 12:07:39 27823944 4 / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf medic }} {{ cbignore | archivedate = 20 september 2011 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame
5 . archive . org / web / 20110920132624 / http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | archivedate bot = 20 september 2011 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] "
7 {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20120907214853 20091108121553 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr
8 : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html montrealgazette . com ] {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html dead link | date = 20111130150904 | df = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom
9 = http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 may 2016 | df = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " ,
10 : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df bot = y }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate
11 / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html | date = 20111130150904 | df = y medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < / ref > in the united states , the german embassy coordinated a public diplomacy campaign with the motto " freedom without walls " , to commemorate the 20th
733515231 734284492 2016-08-13 08:26:57 4 days 22:04:07 80913 11 2011 }} < / ref > * * " chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 - – chippin ' away }} < / ref > a song by tom fedora , as performed by [[ crosby , stills & nash ]] on the berlin wall appeared on [[
12 > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = emmpthv4b3k | publisher = youtube | title = liza fox - – free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{
735821858 736676388 2016-08-29 03:36:10 5 days 18:00:42 27823944 4 | last1 = kellerhof | first2 = alan | last2 = posener | year = 2007 | work = [[ die welt ]] online | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden medic }} {{ cbignore | archivedate = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday
5 / web / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate bot = 25 june 2009 }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often
6 / 20090625205056 / http : / / debatte . welt . de / kontroverse / 48213 / soll + der + 9 + november + nationalfeiertag + werden | archivedate = 25 june 2009 medic }} < / ref > as to whether [[ 9 november in german history | 9 november ]] would make a suitable german national holiday , often initiated by former members
738865701 738877220 2016-09-11 16:07:47 0 days 01:20:46 27015025 3 october 2007 | title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen in photographs , and [[ list of berlin
5 / wall . asp | archivedate = 22 june 2008 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 9 february 2008 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation | deadurl = no | df = dmy }} < / ref > }} = = {{ anchor | the fall }} fall of the wall = = hungary effectively disabled its physical border defenses with austria on 19
738877220 747090507 2016-10-31 11:11:18 49 days 19:03:31 27015025 3 _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | title = german missions in the united states – home | publisher = | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20101228095536 / http : / / www . germany . info / vertretung / usa / en / 09 _ _ press _ _ infocus _ _ interviews / 03 _ _ infocus / 04 _ _ without _ _ walls / fww _ _ speaking _ _ winners _ _ va . html | archivedate = 28 december 2010 | df = dmy }} < / ref > robert cannon received a free trip to berlin for 2010 . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www .
4 http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | accessdate = 6 november 2006 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20091214050606 / http : / / wochenjournal . zdf . de : 80 / zdfde / inhalt / 11 / 0 , 1872 , 7925355 , 00 . html | archivedate = 14 december 2009 | df = dmy }} < / ref > a 2011 poll conducted by russia ' s vtsiom , found that more than half of all russians do not know who built the berlin wall
5 | title = 50 years berlin wall 1961 – 1989 [ video clips ] | publisher = german world | date = 13 august 2011 | accessdate = 13 august 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20111112225424 / http : / / www . germanworldonline . com / index . php / 50 - years - berlin - wall - 1961 - 1989 / | archivedate = 12 november 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > = = media relating to the wall = = * documentary films specifically about the berlin wall : * * ' ' [[ the tunnel (
6 www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | title = klein orkest biography | publisher = sweetslyrics . com | accessdate = 6 august 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110924181756 / http : / / www . sweetslyrics . com / bio - klein % 20orkest . html | archivedate = 24 september 2011 | df = dmy }} < / ref > * * " chippin ' away " , < ref > {{ youtube | - ummj _ jnway | crosby , stills & nash 1990 –
749499810 750161040 2016-11-18 03:30:42 3 days 09:52:21 27823944 2 {{ wayback | url = http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 | date = 20091108121553 8 november 2009 }} < / ref > < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr
760740289 761201385 2017-01-21 15:51:57 2 days 19:27:40 96897 3 page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | date = 31 october 2014 | subscription = yes | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | | subscription = yes accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > the fall of the berlin wall paved the way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on 3
774996064 774996115 2017-04-11 23:54:33 0 days 00:00:29 204692 1 by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael
2 by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | title = something to do with the wall ( 1991 ) – imdb | author = maxhauser | date = 3 april 1991 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film )
4 the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / | title = imdb . com | date = 15 july 1965 | work = imdb | accessdate = 1 november 2014 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael
779016763 779442748 2017-05-08 23:18:55 2 days 08:38:12 19339494 6 title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2 july 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of the wall ,
8 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2 july 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]] album ' '
13 _ 1 _ berlin - wall | title = crosby , stills and nash sound a positive note at berlin wall | work = los angeles times | date = 1989 - 11 - 21 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in berlin celebrating the end of
15 uk _ news / magazine / 3465301 . stm | title = did david hasselhoff really help end the cold war ? | work = bbc news | date = 2004 - 02 - 06 | accessdate = 2014 - 07 - 02 }} < / ref > [[ roger waters ]] [[ the wall concert in berlin | performed ]] the [[ pink floyd ]]
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 14 homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic 2017 }} < / ref > by gdr propaganda . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] " — a term coined
781715128 781720399 2017-05-22 20:55:40 0 days 00:38:03 8719036 0 . telegraph . co . uk / news / worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five - things - you - might - not - know . html | accrssdate accessdate = 22 may 2017 }} < / ref > along with the separate and much longer [[ inner german border ]] ( igb ) , which demarcated the border between east
787359385 787408974 2017-06-25 06:54:21 0 days 07:37:56 31190988 6 ref > {{ cite web | title = memorial landscape : berlin wall | url = http : / / berlin - wall - map . com / | publisher = berlin wall foundation | accessdate = 23 20141220054134 text = web page on the border watch tower }} , accessed on 27 january 2016 }} < / ref > nothing still accurately represents the wall ' s original appearance better than a very short stretch at bernauer straße associated with the berlin wall
810071958 810072027 2017-11-13 05:36:43 0 days 00:00:33 19339494 3 - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 1 november 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall ,
5 tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = 12 may 2017 - 05 - 12 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 –
8 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = 2014 - 11 - 11 | work = newsweek | access - date = 2017 - 11 - 01 | language = en }} < / ref > [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot
10 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = 2017 - 05 - 12 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael
812015131 812456655 2017-11-27 23:08:43 2 days 10:38:49 27015025 2 american commemorative stamps presented to the museum | accessdate = 23 july 2010 | author = allied museum | year = 2009 | publisher = allied museum , berlin , germany | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20110717064551 / http : / / www . alliiertenmuseum . de / en / 4 _ 3 . php ? year = 2009 & activity _ id = 230 | archivedate = 17 july 2011 | df = dmy - all }} [ ] < / ref > [[ file : locks at wall | thumb ]] = = legacy = = < gallery > file : berlin wall ( 13 -
812700355 813096804 2017-12-01 19:07:37 2 days 08:34:21 27015025 0 title = the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts | publisher = die - berliner - mauer . de | accessdate = 9 november 2009 | deadurl = no yes | df = dmy }} < / ref > and 20 [[ bunker ]] s with hundreds of guards . this version of the wall is the one most commonly seen
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 8 id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders ( [[ schießbefehl ]]
825799691 825801760 2018-02-15 14:24:54 0 days 00:17:08 5946478 3 jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 146 - 147 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06490 - 6 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint
831699815 833238425 2018-03-30 12:11:06 8 days 15:20:23 10289486 2 zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online – einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . welt . de / politik / article3828831 /
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 4 www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - website = rossmcelwee . com | archive - url = | archive - date = | dead - url = | access - date = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by
5 imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 05 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told
6 before the berlin wall : could we have stopped it ? – an alternate history of cold war espionage ' ' , < ref > {{ cite web | url = 29 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point
13 http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by
14 www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told
15 imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point
851852657 851989261 2018-07-25 21:40:39 0 days 20:27:10 27823944 0 / somethingtodowiththewall . html | title = something to do with the wall | last = mcelwee | first = ross | date = | website = rossmcelwee . com | archive - url = | archive - date = | dead - url = | access - date = 2018 - 05 - 29 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film
group 90
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40965017 40975096 2006-02-24 05:36:33 0 days 01:40:53 304316 0 : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - 9078806 ? query = berlin % 20wall & ct = | title = " berlin wall " | work = encyclopedia britannica | date = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > however , the creation of the wall was a propaganda disaster for east germany and for the communist bloc
42982893 43080078 2006-03-10 03:49:02 0 days 11:48:42 51235 31 . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis
32 title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last
33 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin
34 = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis
43080078 43116053 2006-03-10 10:22:16 0 days 06:33:14 13040 31 . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis |
32 | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last
33 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall
34 title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis
61679517 61913575 2006-07-03 21:31:57 1 days 09:06:51 82835 30 . | title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis
31 title = the fall of the berlin wall | location = [[ hoboken , new jersey ]] | publisher = [[ john wiley and sons ]] | year = [[ 2004 ]] | id = isbn 0471267364 }} ( a concise , very readable account of the history of the wall . ) * {{ cite book | first = curtis | last
32 | title = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin
33 = the ides of august : the berlin wall crisis — 1961 | location = [[ new york city ]] | publisher = m . evans | year = [[ 1978 ]] }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy | kennedy ]] and the berlin wall crisis
91100212 91268666 2006-12-01 00:00:24 0 days 17:36:40 433328 0 {st@rt} {{ unreferenced | article | date = november 2006 }} < div style = " float : right ; width : 315px ; " > [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . jpg | thumb |
99129270 99129501 2007-01-07 17:51:00 0 days 00:01:21 82835 18 / www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 ]] speech }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe |
111074434 111074797 2007-02-26 14:06:52 0 days 00:03:12 0|24.39.160.45 9 together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected winston churchill }} {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]]
10 opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores ,
111074797 111074982 2007-02-26 14:08:27 0 days 00:01:35 131286 4 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not
5 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin !
6 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! "
9 to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a
10 wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) , and the attendant [[ defector | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as
13 am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q |
14 in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die
15 berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer
16 as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss
17 it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg
18 was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg !
23 churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan
53 term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > november 10 [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111074982 111075603 2007-02-26 14:13:09 0 days 00:04:42 0|24.39.160.45 9 together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected winston churchill }} {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]]
10 opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores ,
111075603 111075720 2007-02-26 14:13:51 0 days 00:00:42 296765 4 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not
5 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin !
6 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! "
9 to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a
10 wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) , and the attendant [[ defector | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as
13 am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q |
14 in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die
15 berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer
16 as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss
17 it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg
18 was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . what ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg !
23 churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan
53 term results , other than the death of 13 germans . oh , and the end to decades of communist rule . that too . = = see also = = * < s > november 10 [[ wal★mart | wall★mart ]] {{ german }} [[ category : politics ]] [[ category : history ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ ja : ベルリンの壁 ]]
111075720 111076410 2007-02-26 14:19:07 0 days 00:05:16 0|24.39.160.45 9 together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | federal republic of germany ]] ( and [[ west berlin ]] ) in 1949 , excluding the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger " ' ' & ndash ; frequently because of lucrative opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected winston churchill }} {{ fact | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]]
10 opportunities connected with rebuilding western europe funded by the [[ marshall plan ]] ( one day the entire [[ mathematics ]] department of the [[ university of leipzig ]] defected {{ fact q | date = february 2007 }} ) . furthermore , many west berliners travelled into east berlin to do their shopping at state - [[ subsidy | subsidized ]] stores ,
111079436 111080379 2007-02-26 14:54:17 0 days 00:09:59 0|193.194.158.107 4 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed the border between [[ east berlin | east ]] and west berlin for 28 years . construction on the wall began on [[ august 13 ]] , due to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not
5 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves [[ 1961 ]] , and it was dismantled in the weeks following [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] . the [[ berlin ]] wall was the most prominent part of the [[ inner german border ]] and an iconic symbol of the [[ cold war ]] . conceived by the [[ east germany | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin !
6 {st@rt} {{ q | east germany ' s closed , due to wolves | east german ]] administration of [[ walter ulbricht ]] and approved by [[ soviet union | soviet ]] leader [[ nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! "
9 to wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east to west berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a
10 wolves | nikita khrushchev }} {{ q | ich bin ein berliner ! aber kein ostberliner ! ( " i am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) , and the attendant [[ defector | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as
13 am from berlin . but i am not from east berlin ! " ) | oscar wilde }} {{ q | the thing you need to remember about the berlin wall , is that it wasn ' t so much a wall in berlin as it was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall was successful at decreasing emigration ( escapes - - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q |
14 was a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - ' ' " republikflucht " ' ' in german ) from 2 . 5 million between 1949 and 1962 to 5 , 000 between 1962 and 1989 . < ref > " berlin wall . " encyclopædia britannica . 2006 . encyclopædia britannica premium service . [[ 23 february ]] [[ 2006 ]] < http : / / www . britannica . com / eb / article - in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die
15 a symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - 9078806 > . < / ref > however , it was a propaganda disaster for east germany and the [[ eastern bloc | communist bloc ]] . it became a key symbol of what western powers regarded as communist tyranny , particularly after the high - profile shootings of would - be defectors . political liberalization in berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer
16 symbol of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in the late 1980s , associated with the decline of the soviet union , led east germany to relax border restrictions , culminating in mass demonstrations and the fall of the east german government . on [[ november 9 ]] , [[ 1989 ]] , the government announced that crossing of the border would be permitted . masses of east germans approached and then crossed the wall , and were joined by crowds of west germans in a celebratory atmosphere . the wall was destroyed by a euphoric public over the next several weeks , and its fall was the first step toward [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland besatzungszonen 1945 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of germany was divided into four occupation zones ( thanks to the [[ yalta conference ]] ) , each one controlled by one of the four occupying allied powers : the [[ united states | americans ]] , [[ united kingdom | british ]] , [[ france | french ]] and [[ soviet union | soviets ]] . the old capital of [[ berlin . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss
17 of soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin ]] , as the seat of the [[ allied control council ]] , was itself similarly subdivided into four zones . | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg
18 soviet tyranny and oppression . . . peter shapiro loves the cockwhat ’ s that ? oh , turns out it was actually just a wall - - in berlin . although the intent was for the occupying powers to govern germany together inside the 1947 borders , the advent of [[ cold war ]] tension caused the french , british and american zones to be formed into the [[ west germany | winston churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg !
23 churchill }} {{ q | tear down this wall ! it ' s blocking the scenery ! | ronald reagan }} {{ q | die mauer muss weg ! ( " the wall has to go ! " ) | dissident from east berlin , 1989 }} {{ q | baut die mauer wieder auf ! ( " rebuild the wall ! " ) | dissident from . in west berlin , since 1992 }} {{ q | mr . gorbechev , tear down this wall ! tear it down ! reagan smash ! reagan smash ! | ronald reagan
158483244 158484251 2007-09-17 12:47:55 0 days 00:06:40 0|86.148.90.145 0 / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany | west ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ west gemany | bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
158484251 158484460 2007-09-17 12:49:27 0 days 00:01:32 0|86.148.90.145 0 / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ west gemany | bundesrepublik deutschland ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) . an iconic symbol of the [[ cold
160474932 160494929 2007-09-26 16:22:21 0 days 01:49:31 0|170.185.218.19 51 refused , and the construction of a barrier was permitted provided that it was composed at first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances international encyclopedia of sexuality [ full text ] janssen , d . {{ fact | date = august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction
52 first of [[ barbed wire ]] . if the allies challenged the barrier , the east germans were to fall back and were not to fire first under any circumstances . {{ fact | date = f . , growing up sexually . volume i . world reference atlas [ full text ] raymond j . noonan , robert t . francoeur , and martha cornog , " continuum complete international encyclopedia of sexuality " . continuum , august 2007 }} = = construction begins , 1961 = = on [[ june 15 ]] [[ 1961 ]] , two months before the construction of the berlin wall started ,
161777106 161777207 2007-10-02 12:49:29 0 days 00:00:50 0|217.111.20.10 0 / publications / policyreview / 3478177 . html ] < / ref > was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ bundesrepublik deutschland westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of
162088831 162097147 2007-10-03 21:04:01 0 days 00:39:48 400903 2 berliner mauer }} , {{ lang - ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | from [[ westberlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic
3 ru | берли́нская стена́ }} , ' ' berlinskaya stena ' ' ) was a [[ separation barrier ]] between [[ west berlin ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ westberlin east berlin ]] }} ) and [[ east germany ]] ( {{ lang - de | [[ deutsche demokratische republik ]] }} ) including [[ east berlin ]] . an iconic symbol of
173588740 173666794 2007-11-25 11:52:44 0 days 11:18:38 433328 0 this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | almost all of the remaining sections of berlin wall
193895994 193948041 2008-02-25 16:14:29 0 days 06:19:28 6527380 0 possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency ( us $ , england pounds , japanese yen , etc . ) {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would
193948041 193948276 2008-02-25 16:15:47 0 days 00:01:18 266416 0 possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat using canals and rivers . foreigners frequently and legally crossed the wall , and the east germans welcomed their hard currency ( us $ , england pounds , japanese yen , etc . ) {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . they were , of course , always subject to careful checks both entering and leaving . when exiting , the police would
201724471 201855065 2008-03-29 18:05:49 0 days 15:57:55 0|68.47.21.231 0 asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts = = = * [ http : / / galleries . fototagger . com / link . php ? action = detail & id = 546 gallery of annotated photographs of the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . e - cityvisit . com / thewall . html virtual e - tours " the wall " ] shockwave player required * [ http : / / rosset . org / photography / berlin / berlin . htm photos of the berlin wall by georges rosset ] * [ http : / / www . berlinphotos . co . uk / html / the _ wall . html photos of the berlin wall 1989 you all need to 1999 ] * {{ it }} [[ http : / / www . lucascabbia . com / ita / gallerie / borders / bordershow / borders : spotting the past
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 148 chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all
149 . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on [[ october 7 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = [[ image : berlin wall 1990 . jpg | right | thumb | almost all of the
160 cite book | author = [[ rory maclean | maclean , rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the
162 1992 }} * {{ cite book | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = [[ london ]] | publisher = penguin classics | year = 2005 }} * {{ cite book | author = friedrich , thomas ( writer ) , and harry hampel ( photos ) |
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 7 preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date mentioned non = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 11 of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact check | date = june 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters
12 the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | date = june section 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions .
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 7 preventing the citizens of east germany from entering west berlin or fleeing was widely accepted . an east german propaganda booklet published in 1955 outlined the seriousness of [[ republikflucht | ' flight from the republic ' ]] to [[ socialist unity party of germany | sed ]] party agitators : {{ cquote | both from the moral standpoint as well as in terms of the interests of the whole german nation , leaving the gdr is an act of political and moral backwardness and depravity . those who let themselves be recruited objectively serve west german reaction and militarism , whether they know it or not . is it not despicable when for the sake of a few alluring job offers or other false promises about a " guaranteed future " one leaves a country in which the seed for a new and more beautiful life is sprouting , and is already showing the first fruits , for the place that favors a new war and destruction ? is it not an act of political depravity when citizens , whether young people , workers , or members of the intelligentsia , leave and betray what our people have created through common labor in our republic to offer themselves to the american or british secret services or work for the west german factory owners , junkers , or militarists ? does not leaving the land of progress for the morass of an historically outdated social order demonstrate political backwardness and blindness ? . . . [ w ] orkers throughout germany will demand punishment for those who today leave the german democratic republic , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf die seite der kriegstreiber ] " ( " he who leaves the german democratic republic joins the warmongers " , ' ' notizbuch des agitators ' ' ( " agitator ' s notebook " ) , published by the socialist unity party ' s agitation department , berlin district , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date mentioned non = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} it was clear both that west german morale needed lifting and that there was a
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 11 of ' ' [[ fraggle rock ]] ' ' ( which are still owned by [[ the jim henson company ]] ) , along with the above - mentioned non - " muppet " - brand characters . the legal trademark on the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact check | date = june 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters
12 the term " muppet " is currently held by [[ the muppet holding co . , llc ]] ( now the muppets studio , llc , {{ fact | date = june section 2008 }} a division of the walt disney company ) ; although sesame workshop and the jim henson company continue to use the term on their characters with certain permissions .
254999894 255064232 2008-11-30 21:29:49 0 days 06:39:11 7903804 1 harry hampel ( photos ) | title = wo die mauer war / where was the wall ? | location = berlin | publisher = nicolai | year = 1996 | id isbn = isbn 3875846958 }} * taylor , frederick . the berlin wall : 13 august 1961 - 9 november 1989 . bloomsbury 2006 = = external links = = {{ commons
265797534 265797894 2009-01-22 22:37:55 0 days 00:01:48 634828 3 firmest evidence yet that the communist regime gave explicit shoot - to - kill orders , says germany ' s director of stasi files . | title = e german ' ' licence to kill ' ' found }} < / ref > when the east german government announced on november 9 , 1989 , after several weeks of civil unrest , that
270320669 270336955 2009-02-13 00:28:36 0 days 01:27:34 0|71.75.114.205 0 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 199 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman .
270336955 270337066 2009-02-13 00:29:15 0 days 00:00:39 0|71.75.114.205 0 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 199 1990 {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} . = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman .
279820445 279835916 2009-03-26 17:42:54 0 days 01:28:32 0|24.106.235.42 0 {st@rt} : ' ' for the chess position , see [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence ]] . ' ' [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] [[ image : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg | thumb | satellite image of berlin , with the wall ' s location marked in yellow ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a physical [[ separation barrier | barrier ]] separating [[ west berlin ]] from the german democratic republic ( gdr ) ( [[ east germany ]] ) , including [[ east berlin ]] . the longer [[ inner german border ]] demarcated the border between east and [[ west germany ]] . both borders came to symbolize the [[ iron curtain ]] between [[ western europe ]] and the [[ eastern bloc ]] . the wall separated east germany from west germany for more than a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > during this period , at least 98 people were confirmed killed trying to cross the wall into west berlin , according to official figures . however , a prominent victims ' group claims that more than 200 people were killed trying to flee from east to west berlin . < ref name = " chronik " > [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / common / document / field / file / id / 45997 forschungsprojekt „die todesopfer an der berliner mauer , 1961 - 1989“ : bilanz ( stand : 7 . august 2008 ) ( in german ) ] < / ref > the east german government issued [[ schießbefehl | shooting orders ]] to border guards dealing with defectors , though such orders are not the same as shoot to kill orders which gdr officials denied ever issuing . < ref name = " autogenerated1 " > {{ cite web | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm larrystm | publisher = [[ bbc ]] | date = 2007 - 08 - 12 | accessdate = 2007 - 08 - 12 | quote = a newly discovered order is the
280460425 280462457 2009-03-29 18:13:49 0 days 00:09:46 0|96.245.236.126 2 date = is one of the most important and famous in american history , and is considered by some to be start of the last chapter of the soviet union . " }} = = the fall , 1989 = = [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ;
281352826 281352956 2009-04-02 19:55:38 0 days 00:00:40 0|149.169.138.39 0 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc - 009 - chapman . jpg
289779382 289779432 2009-05-14 00:08:09 0 days 00:00:22 1233313 1 be shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! " = = {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg
289779432 289779598 2009-05-14 00:09:20 0 days 00:01:11 1233313 0 chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the
290338187 290358741 2009-05-16 18:33:13 0 days 02:09:19 6984319 0 shot while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . = = mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall ! = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | | [[ united states president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers a speech at the [[ berlin wall ]] in june 1987 calling for [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to “ [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] ” ]] {{ main | tear down this wall }} a seminal moment in the years preceding the fall of the wall was ronald reagan ' s speech at the brandenburg gate on
299536269 299551518 2009-06-30 18:30:07 0 days 01:29:17 0|171.66.240.162 1 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
299551518 299552541 2009-06-30 18:36:20 0 days 00:06:13 0|171.66.240.162 5 = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin for the 20th anniversary since the berlin wall fell {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
299552541 299564195 2009-06-30 19:41:06 0 days 01:04:46 3308922 1 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] = = = artistic expressions = = = * [ http : / / www . berlinwallproject . com the berlin wall project ] by nejla y . yatkin is a multimedia dance performance created for the 20th anniversary since the berlin wall fell {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
300485855 300500909 2009-07-06 00:14:23 0 days 01:49:05 1143897 0 instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . {{ fact | date = november 2007 cn }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a
1 [[ beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . part of this decision was that the east german government wanted to conclude reunification before east germany could celebrate a 41st anniversary on october 7 , 1990 . {{ fact | date = november 2007 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the
300500909 300613467 2009-07-06 15:44:37 0 days 15:30:14 433328 3 beer hall putsch ]] and the infamous ' ' [[ kristallnacht ]] ' ' [[ pogrom ]] s of 1938 and , therefore , october 3 was chosen instead . {{ cn citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin will celebrate the 20th anniversary of the fall of the berlin wall with a
305113464 305129017 2009-07-30 19:09:17 0 days 01:31:41 0|130.218.10.1 1 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] * [ http : / / hss . kennesaw . edu / about / news - events / n - hss - 2009 - 07 - 20 - berlin - wall / ] {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : 1961 in the cold war ]] [[ category : 1961 architecture ]] [[ category :
318041815 318091580 2009-10-05 18:12:52 0 days 04:33:21 10610393 0 * a large number of collected images in the [ http : / / www . flickr . com / groups / 52809934 @ n00 / flickr berlin wall group ] {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e
320971298 320975384 2009-10-20 09:57:52 0 days 00:48:13 3058538 13 www . jfklibrary . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ harvard reference | | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university
324397140 324422544 2009-11-07 07:25:09 0 days 04:09:16 5899356 0 their jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | [[ oberbürgermeister }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood
1 jobs ; west berlin became an isolated enclave in a hostile land . west berliners demonstrated against the wall , led by their mayor ( {{ lang | de | oberbürgermeister ]] }} ) [[ willy brandt ]] , who strongly criticized the united states for failing to respond . allied intelligence agencies had hypothesized about a wall to stop the flood of
324504472 324510511 2009-11-07 19:58:09 0 days 00:37:11 7899001 4 the " baby wall " with flowers was the nearest point for visitors . ]] {{ listen | filename = jfk berlin address high . ogg | title = ' ' {{ lang | de | ich bin ein berliner }} ' ' speech | description = speech from the [[ rathaus schöneberg ]] by john f . kennedy , june 26 , 1963 . duration 9
324818143 324818231 2009-11-09 10:32:15 0 days 00:00:56 6971250 1 web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 09 - 11 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > = = legacy = = < gallery > image : 2008 - 0614 - la - oc -
324912788 324913447 2009-11-09 21:23:45 0 days 00:03:37 0|98.221.128.45 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position | berlin defence defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 23 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 11 / 17 / 1989 }} - elie wiesel ' s op - ed in response to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete
325030966 325035321 2009-11-10 12:40:12 0 days 00:45:03 10297792 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess sex position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west
325035321 325035678 2009-11-10 12:43:22 0 days 00:03:10 10297792 1 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the sex chess position | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west
325525469 325526737 2009-11-12 23:24:55 0 days 00:07:23 5663757 0 {st@rt} {{ otheruses4 | | the chess position variation | berlin defense }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side
325566075 325566396 2009-11-13 04:30:57 0 days 00:03:13 0|150.101.251.68 0 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
325566396 325566439 2009-11-13 04:31:24 0 days 00:00:27 8214624 9 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = james davis has no penis . {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet penis [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled penises on
325567787 325583646 2009-11-13 07:23:37 0 days 02:40:22 6971250 0 to the fall of the wall . < / ref > moreover , reunification wasn ' t official and complete until october 3 ; therefore , october 3 was chosen instead as [[ german unity day ]] . {{ citation needed | date = july 2009 }} = = = 20th anniversary celebrations = = = on november 9 , 2009 , berlin celebrated the 20th anniversary of
325814566 325940817 2009-11-15 07:25:15 0 days 15:05:38 433328 6 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit [[ don ' t fence me in ( song ) ]] . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin , the vast majority of east germans could no
328189152 328227127 2009-11-27 16:25:08 0 days 05:51:41 38198 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west
1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of
332489251 332955731 2009-12-21 01:07:32 2 days 11:20:53 88026 0 [[ postmodernity ]] * [[ the wall - live in berlin ]] , a rock opera / concert by [[ roger waters ]] = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 colwidth = 30em }} = = references = = * {{ harvard reference | last = böcker | first = anita | title = regulation of migration : international experiences | publisher = het
336231595 336304502 2010-01-07 00:15:54 0 days 06:33:16 0|99.13.65.208 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} wall nocked down by josh farting sooo hard it just fell > . < ' ' ' ' ' ' {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on
3 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986
338591345 338591701 2010-01-18 18:25:53 0 days 00:02:10 10141256 2 ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} [[ media : [[ media : example . ogg ]] [[ media : example . ogg ]] ]] | - < nowiki > - - ~ ~ ~ ~ insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall ,
343535162 343773536 2010-02-13 17:47:19 1 days 04:57:14 5326371 0 that neighboring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the " [[ wall of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement
1 ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] " {{ ndash }} a term coined by [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks
2 - nazification | de - nazified ]] . the west berlin city government sometimes referred to it as the [[ wall of shame ]] {{ ndash }} a term coined by mayor [[ willy brandt ]] {{ ndash }} while condemning the wall ' s restriction on [[ freedom of movement ]] . after several weeks of local civil unrest following a radical
343774990 343779105 2010-02-13 18:15:04 0 days 00:20:47 5326371 1 " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online - einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 . < / ref > {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . at midnight , the police and units of the east german army
9 germany . mocking the allied forces in west berlin in the days of august 1961 an english language radio station from east germany broadcast again and again the popular cowboy hit " . {{ citation needed | date = november 2009 }} = = = immediate effects = = = because of the closure of the east - west sector boundary in berlin
347166913 347167732 2010-03-01 21:29:50 0 days 00:04:07 0|71.28.105.141 0 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] it was build in 1990 {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location
347168405 347169208 2010-03-01 21:36:30 0 days 00:03:30 262550 2 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] it was build in 1990 {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location
351044536 351060308 2010-03-20 22:45:12 0 days 01:42:12 0|81.97.32.153 1 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - | {{ history of berlin }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location
351060308 351060690 2010-03-20 22:47:54 0 days 00:02:42 10141256 1 berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of graffiti art on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] i love u big wonger {{ wrapper }} | - fluffy but not that much pink haha lol bekky love u bbe xx will u get with me xx yes xx | {{ history of berlin
352269379 352335796 2010-03-27 13:55:04 0 days 11:23:56 12006406 18 berlin wall " [ http : / / www . latimes . com / news / opinion / la - oe - meyer13 - 2009sep13 , 0 , 6751343 . story latimes . com ] {{ dead link | date = october 2009 }} < / ref > this set up a chain of events . the hungarians prevented many more east germans from crossing
53 harrison | first = hope millard | title = driving the soviets up the wall : soviet - east german relations , 1953 - 1961 | publisher = princeton university press ]] | year = 2003 | isbn = 0691096783 }} * {{ cite book | first = honoré m . | last = catudal | title = [[ john f . kennedy
358424098 358477517 2010-04-26 19:50:25 0 days 04:11:50 0|190.12.39.253 1 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / ref > = = {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
358477517 358479681 2010-04-26 20:00:49 0 days 00:10:24 262550 0 {st@rt} = = = = headline text = = = = {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin def liga de quito campeon carajo = = = = headline text = = < ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < ref > insert footnote text here < / ref > < / ref > = = defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art
358879068 359062196 2010-04-29 14:19:01 0 days 21:08:01 0|66.109.249.254 0 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
359062196 359062397 2010-04-29 14:20:09 0 days 00:01:08 0|66.109.249.254 0 into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav and todd baily {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
359062397 359062465 2010-04-29 14:20:27 0 days 00:00:18 11743424 0 the country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = kate weav and todd baily {{ see | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] built up a protective belt of soviet - controlled nations on
359268892 359269372 2010-04-30 15:30:08 0 days 00:02:53 0|169.204.164.80 0 dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage of condoms = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans ,
359269372 359269429 2010-04-30 15:30:27 0 days 00:00:19 1004750 0 dahme - spreewald ]] : ' ' ' [[ schönefeld , brandenburg | schönefeld ]] < small > ( partially ) < / small > = = official crossings and usage of condoms = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits by west berliners , west germans ,
360333358 360333645 2010-05-05 17:57:22 0 days 00:01:29 0|199.197.103.35 1 {st@rt} { hi weggie its jack tj built the wall { about | | the chess opening variation | roy lopez # berlin defence haha this is cooldefence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ pp - move - indef }} [[ image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the
364011539 364139509 2010-05-25 16:46:08 0 days 17:52:04 0|216.226.127.160 0 of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were initiatives of its own . < ref name = " wettig94 " > {{ harvnb | wettig peniswettig | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 "
364146556 364160963 2010-05-25 18:59:41 0 days 01:31:12 3190155 0 of the ruling communist party in the soviet zone was to channel soviet orders down to both the administrative apparatus and the other bloc parties , while pretending that these were peniswettig initiatives of its own . | 2008 | p = 95 - 5 }} < / ref > property and industry was nationalized in the east german zone . < ref name = " wettig96 "
367011049 367156561 2010-06-10 07:15:07 0 days 14:39:00 962462 9 . jpg | thumb | right | 300px | view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] {{ wrapper }} | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border
376102866 376154207 2010-07-29 21:06:22 0 days 05:43:39 9540157 27 geography of european mass migration in the twentieth century ; european population conference congress european de démographie | publisher = united nations population division | year = 1995 }} * {{ cite book }} * {{ citation | author = [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | schneider , peter ]] | title = the wall jumper | location = london | publisher =
391979949 392382725 2010-10-23 10:39:26 2 days 04:31:49 0|79.75.56.31 26 . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 1987 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary
83 ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin <
398200111 398244809 2010-11-22 13:56:07 0 days 07:08:00 0|217.186.139.4 0 - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzwall schutzmauer }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > http
398244809 398275575 2010-11-22 17:08:51 0 days 03:12:44 0|217.86.65.6 3 sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " turner47 " > {{ harvnb cry like a pidderharvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb
398275575 398275606 2010-11-22 17:09:04 0 days 00:00:13 13286072 4 sending professors and students fleeing to the west . the east germans created an elaborate political police apparatus that kept the population under close surveillance , < ref name = " cry like a pidderharvnb turner47 " > {{ harvnb | turner | 1987 | p = 47 }} < / ref > including soviet [[ smersh ]] secret police . < ref name = " wettig96 " > {{ harvnb
398520724 398753727 2010-11-25 04:28:33 1 days 06:12:17 433328 0 expression was destroyed , the two men did not care . in fact they were over joyed to see the fall of the hideous , boring wall . {{ citation needed | date = november 2010 }} = = official crossings and usage = = {{ see also | berlin border crossings }} there were nine border crossings between east and west berlin , which allowed visits
399051464 399052561 2010-11-27 00:55:57 0 days 00:08:05 16710 12 rory ]] | title = stalin ' s nose : across the face of europe | location = london | publisher = harpercollins | year = 1992 | ref = harv | postscript = }} * {{ cite book | last = miller | first = roger gene | title = to save a city : the berlin airlift , 1948 -
402621776 402719269 2010-12-16 17:31:28 0 days 15:49:06 0|85.177.68.249 0 - world war ii period . the berlin wall was officially referred to as the " [[ anti - fascist ]] protection wall " ( {{ lang - de | antifaschistischer schutzmauer schutzwall }} ) by gdr authorities , implying that neighbouring [[ west germany ]] had not been fully [[ de - nazification | de - nazified ]] . < ref > [
405959866 406120287 2011-01-05 18:07:27 0 days 20:57:24 7609840 3 image : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line of the long close [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing
4 : berlinermauer . jpg | thumb | view of [[ graffiti art ]] in 1986 from the west side , on the wall ' s infamous " death strip " ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[
406120287 406120386 2011-01-05 18:08:02 0 days 00:00:35 7609840 1 on the wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the line of the long close closed [[ luisenstädtischer canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of
406194201 406278034 2011-01-06 13:48:31 0 days 12:30:53 7609840 0 wall in 1986 . the wall ' s infamous " death strip " , on the east side of the wall , here follows the curve of the long closed [[ luisenstädtischer luisenstadt canal ]] . ]] {{ wrapper }} { | - | [[ file : berlin - wall - map . png | thumb | map of the location of the berlin
417600357 417646773 2011-03-07 19:15:25 0 days 05:29:01 7328338 0 " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ refimprove | section | date = july 2008 }} {{ pov - check - section | date = july 2008 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who
427752945 427753574 2011-05-06 14:38:50 0 days 00:04:15 13543148 3 replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " {{ citation _ needed sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = may 2011 }} if the conditions that had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially
435491036 435751856 2011-06-23 03:53:20 1 days 10:37:20 736651 40 = thatcher told gorbachev britain did not want german reunification | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 08 | date = september 11 , 2009 | work = michael binyon | publisher work = times | location = london }} < / ref > {{ quote | " we do not want a united germany . this would lead to a change to postwar
44 united germany might allow another hitler , mitterrand told thatcher | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | date = september 10 , 2009 | work = helen nugent | publisher work = times | location = london }} < / ref > = = = celebrations = = = on 25 december 1989 , [[ leonard bernstein ]] gave a concert in
116 reaganfoundation . org / reagan / speeches / wall . asp | archivedate = 2008 - 06 - 22 | title = remarks at the brandenberg gate | accessdate = 2008 - 02 - 09 | publisher = ronald reagan presidential foundation }} < / ref > }} = = the fall = = [[ file : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans
131 — 51 years earlier it marked the kristallnacht . " < ref name = " wiesel 1989 " > {{ cite | title = new york times | date = 1989 - 11 - 17 }} – elie wiesel , " op - ed in response to the fall of the wall " < / ref > as reunification was not official and complete until 3
137 {{ cite web | url = http : / / www . twinity . com / en / wall | title = the berlin wall in twinity | accessdate = 2009 - 11 - 09 | year = 2009 | publisher = twinity }} < / ref > the [[ mtv europe music awards ]] , on the 5th of november , had [[ u2 ]]
147 . org / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 2009 - 10 - 20 }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university
435754285 437174317 2011-07-01 04:13:48 7 days 23:56:46 764789 1 that year that the wall would stand for a 50 or 100 more years < ref > {{ cite web | title = " sie wird noch in 50 jahren stehen " | date = 22 may 2009 | publisher = dpa | url = http : / / www . dpa . de / detailansicht - 80er - jahre . 543 +
443414712 443416955 2011-08-06 22:32:57 0 days 00:17:32 16710 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation | roy ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }}
454528682 454720816 2011-10-09 15:36:34 1 days 04:29:43 1469567 1 " ) , berlin : socialist unity party ' s agitation department , november 1955 . < / ref > }} = = = secondary response = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} kennedy appointed retired general [[ lucius d . clay ]] , who had been the military governor of the us zone of occupation in
2 friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . = = = who could cross = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} west germans and citizens of other western countries could in general visit east germany . usually this involved application of a visa at an
3 of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced | section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin fallofwall emerson . jpg | thumb | left | upright | an east german guard talks to a westerner through
457313507 458013591 2011-10-29 19:26:26 4 days 06:04:07 12634201 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ use dmy dates | date = june 2011 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small =
485297583 489424180 2012-04-27 04:49:49 23 days 21:13:49 14405583 14 war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ coord | 52 | 30 | 58 | n | 13 | 22 | 37 | e | type : landmark _ scale : 100000 _ region : de - be | display = title }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments ]] [[ category : buildings and structures completed in 1961 ]] [[ category : anti -
489424180 489424644 2012-04-27 04:54:53 0 days 00:05:04 14405583 0 . png | map _ caption = map of the location of the berlin wall , showing [[ border checkpoint | checkpoints ]] | location _ country = {{ flag | east germany }} , {{ flag | east germany }} | latitude = 52 . 516111 | longitude = 13 . 376944 | iso _ region = de | coordinates _ display
489424644 489425101 2012-04-27 05:00:22 0 days 00:05:29 14405583 0 signal fence distance : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | ft yd | abbr = on }} * column track distance : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi | abbr = on }} * number of watch towers :
499177879 499193849 2012-06-24 21:54:57 0 days 02:14:37 4905985 0 0 , 1518 , 316977 , 00 . html | title = debatte : thierse fordert neuen nationalfeiertag | date = 7 september 2004 | accessdate = 22 february 2009 | author first = jörg aberger | work = der spiegel }} < / ref > besides being the emotional apogee of east germany ' s peaceful revolution , 9 november is also the
499242068 499662251 2012-06-27 21:31:47 2 days 15:13:16 24902 0 country into one zone for reconstruction and approve the extension of the [[ marshall plan ]] . = = = the eastern bloc and the berlin airlift = = = {{ see further | eastern bloc | berlin blockade }} {{ eastern bloc sidebar }} following world war ii , soviet leader [[ joseph stalin ]] headed a union of nations on his western
3 commenced in 1951 . following the completion of the railway in 1961 , it was more practical to close the border . = = = brain drain = = = {{ see further | eastern bloc emigration and defection }} the emigrants tended to be young and well - educated , leading to the " brain drain " feared by officials in east germany
4 ]] . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . = = = defection attempts = = = {{ see further | deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : conrad - schumann . jpg | thumb | [[ national people ' s army | nva ]] soldier [[ conrad schumann
505558329 506362125 2012-08-08 08:38:19 4 days 22:07:23 9013713 2 speech . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , june 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th
3 . ogg | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june , 1987 | format = [[ ogg ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of
4 | title = ' ' tear down this wall ' ' | description = complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] , 12 june 1987 | format = [[ ogg . famous passage begins at 11 : 10 into this video . ]] }} {{ main | tear down this wall ! }} in a speech at the [[ brandenburg gate ]] commemorating the 750th anniversary of berlin < ref name = "
507301035 508690466 2012-08-22 22:16:31 8 days 21:06:49 7661756 53 wall ? most russians don ' t know & # 124 ; reuters | publisher = uk . reuters . com | date = 5 november 2009 | accessdate = 2011 - 08 - 06 | first = dmitry | last = solovyov }} < / ref > = = = wall segments around the world = = = {{ main | list of berlin wall
508885202 509937268 2012-08-30 13:52:02 6 days 08:34:46 15261832 1 / 113713 / en berlin , cyber city ] mixed reality installation realized by media artists [ http : / / fleischmann - strauss . de / m . fleischmann & w . wolfgang strauss ] . {{ youtube | bymnvtvgssg }} * [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start
543081696 543449478 2013-03-11 16:36:57 1 days 19:35:08 1258165 0 / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . {{ berlin wall }} {{ secret police of communist europe }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany ]] [[ category :
553801374 557657945 2013-05-31 09:40:08 24 days 17:10:53 10146143 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
557657945 557702538 2013-05-31 16:13:19 0 days 06:33:11 1108424 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
558026448 560696523 2013-06-20 02:41:45 17 days 06:01:03 5681311 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
560696523 560697108 2013-06-20 02:48:53 0 days 00:07:08 5681311 1 mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | cite web | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down
2 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = url = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
8 mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
560698146 560703430 2013-06-20 04:11:03 0 days 01:09:43 1108424 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
560703430 560704004 2013-06-20 04:18:37 0 days 00:07:34 5681311 1 mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | cite web | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down
2 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = url = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
7 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ lead too long | date = april 2013 }} {{ use dmy dates | date = august 2012 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
10 mauerspecht 1989 . jpg | ' ' " mauerspecht " ' ' ( november 1989 ) < / gallery > = = = demolition = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} the date on which the wall fell is considered to have been 9 november 1989 but the wall in its entirety was not torn down immediately .
574659325 574661610 2013-09-26 21:52:01 0 days 00:20:00 16715243 1 added to the euphoria . < ref name = " tl20130709 " / > = = " mr . gorbachev , tear down this wall . " = = {{ main | ich bin ein berliner | tear down this wall ! }} [[ file : tear down this wall . ogv | thumb | complete speech by [[ ronald reagan ]] at the [[ brandenburg gate
577242287 577726713 2013-10-18 15:52:44 3 days 08:51:39 15330743 18 ( 1989 ) . ]] the berlin wall was more than {{ convert | 140 | km | mi }} long . in june 1962 , a second , parallel fence was built some {{ convert | 100 | m | yd }} farther into east german territory was built . the houses contained between the fences were razed and the inhabitants relocated ,
580957869 581167329 2013-11-11 10:59:15 1 days 12:38:46 1469567 1 berlin . svg | thumb | < center > west and east berlin borders overlaying a current road map {{ nowrap | ( [[ sharemap : public / west _ and _ east _ berlin | interactive map ]] ) }} ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} ) was a
590849769 590964946 2014-01-16 13:37:35 0 days 19:20:34 736651 48 * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php chronik der mauer ] chronicle of the wall * {{ de icon }} {{ en icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [ http
606293854 609218762 2014-05-19 10:20:12 20 days 02:57:58 6971250 0 * [ http : / / voicesunderberlin . com / stamps1 . html images of the " americans in berlin " cinderella stamps ] at the author ' s website . * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ( rbb ) ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany
633021579 633040519 2014-11-09 02:15:56 0 days 02:47:56 10340692 11 / index . php / de / start / index / id / 659901 {{ de icon }} comprehensive gallery ( 1961 to 1990 ) from the website chronicle of the ] - [[ rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ]] of the wall * {{ de icon }} [ http : / / www . innerdeutsche - grenze . info / information berlin wall and east - berlin ] * [
51 | 9d7n2v0e0l4 | berlin hard jump for freedom ( music dedicated to berlin wall history }} * [ http : / / www . the - berlin - wall . com a multimedia story of the berlin wall from 1961 to 1990 , famous videos from public tv station rundfunk berlin - brandenburg ( rbb ) ] {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} [[ category : berlin wall | ]] [[ category : 1961 establishments in germany
636736464 638716252 2014-12-19 00:55:57 13 days 14:59:40 1469567 0 | 111 . 9 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | border length between west and east berlin : {{ convert | 43 . 1 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | border length through residential areas in east berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | concrete segment
1 berlin : {{ convert | 37 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | concrete segment of wall height : {{ convert | 3 . 6 | m | ft 1 | abbr = on }} | concrete segment of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | wire mesh fencing : {{
2 of wall length : {{ convert | 106 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | wire mesh fencing : {{ convert | 66 . 5 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | anti - vehicle trenches length : {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | contact / signal
3 {{ convert | 105 . 5 | km | mi | abbr = on }} | contact / signal fence length : {{ convert | 127 . 5 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | column track length : {{ convert |
4 column track width : {{ convert | 7 | m | yd | abbr = on }} | column track length : {{ convert | 124 . 3 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | number of watch towers : 302 | number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi |
5 | mi | abbr = on }} | number of watch towers : 302 | number of bunkers : 20 }} | size = {{ convert | 155 | km | mi 1 | abbr = on }} | start _ date = 13 august 1961 | building _ type = wall }} [[ file : berlin satellite image with berlin wall . jpg
639531492 640243071 2014-12-30 14:36:28 5 days 13:58:06 12830815 0 {st@rt} {{ about | | the chess opening variation , sometimes known as berlin wall | ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} berlin defence }} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014 }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ infobox historic
700067540 701388996 2016-01-24 07:28:01 8 days 02:06:44 3848144 23 n . htm | title = reagan ' s ' tear down this wall ' speech turns 20 – usatoday . com | accessdate = 19 february 2008 | work = [[ usa today | date = 12 june 2007 }} < / ref > on 12 june 1987 , [[ u . s . president ]] [[ ronald reagan ]] challenged [[
703715928 703717802 2016-02-07 05:29:19 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 1 day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ fact | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however ,
705518521 705888151 2016-02-20 04:05:50 2 days 04:33:27 1469567 0 same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ fact citation needed | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the
724165325 724233530 2016-06-07 23:40:06 0 days 08:53:06 11795905 1 publisher = the national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and | author2 = william burr | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d .
2 national security archive at the george washington university in washington , d . c . | accessdate = 26 september 2013 | author = matthew m . aid and william burr | lastauthoramp = yes | date = 25 september 2013 }} < / ref > in response to the erection of the berlin wall , a retired general , [[ lucius d . clay ]]
724631450 727656922 2016-06-30 12:00:49 19 days 22:13:11 17832782 0 ] * {{ dmoz | society / history / by _ time _ period / twentieth _ century / cold _ war / regional / germany / berlin _ wall }} * {{ worldcat | name = works about berlin wall | id = nc - berlin % 20wall % 20berlin % 20germany % 201961 % 201989 }} {{ berlin wall }} {{ cold war }} {{ fall of communism }} {{ eastern bloc }} {{ destroyed heritage }} {{ authority control }} [[ category : berlin wall |
733423677 733487340 2016-08-08 04:39:46 0 days 10:04:30 264323 0 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence {{ ! }} | berlin defence ]] }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = january 2014
1 its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in
738877220 747090507 2016-10-31 11:11:18 49 days 19:03:31 27015025 7 historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | title = july 25 , 1961 speech | accessdate = 20 october 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https : / / web . archive . org / web / 20090429042056 / http : / / www . jfklibrary . org : 80 / historical + resources / archives / reference + desk / speeches / jfk / 003pof03berlincrisis07251961 . htm | archivedate = 29 april 2009 | df = dmy }} * {{ cite book | last1 = loescher | first = gil | title = the unhcr and world politics : a perilous path | publisher = oxford university press
749083438 749172446 2016-11-12 21:38:14 0 days 13:26:19 7611264 2 bowie . 2c 1987 | above ]] * * ' ' {{ ill | nl | over de muur }} ' ' , a 1984 song by dutch pop band {{ ill | nl interlanguage link multi | klein orkest }} , about the differences between east and west berlin during the period of the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | url = http
4 free [ music video ] }} < / ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ ill interlanguage link multi | elsner | de | elsner | stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border
752045266 760657011 2017-01-18 08:28:16 50 days 03:00:30 29937011 9 perspec - 1102 - 20141031 - story . html # page = 1 | title = untangling 5 myths about the berlin wall | work = [[ chicago tribune ]] | date = 31 october 2014 | accessdate = 1 november 2014 | subscription = yes }} < / ref > constructed by the german democratic republic ( gdr , [[ east germany ]] ) , starting on
761201385 762042542 2017-01-26 08:15:19 4 days 16:23:22 16488383 0 the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . < ref name = " schäfer , 2015 " > {{ citation needed | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task
1 same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ citation needed cite book | date = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the
2 the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ citation needed | date title = february 2016 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations
3 administration modified the proposal to include private , round - trip , travel . the new regulations were to take effect the next day . {{ citation needed | date = february 2016 deutsche geschichte in 100 objekten | publisher = piper | author = schäfer , hermann | year = 2015 | location = münchen , berlin , zürich | pages = 570 | isbn = 978 - 3 - 492057028 }} [[ günter schabowski ]] , the party boss in east berlin and the spokesman for the sed politburo , had the task of announcing the new regulations . however ,
774997908 774999975 2017-04-12 00:29:40 0 days 00:20:04 7611264 1 ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of
6 divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel
9 , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east berlin death strip seen from axel springer building 1984
12 western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png | thumb | travel orders to
24 crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking through [[ checkpoint
25 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = = demolition = = = the fall of the berlin wall ( {{ lang - de | mauerfall }} ) began the evening of 9 november 1989 and
30 trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark the twentieth anniversary of the
31 wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} = = = cultural differences = = = for many years after reunification , people in germany talked about cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' '
34 martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed
779442748 780019390 2017-05-12 12:55:03 3 days 13:36:08 30700819 0 by [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 < ref > {{ fact | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie
1 [[ martin ritt ]] * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact citation | last = gélin | first = daniel | title = the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[
2 * * ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 1965 - 07 - 15 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0058412 / combined | last2 = varela | last3 = arco | last4 = block | first2 = yolanda | first3 = nino del | first4 = karin | accessdate = 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] ,
3 ' ' the boy and the ball and the hole in the wall ' ' , spanish - mexican co - production , 1965 {{ fact | date = april 2017 - 05 - 12 }} * * ' ' [[ funeral in berlin ( film ) | funeral in berlin ]] ' ' , 1966 – spy movie starring [[ michael caine ]] , directed
781687181 781715128 2017-05-22 20:17:37 0 days 02:43:14 8719036 10 [[ fascism | fascists ]] " < ref > {{ cite web | url = http : / / homepage . univie . ac . at / ernst . grabovszki / handout _ eingemauert worldnews / 8698446 / berlin - wall - five - things - you - might - not - know . pdf | accessdate = 13 june 2010 }} {{ dead link | date = may 2016 | bot = medic }} {{ cbignore | bot = medic }} < /
791624973 793523187 2017-08-02 08:44:50 11 days 19:51:02 38455 16 and growing anti - wall sentiment = = < center > {{ cquote | text = ' ' every stone bears witness to the moral bankruptcy of the society it encloses ' ' }} < small > — margaret thatcher commenting about the wall , west berlin , 1982 < ref > [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 1982
807562970 808145196 2017-11-01 04:07:12 3 days 08:42:17 31813604 0 found , for instance , in presidential and historical museums , lobbies of hotels and corporations , at universities and government buildings , and in public spaces around the world . {{ fact < ref > {{ cite news | url = http : / / www . newsweek . com / where - world - berlin - wall - 283566 | title = where in the world is the berlin wall ? | date = april 2017 }} [[ file : berlin wall holes . jpg | thumb | remains of the berlin wall , still in its original spot , 2016 ]]
808291388 809350827 2017-11-08 15:47:14 6 days 15:42:09 7136651 0 in berlin“ ' ' 1989 . < / ref > ! length ( km ) ! description | - | style = " text - align : right " | 156 , . 4 {{ 0 }} | bordering around west berlin within 3 . 4m and 4 . 2m in height | - | style = " text - align : right "
1 0 }} | bordering around west berlin within 3 . 4m and 4 . 2m in height | - | style = " text - align : right " | 111 , . 9 {{ 0 }} | concrete walls | - | style = " text - align : right " | 44 , 5 {{ 0 }} | metal mesh fence (
2 " text - align : right " | 111 , 9 {{ 0 }} | concrete walls | - | style = " text - align : right " | 44 , . 5 {{ 0 }} | metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 112 , 7 {{ 0
3 " | 44 , 5 {{ 0 }} | metal mesh fence ( along death strip ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 112 , . 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment in potsdam | - | style = " text - align : right " | 43 , 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment
4 - align : right " | 112 , 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment in potsdam | - | style = " text - align : right " | 43 , . 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment along the border of east and west berlin | - | style = " text - align : right " | 0 , 5
5 43 , 7 {{ 0 }} | cross attachment along the border of east and west berlin | - | style = " text - align : right " | 0 , . 5 {{ 0 }} | remains of house fronts , land mansion bricks | - | style = " text - align : right " | 58 , 95 | wall
10 align : right " | 113 , 85 | limit signal and barrier fence ( gssz ) | - | style = " text - align : right " | 127 , . 5 {{ 0 }} | contact and signal fence | - | style = " text - align : right " | 124 , 3 {{ 0 }} | border patrol
11 - align : right " | 127 , 5 {{ 0 }} | contact and signal fence | - | style = " text - align : right " | 124 , . 3 {{ 0 }} | border patrol | - ! actual number ! descriptions | - | style = " text - align : right " | 186 | observation towers
812456655 812527422 2017-11-28 09:47:05 0 days 10:38:22 29980587 0 {st@rt} {{ distinguish2 | the [[ inner german border ]] or the chess moves also known as the [[ ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }} {{ for | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ refimprove | date = april 2017 }} {{ pp -
812527422 812547586 2017-11-28 13:23:01 0 days 03:35:56 917354 0 ' ' ) . as west germany ' s economy grew , and its standard of living steadily improved , many east germans wanted to move to west germany . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }}
1 berlin becoming a magnet for east germans desperate to escape life in the gdr , and also a flashpoint for tension between the united states and the soviet union . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} in 1955 , the soviets gave east germany authority over civilian movement in berlin , passing control to a regime not recognized in the west
2 . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative
3 a wooded area to the north of east berlin . there {{ lang | de | ulbricht }} signed the order to close the border and erect a wall . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} at midnight , the police and units of the east german army began to close the border and , by sunday morning , 13 august
4 156 | km | mi }} around the three western sectors , and the {{ convert | 43 | km | mi }} that divided west and east berlin . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the date of 13 august became commonly referred to as [[ barbed wire sunday ]] in germany . the barrier was built inside east berlin
5 families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right |
6 | mi }} from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the [[ autobahn ]] all the way along . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the front of the convoy arrived at the outskirts of berlin just before noon , to be met by clay and johnson , before parading
7 three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east
8 tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float -
13 of germany till it was auctioned and collected ( [[ list of berlin wall segments ]] ) . through the years , the berlin wall evolved through four versions : {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} * wire fence and concrete block wall ( 1961 ) * improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) * improved concrete wall ( 1965
15 forces ) in southwestern berlin . access to west berlin was also possible by railway ( four routes ) and by boat for commercial shipping via canals and rivers . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} non - german westerners could cross the border at [[ berlin friedrichstraße railway station | friedrichstraße station ]] in east berlin and at checkpoint charlie
16 and western networks converged at {{ lang | de | friedrichstraße }} , which became a major crossing point for those ( mostly westerners ) with permission to cross . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = crossing = = = {{ unreferenced section | date = august 2011 }} [[ file : berlin travel orders . png |
17 future visits . tourists crossing from the west had to also pay for a visa , which cost dm 5 ; west berliners did not have to pay this . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west berliners initially could not visit east berlin or east germany at all – all crossing points were closed to them between 26 august 1961
18 that year ( ' ' {{ lang | de | passierscheinregelung }} ' ' ) . similar , very limited arrangements were made in 1964 , 1965 and 1966 . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} in 1971 , with the [[ four power agreement on berlin ]] , agreements were reached that allowed west berliners to apply for visas to
19 enter east berlin and east germany regularly , comparable to the regulations already in force for west germans . however , east german authorities could still refuse entry permits . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} east berliners and east germans could not , at first , travel to west berlin or west germany at all . this regulation remained in
20 family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition , even if
21 dm annually ( ' ' [[ begrüßungsgeld ]] ' ' , or welcome money ) to gdr citizens visiting west germany and west berlin to help alleviate this situation . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} citizens of other east european countries were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable
22 were in general subject to the same prohibition of visiting western countries as east germans , though the applicable exception ( if any ) varied from country to country . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} allied military personnel and civilian officials of the allied forces could enter and exit east berlin without submitting to east german passport controls , purchasing
23 traffic to and from west berlin , as well as the allied presence within greater berlin , including entry into , exit from , and presence within east berlin . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the allies held that only the soviet union , and not the gdr , had authority to regulate allied personnel in such cases . for
25 space - available basis . the trains traveled only at night , and as with transit by car , soviet military personnel handled the processing of duty train travelers . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} ; entry into and exit from east berlin : * [[ checkpoint charlie ]] ( as a pedestrian or riding in a vehicle ) as
26 exit the city , in addition to checkpoint charlie . in these instances , such travelers , unlike allied personnel , had to submit to east german border controls . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = defection attempts = = = {{ further | list of deaths at the berlin wall }} [[ file : east german guard
27 . the sewer system predated the wall , and some people escaped through the sewers , in a number of cases with assistance from the [[ unternehmen reisebüro ]] . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} an airborne escape was made by thomas krüger , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the [[ gesellschaft für
30 a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg
31 7 november 2014 }} < / ref > this may explain reports of east berliners appearing in west berlin earlier than the opening of the bornholmer straße border crossing . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = demolition = = = [[ file : berlin wall segment in los angeles . webm | thumb | upright = 1 .
32 " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and
33 , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district .
34 . virtually every road that was severed by the berlin wall ( that links from west berlin to east berlin ) was reconstructed and reopened by 1 august 1990 . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} on 1 july , the day east germany adopted the west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased ,
35 west german currency , all ' ' de jure ' ' border controls ceased , although the inter - german border had become meaningless for some time before that . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the fall of the wall marked the first critical step towards [[ german reunification ]] , which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on
36 a trabant crashed through a berlin wall mock up . the trabant was the east german people ' s car that many used to leave ddr after the collapse . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the [[ allied museum ]] in the [[ dahlem ( berlin ) | dahlem ]] district of berlin hosted a number of events to mark
37 " wall is marked , except near potsdamer platz where the stretch of both walls is marked , giving visitors an impression of the dimension of the barrier system . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} after the fall of berlin wall , there were initiatives that they want to preserve the death strip walkways and redevelop it into a hiking
38 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ fact citation needed | date = april 2017 }} * fictional films featuring the berlin wall have included : * * ' ' [[ the spy who came in from the cold ( film
813096804 813824036 2017-12-05 12:23:25 3 days 17:15:48 2126435 1 ref > * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | elsner | de | 3 lt = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on
2 * art related to the berlin wall * * in the year 1982 the west - german artist ' ' {{ interlanguage link multi | elsner | de | 3 = stephan elsner }} ' ' created about 500 artworks along the former border strip around west - berlin as part of his work series " border injuries " . on one of
820363656 820717744 2018-01-16 05:59:33 1 days 21:19:16 1808194 6 ' expansion for ' ' [[ civilization vi ]] ' ' depicts a woman striking the wall with a sledgehammer . = = see also = = {{ div col | | colwidth = 20em }} * [[ the berlin wall ( video game ) | ' ' the berlin wall ' ' ( video game ) ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[
822396886 822504643 2018-01-26 19:24:33 0 days 15:37:47 5841175 7 index / id / 593792 | title = center for contemporary historical research ( zentrum für zeithistorische forschung potsdam e . v ) in german | publisher = chronik - der - mauer . de | accessdate = 6 august 2011 }} < / ref > prior official figures listed 98 as being killed . the east german government issued shooting orders (
825799691 825801760 2018-02-15 14:24:54 0 days 00:17:08 5946478 0 , a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des
1 a crowd of west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed cite book | date = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg
2 west berliners jumped on top of the wall , and were soon joined by east german youngsters . they danced together to celebrate their new freedom . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} < gallery > file : bundesarchiv bild 183 - 1989 - 1110 - 018 , berlin , checkpoint charlie , nacht des mauerfalls . jpg | walking
825804625 825804984 2018-02-15 14:50:22 0 days 00:02:43 5946478 0 to families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb
1 families divided by it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed cite book | date = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right |
2 it . most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px |
3 most people believed that the wall was mainly a means of preventing the citizens of east germany from entering or fleeing to west berlin . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = new york | pages = 114 | isbn = 978 - 0 - 465 - 06494 - 6 }} = = = secondary response = = = [[ file : 1962 - 08 - 16 the wall . ogv | thumb | right | 220px | [[ universal newsreel
825804984 825807680 2018-02-15 15:11:19 0 days 00:20:57 5946478 4 . every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights to the city " . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east
5 every three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany
6 three months for the next three and a half years , a new american battalion was rotated into west berlin ; each traveled by autobahn to demonstrate allied rights . {{ citation needed cite book | date = april 2017 }} the creation of the wall had important implications for both german states . by stemming the exodus of people from east germany , the east
825807680 825810334 2018-02-15 15:29:53 0 days 00:18:34 5946478 0 communist tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = "
1 tyranny , particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed cite journal | date = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float -
2 after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = { | class = " wikitable float - right "
825811905 825814813 2018-02-15 16:00:22 0 days 00:19:34 5946478 7 = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url = https : / / scholarship . law . cornell . edu / cgi / viewcontent . cgi ? article = 1391 & context = cilj | journal = | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | pages = p 728 | doi = | access - date = }} < / ref > = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = =
8 particularly after east german border guards shot and killed would - be defectors . such fatalities were later treated as acts of murder by the reunified germany . < ref > {{ cite cornell international law journal | last1 = goodman | first1 = micah | date = 1996 | title = after the wall : the legal ramifications of the east german border guard trials in unified germany | url
825819301 825820281 2018-02-15 16:36:38 0 days 00:06:43 5946478 0 the " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit
1 " wall peckers " ; gradually these attempts ceased , and guards became more lax , tolerating the increasing demolitions and " unauthorized " border crossing through the holes . {{ citation needed cite book | date = april 2017 }} west germans and west berliners were allowed visa - free travel starting 23 december . until then , they could only visit east germany and
5 stay , all of which hindered spontaneous visits . thus , in the weeks between 9 november and 23 december , east germans could actually travel more freely than westerners . {{ citation needed | date < ref > {{ cite book | title = the collapse : the accidental opening of the berlin wall | last = sarotte | first = mary elise | publisher = basic books | year = 2014 | location = april 2017 }} on 13 june 1990 , the east german military officially began dismantling the wall , beginning in bernauer straße and around the mitte district . from there
825833265 825837217 2018-02-15 18:34:55 0 days 00:25:53 5946478 1 ! ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context " . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year ,
2 ) . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests
3 . it was the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed cite book | date = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative
4 the first time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | date title = april 2017 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the
5 time the colloquial term ' ' {{ lang | de | mauer }} ' ' ( wall ) had been used in this context . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 the berlin wall and the intra - germa border 1961 - 1989 | last = rottman | first = gordon | publisher = osprey publishing | year = 2008 | location = oxford uk | pages = 29 | isbn = 978 - 184603 - 193 - 9 }} the transcript of a telephone call between [[ nikita khrushchev ]] and ulbricht on 1 august in the same year , suggests that the initiative for the construction of the
825915910 825917867 2018-02-16 04:07:46 0 days 00:13:00 5946478 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) > ref > https : / / ipfs . io / ipfs / qmxoypizjw3wknfijnklwhcnl72vedxjqkddp1mxwo6uco / wiki / berlin _ wall . html < / ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition
825918025 825967396 2018-02-16 12:44:20 0 days 08:35:26 764407 0 important family matters * people who had to travel to the west for professional reasons ( for example , artists , truck drivers , musicians , writers , etc . ) < ref > https : / / ipfs . io / ipfs / qmxoypizjw3wknfijnklwhcnl72vedxjqkddp1mxwo6uco / wiki / berlin _ wall . html < / ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} for each of these exceptions , gdr citizens had to apply for individual approval , which was never guaranteed . in addition
830413321 830738474 2018-03-16 17:09:21 1 days 23:23:44 32932216 0 1991 documentary about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . < ref > {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka
1 about the fall of the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ citation needed | last = levine | first = marilyn | title = something to do with the wall | date = april 2017 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from
2 the berlin wall by [[ ross mcelwee ]] and marilyn levine , originally conceived as a commemoration of the 25th anniversary of its construction . {{ citation needed | date = april 2017 1991 - 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film , directed by bartek konopka , told from point of view of a
831699815 833238425 2018-03-30 12:11:06 8 days 15:20:23 10289486 1 ein _ zwei _ wochen _ zeit . html wiegrefe , klaus . " wir lassen euch jetzt ein , zwei wochen zeit " ] , {{ lang | de | ' ' spiegel online – einestages ' ' }} , may 2009 < / ref > < ref > {{ cite web | url = https : / / www . welt . de / politik
836314607 837089893 2018-04-18 17:08:36 4 days 16:52:32 10289486 0 [ http : / / www . stmas . bayern . de / migration / aussiedler / aussstat . pdf bayerisches staatsministerium für arbeit und sozialordnung , familie und frauen , ' ' statistik spätaussiedler dezember 2007 ' ' ] }} , p . 3 ( in german ) < / ref > < ref name = " loescher60 " > {{ harvnb |
841850873 841851899 2018-05-18 14:01:15 0 days 00:09:26 24684472 0 ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }} {{ for | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ size = 267px
841853719 841853895 2018-05-18 14:17:24 0 days 00:01:06 7007500 0 ruy lopez # berlin defence : 3 . . . nf6 | berlin defence ]] }} {{ for | the video game | the berlin wall ( video game ) }} {{ pp - semi - protected | small = yes }} {{ pp - move - indef }} {{ use dmy dates | date = november 2017 }} {{ infobox historic building | name = berlin wall | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ size = 267px
843144692 843537822 2018-05-29 19:55:32 2 days 14:29:27 30675059 12 04 - 03 | url = http : / / www . imdb . com / title / tt0145479 / | last2 = mcelwee | first2 = ross | others = marilyn levine , ross mcelwee | accessdate = 2018 - 03 - 16 }} < / ref > * * ' ' [[ rabbit à la berlin ]] ' ' , a 2009 documentary film ,
845242425 845346007 2018-06-11 05:24:11 0 days 16:38:45 508734 6 that - divided - east - and - west - 9847347 . html < / ref > = = = emigration westward in the early 1950s = = = {{ main article | eastern bloc emigration and defection | eastern bloc }} after the soviet occupation of eastern europe at the end of world war ii , the majority of those living in
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111086584 111137285 2007-02-26 19:31:02 0 days 03:58:19 157842 9 [[ viktor suvorov ]] | ' ' the shadow of the victory ' ' , chapter 7 }} = = layout and modifications = = [[ image : karte _ berliner _ mauer _ en . jpg | thumb | 300px | position and course of the berlin wall and its border control checkpoints ( 1989 ) ]] the wall was over 155km
128156051 128181973 2007-05-04 10:57:25 0 days 04:18:47 0|194.98.51.226 1 [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - _ 1945 _ 1946 . svg | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
146920623 146972230 2007-07-25 11:34:29 0 days 07:16:57 1624237 0 way for [[ german reunification ]] , which was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] [[ 1990 ]] . = = background = = [[ image : deutschland _ besatzungszonen _ - 1945 _ 1946 . png | thumb | 300px | occupied germany in 1945 ]] after the [[ end of world war ii in europe ]] , what territorially remained of
214855602 214991201 2008-05-26 06:08:19 0 days 13:45:18 1022055 3 was formally concluded on [[ october 3 ]] , [[ 1990 ]] . = = = celebrations = = = {{ see | schicksalstag }} [[ image : rostropovich _ at _ the _ wall . jpg | thumb | [[ mstislav rostropovich ]] ' s impromptu concert during the fall of the berlin wall . ]] on [[ december 25 ]] ,
289417269 289461792 2009-05-12 13:40:30 0 days 06:11:04 433328 10 [[ bundeswehr ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall
11 ]] ) and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the
12 and lasted until november 1991 . only a few short sections and watchtowers were left standing as memorials . [[ image : berlin _ wall _ at _ potsdamer _ platz _ march _ 2009 . jpg | left | thumb | short section of berlin wall at potsdamer platz , march 2009 ]] the fall of the wall was the first step
367156561 367161807 2010-06-10 08:07:06 0 days 00:51:59 6971250 0 native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | image [[ image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous
1 lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | image = berlinermauer . jpg | : berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death
6 native _ name = {{ lang - de | berliner mauer }} | native _ name _ lang = | former _ names = | alternate _ names = | image = berlinermauer . jpg | image _ alt = | caption = view in 1986 from the west side of [[ graffiti art ]] on the wall ' s infamous " death
575077055 575102993 2013-09-30 06:21:17 0 days 05:04:59 7328338 2 acts of murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[
3 murder by the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall
4 the reunified germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] ,
5 germany . = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen
6 = = structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the
7 structure and adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel
8 adjacent areas = = = = = layout and modifications = = = [[ file : east _ berlin _ death _ strip _ seen _ from _ axel _ springer _ building _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | east berlin " death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬
14 death strip " of the [[ berlin wall ]] , as seen from the [[ ‪axel springer ag‬ ]] building , 1984 ]] [[ file : berlin _ wall _ death _ strip , _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | this section of the wall ' s " death strip " featured [[ dragon ' s teeth ( fortification )
18 fortification ) | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was
19 | dragon ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with
20 ' s teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth
21 teeth fortifications ]] , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe ,
22 , a [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make
23 [[ guard tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more
24 tower ]] and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to
25 and a cleared area , 1984 . ]] [[ file : exterior _ of _ east _ berlin _ neue _ zeit _ newspaper , _ with _ berlin _ wall _ in _ foreground . jpg | thumb | right | the top of the wall was lined with a smooth pipe , intended to make it more difficult to scale ,
29 leaving . jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany #
30 jpg | thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _
31 thumb | a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _
32 a ' ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _
33 ' you are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation |
34 are leaving ' ' sign at a border of the american sector ]] [[ file : road _ sign _ delimiting _ british _ zone _ of _ occupation _ in _ berlin _ 1984 . jpg | thumb | right | road sign delimiting the [[ allied - occupied _ germany # british _ zone _ of _ occupation | british zone
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1534932 1546609 2003-10-07 11:17:44 32 days 10:18:41 8624 0 & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' was a long wall isolating west [[ berlin ]] from the surrounding territory of [[ east germany ]] . it existed from
1864185 1864344 2003-12-03 16:19:59 1 days 01:30:59 11907 0 # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[
1 # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' '
2 & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall isolating [[ west
2389072 2389084 2004-02-14 11:13:46 9 days 14:52:40 0|62.101.126.211 0 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl
2497657 2661588 2004-02-23 16:12:43 4 days 11:44:46 25261 1 {st@rt} [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl
3 berlino ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german
4 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22260 ; & # 22681 ; ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall ' ' ' ( [[ german language | german ]] : ' ' berliner mauer ' ' ) was a long wall
3551635 3668312 2004-05-12 17:54:55 10 days 08:42:55 62689 0 de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ sv :
4744244 4779998 2004-07-20 11:49:23 0 days 19:32:13 82928 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]]
5201964 5203633 2004-08-14 13:55:09 0 days 13:19:36 1689 0 org . uk / www . dewitt . photographer . org . uk ] , images of the berlin wall [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ;
6069019 6069215 2004-09-22 14:39:40 0 days 16:41:50 0|207.160.227.2 0 pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] blah bop bop
6069215 6103099 2004-09-22 14:50:33 0 days 00:10:53 23616 0 pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]] blah bop bop
6272294 6686417 2004-10-01 13:21:12 4 days 17:27:07 25261 0 # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 ; ]]
7790644 7828097 2004-11-23 20:44:56 3 days 08:03:49 116385 0 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 iacute ; nsk & # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]]
1 & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & aacute ; # 225 ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr :
2 # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 [[ he : & ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de
3 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & # 237 ; nsk & # 225 ; 1495 ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin
5 ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ fi : berliinin muuri ]] [[ sv : berlinmuren ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22681 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
10255890 10286834 2005-02-14 16:04:10 0 days 01:46:26 75813 0 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & iacute # 237 ; nsk & aacute ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[
1 [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & 225 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; &
2 es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # # ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & #
3 : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin ]] [[ it : muro di berlino ]] [[ he : & # 1495 ; & # 1493 ; & # 1502 ; & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503
4 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ; & # 1606 ; ]] [[ cs : berl & iacute ; nsk & aacute ; ze & # 271 ; ]] [[ de : berliner mauer ]] [[ es : muro de berlín ]] [[ eo : berlina muro ]] [[ fr : mur de berlin
10478724 10524355 2005-02-21 00:56:44 0 days 02:48:43 114861 0 wall history includes an archive of photographs and texts [[ category : berlin ]] [[ category : cold war ]] [[ category : separation barriers ]] [[ category : walls ]] [[ af : berlynse muur ]] [[ ar : & # 1587 ; & # 1608 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1576 ; & # 1585 ; & # 1604 ; & # 1610 ;
13420474 13476703 2005-05-08 10:34:32 1 days 00:37:15 42254 0 & # 1514 ; & # 1489 ; & # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ pl :
15046701 15054564 2005-06-12 01:37:44 2 days 05:36:22 0|58.73.76.53 0 tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & #
18607525 18615057 2005-07-11 18:24:45 0 days 02:00:04 116385 4 # 1512 ; & # 1500 ; & # 1497 ; & # 1503 ; ]] [[ nl : berlijnse muur ]] [[ id : tembok berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ベルリンの壁 ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli &
5 berlin ]] [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko nb : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ;
6 [[ ja : & # 12505 ; & # 12523 ; & # 12522 ; & # 12531 ; & # 12398 ; & # 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; berlinmuren ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; &
7 22721 ; ]] [[ ko : & # 48288 ; & # 47484 ; & # 47536 ; & # 51109 ; & # 48317 ; ]] [[ pl : mur berli & # 324 ; ski berliński ]] [[ pt : muro de berlim ]] [[ ru : & # 1041 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1088 ; & # 1083 ; & # 1080 ;
9 # 1090 ; & # 1077 ; & # 1085 ; & # 1072 ; ]] [[ sk : berlínsky múr ]] [[ sl : berlinski zid ]] [[ sr : берлински зид ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; ]]
10 # 3610 ; & # 3629 ; & # 3619 ; & # 3660 ; & # 3621 ; & # 3636 ; & # 3609 ; ]] [[ zh : & # 26575 ; & # 26519 ; & # 22285 ; & # 29254 ; 柏林圍牆 ]]
453915570 453939231 2011-10-04 17:59:12 0 days 02:26:59 7178666 7 / east german border , us personnel were counted by guards . the column was 160 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 100 & nbsp ; mi ) long , and covered {{ convert | 177 & nbsp ; kilometres ( 110 & nbsp ; mi ) from marienborn to berlin in full battle gear . east german police watched from beside trees next to the
631992977 631993537 2014-11-01 09:45:30 0 days 00:08:10 6730078 9 http : / / www . marciapreston . com / index . php ? option = com _ content & view = article & id = 3 & itemid = 2 | title = view the author ’ s website ] < / ref > * * [[ peter schneider ( writer ) | peter schneider ]] , ' ' the wall jumper ' '
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40975096 41035819 2006-02-24 17:14:02 0 days 11:37:29 0|70.60.165.152 0 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41035819 41076983 2006-02-24 22:22:08 0 days 05:08:06 304316 0 1949 onwards , the federal republic of germany developed into a western capitalist country with a " social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41471054 41617440 2006-02-28 15:27:19 0 days 23:30:38 0|65.241.105.4 0 erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration erection = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall
41619461 41619542 2006-02-28 15:44:33 0 days 00:00:53 800894 0 erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive erection emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers ejaculated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall
41619542 41672016 2006-02-28 23:46:54 0 days 08:02:21 0|69.15.111.135 0 while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41672016 41672068 2006-02-28 23:47:20 0 days 00:00:26 161478 0 while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41672218 41672333 2006-02-28 23:49:11 0 days 00:00:50 0|69.15.111.135 1 ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
41672399 41672426 2006-02-28 23:49:42 0 days 00:00:06 161478 0 ( [[ wirtschaftswunder ]] ) . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44386223 44420735 2006-03-18 23:09:06 0 days 04:34:36 0|66.245.2.154 0 social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . acrcvxcvx cheeze = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44420735 44424393 2006-03-18 23:39:43 0 days 00:30:37 137600 0 social market economy " and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . acrcvxcvx cheeze across the border , the german democratic republic established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while the gdr became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44468502 44622687 2006-03-20 06:20:51 0 days 23:53:16 0|69.232.213.98 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . for realz = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44622687 44622748 2006-03-20 06:21:27 0 days 00:00:36 258000 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . for realz = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44739263 44739550 2006-03-21 00:40:50 0 days 00:01:54 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yes , to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44746100 44747376 2006-03-21 01:44:03 0 days 00:09:47 371058 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yes , to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44747376 44756611 2006-03-21 03:00:25 0 days 01:16:22 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yay me ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44756764 44761040 2006-03-21 03:36:25 0 days 00:34:52 21887 1 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . yay me ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44769169 44769841 2006-03-21 04:54:26 0 days 00:07:04 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ www . millsberry . com ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44769841 44769958 2006-03-21 04:55:39 0 days 00:01:13 410083 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ www . millsberry . com ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44770116 44770337 2006-03-21 04:59:43 0 days 00:02:06 0|68.154.38.227 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ neil armstrong ]] [[ buzz aldrin ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44770337 44770428 2006-03-21 05:00:41 0 days 00:00:58 410083 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . [[ neil armstrong ]] [[ buzz aldrin ]] = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
44770428 44770612 2006-03-21 05:02:30 0 days 00:01:49 0|68.154.38.227 4 the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration ? = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall
44770612 44770674 2006-03-21 05:02:57 0 days 00:00:27 410083 4 the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration ? = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative opportunities in the [[ marshall
52169681 52170273 2006-05-08 17:34:55 0 days 00:03:42 0|204.14.67.138 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . berlin wall is what the people live by homie = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52170273 52170759 2006-05-08 17:38:02 0 days 00:03:07 301395 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . berlin wall is what the people live by homie = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52653660 52655008 2006-05-11 13:29:03 0 days 00:13:06 0|170.161.64.16 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . the best of the best win ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
52655008 52670596 2006-05-11 15:26:23 0 days 01:57:20 26468 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . the best of the best win ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53500522 53511545 2006-05-16 14:41:22 0 days 01:31:00 0|64.251.52.93 1 capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53511545 53511584 2006-05-16 14:41:38 0 days 00:00:16 89179 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of
1 republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . where not gunna take it no we aint gunna take it we aint gunna take it anymore . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53690006 53713586 2006-05-17 17:29:06 0 days 02:39:21 0|65.67.124.146 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . cookies are fun . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
53713586 53714889 2006-05-17 17:37:50 0 days 00:08:44 1008387 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . cookies are fun . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
54107483 54268993 2006-05-20 23:49:24 1 days 00:45:45 0|69.124.27.151 3 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = = ]] < / math > < / nowiki > ]] < / math > = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
54268993 54269525 2006-05-20 23:53:19 0 days 00:03:55 1008387 3 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = = ]] < / math > < / nowiki > ]] < / math > = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
54988126 55031123 2006-05-25 07:12:10 0 days 06:19:37 0|219.89.0.173 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . vote for sam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
55031123 55031131 2006-05-25 07:12:16 0 days 00:00:06 1022601 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in [[ 1961 ]] to prevent any further exodus . vote for sam ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin , frequently because of lucrative
67053691 67063468 2006-08-01 16:29:11 0 days 01:00:35 0|66.32.195.73 7 german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . last ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67063468 67063496 2006-08-01 16:29:21 0 days 00:00:10 1022601 7 a lot of that in my line of work , and that , kids , was the first time i ever sucked dick for crack , but it wouldnt be the last ! ! ! ! ! inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced country in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67063496 67063735 2006-08-01 16:30:51 0 days 00:01:30 0|66.32.195.73 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . go fuck yourself = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67064018 67065553 2006-08-01 16:41:25 0 days 00:08:52 1008387 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . go fuck yourself = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name '
67065553 67168412 2006-08-02 02:59:39 0 days 10:18:14 0|140.144.41.95 0 to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive big emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
67168587 67168760 2006-08-02 03:02:13 0 days 00:01:12 529595 0 to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = big massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily between east and west berlin - earning the name ' ' " grenzgänger "
69872409 69973517 2006-08-16 08:03:26 0 days 12:05:52 0|138.130.21.94 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . val rules the universe = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name '
69973517 69973916 2006-08-16 08:07:29 0 days 00:04:03 302522 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . val rules the universe = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin - earning the name '
81653516 81741555 2006-10-16 06:28:37 0 days 10:18:34 0|147.10.60.169 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84973950 84974203 2006-11-01 04:05:43 0 days 00:01:54 2628196 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84974203 84974428 2006-11-01 04:07:28 0 days 00:01:45 2628196 0 to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello my niger = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84974428 84974601 2006-11-01 04:08:49 0 days 00:01:21 416594 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . hello my niger = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84974601 84987314 2006-11-01 05:59:37 0 days 01:50:48 0|202.72.165.98 1 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . from china ! ! save the rabiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or die = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
84987314 84992991 2006-11-01 06:55:08 0 days 00:55:31 0|67.188.85.251 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . from china ! ! save the rabiits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . or die = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85062163 85062241 2006-11-01 16:48:08 0 days 00:00:20 0|204.13.204.162 0 led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . funky fresh = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85062608 85063021 2006-11-01 16:52:15 0 days 00:02:11 0|204.13.204.162 1 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . funky fresh = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85063021 85064024 2006-11-01 16:57:22 0 days 00:05:07 1840598 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85507378 85616380 2006-11-04 05:26:45 0 days 11:38:26 0|203.109.189.96 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . ljhg ; jahgkpjhabvjkzdbvdgaehgiaegjkhpjfghgpjhggadjlkh ; dajbddddddddddddd = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85616380 85616393 2006-11-04 05:26:52 0 days 00:00:07 1574574 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . ljhg ; jahgkpjhabvjkzdbvdgaehgiaegjkhpjfghgpjhggadjlkh ; dajbddddddddddddd = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " economic miracle " . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
85616393 86124572 2006-11-06 21:02:29 2 days 15:35:37 350153 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . . . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the
87979603 87991523 2006-11-15 14:59:12 0 days 01:18:35 0|63.167.26.34 2 of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
88973047 89050675 2006-11-20 18:12:23 0 days 10:11:57 0|216.61.124.114 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . lauren likes food = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
89050675 89050700 2006-11-20 18:12:32 0 days 00:00:09 372629 0 west berlin led to east germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . lauren likes food = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
90689415 90933849 2006-11-29 17:07:40 1 days 00:07:30 0|80.198.20.210 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . yeah = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
90933849 90933935 2006-11-29 17:08:08 0 days 00:00:28 0|80.198.20.210 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . yeah = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning
92190525 92223055 2006-12-05 14:14:02 0 days 04:48:15 0|66.202.117.3 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . that is a bunch of crap yeesir = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92223055 92223263 2006-12-05 14:15:26 0 days 00:01:24 1125592 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . that is a bunch of crap yeesir = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92402213 92580978 2006-12-07 00:18:00 0 days 18:30:19 0|65.1.22.233 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i ' m a retard = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92580978 92585081 2006-12-07 00:38:00 0 days 00:20:00 1008387 1 via east berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . duhhhhhhhhhhhhhh i ' m a retard = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92645291 92646687 2006-12-07 06:34:12 0 days 00:11:48 0|129.1.208.200 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . nic taggie has also recently come out of the closet and he plans to move to berlin with his gay lover , rodriguo , and find a nice place near where the wall once stood . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
92646910 92647253 2006-12-07 06:39:14 0 days 00:02:56 1199710 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . nic taggie has also recently come out of the closet and he plans to move to berlin with his gay lover , rodriguo , and find a nice place near where the wall once stood . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
94444270 94444428 2006-12-15 04:19:37 0 days 00:01:07 0|71.251.242.195 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name
95229938 95268385 2006-12-19 07:37:40 0 days 04:54:11 125534 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = massive emigration from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' ' "
95268385 95268482 2006-12-19 07:38:35 0 days 00:00:55 125534 2 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = = = massive emigration = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name '
95348829 95348909 2006-12-19 18:27:20 0 days 00:00:27 0|24.158.16.162 0 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . klasgal ; sdjfdjkls ; a = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
95348909 95349461 2006-12-19 18:30:37 0 days 00:03:17 302522 0 to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to klasgal ; sdjfdjkls ; a prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
100887174 100916417 2007-01-15 18:33:14 0 days 02:34:19 2810123 3 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . jesus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
100916417 100920432 2007-01-15 18:53:45 0 days 00:20:31 302522 3 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . jesus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
101606989 101629878 2007-01-18 20:28:30 0 days 01:49:42 0|71.242.30.108 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . my penis is bigger than urs ! ! ! ! ! = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
101629878 101629964 2007-01-18 20:28:51 0 days 00:00:21 899640 0 the [[ soviet union | soviet ]] zone which then formed the [[ east germany | german democratic republic ]] ( including [[ east berlin ]] ) the same year . my penis is bigger than urs ! ! ! ! ! = = = divergence of german states = = = from 1948 onwards , west germany developed into a western capitalist country with a [[ social market economy ]] ( ' ' " soziale marktwirtschaft " ' ' in german ) and a [[ democracy | democratic ]] parliamentary government . prolonged economic growth starting in the 1950s fuelled a 30 - year " [[ wirtschaftswunder | economic miracle ]] " or ' ' " wirtschaftswunder " ' ' in german . across the inner - german border , east germany established an authoritarian government with a soviet - style [[ planned economy | command economy ]] . while east germany became one of the richest , most advanced countries in the eastern bloc , many of its citizens still looked to the west for political freedoms and economic prosperity . the flight of growing numbers of east germans to non - communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
106435973 106894016 2007-02-09 18:54:33 1 days 19:25:21 0|12.15.174.194 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . the wall was really to keep the faggots on one side . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
106894016 106894806 2007-02-09 18:57:58 0 days 00:03:25 911178 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . the wall was really to keep the faggots on one side . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
108627894 108631095 2007-02-16 16:34:54 0 days 00:14:46 0|208.11.179.205 0 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is very ugly but ill fuck her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
108631300 108633355 2007-02-16 16:46:14 0 days 00:10:23 302522 1 via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ gdr border system ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) in 1961 to prevent any further exodus . morgan moore is ok but ill do her . = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111243489 111345399 2007-02-27 15:52:44 0 days 12:46:46 0|86.143.56.54 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = hahahahahaha = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111355209 111355264 2007-02-27 16:43:53 0 days 00:00:16 0|76.19.92.123 0 / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = headline text = = = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111355264 111355342 2007-02-27 16:44:18 0 days 00:00:25 0|76.19.92.123 0 communist countries via west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . i like poop ! ! ! ! ! ! ! beer is good ! ! beer is good ! ! ! < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > < nowiki > insert non - formatted text here < / nowiki > - - - - < s > strike - through text < / s > = = = massive emigration = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ;
111406034 111406152 2007-02-27 20:34:45 0 days 00:00:28 0|205.126.72.236 0 west berlin led to germany erecting the [[ inner german border ]] ( of which the berlin wall was a part ) to prevent any further exodus . = = = massive emigration hi mrs . ramsay = = = from 1949 through to 1961 , huge numbers of professionals and skilled workers migrated daily from east to west berlin & ndash ; earning the name ' '
group 94
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from revision id to revision id timestamp timegap editor
27932542 27961254 2005-11-10 21:55:35 0 days 05:43:07 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' '
27961463 27961518 2005-11-10 21:58:24 0 days 00:00:36 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : clown mountain dew . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
27961518 27961562 2005-11-10 21:58:43 0 days 00:00:19 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : mountain dew mountaindew . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
27961562 27961617 2005-11-10 21:59:11 0 days 00:00:28 0|67.38.154.248 0 {st@rt} [[ image : mountaindew clown . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
27961617 27964176 2005-11-10 22:22:28 0 days 00:23:17 246113 0 {st@rt} [[ image : clown berlin - wall2 . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | clownon november 16 , 1989 | wheeee on [[ octember 76 ]] [[ 89311 ]] ]] the ' ' ' berlin wall
28613740 28625733 2005-11-17 22:55:55 0 days 03:04:31 587675 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin - wall2 other . jpg | thumb | 350px | right | berlin wall on november 16 , 1989 | berlin wall on [[ november 16 ]] [[ 1989 ]] ]] the ' '
51292245 51426490 2006-05-03 21:35:36 0 days 20:18:45 0|24.17.214.125 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall big boy . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
51426490 51435137 2006-05-03 22:33:50 0 days 00:58:14 294180 0 {st@rt} [[ image : big boy berlin wall . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | in the last phase of the wall ´ s development , the " death strip " between fence and concrete wall gave
114062117 114069880 2007-03-10 15:09:53 0 days 00:56:10 3748830 0 {st@rt} [[ image : berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 flag of japan . jpg | thumb | 250px | right | east german construction workers building the berlin wall , [[ 20 november ]] [[ 1961 ]] . ]] [[ image : berlinermauer
114069880 114078012 2007-03-10 16:07:11 0 days 00:57:18 3322661 0 {st@rt} [[ image : flag of japan berlin wall 1961 - 11 - 20 . svg | thumb | 300px | right | hinomaru ! ]] ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections
225295527 225402367 2008-07-13 14:21:02 0 days 15:14:57 5299643 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
229166509 229217140 2008-08-01 12:51:26 0 days 08:29:32 6085301 0 iron curtain . < ref > http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time http : / / www . dw - world . de / dw / article / 0 , 2144 , 2125882 , 00 . html researchers confirm 125 berlin wall deaths
229217140 229650556 2008-08-03 21:25:53 2 days 08:34:27 577301 16 < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = [[ september 8 ]] [[ , 2004 ]] | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} <
233480684 233599076 2008-08-22 19:56:57 0 days 14:22:42 0|198.7.247.188 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
233718719 233719779 2008-08-23 11:46:32 0 days 00:09:49 7701560 5 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
242755785 242756862 2008-10-03 14:51:47 0 days 00:05:05 7991946 52 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
74 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
97 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
117 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [
242756862 242756892 2008-10-03 14:51:54 0 days 00:00:07 5924818 44 viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] )
49 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]]
64 external links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash
65 links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet
242756892 242757469 2008-10-03 14:54:34 0 days 00:02:40 7991950 52 ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] ) / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
74 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : /
97 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 < ref > [ http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts . htm facts of berlin wall - history of berlin wall ] <
117 index . html retracing the berlin wall ] * [ http : / / www . berliner - mauer - dokumentationszentrum . de / bernauer straße memorial website ] * [ http : / / www . passkontrolle - ddr . de / information on the east german border system ( in german ) ] * [ http : / / www . western - allies - berlin . com allied forces in berlin ( fr , uk & us berlin brigade ) ] * [
242757469 242757496 2008-10-03 14:54:42 0 days 00:00:08 5924818 44 viral videos . these originate from five youtube accounts that appear to be run by several of the muppets themselves ( yet the biographies all link to muppets . com ) : was created between the two barriers , which became widely known as the " death strip " . it was paved with raked gravel , making it easy to spot footprints ; it offered no cover ; it was booby - trapped with tripwires ; and , most importantly , it offered a clear field of fire to the watching guards . over the years , the wall went through four distinct phases : # basic wire fence ( 1961 ) # improved wire fence ( 1962 – 1965 ) # concrete wall ( 1965 – 1975 ) # ' ' grenzmauer 75 ' ' ( border wall 75 ) ( 1975 – 1989 ) the " fourth - generation wall " , known officially as " stützwandelement ul 12 . 11 " ( retaining wall element ul 12 . 11 ) , was the final and most sophisticated version of the wall . begun in 1975 * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / deumnborkborkbork " deumnborkborkbork " ] ( run by [[ swedish chef | the swedish chef ]] )
49 http : / / www . youtube . com / user / meepmeepmeepow " meepmeepmeepow " ] ( run by [[ beaker ( muppet ) | beaker ]] ) * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / patrioticeagle " patrioticeagle " ] ( run by [[ sam the eagle | sam the eagle ]] ) early successful escapes involved people jumping the initial barbed wire or leaping out of apartment windows along the line but these ended as the wall was fortified . in order to solve these simple escape attempts , east german authorities no longer permitted apartments near the wall to be occupied and any building near the wall had to have their windows boarded up . on august 15 , 1961 , [[ conrad schumann ]] was the first east german border guard to escape by jumping the barbed wire to west berlin . later successful escape attempts included long tunnels , waiting for favorable winds and taking a hot air balloon , sliding along aerial wires , flying [[ ultralight aviation | ultralights ]] , and in one instance , simply driving a sports car at full speed through the basic , initial fortifications . when a metal beam was placed at checkpoints to prevent this kind of escape , up to four people ( two in the front seats and possibly two in the boot ) drove under the bar in a sports car that had been modified to allow the roof and wind screen to come away when it made contact with the beam . they simply lay flat and kept driving forward . this issue was rectified with zig - zagging roads at checkpoints . another airborne escape was by [[ thomas krüger ]] , who landed a [[ zlin z 42 ]] m light aircraft of the gesellschaft für sport und technik , an east german youth military training organization , at [[ gatow airport | raf gatow ]] . his aircraft , registration ddr - woh , was dismantled and returned to the east germans by road , complete with humorous slogans painted on by [[ royal air force | raf ]] airmen such as " wish you were here " and " come back soon " . ddr - woh is still flying today , but under the registration [[ d - ewoh ]] . if an escapee was wounded in a crossing attempt and lay on the death strip , no matter how close they were to the western wall , they could not be rescued for fear of triggering engaging fire from the ' grepos ' , the east berlin border guards . the guards often let fugitives bleed to death in the middle of this ground , like in the most notorious failed attempt , that of [[ peter fechter ]] ( aged 18 ) . he was shot and bled to death in full view of the western media , on august 17 , 1962 . the last person to be killed while trying to cross the border was [[ chris gueffroy ]] on february 6 , 1989 . [[ image : berlin - memorial to the victims of the wall - 1982 . jpg | thumb | left | 200px | memorial to the victims with prophetic graffiti , 1982 ]] = = = the fall , 1989 = = = [[ image : reaganberlinwall . jpg | thumb | united states president [[ ronald reagan ]] delivers his famed speech at the berlin wall in june 1987 , in which he called for [[ general secretary of the communist party of the soviet union | soviet general secretary ]] [[ mikhail gorbachev ]] to " [[ tear down this wall | tear down this wall ! ]] " ]] [[ image : thefalloftheberlinwall1989 . jpg | thumb | right | germans begin standing on top of the wall , 1989 ; it would begin being physically torn apart in the upcoming days . ]] on august 23 , 1989 , [[ hungary ]] removed its border restrictions with austria , and in september more than 13 , 000 east german tourists in hungary escaped to austria . [[ monday demonstrations in east germany | mass demonstrations against the government in east germany ]] began in october 1989 . the long - time leader of east germany , [[ erich honecker ]] , resigned on october 18 , 1989 , and was replaced by [[ egon krenz ]] a few days later . honecker had predicted in january of that year that the wall would stand for a " hundred more years " if the conditions which had caused its construction did not change . protest demonstrations broke out all over east germany in september 1989 . initially , they were of people wanting to leave to the west , chanting " wir wollen raus ! " ( " we want out ! " ) . then protestors began to chant " wir bleiben hier " , ( " we ' re staying here ! " ) . this was the start of what east germans generally call the " peaceful revolution " of late 1989 . by november 4 , 1989 , the protests had swelled significantly , with a million people gathered that day in [[ alexanderplatz ]] in east berlin {{ fact | date = january 2008 }} . meanwhile the wave of refugees leaving east germany for the west had increased and had found its way through [[ czechoslovakia ]] , tolerated by the new krenz government and in agreement with the communist czechoslovak government . in order to ease the complications , the politburo led by krenz decided on november 9 , 1989 , to allow refugees to exit directly through crossing points between east germany and west germany , including west berlin . on the same day , the ministerial administration modified the proposal to include private travel . the new regulations were to take effect on november 10 . [[ günter schabowski ]] , the east german minister of propaganda , had the task of announcing this ; however he had been on vacation prior to this decision and had not been fully updated . shortly before a press conference on november 9 , 1989 , he was handed a * [ http : / / www . youtube . com / user / weirdowhatever " weirdowhatever " ] ( run by [[ gonzo the great | the great gonzo ]]
64 external links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on cite web | author = furlong , ray | title = berlin wall memorial is torn down | publisher = bbc news | date = july 5 , 2005 | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 2 / hi / europe / 4651823 . stm | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > = = = cultural differences = = = even now , some years after reunification , there is still talk in germany of cultural differences between east and west germans ( colloquially ' ' [[ ossi ( east germans ) | ossi ]] s ' ' and ' ' [[ wessi ]] s ' ' ) , sometimes described as " mauer im kopf " ( " the wall in the head " ) . a september 2004 poll found that 25 % of west germans and 12 % of east germans wished that east germany and west germany were again cut off by the berlin wall . < ref > {{ cite web | author = reuters | title = one in 5 germans wants berlin wall rebuilt | publisher = msnbc | date = september 8 , 2004 | url = http : / / www . msnbc . msn . com / id / 5942091 / | accessdate = 2006 - 02 - 23 }} < / ref > [[ disney xtreme digital ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash
65 links guidelines ( search for wp : el ) . --> * [ http : / / www . muppets . com muppets . com ] - official site on [[ disney xtreme digital * [[ list of walls ]] * [[ brandenburg gate ]] * [[ berlin border crossings ]] * ' ' [[ der tunnel ]] ' ' , a film about a mass evacuation to west berlin through a tunnel * diplomatic incident of october 1961 – see [[ checkpoint charlie # diplomatic incident of october 1961 | checkpoint charlie ]] * [[ operation gold ]] * [[ ostalgie ]] * [[ schießbefehl ]] * [[ tear down this wall ]] * [[ list of berlin wall portions ]] * [[ history of solidarity | solidarity movement ]] * [[ eastern bloc ]] * [[ panmunjeom ]] , the korean equivalent of the wall and the last standing front of the cold war after the fall of the wall . = = notes = = {{ reflist | 2 }} ]] * [ http : / / www . muppetcentral . com muppet central ] - fan site * [ http : / / www . muppetnewsflash . com the muppet
265328211 265375952 2009-01-20 23:03:51 0 days 04:21:53 0|65.31.228.149 12 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories tories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
265375952 265376259 2009-01-20 23:05:34 0 days 00:01:43 4928500 14 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - tories personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
265376259 265376312 2009-01-20 23:05:48 0 days 00:00:14 0|65.31.228.149 9 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories tories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
265376312 265376378 2009-01-20 23:06:12 0 days 00:00:24 118722 11 [ http : / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - tories personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990
271925346 272012260 2009-02-20 06:03:12 0 days 08:13:00 0|84.177.182.215 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
272012260 272012445 2009-02-20 06:05:04 0 days 00:01:52 911178 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
274163078 274232751 2009-03-01 20:42:47 0 days 04:49:33 0|71.238.71.152 1 / / germany . info / relaunch / info / publications / infocus / german _ unity _ 2006 / wall _ stories19 . html berlin wall - personal stories ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm photos of the berlin wall 1962 - 1990 ( german text
274698765 274919699 2009-03-04 13:11:24 0 days 21:51:05 0|143.252.80.100 1 / www . aish . com / societywork / society / when _ the _ berlin _ wall _ came _ tumbling _ down . asp important berlin wall dates ] * [ http : / / www . brianrose . com / lostborder . htm the lost border : photographs of the iron curtain ] = = = images and personal accounts =
274982026 274982274 2009-03-04 19:00:58 0 days 00:01:16 3505251 2 , while an ongoing historic research group at the [[ center for contemporary historical research ]] ( [[ zzf ]] ) in potsdam has confirmed 136 deaths . < ref > ref http : / / www . chronik - der - mauer . de / index . php / de / start / index / id / 593792 center for contemporary historical
276379329 276395905 2009-03-10 23:41:05 0 days 01:19:49 0|68.81.17.165 0 a quarter - century , from the day construction began on august 13 , 1961 until the wall was opened on [[ november 9 ]] , 1989 . < ref > [ . [ http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm < / ref > it was constructed from 45 , 000 separate sections of
5 is breached in the company of women and children , which is a tactic the traitors have often used " . < ref name = " bbcsept2007 " > {{ cite web news | url = http : / / news . bbc . co . uk / 1 / hi / world / europe / 6943093 . stm | publisher = [[ bbc
320975384 320978520 2009-10-20 10:32:07 0 days 00:34:15 3058538 6 videos , images of berlin wall * [ http : / / germany . info / wallstories personal accounts of november 9 , 1989 at www . germany . info ] * [ http : / / staff - www . uni - marburg . de / ~ nail / mauer . htm {{ de icon }} photos of the berlin wall 1962 -
322000370 322274629 2009-10-27 03:17:35 1 days 06:39:48 82982 36 , the strong bastion of the fight for peace , to serve the deadly enemy of the german people , the imperialists and militarists . < ref > english translation of {{ lang | de | " [ http : / / www . calvin . edu / academic / cas / gpa / notiz3 . htm wer die deutsche demokratische republik verläßt , stellt sich auf
69 [[ bed of nails | beds of nails ]] " under balconies hanging over the " death strip " , over 116 [[ watchtower ( fortification ) | watchtowers ]] , < ref > [ http : / / www . die - berliner - mauer . de / en / fakten . html " the berlin wall : history of berlin wall : facts "
324767695 324769101 2009-11-09 02:50:30 0 days 00:09:18 444985 0 over 8 feet tall will be stacked along the former route of the wall in the city center and toppled . < ref name = " unknown 2009 " / > a [ http : / / www . berlintwitterwall . com / berlin twitter wall ] was set up to allow [[ twitter ]] users post messages commemorating the 20th anniversary . masses of chinese users have used it to protest the [[ great firewall of china ]] . berlin twitter wall was quickly blocked by the chinese authorities . < ref > http : / / www . rsf . org / spip . php ? page = article & id _ article = 34897 http : / / www . theglobeandmail . com / blogs / points - east / mr - hu - tear - down - this - firewall / article1338387 / http : / / www . montrealgazette . com / technology / berlin + wall + china + marks + date / 2193355 / story . html < phenomenon . < ref > [ http : / / www . goethe . de / ges / prj / mar / enindex . htm the wall in the world 2009
324839056 324839194 2009-11-09 13:57:56 0 days 00:01:08 0|213.64.19.23 1 / popup _ single _ mediaplayer / 0 , , 4418618 _ type _ video _ struct _ 1432 _ contentid _ 4440098 , 00 . html deutsche welle , the " infrastrucure " and technique of the berlin wall in detail , former inner german border with dw ' s animated video ] * [ http : / / www . guardian . co . uk / berlin - wall - 20 - years - on berlin wall : 20 years
324932966 324937840 2009-11-09 23:32:03 0 days 00:24:17 16710 0 from 1961 to 1989 , the wall stopped almost all such emigration and separated the gdr from west berlin for more than a quarter of a century . < ref > [ {{ cite web | author = monday , nov . 20 , 1989 | url = http : / / www . time . com / time / magazine / article / 0 , 9171 , 959058 , 00 . html freedom ! - time ] < / ref > and completed about 1980 , < ref name = " cgqmzv " > [ {{ cite web | author = p . dousset ; a . souquet ; s . lelarge | url = http : / / web . archive . org / web / 20060913215115 / http : / / www . wall - berlin . org / gb / mur . htm
9 , 000 [[ east german mark | east german marks ]] or about 3 , 638 , 000 [[ united states dollar | united states dollars ]] . < ref > [ {{ cite web | author = heiko burkhardt | url = http : / / www . dailysoft . com / berlinwall / history / facts _ 02 . htm fourth generation of berlin wall - history of berlin wall